This report presents a brief introduction to wind energy and technologies available for horizontal wind turbines. A detailed taxonomy for horizontal axis wind turbines is presented covering parts of the turbine, control systems, applications among others. A detailed landscape analysis of patent and non-patent literature is done with a focus on Doubly-fed Induction Generators (DFIG) used in the horizontal axis wind turbines for efficient power generation. The product information of major players in the market is also captured for Doubly-fed Induction Generators. The final section of the report covers the existing and future market predictions for wind energy-based power generation.
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Introduction
- We have been using wind power at least since 5000 BC to propel sailboats and sailing ships, and architects have used wind-driven natural ventilation in buildings since similarly ancient times. The use of wind to provide mechanical power came later.
- Harnessing renewable alternative energy is the ideal way to tackle the energy crisis, with due consideration given to environmental pollution, that looms large over the world.
- Renewable energy is also called "clean energy" or "green power" because it doesn’t pollute the air or the water. Wind energy is one such renewable energy source that harnesses natural wind power.
Read More?
Click on Wind Energy Background to read more about wind energy.
In order to overcome the problems associated with fixed speed wind turbine system and to maximize the wind energy capture, many new wind farms are employing variable speed wind energy conversion systems (WECS) with doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG). It is the most popular and widely used scheme for the wind generators due to its advantages.
For variable-speed systems with limited variable-speed range, e.g. ±30% of synchronous speed, the doubly-fed induction generator(DFIG) can be an interesting solution. This is mainly due to the fact that the power electronic converter only has to handle a fraction (20-30%) of the total power as the converters are connected to the rotor and not to the stator. Therefore, the losses in the power electronic converter can be reduced, compared to a system where the converter has to handle the total power. The overall structure of wind power generation through DFIG as shown in the figure below.
Market Research
The History of Wind Energy
- 3200 BC: Early Egyptians use wind to sail boats on the Nile River
- 0 : The Chinese fly kites during battle to signal their troops
- 700s : People living in Sri Lanka use wind to smelt (separate) metal from rock ore. They would dig large crescent-shaped furnaces near the top of steep mountainsides. In summer, monsoon winds blow up the mountain slopes and into a furnace to create a mini-tornado. Charcoal fires inside the furnace could reach 1200°C (2200°F). Archaeologists believe the furnaces enabled Sri Lankans to make iron and steel for weapons and farming tools.
- 950 AD: The first windmills are developed in Persia (present-day Iran). The windmills look like modern day revolving doors, enclosed on two sides to increase the tunnel effect. These windmills grind corn and pump water.
- 1200s : Europeans begin to build windmills to grind grain. They also built the first post mills out of wood. The Mongolian armies of Genghis Khan capture Persian windmill builders and take them to China to build irrigation windmills. Persian-style windmills are built in the Middle East. In Egypt, windmills grind sugar cane.
- 1300s : The Dutch invent the smock mill. The smock mill consists of a wooden tower with six or eight sides. The roof on top rotates to keep the sails in the wind.
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- 1892 : Danish inventor Poul LaCour invents a Dutch-style windmill with large wooden sails that generates electricity. He discovers that fast-turning rotors with few blades generate more electricity than slow-turning rotors with many blades. By 1908, Denmark has 72 windmills providing low-cost electricity to farms and villages.
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- 2000s : North Hoyle, the largest offshore wind farm in the United Kingdom, is built. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 strengthens incentives for wind and other renewable energy sources.
Source: Wind Energy
To know more about the History of Wind Energy, click here
Global Wind Energy Market
Market Overview
- In the year 2010, the wind capacity reached worldwide 196’630 Megawatt, after 159’050 MW in 2009, 120’903 MW in 2008, and 93’930 MW in 2007.
- Wind power showed a growth rate of 23.6 %, the lowest growth since 2004 and the second lowest growth of the past decade.
- For the first time in more than two decades, the market for new wind turbines was smaller than in the previous year and reached an overall size of 37’642 MW, after 38'312 MW in 2009.
- All wind turbines installed by the end of 2010 worldwide can generate 430 Tera watt hours per annum, more than the total electricity demand of the United Kingdom, the sixth largest economy of the world, and equaling 2.5 % of the global electricity consumption.
- In the year 2010, altogether 83 countries, one more than in 2009, used wind energy for electricity generation. 52 countries increased their total installed capacity, after 49 in the previous year.
- The turnover of the wind sector worldwide reached 40 billion Euros (55 billion US$) in 2010, after 50 billion Euros (70 billion US$) in the year 2009. The decrease is due to lower prices for wind turbines and a shift towards China.
- China became number one in total installed capacity and the center of the international wind industry, and added 18’928 Megawatt within one year, accounting for more than 50 % of the world market for new wind turbines.
- The wind sector in 2010 employed 670’000 persons worldwide.
- Nuclear disaster in Japan and oil spill in Gulf of Mexico will have long-term impact on the prospects of wind energy. Governments need to urgently reinforce their wind energy policies.
- WWEA sees a global capacity of 600’000 Megawatt as possible by the year 2015 and more than 1’500’000 Megawatt by the year 2020.
Source: World Wind Energy Report, 2010
Global Market Forecast
- Global Wind Energy Outlook 2010, provides forecast under three different scenarios - Reference, Moderate and Advanced.
- The Global Cumulative Wind Power Capacity is estimated to reach 572,733 MW by the year 2030, under the Reference Scenario
- The Global Cumulative Wind Power Capacity is estimated to reach 1,777,550 MW by the year 2030, under the Moderate Scenario
- The Global Cumulative Wind Power Capacity is estimated to reach 2,341,984 MW by the year 2030, under the Advanced Scenario
- The following chart shows the Global Cumulative Wind Power Capacity Forecast,under the different scenarios:
Source: Global Wind Energy Outlook 2010
Market Growth Rates
- The growth rate is the relation between the new installed wind power capacity and the installed capacity of the previous year.
- With 23.6 %, the year 2010 showed the second lowest growth rate of the last decade.
- Before 2010, the annual growth rate had continued to increase since the year 2004, peaking in 2009 at 31.7%, the highest rate since 2001.
- The highest growth rates of the year 2010 by country can be found in Romania, which increased its capacity by 40 times.
