Difference between pages "Transactional memory in hardware" and "Carbon Nanotubes (CNT)"

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−	==Background==	+	== Introduction ==
−	===Transactional memory===	+
−	*Transactional memory is a general and flexible way to allow programs to read and modify disparate primary memory locations atomically as a single operation, much as a database transaction can atomically modify many records on disk.	+
−	*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_memory Transactional memory] attempts to simplify parallel programming by allowing a group of load and store instructions to execute in an atomic way. Transactional memory is a concurrency control mechanism analogous to database transactions for controlling access to shared memory in concurrent computing. A transaction is a piece of code that executes a series of reads and writes to shared memory.	+
−	*Transactional memory (TM) supports code sections that are executed atomically, i.e., so that they appear to be executed one at a time, with no interleaving between their steps. TM significantly reduces the difficulty of writing correct concurrent programs. A good TM implementation avoids synchronization between concurrently executed transactional sections unless they actually conflict. TM can significantly improve the performance and scalability of concurrent programs, as well as makes them easier to write, understand and maintain.	+
−	*[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220070156994%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070156994&RS=DN/20070156994 Transactional memory] generally refers to a synchronization model that allows multiple threads to concurrently access a shared resource (such as a data structure stored in memory) without acquiring a lock as long as the accesses are non-conflicting, for example, as long as the accesses are directed to different portions of the shared resource.	+
−	'''[[More details]]'''	+
−	----
−	===Transactional programming models===	+	=== Nanotechnology ===
−	*[http://research.sun.com/spotlight/2007/2007-08-13_transactional_memory.html Transactional programming models] can be supported in software using software-based transactional memory (STM), in hardware using hardware- based transactional memory (HTM), or in a combination of the two (Hybrid TM, or HyTM).	+	Nanotechnology refers broadly to a field of applied science and technology whose unifying theme is the control of matter on the atomic and molecular scale, normally 1 to 100 nanometers, and the fabrication of devices with critical dimensions that lie within that size range.
−	**[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_transactional_memory Software based Transactional memory] (STM) can allow sequences of concurrent operations to be combined into atomic transactions, thereby reducing the complexity of both programming and verification. STM is a scheme for concurrent programming with multiple threads that uses transactions similar to those used in databases.	+
−	**Hardware based Transactional memory (HTM) system requires no read or write barriers within the transaction code. The hardware manages data versions and tracks conflicts transparently.	+
−	**[http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/~fedorova/papers/asplos165-damron.pdf Hybrid Transactional memory] (HyTM) implements Transactional memory in software so that it can use best-effort Hardware Transactional memory (HTM) to boost performance but does not depend on HTM.	+
		+	=== Run of Nanotechnology ===
		+	* '''December 29, 1959''': The first thought of Nanotechnology was given by Richard Feynman in "[http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom]" at an American Physical Society meeting at Caltech.
		+	* '''September, 1981''': First technical paper published on molecular nanotechnology. The same year scanning tunneling microscope (STM) invented.
		+	* '''1982-1990''':Books and prizes on nanotechnology. Atomic force microscope invented in 1986.
		+	* '''1991''': Carbon Nanotubes (CNT's) discovered.
		+	* '''1997''': First company on nanotechnology founded, it's name is [http://www.zyvex.com/ Zyvex].
		+	* '''1998-2007''': Research, investment, conferences and meetings on nanotechnology.
−	===Software based Transactional memory===	+	=== Applications of Nanotechnology ===
−	*Software transactional memory (STM) is implemented in software. All speculative STM transactional data is stored in the system memory and indicated to be in a non-committed state. When the STM transaction commits, any data the transaction writes is indicated as committed and subsequently available to other threads and transactions. In certain STM systems, a flag may be set to indicate the data as committed and accessible and available in memory to other transactions.	+	It has or will have applications in almost all areas we can think of.
−	====DracoSTM====	+	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
−	*[http://eces.colorado.edu/~gottschl/dracoSTM/pubs/lcsd07-dracostm.pdf DracoSTM] is a high performance lock-based C++ Software Transactional memory research library. DracoSTM uses only native object-oriented language semantics, increasing its intuitiveness for developers while maintaining high programmability via automatic handling of composition, locks and transaction termination.	+	|-
−	*DracoSTM is a lock-based STM system. At its core, DracoSTM uses one lock per thread to implement transactional reads and writes. This allows multiple transactions to simultaneously read and write without blocking other transactions’ progress.	+	!Environment and Energy || Medical and Health || Electronics and Computers || Space, Aircraft and Transportation || Materials and Manufacturing
		+	|-
		+	| valign = "top" |
		+	* Clean Technology
		+	* Reducing Global Warming
		+	* Eco-friendly and Efficient Energy
		+	* Eco-friendly Coatings
		+	* Lotus-effect Surfaces
		+	* Self-cleaning Glass
		+	* Environmental Monitoring
		+	* Remediation of Soil
		+	* Remediation and Treatment of Water
		+	| valign = "top" |
		+	* Lab-on-a-chip: The Analytical Revolution
		+	* Nanoparticles and Drug Delivery
		+	* Nanoparticles and Gene Therapy
		+	* Textured Surfaces for Tissue Regeneration
		+	* Nanorobot Therapeutics
		+	| valign = "top" |
		+	* Desktop Manufacturing
		+	* Electronic Paper
		+	* Nanoelectronics and Computing
		+	* Assemblers and Self-replicators
		+	* Molecular Electronics
		+	| valign = "top" |
		+	* Space and Aeronautics
		+	* Automobiles
		+	* Transportation Infrastructure
		+	| valign = "top" |
		+	* New and Nanostructured Materials
		+	* Nano-engineered Advanced Materials
		+	* NanoGold: Carbon Nanotubes
		+	* Potential Industrial Applications
		+	|-
		+	|}
		+	([http://www.nipne.ro/rjp/2004_49_9-10/0767_0776.pdf Source link])
		+	* '''Aerospace'''
		+	::* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/3401/02.html Space Elevators]
		+	::* [http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/16sep_rightstuff.htm Spaceship]
		+	::* [http://www.andybrain.com/extras/solar-sail.htm Solar Sails]
		+	::* [http://www.niac.usra.edu/files/library/meetings/annual/oct04/914Mavroidis.pdf Biorobots]
		+	* '''Medicine'''
		+	::* Identifying location of cancer cells. [http://www.physorg.com/news2850.html]
		+	::* Delivering chemotherapy drugs directly to cancer cells.[http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2006/April/11040601.asp]
		+	::* Nanoshells that concentrate the heat from infrared light to destroy cancer cells with minimal damage to surrounding healthy cells. [http://www.sciencentral.com/articles/view.php3?language=english&type=24119&article_id=218392390&cat=3_all]
		+	::* Nanotubes used in broken bones to provide a structure for new bone material to grow.[http://www.physorg.com/news5003.html]
		+	::* Nanoparticles that can attach to cells infected with various diseases and allow a lab to identify, in a blood sample, the particular disease.[http://www.nanotech-now.com/news.cgi?story_id=16228]
		+	* '''Food Storage'''
		+	::* [http://www.nanocor.com/nanocomposites.asp Clay nanocomposites] are being used to provide an impermeable barrier to gasses such as oxygen or carbon dioxide in lightweight bottles, cartons and packaging films.
