Crazypaddu (Talk | contribs) (→Tower) |
Crazypaddu (Talk | contribs) (→Blades) |
||
(15 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
== Onshore and Offshore Wind Turbines == | == Onshore and Offshore Wind Turbines == | ||
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%" | {|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%" | ||
− | | align = "center" bgcolor = "# | + | | align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|<font color="#FFFFFF"> '''Onshore wind turbines'''</font> |
− | | align = "center" bgcolor = "# | + | | align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|<font color="#FFFFFF"> '''Offshore wind turbines'''</font> |
|- | |- | ||
Line 8: | Line 8: | ||
* It requires cheaper foundations | * It requires cheaper foundations | ||
− | * Easily | + | * Easily integrated with the electrical- grid network |
* cheaper Installation and access during the construction phase. | * cheaper Installation and access during the construction phase. | ||
* It can be operated and maintained easily and cheaply | * It can be operated and maintained easily and cheaply | ||
Line 20: | Line 20: | ||
so, large turbines can be installed | so, large turbines can be installed | ||
* Noise pollution is also not a factor because these are too far from shores | * Noise pollution is also not a factor because these are too far from shores | ||
− | * Less affected to | + | * Less affected to turbulence in wind and low wind shear<br/> |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"| Disadvantages |
− | * | + | * Negative visual impact or noise. |
− | * | + | * Limited availability of lands |
− | * Restrictions | + | * Restrictions associated with obstructions like buildings, mountains, etc. |
* Noise pollution | * Noise pollution | ||
− | * | + | * Affected to more turbulence |
Sources:[http://library.thinkquest.org/06aug/01335/wind%20Power.htm Wind Power],[http://www.ehow.com/list_5938067_types-wind-farms-there_.html Types of Wind Farms] | Sources:[http://library.thinkquest.org/06aug/01335/wind%20Power.htm Wind Power],[http://www.ehow.com/list_5938067_types-wind-farms-there_.html Types of Wind Farms] | ||
− | | Disadvantages: | + | | bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|Disadvantages: |
− | * Installing offshore | + | * Installing offshore wind-turbines is much more complex and costly |
* Connection to the utility grid is also much more complex and expensive | * Connection to the utility grid is also much more complex and expensive | ||
− | * Operation and | + | * Operation and maintenance is also a complex task with off shore wind turbines |
Source:[http://www.offshorewindenergy.org/ca-owee/indexpages/Offshore_technology.php?file=offtech_p2.php Offshore Technology] | Source:[http://www.offshorewindenergy.org/ca-owee/indexpages/Offshore_technology.php?file=offtech_p2.php Offshore Technology] | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 49: | Line 49: | ||
===Tower=== | ===Tower=== | ||
− | A tower that supports the nacelle and rotor hub at its top. These are made from tubular steel, concrete, or steel lattice. Height of the tower is an important in design of HWAT. Because wind speed increases with height, taller towers enable turbines to capture more energy and generate more electricity. Generally output power of the wind system increase with increase in height and also reduces the | + | A tower that supports the nacelle and rotor hub at its top. These are made from tubular steel, concrete, or steel lattice. Height of the tower is an important in design of HWAT. Because wind speed increases with height, taller towers enable turbines to capture more energy and generate more electricity. Generally output power of the wind system increase with increase in height and also reduces the turbulence in wind. The theoretical view of tower height versus power out is shown in figure 7 . |
click on the link to get more about size of the towers | click on the link to get more about size of the towers | ||
− | ''' [[Wind Turbine Tower Size]]''' | + | <font size="2">''' [[Wind Turbine Tower Size]]'''</font> |
[[Image:height.jpeg|center|300px|thumb| Fig 7 [http://www.windsolarenergy.org/map-of-best-locations-for-wind-power.htm Tower height Vs Power output]]] | [[Image:height.jpeg|center|300px|thumb| Fig 7 [http://www.windsolarenergy.org/map-of-best-locations-for-wind-power.htm Tower height Vs Power output]]] | ||