- The second country with a growth rate of more than 100 % was Bulgaria (112%).
- In the year 2009, four major wind markets had more than doubled their wind capacity: China, Mexico, Turkey, and Morocco.
- Next to China, strong growth could be found mainly in Eastern European and South Eastern European countries: Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey, Lithuania, Poland, Hungary, Croatia and Cyprus, and Belgium.
- Africa (with the exception of Egypt and Morocco) and Latin America (with the exception of Brazil), are again lagging behind the rest of the world in the commercial use of wind power.
- The Top 10 countries by Growth Rate are shown in the figure listed below (only markets bigger than 200 MW have been considered):
Geographical Market Distribution
- China became number one in total installed capacity and the center of the international wind industry, and added 18'928 Megawatt within one year, accounting for more than 50 % of the world market for new wind turbines.
- Major decrease in new installations can be observed in North America and the USA lost its number one position in total capacity to China.
- Many Western European countries are showing stagnation, whereas there is strong growth in a number of Eastern European countries.
- Germany keeps its number one position in Europe with 27'215 Megawatt, followed by Spain with 20'676 Megawatt.
- The highest shares of wind power can be found in three European countries: Denmark (21.0%), Portugal (18.0 %) and Spain (16.0%).
- Asia accounted for the largest share of new installations (54.6%), followed by Europe (27.0%) and North America (16.7 %).
- Latin America (1.2%) and Africa (0.4%) still played only a marginal role in new installations.
- Africa: North Africa represents still lion share of installed capacity, wind energy plays hardly a role yet in Sub-Sahara Africa.
- Nuclear disaster in Japan and oil spill in Gulf of Mexico will have long-term impact on the prospects of wind energy. Governments need to urgently reinforce their wind energy policies.
Source: World Wind Energy Report, 2010
The regional breakdowns for the period 2009-2030 has been provided for the following three scenarios:
Note: To know more about the Forecast Scenarios, click here
Country-wise Market Distribution
- In 2010, the Chinese wind market represented more than half of the world market for new wind turbines adding 18.9 GW, which equals a market share of 50.3%.
- A sharp decrease in new capacity happened in the USA whose share in new wind turbines fell down to 14.9% (5.6 GW), after 25.9% or 9.9 GW in
the year 2009.
- Nine further countries could be seen as major markets, with turbine sales in a range between 0.5 and 1.5 GW: Germany, Spain, India, United
Kingdom, France, Italy, Canada, Sweden and the Eastern European newcomer Romania.
- Further, 12 markets for new turbines had a medium size between 100 and 500 MW: Turkey, Poland, Portugal, Belgium, Brazil, Denmark, Japan, Bulgaria, Greece, Egypt, Ireland, and Mexico.
- By end of 2010, 20 countries had installations of more than 1 000 MW, compared with 17 countries by end of 2009 and 11 countries byend of 2005.
- Worldwide, 39 countries had wind farms with a capacity of 100 Megawatt or more installed, compared with 35 countries one year ago, and 24 countries five years ago.
- The top five countries (USA, China, Germany, Spain and India) represented 74.2% of the worldwide wind capacity, significantly more than 72.9 % in the year.
- The USA and China together represented 43.2% of the global wind capacity (up from 38.4 % in 2009).
- The newcomer on the list of countries using wind power commercially is a Mediterranean country, Cyprus, which for the first time installed a larger grid-connected wind farm, with 82 MW.
Source: World Wind Energy Report, 2010
The top 10 countries by Total Installed Capacity for the year 2010, is illustrated in the chart below:
To view the Top 10 countries by different other parameters for the year 2010, click on the links below:
To view the Country-wise Installed Wind Power Capacity (MW) 2002-2010 (Source: World Wind Energy Association), click here
Country Profiles
China
According to the third National Wind Energy Resources Census, China’s total exploitable capacity for both land-based and offshore wind energy is around 700-1,200 GW. Compared to the other leading global wind power markets, China’s wind resources are closest to that of the United States, and greatly exceed resources in India, Germany or Spain.
Market Developments in 2010
Due to varied wind resources across China and differing
technical and economic conditions, wind power development
to date has been focused on a few regions and provinces,
including: Inner Mongolia, the Northwest, the Northeast,
Hebei Province, the Southeast coast and offshore islands.
China’s wind market doubled every year between 2006 and
2009 in terms of total installed capacity, and it has been the
largest annual market since 2009. In 2010, China overtook the United States as the country with the most installed wind
energy capacity by adding 16,500 MW* over the course of
the year, a 64% increase on 2009 in terms of cumulative
capacity, reaching 42.3 GW in total.
According to Bloomberg New Energy Finance, the growth in
installed capacity was driven by a record level of investment
in wind power in China, which exceeded USD 20 billion in
2009. In the third quarter of 2010, China’s investment in new
wind power projects accounted for half of the global total.
In addition, the Chinese government report “Development
Planning of New Energy Industry” calculated that the
cumulative installed capacity of China’s wind power will
reach 200 GW by 2020 and generate 440 TWh of electricity
annually, creating more than RMB 250 billion (EUR 28 bn /
USD 38 bn) in revenue.
Chinese Wind Power Sector
2010 was also an important year for Chinese wind turbine
manufacturers, as four companies, including Sinovel,
Goldwind, UnitedPower and Dongfang Electric, are part of
the world's top ten largest wind turbine manufacturers, and
are beginning to expand into overseas markets.
Driven by global development trends, Chinese firms,
including Sinovel, Goldwind, XEMC, Shanghai Electric Group
and Mingyang, have entered the competition to manufacture
wind turbines of 5 MW or more.
China’s wind power generation market is mainly shared
among the ’Big Five’ power producers and several other
major state-owned enterprises. These firms account for more
than 80% of the total wind power market. The largest wind
power operators, Guodian (Longyuan Electric Group), Datang
and Huaneng expanded their capacity by 1-2 GW each during
the year, while Huadian, Guohua and China Guangdong
Nuclear Power are following close behind. Most of the local
state-owned non-energy enterprises, as well as foreignowned
and private enterprises have retreated from the
market. Access to finance is generally not a problem for wind
power projects.