		+	::* Food storage bins are being produced with silver nanoparticles embedded in the plastic. The silver nanoparticles kill bacteria from any food that was previously stored in the bins, minimizing health risks from harmful bacteria.[http://www.azonano.com/details.asp?ArticleID=1695]
		+	::* It is possible to use nanosensors in plastic packaging to detect gases given off by food when it spoils. The packaging itself changes color to alert you to food gone bad.
		+	* '''Agriculture'''
		+	::* Food will be more tastier and healthier using nanaotechnology.[http://nsrg.neu.edu/resources/regulatory_capacity/documents/NanoAgFood.pdf]
		+	::* Research is also being conducted to develop nanocapsules containing nutrients that would be released when nanosensors detect a vitamin deficiency in your body.
		+	::* Researchers are also working on pesticides encapsulated in nanoparticles; that only release pesticide within an insect’s stomach, minimizing the contamination of plants themselves.
		+	::* Another development being persued is a network of nanosensors and dispensers used throughout a food crop. The sensors recognize when a plant needs nutrients or water, before there is any sign that the plant is deficient. The dispensers then release fertilizer, nutrients, or water as needed, optimizing the growth of each plant in the field one by one.
		+	* '''Chemistry'''
		+	::* Nanoparticles can be used as catalyst for chemical reactions.
		+	::* Nanotechnology can enable sensors to detect very small amounts of chemical vapors.[http://people.nas.nasa.gov/~cwei/Publication/cnt_sensor.pdf]
		+	::* ZnO nanowires may lead to better chemical sensors, high-speed electronics.[http://www.physorg.com/news77303473.html]
		+	::* Palladium nanoparticle hydrogen sensor.[http://nano-proprietary.com/PDFs/Palladium%20Nanoparticle%20Hydrogen%20SensorMNPS.pdf]
		+	* '''Semiconductor devices'''
		+	::* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoelectromechanical_systems NEMS]
		+	::* [http://www.technologyreview.com/Nanotech/18591/ OLED]
		+	::* [http://www.zurich.ibm.com/st/storage/concept.html Memory chips]
		+	::* [http://www.motorola.com/content.jsp?globalObjectId=8206 Nanoemmissive display panel]
		+	::* [http://www.intel.com/technology/architecture-silicon/45nm-core2/index.htm  45 nm wide transistor gates]
		+	::* [http://www.voyle.net/Nano%20Electronics/Nano%20Electronics-2004-0040.htm Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory (MRAM)]
		+	::* [http://www.hpl.hp.com/research/about/nanoelectronics.html Nanoscale integrated circuits]
		+	* '''Optics'''
		+	::* The first sunglasses using protective and antireflective ultrathin polymer coatings are on the market.
		+	::* Nanotechnology also offers scratch resistant surface coatings based on nanocomposites.
		+	::* Nano-optics could allow for an increase in precision of pupil repair and other types of laser eye surgery.
		+	* '''Textile'''
		+	::* The use of engineered nanofibers already makes clothes water- and stain-repellent or wrinkle-free.
		+	::* Textiles with a nanotechnological finish can be washed less frequently and at lower temperatures.
		+	::* Nanotechnology has been used to integrate tiny carbon particles membrane and guarantee full-surface protection from electrostatic charges for the wearer.
		+	* '''Consumer products'''
		+	::* Nanotechnology is now entered in almost all consumer products,for details see [http://www.nanotechproject.org/inventories/consumer/browse/]
−	====Dynamic STM (DSTM)====	+	[[Image:report9.jpg|center|600 px|thumb|Number of products launched products launched vs categories]]
−	*[http://research.sun.com/scalable/pubs/PODC03.pdf Dynamic Software Transactional Memory (DSTM)] is a low-level application programming interface (API) for syn-chronizing shared data without using locks.	+
−	*DSTM supports dynamic-sized data structures. DSTM has non-blocking implementation. The non-blocking property is obstruction-freedom. Dynamic means that the set of locations accessed by the transaction is not known in advance and is determined during its execution.	+
−	*DSTM techniques allow transactions and transactional objects to be created dynamically.Transactions may determine the sequence of objects to access based on the values observed in objects accessed earlier in the same transaction. DSTM is well suited to the implementation of dynamic-sized data structures such as lists and trees.	+
−	====Dynamic Software Transactional Memory 2.0 (DSTM2)====	+	[http://www.nanotechproject.org/inventories/consumer/analysis_draft/ Source link]
−	*[http://research.sun.com/scalable/pubs/OOPSLA2006.pdf DSTM2] is a Java-based software library that provides a flexible framework for implementing STM. DSTM2 significantly improves the programming interface of its predecessor DSTM. The code is provided in Java libraries and any Java programmer can use it easily. DSTM2 allows researchers to plug in their STM implementations and directly compare them with others.	+
−	*The DSTM2 library assumes that multiple concurrent threads share data objects. The DSTM2 library provides a new kind of thread that can execute transactions, which access shared atomic objects. DSTM2 threads provide methods for creating new atomic classes and executing transactions.	+
−	====Nonblocking Software Transactional Memory====	+	== Carbon Nanotubes ==
−	*[http://research.sun.com/scalable/pubs/PPoPP2008-NBSTM.pdf Nonblocking STMs] are obstruction free. Nonblocking Software Transactional Memory guarantees that, if a transaction is repeatedly retried and eventually encounters no interference from other transactions, then eventually the transaction commits successfully.	+	[[Image:carbonnanotubes.png|Right|200 px|thumb|3D model of three types of single-walled carbon nanotubes]]
−	*Nonblocking STM “steals” ownership of a memory location from another transaction, rather than waiting for the other transaction to explicitly release it. Accessing stolen locations is more complicated and expensive than accessing unstolen ones, but stealing is worthwhile in order to avoid waiting for another transaction that is delayed for a long time.	+
−	====[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=3&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PTXT&s1=transactional.TI.&s2=memory.TI.&OS=TTL/transactional+AND+TTL/memory&RS=TTL/transactional+AND+TTL/memory Non-blocking conditions]====	+	Carbon Nanotubes (CNT's) are cylindrical shaped allotrope of carbon with
		+	length to diameter ratio exceeding 1,000,000.
