Alopecia - Hair Loss
From DolceraWiki
Rationale
- "Medication for men plagued by hair loss has become a topic of interest in Japan since a drug company began marketing it at the end of last year." March 5th, 2006 – source
- "An increasing number of companies are apparently turning the Chinese fear of a bald spot into big bucks with some doing so well they are branching out into other countries." February 16, 2006 – [1]
- "There is something in the air, or should we say in the hair, these days. Scientific research into hair loss remedies has never been more active or more exciting." June 7, 2006 - [2]
Alopecia IPMap
Introduction
Hair basics
- Hair is a complex and delicate part of the body.
- Keeping it healthy and beautiful is a challenge.
- Hair grows everywhere on the body with the exception of lips, eyelids, palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
- Hair is basically a form of skin.
- Hair is made up of a protein called keratin.
- Each shaft of hair is made of two or three inter-twined layers of keratin which grow from a follicle beneath the skin.
- Hair Structure - [3]
- Hair Cycle - [4]
What causes hair loss?
- Decrease in growth of hair
- Increase in shedding of hair
- Breakage of hair
- Conversion of thick terminal hairs to thin vellus hairs
Both men and women lose hair for similar reasons. Hair loss in men is often more dramatic, and follows a specific pattern of loss, one of which has been termed “Male Pattern Baldness" or "Androgenetic Alopecia".
Types of alopecia
- Alopecia Areata (AA): Hair loss occurring in patches anywhere on the body.
- Alopecia Totalis (AT): Total loss of the hair on the scalp.
- Alopecia Universalis (AU): Total loss of all hair on the body.
- Alopecia Barbae: Loss of facial hair (for a man) especially in the beard area.
- Alopecia Mucinosa: A type of alopecia which results in scaley patches.
- Androgenetic Alopecia (AGA): Also known as male pattern baldness. It is a thinning of the hair to an almost transparent state, in both men or women. It is thought to be a hereditary form of hair loss.
- Traction Alopecia: Traction alopecia is usually due to excessive pulling or tension on hair shafts as a result of certain hair styles. It is seen more often in women, particularly those of East Indian and Afro-Caribbean origin. Hair loss depends on the way the hair is being pulled. Prolonged traction alopecia can stop new hair follicles from developing and leads to permanent hair loss.
- Anagen Effluvium: This hair loss is generally caused by chemicals such as those used to treat cancer. Initially it causes patchy hair loss, which often then leads to total hair loss. The good news is that when you stop using these chemicals the hair normally grows back (usually about 6 months later). Other drugs also can cause hair loss. Many medicines used to treat even common diseases can cause hair loss.
- Scarring Alopecia: A form of alopecia which leaves scarring on the area of hair loss.
- Telogen Effluvium: A form of hair loss where more than normal numbers of hair fall out. There is a general 'thinning' of the hair. Unlike some other hair and scalp conditions, it is temporary and the hair growth usually recovers. (Source)
Androgenetic alopecia
- Gradual onset
- Transition from large, thick, pigmented terminal hairs to thinner, shorter, indeterminate hairs and finally to short, wispy, non-pigmented vellus hairs in the involved areas
- Characterized by a receding hairline and/or hair loss on the top of the head
Main causes
- Genetic predisposition
- Hormonal effect of androgen
- Reduction of blood circulation around hair follicle
- Deactivation of hair matrix cells
Some facts from Japan
- Market size: ¥ 30 Billion
- Number of products: more than 100
(JICST-EPlus - Japanese Science & Technology)
IP activity over the years
The graph indicates:
- Number of patents filed every 5 years (except for first 7 years).
- First solution proposed in 1973
- Filing trend indicates steep rise in activity recently.
Major players
- Active assignees
Assignees currently active with more than 5 patents to their credit during 2000-2005.
- Warner with 9 patents,
- Bristol with 6 and
- Abbott with 5.
Treatment Approaches
Composition of treatment for causes are identified and categorized as follows:
- Anti-androgens (Finasteride) source
- Vasodilators (Minoxidil) source
- Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator)
- Hair matrix cells activator
| Cause | Treatment approach | Pathways affected |
|---|---|---|
| Hormonal effect of androgen | Anti-androgens | Testosterone pathway |
| Reduction of blood circulation around hair follicle | Vasodilators (eg. Minoxidil) | NO/cGMP Pathway |
| Deactivation of hair matrix cells | Hair matrix cells activator |
|
Anti-androgens
- Anti-androgens are used in hormone therapy.