The Renewable Energy Law and the Chinese Feed In Tariff
The breathtaking growth of the Chinese wind energy industry
has been driven primarily by national renewable energy
policies. The first Renewable Energy Law entered into force in
2006, and gave huge momentum to the development of
renewable energy. In 2007, the first implementation rules for
the law emerged, giving further impetus to wind energy
development. In addition, the “Medium and Long-term
Development Plan for Renewable Energy in China” from 2007
set out the government’s long term commitment and put
forward national renewable energy targets, policies and
measures for implementation, including a mandatory market
share of 1% of non-hydro renewable energy in the total
electricity mix by 2010 and 3% by 2020.
In 2009, the Renewable Energy Law was amended to
introduce a requirement for grid operators to purchase a
certain fixed amount of renewable energy. The amendment
also requires grid companies to absorb the full amount of
renewable power produced, also giving them the option of
applying for subsidies from a new “Renewable Energy Fund”
to cover the extra cost related to integrating renewable
power if necessary.
The breathtaking growth of the Chinese wind energy industry
has been driven primarily by national renewable energy
policies. The first Renewable Energy Law entered into force in
2006, and gave huge momentum to the development of
renewable energy. In 2007, the first implementation rules for
the law emerged, giving further impetus to wind energy
development. In addition, the “Medium and Long-term
Development Plan for Renewable Energy in China” from 2007
set out the government’s long term commitment and put
forward national renewable energy targets, policies and
measures for implementation, including a mandatory market
share of 1% of non-hydro renewable energy in the total
electricity mix by 2010 and 3% by 2020.
In 2009, the Renewable Energy Law was amended to
introduce a requirement for grid operators to purchase a
certain fixed amount of renewable energy. The amendment
also requires grid companies to absorb the full amount of
renewable power produced, also giving them the option of
applying for subsidies from a new “Renewable Energy Fund”
to cover the extra cost related to integrating renewable
power if necessary.
Grid Connection Problem
The rapid development of wind power in China has put
unprecedented strain on the country’s electricity grid
infrastructure. This has become the biggest problem for the
future development of wind power in the country, as some
projects have to wait for several months before being
connected to the national grid.
There are reports that a large share of China’s wind power
capacity is not grid connected, but this is based on a
fundamental misunderstanding, which has its source in the
methodology used for calculating installed capacity. The
Chinese Federation of Power Generation, which provides
China’s energy statistics, only counts wind farms as operational from the moment that the last turbine of a
project has become grid-connected. However, in reality, most
of the installed wind turbines of a project are connected to
the grid and generating power much earlier. This explains the
much reported “gap” between installation and grid
connection which is often reported from China. In other
markets, it is common practice to include all turbines that are
grid connected, whether or not they constitute a completed
wind farm.
Due to a lack of incentives, Chinese grid companies have
been reluctant to accept large amounts of wind power into
their systems. However, they have recently reached an
agreement to connect 80 GW of wind power by 2015 and
150 GW by 2020. According to figures by the State Grid, at
the end of 2010, 40 billion RMB (EUR 4.5 bn / USD 6.1 bn)
had been invested to facilitate wind power integration into
the national power grid.
Outlook 2011 & Beyond
Despite its rapid and seemingly unhampered expansion, the
Chinese wind power sector continues to face significant
challenges, including issues surrounding grid access and
integration, reliability of turbines and a coherent strategy for
developing China’s offshore wind resource. These issues will
be prominent during discussions around the twelfth Five-Year
Plan, which will be passed in March 2011. According to the
draft plan, this is expected to reflect the Chinese
government’s continuous and reinforced commitment to
wind power development, with national wind energy targets
of 90 GW for 2015 and 200 GW for 2020.
India
India had a record year for new wind energy installations in
2010, with 2,139 MW of new capacity added to reach a total
of 13,065 MW at the end of the year. Renewable energy is
now 10.9% of installed capacity, contributing about 4.13% to
the electricity generation mix, and wind power accounts for
70% of this installed capacity. Currently the wind power
potential estimated by the Centre for Wind Energy
Technology (C-WET) is 49.1 GW, but the estimations of
various industry associations and the World Institute for
Sustainable Energy (WISE) and wind power producers are
more optimistic, citing a potential in the range of 65-
100 GW.
Historically, actual power generation capacity additions in
the conventional power sector in India been fallen
significantly short of government targets. For the renewable
energy sector, the opposite has been true, and it has shown a
tendency towards exceeding the targets set in the five-year
plans. This is largely due to the booming wind power sector.
Given that renewable energy was about 2% of the energy
mix in 1995, this growth is a significant achievement even in
comparison with most developed countries. This was mainly
spurred by a range of regulatory and policy support measures
for renewable energy development that were introduced
through legislation and market based instruments over the
past decade.
The states with highest wind power concentration are Tamil
Nadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Madhya
Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh.
Main market developments in 2010
Today the Indian market is emerging as one of the major
manufacturing hubs for wind turbines in Asia. Currently,
seventeen manufacturers have an annual production capacity
of 7,500 MW. According to the WISE, the annual wind turbine
manufacturing capacity in India is likely to exceed
17,000 MW by 2013.
The Indian market is expanding with the leading wind
companies like Suzlon, Vestas, Enercon, RRB Energy and GE
now being joined by new entrants like Gamesa, Siemens, and
WinWinD, all vying for a greater market share. Suzlon, however,
is still the market leader with a market share of over 50%.
The Indian wind industry has not been significantly affected
by the financial and economic crises. Even in the face of a
global slowdown, the Indian annual wind power market has
grown by almost 68%. However, it needs to be pointed out
that the strong growth in 2010 might have been stimulated
by developers taking advantage of the accelerated
depreciation before this option is phased out.
Policy support for wind power in India
Since the 2003 Electricity Act, the wind sector has registered
a compound annual growth rate of about 29.5%. The central
government policies have provided policy support for both
foreign and local investment in renewable energy
technologies. The key financial incentives for spurring wind
power development have been the possibility to claim
accelerated depreciation of up to 80% of the project cost
within the first year of operation and the income tax holiday
on all earnings generated from the project for ten
consecutive assessment years.