−	=====Lock-free transactional memory=====	+	Such cylindrical carbon molecules have novel properties that make
−	*'''Lock-free transactional memory:''' A transactional memory implementation is lock-free if all its operations are lock-free and if some thread repeatedly attempts to commit transactions, then eventually some thread performs a successful commit.	+	them potentially useful in many applications in nanotechnology,
−	*'''Lock-freedom:''' An implementation of an operation is lock-free if after a finite number of steps of any execution of that operation, some operation execution completes (irrespective of the timing behavior of any concurrent operation executions).	+	electronics, optics and other fields of materials science. They
		+	exhibit extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties,
		+	and are efficient conductors of heat.
−	=====Wait-free transactional memory=====	+	=== Types ===
−	*'''Wait-free transactional memory:''' A transactional memory implementation is wait-free if all its operations are wait-free and any thread that repeatedly attempts to commit transactions eventually performs a successful commit.	+	[[Image:swcnt.jpg|right|200 px|thumb|Vectors representing orientation of three types of Single-walled CNT's]]
−	*'''Wait-freedom''': An implementation of an operation is wait-free if after a finite number of steps of any execution of that operation, that operation execution completes (irrespective of the timing behavior of any concurrent operation executions).	+	[[Image:dwcnt.jpg|right|200 px|thumb|A Double-walled CNT formed by multiple Single-walled CNTs]]
		+	# '''[http://www.pa.msu.edu/cmp/csc/ntproperties/equilibriumstructure.html Single-walled CNT's]''': This type of nanotube can be formed by rolling Graphene sheet. Graphene is a single planar sheet of sp²-bonded carbon atoms that are densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice. Types of Single-walled CNT's:
		+	#* Zig-zag(n,0)
		+	#* Armchair(n,n)
		+	#* Chiral(2n,n)
		+	# '''[http://www.nanotech-now.com/nanotube-buckyball-sites.htm Multi-walled]''': Multi-walled nanotubes(MWNT) consist of multiple layers of graphite rolled in on themselves to form a tube shape.
		+	# '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerene Fullerite]''': Fullerites are the solid-state manifestation of fullerenes and related compounds and materials. Being highly incompressible nanotube forms, polymerized single-walled nanotubes (P-SWNT) are a class of fullerites and are comparable to diamond in terms of hardness.
		+	# '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus Torus]''': A nanotorus is a theoretically described carbon nanotube bent into a torus (doughnut shape).
		+	# '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanobud Nanobud]''': The material fullerene-like "buds" are covalently bonded to the outer sidewalls of the underlying carbon nanotube. This hybrid material has useful properties of both fullerenes and carbon nanotubes.
−	=====Obstruction-free transactional memory=====	+	=== Properties ===
−	*'''Obstruction-free transactional memory:''' A transactional memory implementation is obstruction-free if all its operations are obstruction-free and if some thread repeatedly attempts to commit transactions, and runs in isolation after some point, then it eventually performs a successful commit.	+	::* '''Physical Properties'''
−	*'''Obstruction-freedom:''' An implementation of an operation is obstruction-free if every operation execution that executes in isolation after some point completes after a finite number of steps.	+	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="65%"
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#D9D9D9"|'''Material'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#D9D9D9"|'''Young<nowiki>’</nowiki>s modulus''' (GPa)
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#D9D9D9"|'''Tensile Strength''' (GPa)
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#D9D9D9"|'''Density''' (g/cm3)
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center"|Single wall nanotube
		+	|align = "center"|1054
		+	|align = "center"|150
		+	|align = "center"|N/A
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center"|Multi wall nanotube
		+	|align = "center"|1200
		+	|align = "center"|150
		+	|align = "center"|2.6
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center"|Steel
		+	|align = "center"|208
		+	|align = "center"|0.4
		+	|align = "center"|7.8
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center"|Epoxy
		+	|align = "center"|3.5
		+	|align = "center"|0.005
		+	|align = "center"|1.25
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center"|Wood
		+	|align = "center"|16
		+	|align = "center"|0.008
		+	|align = "center"|0.6
		+	|-
		+	|}
		+	[http://www.applied-nanotech.com/cntproperties.htm Source link]
		+	::* '''Electrical Properties''': Because of the symmetry and unique electronic structure of graphene, the structure of a nanotube strongly affects its electrical properties. For a given (n,m) nanotube, if n − m is a multiple of 3, then the nanotube is metallic, otherwise the nanotube is a semiconductor. Thus all armchair (n=m) nanotubes are metallic, and nanotubes (5,0), (6,4), (9,1), etc. are semiconducting. In theory, metallic nanotubes can have an electrical current density more than 1,000 times greater than metals such as silver and copper.