Line 58: | Line 58: | ||
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%" | {|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%" | ||
− | | align = "center" bgcolor = "# | + | | align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|<font color="#FFFFFF">'''Different types of wind turbine towers'''</font> |
− | | align = "center" bgcolor = "# | + | | align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|<font color="#FFFFFF">'''Structure'''</font> |
|- | |- | ||
− | |'''Tubular Tower: '''They are constructed from rolled steel plates welded together with flanges top and bottom, being sprayed with several coats of gray weatherproof paint at the construction yard. They have doors top and bottom allowing entrance to the vertical ladders inside used to access the power cables and the yaw mechanism. There are also a set of vertical ladders on the outside of the tower accessing the nacelle for maintenance and other checks. | + | |bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|'''Tubular Tower: '''They are constructed from rolled steel plates welded together with flanges top and bottom, being sprayed with several coats of gray weatherproof paint at the construction yard. They have doors top and bottom allowing entrance to the vertical ladders inside used to access the power cables and the yaw mechanism. There are also a set of vertical ladders on the outside of the tower accessing the nacelle for maintenance and other checks. |
− | |[[Image:turbular.jpeg|200px|center|thumb|Fig 8(a) [http://americanrenewableenergycorp.com/towers Tubular tower]]] | + | |bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|[[Image:turbular.jpeg|200px|center|thumb|Fig 8(a) [http://americanrenewableenergycorp.com/towers Tubular tower]]] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | '''Lattice tower''': A Lattice tower can be constructed with perfectly | + | | '''Lattice tower''': A Lattice tower can be constructed with perfectly shaped steel rods that are put together to form a lattice. These towers are very strong and inexpensive to manufacture and easy to transport and erect. |
|[[Image:lattices.jpeg|center|200px|thumb|Fig 8(b) [http://www.mywindpowersystem.com/2010/03/wind-power-stats-quiet-critics/ Lattice tower]]] | |[[Image:lattices.jpeg|center|200px|thumb|Fig 8(b) [http://www.mywindpowersystem.com/2010/03/wind-power-stats-quiet-critics/ Lattice tower]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | '''Guyed wind tower''': These are very strong and most economical when properly installed. But it requires more space around the tower for guy wires | + | |bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|'''Guyed wind tower''': These are very strong and most economical when properly installed. But it requires more space around the tower for guy wires |
− | |[[Image:guyed.jpeg|center|200px|thumb|Fig 8(c) [http://itgiproducts.com/energy/windTowers.asp Guy tower]]] | + | |bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|[[Image:guyed.jpeg|center|200px|thumb|Fig 8(c) [http://itgiproducts.com/energy/windTowers.asp Guy tower]]] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | '''Tilt up wind towers:'''These type of towers are used for consumer wind energy. These turbines have locking system, while working the turbine is locked. It can easily | + | | '''Tilt up wind towers:'''These type of towers are used for consumer wind energy. These turbines have locking system, while working the turbine is locked. It can easily locked and lowered to ground to perform repairs. |
| [[Image:tiltup.jpeg|center|200px|thumb|Fig 8(d) [http://itgiproducts.com/energy/windTowers.asp Tiltup tower]]] | | [[Image:tiltup.jpeg|center|200px|thumb|Fig 8(d) [http://itgiproducts.com/energy/windTowers.asp Tiltup tower]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | '''Free standing tower:'''These can be used for small wind turbines with cautions. | + | |bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|'''Free standing tower:'''These can be used for small wind turbines with cautions. |
− | | [[Image:free.jpeg |center|thumb|Fig 8(e) [http://itgiproducts.com/energy/windTowers.asp Free stand tower]]] | + | |bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|[[Image:free.jpeg |center|thumb|Fig 8(e) [http://itgiproducts.com/energy/windTowers.asp Free stand tower]]] |