In December 2009 the Ministry for New and Renewable
Energy (MNRE) approved a Generation Based Incentive (GBI)
scheme for wind power projects, which stipulated that an
incentive tariff of Rs 0.50/kWh (EUR 0.8 cents/USD 1.1 cents)
would be given to eligible projects for a (maximum) period of
ten years. This scheme is currently valid for wind farms
installed before 31 March 2012. However, the GBI and the
accelerated depreciation are mutually exclusive and a
developer can only claim concessions under one of them for the same project. Although the projected financial outlay for
this scheme under the 11th Plan Period (2007-2012) is
Rs 3.8 billion (EUR 61 million/USD 84 million), the uptake of
the GBI has been slow due to the fact that at the current rate
it is still less financially attractive than accelerated
depreciation.
Currently 18 of the 25 State Electricity Regulatory
Commissions (SERCs) have issued feed-in tariffs for wind
power. Around 17 SERCs have also specified state-wide
Renewable Purchase Obligations (RPOs). Both of these
measures have helped to create long-term policy certainty
and investor confidence, which have had a positive impact on
the wind energy capacity additions in those states.
Support framework for wind energy
There has been a noticeable shift in Indian politics since the
adoption of the Electricity Act in 2003 towards supporting
research, development and innovation in the country’s
renewable energy sector. In 2010, the Indian government
clearly recognised the role that renewable energy can play in
reducing dependence on fossil fuels and combating climate
change, and introduced a tax (“cess”) of Rs.50 (~USD1.0) on
every metric ton of coal produced or imported into India. This
money will be used to contribute to a new Clean Energy Fund.
In addition, the MNRE announced its intention to establish a
Green Bank by leveraging the Rs 25 billion (EUR 400 million /
USD 500 million) expected to be raised through the national
Clean Energy Fund annually. The new entity would likely work
in tandem with the Indian Renewable Energy Development
Agency (IREDA), a government-owned non-banking financial
company.
In keeping with the recommendations of the National Action
Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) the MNRE and the Central
Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) have evolved a
framework for implementation of the Renewable Energy
Certificate (REC) Mechanism for India.1 This is likely to give
renewable energy development a further push in the coming
years, as it will enable those states that do not meet their
RPOs through renewable energy installations to fill the gap
through purchasing RECs.
Obstacles for wind energy development
With the introduction of the Direct Tax Code2, the
government aims to modernize existing income tax laws.
Starting from the fiscal year 2011-12, accelerated
depreciation, the key instrument for boosting wind power
development in India, may no longer be available.
Another limitation to wind power growth in India is
inadequate grid infrastructure, especially in those states with
significant wind potential, which are already struggling to
integrate the large amounts of wind electricity produced. As
a result, the distribution utilities are hesitant to accept more
wind power. This makes it imperative for CERC and SERCs to
take immediate steps toward improved power evacuation
system planning and providing better interface between
regional grids. The announcement of India’s Smart Grid Task
Force by the Ministry of Power is a welcome first step in this
direction.
- Vestas leads the Global Market in the 2010 with a 12% market share according to Make Consulting, while BTM Consulting reports it to have a 14.8% market share.
- According to Make Consulting, the global market share of Vestas has decreased from 19% in 2008, to 14.5% in 2009, to 12% in 2010.
- According to BTM Consulting, the global market share of Vestas has changed from 19% in 2008, to 12% in 2009, to 14.8% in 2010.
- According to Make Consulting, the global market share of GE Energy has decreased from 18% in 2008, to 12.5% in 2009, to 10% in 2010.
- The market share of world no. 2 Sinovel, has been constantly increasing, from 5% in 2008 , to 9.3% in 2009, to 11% in 2010
- The top 5 companies have been occupying more than half of the Global Market Share from 2008 to 2010
Source: Make Consulting, BTM Global Consulting
The chart given below illustrates the Global Market Share Comparison of Major Wind Energy Companies for the period 2008-2010, as provided by two different agencies, Make Consulting and BTM Consulting:
Company Profiles
Products of Top Companies
| S. No. | Company | Product | Specifications |
| 1 | Vestas | V80 | Rated Power: 2.0 MW, Frequency: 50 Hz/60 Hz, Number of Poles: 4-pole, Operating Temperature: -30°C to 40° |
| 2 | Vestas | V90 | Rated Power: 1.8/2.0 MW, Frequency : 50 Hz/60 Hz, Number of Poles : 4-pole(50 Hz)/6-pole(60 Hz), Operating Temperature: -30°C to 40° |
| 3 | Vestas | V90 Offshore | Rated Power: 3.0 MW, Frequency: 50 Hz/60 Hz, Number of Poles: 4-pole, Operating Temperature: -30°C to 40° |