−	===Hardware based Transactional memory===	+	=== Method of fabrication ===
−	*HTM comprises hardware transactions implemented entirely in processor hardware. For hardware transactions, data may be stored in hardware registers and cache, such that all cache actions are done atomically in hardware and data in the HTM is only written to the main memory upon committing the transaction. The HTM holds all the speculative writes without propagating to the main system memory, such as a Random Access Memory (RAM) device, until the transaction commits. If the hardware transaction aborts, then the cache lines holding the tentative writes in the HTM are discarded. HTM hardware transactions may utilize cache coherency protocols to detect and manage conflicts between HTM hardware transactions. The cache coherency protocols keep track of accesses within a hardware transaction. If two hardware transactions are accessing a same memory location, then the HTM aborts one transaction if there is a conflict, else the transaction's changes may be committed to the system memory.	+	::* '''[http://nanotube.msu.edu/synthesis/ca.html Arc discharge]''': It is the simplest and most commonly used method of producing Carbon nanotubes.   This method creates CNTs through arc-vaporization of two carbon rods placed end to end, separated by approximately 1mm, in an enclosure that is usually filled with inert gas (helium, argon) at low pressure (between 50 and 700 mbar).
−	*HTM transactions usually require less overhead then STM transactions because HTM transactions occur entirely in hardware. HTM transactions may be limited to smaller transactions due to hardware limitations, whereas STM transactions can handle large and longer transactions. [http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220070143287%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070143287&RS=DN/20070143287 Source]	+	::* '''[http://www.azonano.com/Details.asp?ArticleID=1561 Laser ablation]''': In 1996, a dual-pulsed laser vaporization technique was developed, which produced SWNTs in gram quantities and yields of >70wt% purity. Samples were prepared by laser vaporization of graphite rods with a 50:50 catalyst mixture of Co and Ni (particle size ~1um) at 1200oC in flowing argon, followed by heat treatment in a vacuum at 1000oC to remove the C60 and other fullerenes.
−	*The multi-core processor '''Rock''' supports [http://research.sun.com/scalable/pubs/TRANSACT2008-ATMTP-Apps.pdf Hardware Transactional Memory] (HTM).	+	::* '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_vapor_deposition Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)]''':Large amounts of CNTs can be formed by catalytic CVD of acetylene over Co and Fe catalysts supported on silica or zeolite.
−	*'''Rock'''’s HTM feature is an important but modest first step in integrating HTM support into a mainstream commercial multi-core processor.	+
−	*'''Rock''' supports HTM with two new instructions, chkpt and commit, and a new checkpoint status (cps) register. A transaction is started by a chkpt instruction, and is terminated by either a commit instruction or the failure of the transaction. If a transaction fails, some indication of the cause of failure is stored in the cps register, and control is transferred to the PC-relative offset (fail pc) specified by the chkpt instruction.	+
−	====Adaptive Transactional Memory Test Platform====	+	== Application of Carbon nanotubes ==
−	*The [http://www.cs.wisc.edu/gems/doc/gems-wiki/moin.cgi/ATMTP Adaptive Transactional Memory Test Platform] (ATMTP) provides a first-order approximation of the success and failure characteristics of transactions on '''Rock'''. ATMTP will allow developers to test and tune their code for '''Rock'''.	+	::* '''Polymer Composites''': The first realized major commercial application of MWNTs is their use as electrically conducting components in polymer composites.Depending on the polymer matrix, conductivities of 0.01 to 0.1 S/cm can be obtained for 5% loading; much lower conductivity levels suffice for dissipating electrostatic charge. The low loading levels and the nanofiber morphology of the MWNTs allow electronic conductivity to be achieved while avoiding or minimizing degradation of other performance aspects, such as mechanical properties and the low melt flow viscosity needed for thin-wall molding applications.
−	*ATMTP correctly models '''Rock'''’s HTM-related instructions, and fairly accurately reflects most of the circumstances that cause '''Rock''' transactions to fail. ATMTP provides a good platform for experimenting with HTM-based code that will behave similarly on '''Rock'''.	+	::* '''Electrochemical devices''': Because of the high electrochemically accessible surface area of porous nanotube arrays, combined with their high electronic conductivity and useful mechanical properties, these materials are attractive as electrodes for devices that use electrochemical double-layer charge injection.
		+	::* '''Hydrogen storage''': Nanotubes have been long heralded as potentially useful for hydrogen storage (for example, for fuel cells that power electric vehicles or laptop computers).
		+	::* '''Field emission devices''': Industrial and academic research activity on electronic devices has focused principally on using SWNTs and MWNTs as field emission electron sources for flat panel displays, lamps, gas discharge tubes providing surge protection, and x-ray and microwave generators.
		+	::* '''Nanometer-sized electronic devices''':
		+	::* '''Sensors and probes''': Possible chemical sensor applications of nonmetallic nanotubes are interesting, because nanotube electronic transport and thermopower (voltages between junctions caused by interjunction temperature differences) are very sensitive to substances that affect the amount of injected charge.The main advantages are the minute size of the nanotube sensing element and the correspondingly small amount of material required for a response.