|} | |} | ||
Sources:[http://windertower.com/ Winder Tower],[http://www.thesolarguide.com/wind-power/wind-towers.aspx Wind Towers] | Sources:[http://windertower.com/ Winder Tower],[http://www.thesolarguide.com/wind-power/wind-towers.aspx Wind Towers] | ||
Line 82: | Line 82: | ||
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%" | {|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%" | ||
− | | align = "center" bgcolor = "# | + | | align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|<font color="#FFFFFF">'''Single blade HAWT'''</font> |
− | | align = "center" bgcolor = "# | + | | align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|<font color="#FFFFFF">'''Two blade HAWT'''</font> |
− | | align = "center" bgcolor = "# | + | | align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|<font color="#FFFFFF">'''Three blade HAWT'''</font> |
|- | |- | ||
− | | It reduces the cost and weight of the turbine. These are rarely used due to tower shadow effects, needs counter weights on the other side of the blade, less stability. | + | |bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"| It reduces the cost and weight of the turbine. These are rarely used due to tower shadow effects, needs counter weights on the other side of the blade, less stability. |
− | [[Image:single.jpeg|center|200px|thumb|Fig 9(a) [http://www.wind-energy-the-facts.org/en/part-i-technology/chapter-3-wind-turbine-technology/evolution-of-commercial-wind-turbine-technology/design-styles.html Single blade turbine]]] | + | |bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"| It requires more complex design due to sustain of wind shocks. It is also less stable. It saves the cost and weight of one rotor blade. |
− | + | |bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|Modern wind turbines uses three blade concept. Because this structure have hight strength to withstand heavy wind storms. Less effect due to tower shadow. Produces high output | |
− | | | + | |- |
− | [[Image:two.jpeg|center|300px|thumb|Fig 9(b) [http://www.trendir.com/green/?start=15 Two blade turbine]]] | + | |[[Image:single.jpeg|center|200px|thumb|Fig 9(a) [http://www.wind-energy-the-facts.org/en/part-i-technology/chapter-3-wind-turbine-technology/evolution-of-commercial-wind-turbine-technology/design-styles.html Single blade turbine]]] |
− | | | + | |[[Image:two.jpeg|center|300px|thumb|Fig 9(b) [http://www.trendir.com/green/?start=15 Two blade turbine]]] |
− | [[Image:three.jpeg|center| 200px|thumb|Fig 9(c) [http://www.china-windturbine.com/wind-turbines-blades.htm Three blade turbine]]] | + | |[[Image:three.jpeg|center| 200px|thumb|Fig 9(c) [http://www.china-windturbine.com/wind-turbines-blades.htm Three blade turbine]]] |
|} | |} | ||
Sources:[http://guidedtour.windpower.org/en/tour/design/concepts.htm Wind Turbine Blades],[http://www.wind-energy-the-facts.org/en/part-i-technology/chapter-3-wind-turbine-technology/evolution-of-commercial-wind-turbine-technology/design-styles.html Wind Turbine Design Styles] | Sources:[http://guidedtour.windpower.org/en/tour/design/concepts.htm Wind Turbine Blades],[http://www.wind-energy-the-facts.org/en/part-i-technology/chapter-3-wind-turbine-technology/evolution-of-commercial-wind-turbine-technology/design-styles.html Wind Turbine Design Styles] | ||
Line 103: | Line 103: | ||
'''Hub''' | '''Hub''' | ||
A rotor hub is provided for coupling a wind turbine rotor blade and a shaft. The hub assembly consists of hub, bolts, blade bearings, pitch system and internals | A rotor hub is provided for coupling a wind turbine rotor blade and a shaft. The hub assembly consists of hub, bolts, blade bearings, pitch system and internals | ||
− | . Rotor hubs are made with welded sheet steel, cast iron, | + | . Rotor hubs are made with welded sheet steel, cast iron, forged steel. The types of rotor hubs are |
− | * | + | * Hinge-less hub |
* Teetering hub | * Teetering hub | ||
Line 137: | Line 137: | ||
===Anemometers=== | ===Anemometers=== | ||
− | Wind speed is the most important factor for | + | Wind speed is the most important factor for determining the power content in the wind. The power content in the wind is directly proportional to cube of the wind velocity. Measuring wind speed is important for site selection. The device which is used for measuring wind speed is called anemometer. These are usually located on top of the nacelle. |