| 4 | North Heavy Company | 2 MW DFIG | Rated Power: 2.0 MW, Rated Voltage: 690V, Rated Current: 1670A, Frequency: 50Hz, Number of Poles : 4-pole, Rotor Rated Voltage: 1840V, Rotor Rated Current 670A, Rated Speed: 1660rpm; Power Speed Range: 520-1950 rpm, Insulation Class: H, Protection Class: IP54, Motor Temperature Rise =<95K |
| 5 | Gamesa | G90 | Rated Voltage: 690 V, Frequency: 50 Hz, Number of Poles: 4, Rotational Speed: 900:1,900 rpm (rated 1,680 rpm) (50Hz); Rated Stator Current: 1,500 A @ 690 V, Protection Class: IP 54, Power Factor(standard): 0.98 CAP - 0.96 IND at partial loads and 1 at nominal power, Power Factor(Optional): 0.95 CAP - 0.95 IND throughout the power range |
| 6 | Nordex | N80 | Rated Power: 2.5 MW, Rated Voltage: 690V, Frequency: 50/60Hz, Cooling Systems: liquid/air |
| 7 | Nordex | N90 | Rated Power: 2.5 MW, Rated Voltage: 690V, Frequency: 50/60Hz, Cooling Systems: liquid/air |
| 8 | Nordex | N100 | Rated Power: 2.4 MW, Rated Voltage: 690V, Frequency: 50/60Hz, Cooling Systems: liquid/air |
| 9 | Nordex | N117 | Rated Power: 2.5 MW, Rated Voltage: 690V, Frequency: 50/60Hz, Cooling Systems: liquid/air |
| 10 | Converteam | DFIG | NA |
| 11 | Xian Geoho Energy Technology | 1.5MW DFIG | Rated Power: 1550KW, Rated Voltage: 690V, Rated Speed: 1755 r/min, Speed Range: 975~1970 r/min, Number of Poles: 4-pole, Stator Rated Voltage: 690V±10%, Stator Rated Current: 1115A; Rotor Rated Voltage: 320V, Rotor Rated Current: 430A, Winding Connection: Y / Y, Power Factor: 0.95(Lead) ~ 0.95Lag, Protection Class: IP54, Insulation Class: H, Work Mode: S1, Installation ModeI: M B3, Cooling Mode: Air cooling, Weight: 6950kg |
| 12 | Tecowestinghouse | TW450XX (0.5-1 KW) | Rated Power: 0.5 -1 KW, Rated Voltage: 460/ 575/ 690 V, Frequency: 50/ 60 Hz, Number of Poles: 4/6, Ambient Temp.(°C): -40 to 50, Speed Range (% of Synch. Speed): 68% to 134%, Power Factor (Leading): -0.90 to +0.90 , Insulation Class: H/F, Efficiency: >= 96% |
| 13 | Tecowestinghouse | TW500XX (1-2 KW) | Rated Power: 1-2 kW, Rated Voltage: 460/ 575/ 690 V, Frequency: 50/ 60 Hz, Number of Poles: 4/6, Ambient Temp.(°C): -40 to 50; Speed Range (% of Synch. Speed): 68 to 134%, Power Factor(Leading): -0.90 to +0.90, Insulation Class: H/F, Efficiency: >= 96% |
| 14 | Tecowestinghouse | TW560XX (2-3 KW) | Rated Power: 2-3kW, Rated Voltage: 460/ 575/ 690 V, Frequency: 50/ 60 Hz, Number of Poles: 4/6, Ambient Temp(°C): -40 to 50, Speed Range(% of Synch. Speed): 68 to 134%, Power Factor(Leading): -0.90 to +0.90, Insulation Class: H/F, Efficiency: >= 96%. |
| 15 | Acciona | AW1500 | Rated Power: 1.5MW, Rated Voltage: 690 V, Frequency: 50 Hz, Number of Poles: 4, Rotational Speed: 900:1,900 rpm(rated 1,680 rpm) (50Hz), Rated Stator Current: 1,500 A @ 690 V, Protection Class: IP54, Power Factor(standard): 0.98 CAP - 0.96 IND at partial loads and 1 at nominal power, Power factor(optional): 0.95 CAP - 0.95 IND throughout the power range |
| 16 | Acciona | AW3000 | Rated Power: 3.0MW, Rated Voltage: 690 V, Frequency: 50 Hz, Number of Poles: 4, Rotational Speed: 900:1,900 rpm(rated 1,680 rpm) (50Hz), Rated Stator Current: 1,500 A @ 690 V, Protection Class: IP54, Power Factor(standard): 0.98 CAP - 0.96 IND at partial loads and 1 at nominal power, Power Factor (optional): 0.95 CAP - 0.95 IND throughout the power range |
| 17 | General Electric | GE 1.5/2.5MW | Rated Power: 1.5/2.5 MW, Frequency(Hz): 50/60 |
IP Search & Analysis
Doubly-fed Induction Generator: Search Strategy
The present study on the IP activity in the area of horizontal axis wind turbines with focus on Doubly-fed Induction Generator (DFIG) is based on a search conducted on Thomson Innovation.
Control Patents
| S. No. | Patent/Publication No. | Publication Date (mm/dd/yyyy) |
Assignee/Applicant | Title |
| 1 | US6278211 | 08/02/01 | Sweo Edwin | Brush-less doubly-fed induction machines employing dual cage rotors |
| 2 | US6954004 | 10/11/05 | Spellman High Voltage Electron | Doubly fed induction machine |
| 3 | US7411309 | 08/12/08 | Xantrex Technology | Control system for doubly fed induction generator |
| 4 | US7485980 | 02/03/09 | Hitachi | Power converter for doubly-fed power generator system |
| 5 | US7800243 | 09/21/10 | Vestas Wind Systems | Variable speed wind turbine with doubly-fed induction generator compensated for varying rotor speed |
| 6 | US7830127 | 11/09/10 | Wind to Power System | Doubly-controlled asynchronous generator |
Patent Classes
| S. No. | Class No. | Class Type | Definition |
| 1 | F03D9/00 | IPC | Machines or engines for liquids; wind, spring, or weight motors; producing mechanical power or a reactive propulsive thrust, not otherwise provided for / Wind motors / Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combination of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby (aspects predominantly concerning driven apparatus) |
| 2 | F03D9/00C | ECLA | Machines or engines for liquids; wind, spring, or weight motors; producing mechanical power or a reactive propulsive thrust, not otherwise provided for / Wind motors / Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combination of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby (aspects predominantly concerning driven apparatus) / The apparatus being an electrical generator |