−	====Unbounded Hardware Transactional Memory (UHTM)====	+	[http://www.eikos.com/articles/carbnano_routetoapp.pdf Source link]
−	*[http://supertech.csail.mit.edu/papers/xaction.pdf UHTM] is commited in-cache. When not possible, hardware “spills” transaction information into memory, allowing (essentially) unbounded transactions. UTM is more appealing for programmer, but is significantly more complicated. Unbounded means that there is no limit on the number of locations accessed by the transaction.	+
−	====Best-effort Hardware Transactional Memory====	+	[[Image:Carbon Nanotube1.jpg|700 px|center|thumb|Map categorization for CNT]]
−	*Best-effort Hardware Transactional Memory transactions are committed in-cache and aborted if they don’t fit. Best-effort Hardware Transactional Memory has simple design.Best-effort Hardware Transactional Memory violates Principle of Least Astonishment. Programmer should not have to think about cache mapping, cache size, cache organization, etc.	+
−	*[http://research.sun.com/scalable/pubs/TRANSACT2008-ATMTP-Apps.pdf Best-effort HTM] does not guarantee to support transactions of any size and duration, and thus is free to simply abort transactions that exceed on-chip resources for HTM or encounter difficult events or situations.	+
−	====Split Hardware Transaction (SpHT)====	+	== Top ongoing projects on CNT's ==
−	*The [http://research.sun.com/scalable/pubs/PPoPP2008-SpHT.pdf Split Hardware Transaction (SpHT])uses minimal software support to combine multiple segments of an atomic block, each executed using a separate hardware transaction, into one atomic operation. The idea of segmenting transactions can be used for many purposes, including nesting, local retry, or Else, and user-level thread scheduling. SpHT overcomes the limited expressive power of best-effort HTM while imposing overheads dramatically lower than STM and preserving useful guarantees such as strong atomicity provided by the underlying HTM.	+	::* The Ajayan group is using carbon nanotubes as templates and molds for fabricating nanowires, composites, and novel ceramic fibers.[http://www.rpi.edu/locker/38/001238/INDEX.HTM]
		+	::* Dai group discovered how to grow nanotubes in specific directions and orientations on substrates using a chemical vapor deposition process.[http://www.stanford.edu/dept/chemistry/faculty/dai/group/]
		+	::* Smalley group is developing methods of production, purification, derivitization, analysis, and assembly of nanotubes to solve real world problems. [http://smalley.rice.edu/]
		+	::* Sun Research group is researching on polymeric nanocomposite materials based on carbon nanotubes and semiconductor and metal nanoparticles. [http://www.ces.clemson.edu/lemt/research.htm]
		+	::* Accelerator Laboratory,  the University of Helsinki is researching on Ion irradiation as a tool for studying and modifying properties of carbon nanotubes.[http://beam.acclab.helsinki.fi/nanotubes/]
−	====Virtualized Transactional Memory (VTM)====
−	*[http://www.cs.wisc.edu/trans-memory/misc-papers/moir:hybrid-tm:tr:2005.pdf Virtualized TM (VTM)] maintains atomicity and isolation even if a transaction is interrupted by a cache overflow or a system event. VTM maps the key bookkeeping data structures for transactional execution (read set, write set, write buffer or undo-log) to virtual memory, which is effectively unbounded and is unaffected by system interruptions. The hardware caches hold the working set of these data structures. VTM also suggested the use of hardware signatures to avoid redundant searches through structures in virtual memory.
−	====[http://research.microsoft.com/~larus/Papers/p80-larus.pdf Conflict detection]====	+	== IP Activity on carbon nanotubes ==
−	*HTM systems rely on a computer’s cache hierarchy and the cache coherence protocol to implement conflict detection. Caches observe all reads and writes issued by a processor, can buffer a significant amount of data, and can be searched efficiently because of their associative organization. All HTMs modify the first-level caches, but the approach extends to higher-level caches, both private and shared.	+
−	*Conflict detection occurs as other processors receive the coherence messages from the committing transaction. Hardware looks up the received block address in the local caches. If the block is in a cache and has its R or W bit set, there is a read-write or a  write-write conflict between the committing and the local transaction. The hardware signals a software handler, which aborts the local transaction and potentially retries it after a backoff period.	+
−	*'''Direct memory updates:''' For direct updates, the hardware transparently logs the original value in a memory block before its first modification by a transaction. If the transaction aborts, the log is used to undo any memory updates.	+
−	*'''Early conflict detection :''' For early conflict detection, the hardware acquires exclusive access to the cache block on the first write and maintains it until the transaction commits.	+
−	===Hybrid Transactional memory (HyTM)===	+	* Number of patents filled on nanotubes are increasing exponentially by years.
−	*The HyTM approach is to provide an STM implementation that does not depend on hardware support beyond what is widely available today, and also to provide the ability to execute transactions using whatever HTM support is available in such a way that the two types of transactions can coexist correctly.	+	* Last year i.e 2007, around 1450 patents are filled in this field.
−	*The key idea to achieving correct interaction between software transactions and hardware transactions is to augment hardware transactions with additional code that ensures that the transaction does not commit if it conflicts with an ongoing software transaction.	+
−	====Phased Transactional Memory (PhTM)====	+	[[Image:report11.jpg|700px|center|thumb|IP Activity by year]]
−	*[http://research.sun.com/scalable/pubs/TRANSACT2007-PhTM.pdf Phased Transactional Memory (PhTM])supports switching between different “phases”, each implemented by a different form of transactional memory support. PhTM allows to adapt between a variety of different transactional memory implementations.	+
−	====Nonblocking Zero-Indirection Transactional Memory (NZTM)====	+	* Major IPC classes with description is given.
−	*[http://research.sun.com/scalable/pubs/TRANSACT2007-NZTM.pdf Nonblocking Zero-Indirection Transactional Memory (NZTM)] is a nonblocking, zero-indirection object-based hybrid transactional memory system. NZTM can execute transactions using best-effort hardware transactional memory or by using compatible software transactional memory system.	+
−	====[http://research.microsoft.com/~larus/Papers/p80-larus.pdf Hardware-Accelerated STM (HASTM)]====
−	*Hardware-Accelerated STM (HASTM) system proposes hardware support to reduce the overhead of STM instrumentation. The supplementary hardware allows software to build fast filters that could accelerate the common case of read set maintenance.
−	*HASTM provides the STM with two capabilities through per-thread mark bits at the granularity of cache blocks.
−	*'''Conflict detection:''' Software can check if a mark bit was previously set for a given block of memory and that no other thread wrote to the block since it was marked.
−	*'''Validation:''' Software can query if potentially there were writes by other threads to any of the memory blocks that the thread marked.
−	====[http://research.microsoft.com/~larus/Papers/p80-larus.pdf Signature-Accelerated STM (SigTM)]====	+	[[Image:report3.jpg|700px|center|thumb|Top IPC]]
−	*[http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1250673 Signature-Accelerated STM (SigTM)]uses hardware signatures to encode the read set and write set for software transactions. A hardware Bloom filter outside of the caches computes the signatures.b Software instrumentation provides the filters with the addresses of the objects read or written within a transaction. To detect conflicts, hardware in the computer monitors coherence traffic for requests for exclusive accesses to a cache block, which indicates a memory update.	+
−	*The hardware tests if the address in a request is potentially in a transaction’s read or write set by examining the transaction’s signatures. If so, the memory reference is a potential conflict and the STM can either abort a transaction or turn to software validation.	+
−	----
		+	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|S. no.