[[Image:windvane.png|center|300px|thumb|Fig 14 [http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind_how.html Anemometer & Wind vane]]] | [[Image:windvane.png|center|300px|thumb|Fig 14 [http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind_how.html Anemometer & Wind vane]]] | ||
Line 153: | Line 153: | ||
Source:[http://www.top-alternative-energy-sources.com/inside-a-wind-turbine.html A Wind Turbine] | Source:[http://www.top-alternative-energy-sources.com/inside-a-wind-turbine.html A Wind Turbine] | ||
+ | |||
===Yaw Mechanism=== | ===Yaw Mechanism=== | ||
Line 158: | Line 159: | ||
[[Image:yawsystem.png|center|350px|thumb|Fig 15 Yaw structure]] | [[Image:yawsystem.png|center|350px|thumb|Fig 15 Yaw structure]] | ||
Source:[http://guidedtour.windpower.org/en/tour/wtrb/yaw.htm The Wind Turbine Yaw Mechanism] | Source:[http://guidedtour.windpower.org/en/tour/wtrb/yaw.htm The Wind Turbine Yaw Mechanism] | ||
+ | |||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | {|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" width="15%" | ||
+ | | style="background-color:#999990;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Wind_Energy <<Back to main page]</center> | ||
+ | |} |
Latest revision as of 23:09, 17 March 2011
Onshore and Offshore Wind Turbines
Onshore wind turbines | Offshore wind turbines |
Advantages
|
These are two types, namely Near shore and Off shore.
Advantages:
so, large turbines can be installed
|
Disadvantages
Sources:Wind Power,Types of Wind Farms |
Disadvantages:
Source:Offshore Technology |
![]() Fig 5(a) Onshore Wind turbines |
![]() Fig5(b) Offshore wind turbines |
Parts of a Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine
The basic parts of a horizontal axis wind turbine(HAWT) is foundation, tower, nacelle, Generator, Rotor Blades.
![](/wiki/images/thumb/Partss.jpeg/300px-Partss.jpeg)
Foundation: A very good foundation is required to support the tower and various parts of a wind turbine which weighs in tonnes.
Tower
A tower that supports the nacelle and rotor hub at its top. These are made from tubular steel, concrete, or steel lattice. Height of the tower is an important in design of HWAT. Because wind speed increases with height, taller towers enable turbines to capture more energy and generate more electricity. Generally output power of the wind system increase with increase in height and also reduces the turbulence in wind. The theoretical view of tower height versus power out is shown in figure 7 . click on the link to get more about size of the towers
Source:The Fundamentals of Wind Energy
Different types of wind turbine towers | Structure |
Tubular Tower: They are constructed from rolled steel plates welded together with flanges top and bottom, being sprayed with several coats of gray weatherproof paint at the construction yard. They have doors top and bottom allowing entrance to the vertical ladders inside used to access the power cables and the yaw mechanism. There are also a set of vertical ladders on the outside of the tower accessing the nacelle for maintenance and other checks. | ![]() Fig 8(a) Tubular tower |
Lattice tower: A Lattice tower can be constructed with perfectly shaped steel rods that are put together to form a lattice. These towers are very strong and inexpensive to manufacture and easy to transport and erect. | ![]() Fig 8(b) Lattice tower |
Guyed wind tower: These are very strong and most economical when properly installed. But it requires more space around the tower for guy wires | ![]() Fig 8(c) Guy tower |
Tilt up wind towers:These type of towers are used for consumer wind energy. These turbines have locking system, while working the turbine is locked. It can easily locked and lowered to ground to perform repairs. | ![]() Fig 8(d) Tiltup tower |
Free standing tower:These can be used for small wind turbines with cautions. | ![]() Fig 8(e) Free stand tower |
Sources:Winder Tower,Wind Towers
Blades
Wind turbine blades are used to extract the kinetic energy of wind and convert to mechanical energy. These blades are made up of fiber glass-reinforced polyester or wood-epoxy. Wind turbines have one or two or three or multiple blades based up on the construction. Most of the HAWT have three blades. These are connected to rotor hub. Multiple blade concept is used in earlier days for pumping water and grinding etc.