| 3 | H02J3/38 | IPC | Generation, conversion, or distribution of electric power / Circuit arrangements or systems for supplying or distributing electric power; systems for storing electric energy / Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks / Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers |
| 4 | H02K17/42 | IPC | Generation, conversion, or distribution of electric power / Dynamo-electric machines / Asynchronous induction motors; Asynchronous induction generators / Asynchronous induction generators |
| 5 | H02P9/00 | IPC | Generation, conversion, or distribution of electric power / Control or regulation of electric motors, generators, or dynamo-electric converters; controlling transformers, reactors or choke coils / Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output |
| 6 | 290/044 | USPC | Prime-mover dynamo plants / electric control / Fluid-current motors / Wind |
| 7 | 290/055 | USPC | Prime-mover dynamo plants / Fluid-current motors / Wind |
| 8 | 318/727 | USPC | Electricity: motive power systems / Induction motor systems |
| 9 | 322/047 | USPC | Electricity: single generator systems / Generator control / Induction generator |
Concept Table
| S. No. | Concept 1 | Concept 2 | Concept 3 |
| Doubly Fed | Induction | Generator | |
| 1 | doubly fed | induction | generator |
| 2 | double output | asynchronous | machines |
| 3 | dual fed | systems | |
| 4 | dual feed | ||
| 5 | dual output |
Thomson Innovation Search
Database: Thomson Innovation
Patent coverage: US EP WO JP DE GB FR CN KR DWPI
Time line: 01/01/1836 to 07/03/2011
| S. No. | Concept | Scope | Search String | No. of Hits |
| 1 | Doubly-fed Induction Generator: Keywords(broad) | Claims, Title, and Abstract | (((((doubl*3 OR dual*3 OR two) ADJ3 (power*2 OR output*4 OR control*4 OR fed OR feed*3)) NEAR5 (induction OR asynchronous)) NEAR5 (generat*3 OR machine*1 OR dynamo*1)) OR dfig or doig) | 873 |
| 2 | Doubly-fed Induction Generator: Keywords(broad) | Full Spec. | (((((doubl*3 OR dual*3 OR two) ADJ3 (power*2 OR output*1 OR control*4 OR fed OR feed*3)) NEAR5 (generat*3 OR machine*1 OR dynamo*1))) OR dfig or doig) | - |
| 3 | Induction Machine: Classes | US, IPC, and ECLA Classes | ((318/727 OR 322/047) OR (H02K001742)) | - |
| 4 | Generators: Classes | US, IPC, and ECLA Classes | ((290/044 OR 290/055) OR (F03D000900C OR H02J000338 OR F03D0009* OR H02P0009*)) | - |
| 5 | Combined Query | - | 2 AND 3 | 109 |
| 6 | Combined Query | - | 2 AND 4 | 768 |
| 7 | French Keywords | Claims, Title, and Abstract | ((((doubl*3 OR dual*3 OR two OR deux) NEAR4 (nourris OR feed*3 OR puissance OR sortie*1 OR contrôle*1)) NEAR4 (induction OR asynchron*1) NEAR4 (générateur*1 OR generator*1 OR machine*1 OR dynamo*1)) OR dfig or doig) | 262 |
| 8 | German Keywords | Claims, Title, and Abstract | (((((doppel*1 OR dual OR two OR zwei) ADJ3 (ausgang OR ausgänge OR kontroll* OR control*4 OR gesteuert OR macht OR feed*1 OR gefüttert OR gespeiste*1)) OR (doppeltgefüttert OR doppeltgespeiste*1)) NEAR4 (((induktion OR asynchronen) NEAR4 (generator*2 OR maschine*1 OR dynamo*1)) OR (induktion?maschinen OR induktion?generatoren OR asynchronmaschine OR asynchrongenerator))) OR dfig) | 306 |
| 9 | Doubly-fed Induction Generator: Keywords(narrow) | Full Spec. | (((((((doubl*3 OR dual*3) ADJ3 (power*2 OR output*4 OR control*4 OR fed OR feed*3))) NEAR5 (generat*3 OR machine*1 OR dynamo*1))) SAME wind) OR (dfig SAME wind)) | 1375 |
| 10 | Top Assignees | - | (vestas* OR (gen* ADJ2 electric*) OR ge OR hitachi OR woodward OR repower OR areva OR gamesa OR ingeteam OR nordex OR siemens OR (abb ADJ2 research) OR (american ADJ2 superconductor*) OR (korea ADJ2 electro*) OR (univ* NEAR3 navarra) OR (wind OR technolog*) OR (wind ADJ2 to ADJ2 power)) | - |
| 11 | Combined Query | - | 2 AND 10 | 690 |
| 12 | Top Inventors | - | ((Andersen NEAR2 Brian) OR (Engelhardt NEAR2 Stephan) OR (Ichinose NEAR2 Masaya) OR (Jorgensen NEAR2 Allan NEAR2 Holm) OR ((Scholte ADJ2 Wassink) NEAR2 Hartmut) OR (OOHARA NEAR2 Shinya) OR (Rivas NEAR2 Gregorio) OR (Erdman NEAR2 William) OR (Feddersen NEAR2 Lorenz) OR (Fortmann NEAR2 Jens) OR (Garcia NEAR2 Jorge NEAR2 Martinez) OR (Gertmar NEAR2 Lars) OR (KROGH NEAR2 Lars) OR (LETAS NEAR2 Heinz NEAR2 Hermann) OR (Lopez NEAR2 Taberna NEAR2 Jesus) OR (Nielsen NEAR2 John) OR (STOEV NEAR2 Alexander) OR (W?ng NEAR2 Haiqing) OR (Yuan NEAR2 Xiaoming)) | - |
| 13 | Combined Query | - | ((3 OR 4) AND 10) | 899 |
| 14 | Final Query | - | 1 OR 5 OR 6 OR 7 OR 8 OR 9 OR 11 OR 13 | 2466(1060 INPADOC Families) |
Taxonomy
- Use the mouse(click and drag/scroll up or down/click on nodes) to explore nodes in the detailed taxonomy
- Click on the red arrow adjacent to the node name to view the content for that particular node in the dashboard
Sample Analysis
A sample of 139 patents from the search is analyzed based on the taxonomy.
Provided a link below for sample spread sheet analysis for doubly-fed induction generators.