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|IPC Classification
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Description
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center"|1
		+	|align = "center"|H01J
		+	|align = "center"|ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center"|2
		+	|align = "center"|C01B
		+	|align = "center"|NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS AND THEIR COMPOUNDS
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center"|3
		+	|align = "center"|H01L
		+	|align = "center"|SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES AND ELECTRIC SOLID STATE DEVICES
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center"|4
		+	|align = "center"|B82B
		+	|align = "center"|NANOTECHNOLOGY
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center"|5
		+	|align = "center"|H01M
		+	|align = "center"|BATTERIES OR FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center"|6
		+	|align = "center"|B01J
		+	|align = "center"|CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS, COLLOID CHEMISTRY AND THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center"|7
		+	|align = "center"|D01F
		+	|align = "center"|CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES, OR RIBBONS AND APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center"|8
		+	|align = "center"|G01N
		+	|align = "center"|INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center"|9
		+	|align = "center"|B32B
		+	|align = "center"|LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center"|10
		+	|align = "center"|C08K
		+	|align = "center"|USE OF INORGANIC OR NON-MACROMOLECULAR ORGANIC SUBSTANCES AS COMPOUNDING INGREDIENTS
		+	|-
		+	|}
−	==Search strategy==	+	* Hon Hai Prec Ind Co leads the number of patent filing by a great margin with their competitors.
−	===Search concepts===	+	* Samsung Electronics and Samsung SDI Co. Ltd. together contributes 148 patents.
−	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%" align="left"	+
−	|bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Transactional memory'''	+
−	|bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Atomic memory transactions'''	+	[[Image:report4.jpg|700px|center|thumb|Top Assignee]]
−	|bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Concurrency control'''	+
−	|bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Shared memory access'''	+	== Sample Analysis ==
		+	* Below is the link for sample spreadsheet analysis for Carbon nanotubes.
		+
		+	[[Media:Sample taxomomy for carbon nano tubes.xls|Sample analysis on carbon nanotubes]]
		+
		+	== Dashboard ==
		+	=== Dashboard Snapshots ===
		+
		+	[[Image:dashboard1.jpg|center|800px]]
		+
		+
		+	[[Image:dashboard2.jpg|center|800px]]
		+
		+
		+	[[Image:dashboard3.jpg|center|800px]]
		+
		+	=== Link to Dashboard ===
		+	[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=274 Dashboard for CNTs]
		+
		+	== Carbon nanotube in Electric discharge tubes and discharge lamps (IPC H01J) ==
		+
		+	=== IP Map ===
		+
		+	[[Image:Discharge lamps.jpg|500px|center|thumb|Map for electron emitter devices]]
		+
		+	=== IP Activity on carbon nanotubes in Electric discharge tubes and discharge lamps ===
		+
		+
		+	[[Image:report6.jpg|500 px|center|thumb|IP activity by year]]
		+
		+	[[Image:report5.jpg|500 px|center|thumb|Top Assignee]]
		+
		+	=== Analysis ===
		+
		+	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
		+	|align = "justify" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''S.no'''
		+	|align = "justify" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''
		+	|align = "justify" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''
		+	|align = "justify" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Title'''
		+	|align = "justify" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Description of the device'''
		+	|align = "justify" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Use of CNT in it'''
		+	|align = "justify" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Technology Area'''
	|-		|-
−	|transactional memory	+	|align = "justify" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|1
−	|atomic memory transactions	+	|align = "justify"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7336028.PN.&OS=PN/7336028&RS=PN/7336028 US7336028B2]
−	|concurrency control	+	|align = "justify"|Samsung SDI Co., Ltd.
−	|shared memory synchronization	+	|align = "justify"|Electron emission device having multi-layered gate electrode structure
		+	|align = "justify"|A multilayered electron emission device is described with a predetermined gap between the electrodes.
		+	|align = "justify"|Electron emission sources can be made up of CNTs.
		+	|align = "justify"|Electron emission device
	|-		|-
−	|transactional execution AND memory	+	|align = "justify" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|2
−	|atomically memory accesses	+	|align = "justify"|US7315129B2
−	|concurrent computing	+	|align = "justify"|Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd.
−	|shared memory access	+	|align = "justify"|Plasma producing apparatus and doping apparatus
		+	|align = "justify"|A plasma chamber anad plasma appratus is described with two electrodes and sustrate and CNTs.
		+	|align = "justify"|CNTs are on the surface of the cathode electrode.
		+	|align = "justify"|Plasma Appratus
	|-		|-
−	|hybrid transactional memory	+	|align = "justify" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|3
−	|	+	|align = "justify"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7307432.PN.&OS=PN/7307432&RS=PN/7307432 US7307432B2]
−	|	+	|align = "justify"|Yokogawa Electric Corporation
−	|	+	|align = "justify"|Electron beam generating apparatus and optical sampling apparatus using the same
		+	|align = "justify"|Optical sampling appratus with electrodes with deflection electrode and charge detection section.
		+	|align = "justify"|Cathode is comprising of carbon nanotubes.
		+	|align = "justify"|Optical sampling appratus.
	|-		|-
−	|software transactional memory	+	|align = "justify" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|4
−	|	+	|align = "justify"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7306503.PN.&OS=PN/7306503&RS=PN/7306503 US7306503B2]
−	|	+	|align = "justify"|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
−	|	+	|align = "justify"|Method and apparatus of fixing carbon fibers on a substrate using an aerosol deposition process
		+	|align = "justify"|Appratus for manufacturing substate with carbon nanotubes in it.
		+	|align = "justify"|Arc dischage method is involved for producing CNTs and hence  forming it on substrate.
		+	|align = "justify"|Manufacturing and Processing of CNT<nowiki>’</nowiki>s
	|-		|-
−	|hardware transactional memory	+	|align = "justify" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|5
−	|	+	|align = "justify"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7259510.PN.&OS=PN/7259510&RS=PN/7259510 US7259510B1]
−	|	+	|align = "justify"|Agere Systems Inc.
−	|	+	|align = "justify"|On-chip vacuum tube device and process for making device
		+	|align = "justify"|Microwave vacuum tube is described with electrodes and CNTs.
		+	|align = "justify"|Cathode is comprising of carbon nanotubes.