Single blade HAWT | Two blade HAWT | Three blade HAWT |
It reduces the cost and weight of the turbine. These are rarely used due to tower shadow effects, needs counter weights on the other side of the blade, less stability. | It requires more complex design due to sustain of wind shocks. It is also less stable. It saves the cost and weight of one rotor blade. | Modern wind turbines uses three blade concept. Because this structure have hight strength to withstand heavy wind storms. Less effect due to tower shadow. Produces high output |
![]() Fig 9(a) Single blade turbine |
![]() Fig 9(b) Two blade turbine |
![]() Fig 9(c) Three blade turbine |
Sources:Wind Turbine Blades,Wind Turbine Design Styles
Nacelle
A housing which contains all the components which is essential to operate the turbine efficiently is called a nacelle. It is fitted at the top of a tower and includes the gear box, low- and high-speed shafts, generator, controller, and brakes. A wind speed anemometer and a wind vane are mounted on the nacelle.
![](/wiki/images/Nacell.png)
Hub A rotor hub is provided for coupling a wind turbine rotor blade and a shaft. The hub assembly consists of hub, bolts, blade bearings, pitch system and internals . Rotor hubs are made with welded sheet steel, cast iron, forged steel. The types of rotor hubs are
- Hinge-less hub
- Teetering hub
![](/wiki/images/Rotorhub.jpg)
Drive shaft
Drive shafts are a hollow or solid steel hardened shaft under very high stresses and considerable torque. Drive shafts are used to transfer rotational mechanical energy from blade hub to the generator to produce electricity. A wind turbine normally consists two shafts .
Main shaft: It is connected between blade hub and input to the gear box. It rotates at low speeds. So It is also called as 'low speed shaft'.
Generator shaft: It connects the gear box output to the generator input. It rotates at very high speed equals to the rating of the generator. It is also called 'high speed shaft'.
![](/wiki/images/thumb/Mainshaft.jpg/200px-Mainshaft.jpg)
Gear box Gear box used in wind energy systems to change low speed high toque power coming from a rotor blade to high speed low torque power which is used for generator. It is connected in between main shaft and generator shaft to increase rotational speeds from about 30 to 60 rotations per minute (rpm) to about 1000 to 1800 rpm. Gearboxes used for wind turbine are made from superior quality aluminum alloys, stainless steel, cast iron etc.
The various gear boxes used in wind turbines are
- Planetary Gearbox
- Helical Gearbox
- Worm Gearbox
![](/wiki/images/thumb/Gearra.jpg/250px-Gearra.jpg)
Generator
The output rotational mechanical energy of the gear box is connected to the generator through generator shaft. It works on the principle of 'Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction". It converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Sources:Wind Power Turbines, Rotor Hub Assembly,Gearbox for Wind Turbines, A Wind Turbine,The Wind Turbine Yaw Mechanism
Anemometers
Wind speed is the most important factor for determining the power content in the wind. The power content in the wind is directly proportional to cube of the wind velocity. Measuring wind speed is important for site selection. The device which is used for measuring wind speed is called anemometer. These are usually located on top of the nacelle.
![](/wiki/images/thumb/Windvane.png/300px-Windvane.png)
Source:Anemometer
Types of anemometers The various types of anemometers are used in measuring wind speed is shown in flow chart below.
Source: Wind Power Energy
Wind vane Wind vanes are used to measure the wind directions and communicates with the yaw system to orient the turbine properly with respective to wind directions, to extract maximum amount of power from wind. Wind turbines are oriented to upstream wind or down stream wind.
Source:A Wind Turbine
Yaw Mechanism
yaw mechanism turns the rotor into the upwind direction as the wind direction changes. Electric motors and gear boxes are used to keep the turbine yawed against wind. This can be also used as controlling mechanism during high wind speeds.
Source:The Wind Turbine Yaw Mechanism
|