Patent Analysis
| S. No | Patent/Publication No. | Publication Date (mm/dd/yyyy) |
Assignee/Applicant | Title | Dolcera Analysis | |
| Problem | Solution | |||||
| 1 | US20100117605 | 05/13/10 | Woodward | Method of and apparatus for operating a double-fed asynchronous machine in the event of transient mains voltage changes | The short-circuit-like currents in the case of transient mains voltage changes lead to a corresponding air gap torque which loads the drive train and transmission lines can damages or reduces the drive train and power system equipments. | The method presents that the stator connecting with the network and the rotor with a converter. The converter is formed to set a reference value of electrical amplitude in the rotor, by which a reference value of the electrical amplitude is set in the rotor after attaining a transient mains voltage change, such that the rotor flux approaches the stator flux. |
| 2 | US20100045040 | 02/25/10 | Vestas Wind Systems | Variable speed wind turbine with doubly-fed induction generator compensated for varying rotor speed | The DFIG system has poor damping of oscillations within the flux dynamics due to cross coupling between active and reactive currents, which makes the system potentially unstable under certain circumstances and complicates the work of the rotor current controller. These oscillations can damage the drive train mechanisms. | A compensation block is arranged, which feeds a compensation control output to the rotor of the generator. The computation unit computes the control output during operation of the turbine to compensate partly for dependencies on a rotor angular speed of locations of poles of a generator transfer function, so that the transfer function is made independent of variations in the speed during operation of the turbine which eliminates the oscillations and increases the efficiency of the wind turbine. |
| 3 | US20090267572 | 10/29/09 | Woodward | Current limitation for a double-fed asynchronous machine | Abnormal currents can damage the windings in the doubly- fed induction generator. Controlling these currents with the subordinate current controllers cannot be an efficient way to extract the maximum amount of active power. | The method involves delivering or receiving of a maximum permissible reference value of an active power during an operation of a double-fed asynchronous machine, where predetermined active power and reactive power reference values are limited to a calculated maximum permissible active and reactive power reference values, and hence ensures reliable regulated effect and reactive power without affecting the power adjustment, the rotor is electrically connected to a pulse-controlled inverter by slip rings with a static frequency changer, and thus a tension with variable amplitude and frequency is imposed in the rotor. |
| 4 | US20090008944 | 01/08/09 | Universidad Publica De Navarra | Method and system of control of the converter of an electricity generation facility connected to an electricity network in the presence of voltage sags in said network | Double-fed asynchronous generators are very sensitive to the faults that may arise in the electricity network, such as voltage sags. During the sag conditions the current which appears in said converter may reach very high values, and may even destroy it. | During the event of a voltage sag occurring, the converter imposes a new set point current which is the result of adding to the previous set point current a new term, called demagnetizing current, It is proportional to a value of free flow of a generator stator. A difference between a value of a magnetic flow in the stator of the generator and a value of a stator flow associated to a direct component of a stator voltage is estimated. A value of a preset calculated difference is multiplied by a factor for producing the demagnetizing current. |
| 5 | US7355295 | 04/08/08 | Ingeteam Energy | Variable speed wind turbine having an exciter machine and a power converter not connected to the grid | a) The active switching of the semiconductors of the grid side converter injects undesirable high frequency harmonics to the grid. b) The use of power electronic converters (4) connected to the grid (9) causes harmonic distortion of the network voltage. |
Providing the way that power is only delivered to the grid through the stator of the doubly fed induction generator, avoiding undesired harmonic distortion. Grid Flux Orientation (GFO) is used to accurately control the power injected to the grid. An advantage of this control system is that it does not depend on machine parameters, which may vary significantly, and theoretical machine models, avoiding the use of additional adjusting loops and achieving a better power quality fed into the utility grid. |
| 6 | US20080203978 | 08/28/08 | Semikron | Frequency converter for a double-fed asynchronous generator with variable power output and method for its operation | Optislip circuit with a resistor is used when speed is above synchronous speed, results in heating the resistor and thus the generator leads to limitation of operation in super synchronous range which results in tower fluctuations. | Providing a back-to-back converter which contains the inverter circuit has direct current (DC) inputs, DC outputs, and a rotor-rectifier connected to a rotor of a dual feed asynchronous generator. A mains inverter is connected to a power grid, and an intermediate circuit connects one of the DC inputs with the DC outputs. The intermediate circuit has a semiconductor switch between the DC outputs, an intermediate circuit condenser between the DC inputs, and a diode provided between the semiconductor switch and the condenser. Thus the system is allowed for any speed of wind and reduces the tower fluctuations. |
| 7 | US20070210651 | 09/13/07 | Hitachi | Power converter for doubly-fed power generator system | During the ground faults, excess currents is induced in the secondary windings and flows into power converter connected to secondary side and may damage the power converter. Conventional methods of increasing the capacity of the power converter increases system cost, degrade the system and takes time to activate the system to supply power again. | The generator provided with a excitation power converter connected to secondary windings of a doubly-fed generator via impedance e.g. reactor, and a diode rectifier connected in parallel to the second windings of the doubly-fed generator via another impedance. A direct current link of the rectifier is connected in parallel to a DC link of the converter. A controller outputs an on-command to a power semiconductor switching element of the converter if a value of current flowing in the power semiconductor switching element is a predetermined value or larger. |
| 8 | US20070132248 | 06/14/07 | General Electric | System and method of operating double fed induction generators | Wind turbines with double fed induction generators are sensitive to grid faults. Conventional methods are not effective to reduce the shaft stress during grid faults and slow response and using dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is cost expensive. | The protection system has a controlled impedance device. Impedance device has bidirectional semiconductors such triac, assembly of thyristors or anti-parallel thyristors. Each of the controlled impedance devices is coupled between a respective phase of a stator winding of a double fed induction generator and a respective phase of a grid side converter. The protection system also includes a controller configured for coupling and decoupling impedance in one or more of the controlled impedance devices in response to changes in utility grid voltage and a utility grid current. High impedance is offered to the grid during network faults to isolate the dual fed wind turbine generator. |
| 9 | US20060192390 | 08/31/06 | Gamesa Innovation | Control and protection of a doubly-fed induction generator system | A short-circuit in the grid causes the generator to feed high stator-currents into the short-circuit and the rotor-currents increase very rapidly which cause damage to the power-electronic components of the converter connecting the rotor windings with the rotor-inverter. | The converter is provided with a clamping unit which is triggered from a non-operation state to an operation state, during detection of over-current in the rotor windings. The clamping unit comprises passive voltage-dependent resistor element for providing a clamping voltage over the rotor windings when the clamping unit is triggered. |
| 10 | US20050189896 | 09/01/05 | ABB Research | Method for controlling doubly-fed machine | Controlling the double fed machines on the basis of inverter control to implement the targets set for the machine, this model is extremely complicated and includes numerous parameters that are often to be determined. | A method is provided to use a standard scalar-controlled frequency converter for machine control. A frequency reference for the inverter with a control circuit, and reactive power reference are set for the machine. A rotor current compensation reference is set based on reactive power reference and reactive power. A scalar-controlled inverter is controlled for producing voltage for the rotor of the machine, based on the set frequency reference and rotor current compensation reference. |
Click here to view the detailed analysis sheet for doubly-fed induction generators patent analysis.