		+	|align = "justify"|Electron emission device
	|-		|-
−	|}<br clear="all">	+	|align = "justify" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|6
		+	|align = "justify"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7232987.PN.&OS=PN/7232987&RS=PN/7232987 US7232987B2]
		+	|align = "justify"|None
		+	|align = "justify"|Instrument and method to measure available light energy for photosynthesis
		+	|align = "justify"|A device to calculate and filter amout of light required and available for photosynthesis of plants.
		+	|align = "justify"|Photovoltaic material is made up of carbon nanotubes.
		+	|align = "justify"|Optical Instrument
		+	|-
		+	|align = "justify" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|7
		+	|align = "justify"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7161148.PN.&OS=PN/7161148&RS=PN/7161148 US7161148B1]
		+	|align = "justify"|Crystals and Technologies, Ltd.
		+	|align = "justify"|Tip structures, devices on their basis, and methods for their preparation
		+	|align = "justify"| A tip structure for an electron emissive device or a scanning probe device is described.
		+	|align = "justify"|At least one link of the tip structure is made up of Carbon naotubes.
		+	|align = "justify"|Electron emission device
		+	|-
		+	|align = "justify" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|8
		+	|align = "justify"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7175494.PN.&OS=PN/7175494&RS=PN/7175494 US7175494B1]
		+	|align = "justify"|cDream Corporation
		+	|align = "justify"|Forming carbon nanotubes at lower temperatures suitable for an electron-emitting device
		+	|align = "justify"|An electron emission device is described comprising of carbon nanotubes.
		+	|align = "justify"|Carbon nanotubes are manufactured at 300° C. to 500° C which makes them compatible with the thermal stress of the underlying substrate.
		+	|align = "justify"|Electron emission device
		+	|-
		+	|align = "justify" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|9
		+	|align = "justify"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7161286.PN.&OS=PN/7161286&RS=PN/7161286 US7161286B2]
		+	|align = "justify"|Tsinghua University <nowiki>|</nowiki> Hon Hai Precision Ind. Co., Ltd.
		+	|align = "justify"|Carbon nanotube array and method for making same
		+	|align = "justify"|A carbon nanotube-based device is described which includes a substrate and number of catalytic nano-sized particles.
		+	|align = "justify"|Carbon nanotubes are manufactured on the substrate.
		+	|align = "justify"|Manufacturing and Processing of CNT<nowiki>’</nowiki>s
		+	|-
		+	|align = "justify" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|10
		+	|align = "justify"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7145528.PN.&OS=PN/7145528&RS=PN/7145528 US7145528B2]
		+	|align = "justify"|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
		+	|align = "justify"|Display device and driving and controlling method therefor
		+	|align = "justify"|A display device with display panel is described and use of electron emitters.
		+	|align = "justify"|Cathode is comprising of carbon nanotubes.
		+	|align = "justify"|Electron emission device
		+	|-
		+	|align = "justify" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|11
		+	|align = "justify"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7115863.PN.&OS=PN/7115863&RS=PN/7115863 US7115863B1]
		+	|align = "justify"|Hitachi, Ltd.
		+	|align = "justify"|Probe for scanning probe lithography and making method thereof
		+	|align = "justify"|A probe of scanning probe lithography is described
		+	|align = "justify"|Shaft of the probe is made up of Carbon nanaotubes.
		+	|align = "justify"|Manufacturing and Processing of CNT<nowiki>’</nowiki>s
		+	|-
		+	|}
−	----
−	===Search strings===	+	[[Media:Analysis_electrical.xls|Sample Analysis on use of Carbon nanotubes in discharge tubes and discharge lamps]]
−	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%" align="left"	+
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Concepts'''	+
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Scope'''	+	[[Image:Analysis1.jpg|600px|center|thumb|Sample Analysis for discharge tubes and discharge lamps patents(30 patents)]]
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Search string'''	+
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''No of hits'''	+	== Key Players ==
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|''' '''	+	=== Universities ===
		+	* Universities play an important role in research and that's why it needs to be analyzed.
		+	* Only 245 patents are filled by the universities research division.
		+	* But companies are dependent on them for research activities.
		+	* The analysis will give the insight of most involved university in terms of research on Carbon nanotubes.
		+
		+	[[Image:report2.jpg|700 px|center|Top Universities|thumb|Number of patents by universities in Carbon nanotubes area]]
		+
		+	=== Companies ===
		+
		+	* Large number of companies are now moving into this area.
		+	* Number of startups are coming into the picture.
		+
		+	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Top Companies
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Number of patents filled
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Transactional memory'''	+	|align = "center"|[http://www.foxconn.com/ Hon Hai Prec Ind Co]
−	|rowspan = "3"|'''Search scope:''' US Granted US Applications EP-A EP-B WO JP DE-C,B DE-A DE-T DE-U GB-A FR-A; <br>'''Claims, Title or Abstract'''<br>'''Years: '''1836-2008	+	|align = "center"|118
−	|(transactional ADJ memory) OR ((transactional ADJ execution) SAME memory)	+
−	|align = "center"|'''167'''	+
−	|	+
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Other Keywords'''	+	|align = "center"|[http://www.samsung.com Samsung Electronics]
−	|(atomic<nowiki>*</nowiki>4 NEAR2 memory NEAR2 (transaction<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR access<nowiki>*</nowiki>2)) OR (((concurrency ADJ control) OR (concurrent ADJ computing)) WITH ((shared ADJ memory) AND (synchronization OR access<nowiki>*</nowiki>2)))	+	|align = "center"|77
−	|align = "center"|'''24'''	+
−	|	+
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Final'''	+	|align = "center"|[http://www.samsungsdi.com/contents/kr/main.jsp Samsung SDI Co. Ltd.]
−	|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''	+	|align = "center"|71
−	|align = "center"|'''82 unique (189 patents including families)'''	+
−	|	+
	|-		|-
−	|}<br clear="all">	+	|align = "center"|[http://www.sony.com Sony Corp.]
		+	|align = "center"|70
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center"|[http://www.toray.com/ Toray Industry]
		+	|align = "center"|69
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center"|[http://www.fujitsu.com/global/ Fujitsu Ltd.]
		+	|align = "center"|68
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center"|[http://www.nec.com/ Nippon Electric Co.]