- Anti-androgens are designed to affect the hormones made in the adrenal glands. They don't stop the hormones from being made, but they stop them from having an effect leading to hair loss.
What causes hair loss?
- Testosterone is reduced to its active metabolite, Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by the enzyme 5 alpha reductase.
- DHT attaches to androgen receptor sites at the hair follicle.
- DHT causes gradual miniaturization of the follicle, which eventually results in hair loss.
How do anti-androgens treat hair loss?
- Anti-androgens compete with DHT to bind to the androgen receptor.
- Upon binding of anti-androgen in place of DHT, follicle miniaturization is lowered and hair loss prevented.
Functions of Anti-androgen
IP Map for anti-androgen
| Pat/Pub# | Nature | Composition | Composition action |
|---|---|---|---|
| US20060009430
BLOTECH (2004) |
Natural extracts | Palmetto berry extract (fatty acids & sterols), Pumpkin seed extract (Vitamins-B, alpha-linolenic acid, amino acids and phytosterols), Quercetin (Flavonoids) and Beta-sitosterol (Rice bran, wheat germ, corn oils and soybeans) | Fatty acids – Inhibit testosterone
Sterols - Mechanism of action unknown. Quercetin results in cell growth cycle. Beta-sitosterol reduce inflammation on scalp |
| US20060009427
WARNER LAMBERT(2004) |
Organic compound | New class of 4-cycloalkoxy benzonitrile derivatives and salts | Acts as androgen receptor modulator and blocks formation of DHT. |
| US20050085467
WARNER LAMBERT(2004) |
Organic compound | New class of 6-sulfonamido-quinolin-2-one and 6-sulfonamido-2-oxo-chromene derivatives. | The compounds inhibit, or decrease, activation of androgen receptor by androgens. |
| US20050118282
APHIOS Corp (2003) |
Natural extracts | Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto and Sperol (Serenoa repens berry) and their analogs or derivatives. | Modulates androgenic activity by inhibiting 5.alpha.-reductase activity. |
| US20060009429
Fundacion Pablo Cassara (2003) |
Nucleotide | Pharmacologically active oligonucleotides (encompass both DNA and S-DNA bond) | Oligonucleotides inhibit androgen receptor (AR) expression at very low concentrations in skin and hair follicle |
| US20030007941
PFIZER INC (2001) |
Organic compound | Thyromimetic compounds (structurally similar to thyronine) with finasteride, or cyproterone acetate | Activates thyroid hormone receptors in hair follicle which in turn promote elasticisation of follicle walls and hair follicle |
| US20030073616
N/A (1995) |
Peptides/nucleic acid | Bradykinin antagonist (peptide of plasma origin from kininogen precursor-kallikrein) | Inhibits synthesis of bradykinin receptors or compounds by binding to B2 receptor |
| EP0279010
KAO Corp (1987) |
Natural extracts | Walnut extract (leaves/pericarps) with an organic solvent | Blocks formation of DHT |
Minoxidil (Vasodilators)
- Minoxidil is a "potassium channel opener" that leads to vasodilation.
- The drug is available in two forms. Oral minoxidil is used to treat high blood pressure and the topical solution form is used to treat hair loss and baldness.
What causes hair loss?
- A thick network of tiny veins and arteries line the outer wall of the follicle. Blood pumps through the bulb and hair via this network.
- DHT accumulates in the hair follicles and roots, constricting the blood supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair roots; which is also seen to possibly contribute towards hair loss.
How does Minoxidil treat hair loss?
- Minoxidil is applied to the scalp topically, where it dilates blood vessels in the scalp and sustains the hair follicles for longer period of time.
- Minoxidil is thought to have a direct mitogenic effect on epidermal cells, as has been observed both in vitro and in vivo. Though the mechanism of its action for causing cell proliferation is not very clear, minoxidil is thought to prevent intracellular calcium entry. Calcium normally enhances epidermal growth factors to inhibit hair growth, and Minoxidil by getting converted to minoxidil sulfate acts as a potassium channel agonist and enhances potassium ion permeability to prevent calcium ions from entering into cells. (Source)
- Minoxidil sulfate (MS) appears to be the active metabolite responsible for hair growth stimulation.