Article Analysis
| S No. | Title | Publication Date (mm/dd/yyyy) |
Journal/Conference | Dolcera Summary |
| 1 | Study on the Control of DFIG and its Responses to Grid Disturbances | 01/01/06 | Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2006. IEEE | Presented dynamic model of the DFIG, including mechanical model, generator model, and PWM voltage source converters. Vector control strategies adapted for both the RSC and GSC to control speed and reactive power independently. Control designing methods, such as pole-placement method and the internal model control are used. MATLAB/Simulink is used for simulation. |
| 2 | Application of Matrix Converter for Variable Speed Wind Turbine Driving an Doubly Fed Induction Generator | 05/23/06 | Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion, 2006. SPEEDAM 2006. | A matrix converter is replaced with back to back converter in a variable speed wind turbine using doubly fed induction generator. Stable operation is achieved by stator flux oriented control technique and the system operated in both sub and super synchronous modes, achieved good results. |
| 3 | Optimal Power Control Strategy of Maximizing Wind Energy Tracking and Conversion for VSCF Doubly Fed Induction Generator System | 08/14/06 | Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, 2006. IPEMC 2006. CES/IEEE 5th International | Proposed a new optimal control strategy of maximum wind power extraction strategies and testified by simulation. The control algorithm also used to minimize the losses in the generator. The dual passage excitation control strategy is applied to decouple the active and reactive powers. With this control system, the simulation results show the good robustness and high generator efficiency is achieved. |
| 4 | A Torque Tracking Control algorithm for Doubly–fed Induction Generator | 01/01/08 | Journal of Electrical Engineering | Proposed a torque tracking control algorithm for Doubly fed induction generator using PI controllers. It is achieved by controlling the rotor currents and using a stator voltage vector reference frame. |
| 5 | Fault Ride Through Capability Improvement Of Wind Farms Using Doubly Fed Induction Generator | 09/04/08 | Universities Power Engineering Conference, 2008. UPEC 2008. 43rd International | An active diode bridge crowbar switch presented to improve fault ride through capability of DIFG. Showed different parameters related to crowbar such a crowbar resistance, power loss, temperature and time delay for deactivation during fault. |
Click here to view the detailed analysis sheet for doubly-fed induction generators article analysis.
Top Cited Patents
| S. No. | Patent/Publication No. | Publication Date (mm/dd/yyyy) |
Assignee/Applicant | Title | Citation Count |
| 1 | US5289041 | 02/22/94 | US Windpower | Speed control system for a variable speed wind turbine | 80 |
| 2 | US4982147 | 01/01/91 | Oregon State | Power factor motor control system | 62 |
| 3 | US5028804 | 07/02/91 | Oregon State | Brushless doubly-fed generator control system | 51 |
| 4 | US5239251 | 08/24/93 | Oregon State | Brushless doubly-fed motor control system | 49 |
| 5 | US6856038 | 02/15/05 | Vestas Wind Systems | Variable speed wind turbine having a matrix converter | 43 |
| 6 | WO1999029034 | 06/10/99 | Asea Brown | A method and a system for speed control of a rotating electrical machine with flux composed of two quantities | 36 |
| 7 | WO1999019963 | 04/22/99 | Asea Brown | Rotating electric machine | 36 |
| 8 | US7015595 | 03/21/06 | Vestas Wind Systems | Variable speed wind turbine having a passive grid side rectifier with scalar power control and dependent pitch control | 34 |
| 9 | US4763058 | 08/09/88 | Siemens | Method and apparatus for determining the flux angle of rotating field machine or for position-oriented operation of the machine | 32 |
| 10 | US7095131 | 08/22/06 | General Electric | Variable speed wind turbine generator | 25 |
Top Cited Articles
White Space Analysis
- White-space analysis provides the technology growth and gaps in the technology where further R&D can be done to gain competitive edge and to carry out incremental innovation.
- Dolcera provides White Space Analysis in different dimensions. Based on Product, Market, Method of Use, Capabilities or Application or Business Area and defines the exact categories within the dimension.
- Below table shows a sample representation of white space analysis for controlling DFIG parameters with converters, based on the sample analysis.
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US20070052394A1 | US20100148508A1
US20100133816A1 EP2166226A1 US20070132248A1 US20070052394A1 US20100096853A1 |
US20100114388A1 | US20090008938A1 | WO2010079234A1 | US20090206606A1 | US20100156192A1 | US20100002475A1 | US20070052244A1 | US20070177314A1 | EP2166226A1 | ||
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US20030151259A1 | US20030151259A1 | US20030151259A1 | ||||||||||
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US20100142237A1 | US20100096853A1
US20100148508A1 US20100133816A1 US20070132248A1 US20070052394A1 |
US20100114388A1 | US20090008938A1 | WO2010079234A1 | US20080129050A1 | US20070182383A1 | US20100002475A1 | US20080157533A1 | US20090273185A1 | US20090121483A1 | ||
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US20020079706A1 | US20070216164A1 | US20090265040A1 | US20070216164A1 |
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Key Findings
Major Players
- Vestas Wind Energy Systems and General Electric are the major players in wind energy generation technology.
Key Patents
- The key patents in the field are held by US Windpower, Oregon State and Vestas Wind Energy Systems.
IP Activity
- Patenting activity has seen a very high growth rate in the last two years.
Geographical Activity
- USA, China, Germany, Spain, and India are very active in wind energy research.
Research Trend
- Around 86% patents are on controlling the doubly-fed induction generation(DFIG) which indicates high research activity going on in rating and controlling of the DFIG systems.
Issues in the Technology
- 86% of the patent on DFIG operation are focusing on grid connected mode of operation, suggesting continuous operation of the DFIG system during weak and storm winds, grid voltage sags, and grid faults are major issues in the current scenario.
Emerging Player
- Woodward is a new and fast developing player in the field of DFIG technology. The company filed 10 patent applications in the field in year 2010, while it has no prior IP activity.
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References
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| Samir Raiyani |
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