		+	|align = "center"|64
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center"|[http://www.itri.org.tw/eng/research/nano/index.jsp Ind Tech Res Inst]
		+	|align = "center"|62
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center"|[http://www.imm.ac.cn/en/index.html Nat Inst for Materia]
		+	|align = "center"|59
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center"|Others
		+	|align = "center"|58
		+	|-
		+	|}
−	----
−	==IP Trend==
−	*75 patents published in the last 10 years.
−	*Patent filing is more in the last 4 years(75 %)
−	[[Image:Year_wise_graph-Transactional_memory.jpg|align|thumb|center|500px|Year wise graph]]	+	== Market Research ==
		+	=== Nanotechnology market ===
		+	* Nanotechnology is a growing market.
		+	* Lux Research (a market research company in nanotechnology) believes that market will reach from $13 billion in 2005 to $292 billion in 2010.
		+	* In 2015 market for nano materials will reach to $340 billion and electronics market will reach to $300 billion.
		+	* US nanotech funding has increased from $270 million to $850 million.
−	----	+	[[Image:lux1.jpg|400 px|center|thumb|Predictions of market by Lux research]]
−	==Key companies==
−	* Intel(26 patents) and Sun Microsystems (19 patents) are major players.
−	* Microsoft(11 patents) and IBM(7 patents) are next to them.
−	[[Image:Assignee_graph-Transactional_memory.jpg|align|thumb|center|500px|Top Assignees]]	+	[[Image:lux3.jpg|400 px|center|thumb|US funding]]
−	----
−	==Top IPC and US Classes==	+	[[Image:lux2.jpg|400 px|center|thumb|Market by different categories]]
−	*'''Top IPC class:''' G06F	+
−	*'''Top US class:''' 711, 707, 712, 717, 718	+
−	[[Image:IPC_class-Transactional_memory.jpg|align|thumb|left|500px|IPC class]]	+	=== Carbon Nanotubes market ===
−	[[Image:US_class-Transactional_memory.jpg|align|thumb|right|500px|US class]]	+
−	----	+	* Market size will increase from $6 million in 2004 to $1,070 million in 2014.
−	==Sample analysis==	+
		+	[[Image:marketresearch.jpg|300 px|center|thumb|Carbon nanotubes market estimate]]
		+
		+	== Published Papers ==
		+	* Academic papers published on carbon nanotubes have been on the rise and patent filings have been keeping up with this upswing, says a review in the journal Science.
		+	* According to the review, around 1,500 scientific papers were published in 2001 compared to about 1,100 in 2000 and around 700 in 1999.
		+
		+	[http://news.thomasnet.com/IMT/archives/2002/09/materials_nanot.html?t=archive Source]
		+
		+
		+
		+	== SWOT analysis on nanotechnology ==
	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"		{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#00FFFF">S.No.</font>	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#D99795"|'''Strength'''
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#00FFFF">Patent/Publication No.</font>	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#D99795"|'''Weakness'''
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#00FFFF">Title</font>	+
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#00FFFF">Transactional memory</font>	+
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#00FFFF">Summary</font>	+
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#00FFFF">1</font>	+	|align = "center"|In nanomaterials research and development
−	|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040015642%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040015642&RS=DN/20040015642 US20040015642A1]</u></font>	+	|align = "center"|Critical issues(ecological meltdown,poverty and disease)
−	|Software transactional memory for dynamically sizable shared data structures	+
−	|align = "center"|Dynamic STM (DSTM)	+
−	|A software transactional memory that allows concurrent non-blocking access to a dynamically sizable data structure defined in shared storage managed by the software transactional memory is described. The implementation is called dynamic software transactional memory (DSTM). DSTM techniques allow transactions and transactional objects to be created dynamically. The non-blocking property considered here is obstruction-freedom.	+
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#00FFFF">2</font>	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBEEF3"|In biomimetics research
−	|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PG01&p=1&S1=20060085591.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060085591&RS=DN/20060085591 US20060085591A1]</u></font>	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBEEF3"|Lack of planet friendly scorecard for research
−	|Hybrid hardware and software implementation of transactional memory access	+
−	|align = "center"|Phased Transactional Memory (PhTM)	+
−	|The invention relates to a hybrid hardware and software implementation of transactional memory accesses in a computer system. A processor including a transactional cache and a regular cache is utilized in a computer system that includes a policy manager to select one of a first mode (a hardware mode) or a second mode (a software mode) to implement transactional memory accesses. In the hardware mode the transactional cache is utilized to perform read and write memory operations and in the software mode the regular cache is utilized to perform read and write memory operations.	+
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#00FFFF">3</font>	+	|align = "center"|In nanoelectronics and IT research including quantum computing
−	|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PG01&p=1&S1=20070028056.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070028056&RS=DN/20070028056 US20070028056A1]</u></font>	+	|align = "center"|No clear technology transfer routes to the less developed world.
−	|Direct-update software transactional memory	+
−	|align = "center"|Dynamic STM (DSTM)	+
−	|A transactional memory programming interface allows a thread to directly and safely access one or more shared memory locations within a transaction while maintaining control structures to manage memory accesses to those same locations by one or more other concurrent threads. Each memory location accessed by the thread is associated with an enlistment record, and each thread maintains a transaction log of its memory accesses.	+
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#00FFFF">4</font>	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBEEF3"|In nanophotovoltaic research
−	|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PG01&p=1&S1=20070156780.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070156780&RS=DN/20070156780 US20070156780A1]</u></font>	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBEEF3"|Fragmented research infrastructure
−	|Protecting shared variables in a software transactional memory system	+
−	|align = "center"|Dynamic STM (DSTM)	+
−	|For a variable accessed at least once in a software-based transactional memory system (STM) defined (STM-defined) critical region of a program, modifying an access to the variable that occurs outside any STM-defined critical region system by starting a hardware based transactional memory based transaction, within the hardware based transactional memory based transaction, checking if the variable is currently owned by a STM transaction, If the variable is not currently owned by a STM transaction, performing the access and then committing the hardware based transactional memory transaction and if the variable is currently owned by a STM transaction, performing a responsive action.	+
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#00FFFF">5</font>	+	|align = "center"|In nanosensors research and development
−	|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PG01&p=1&S1=20070156994.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070156994&RS=DN/20070156994 US20070156994A1]</u></font>	+	|align = "center"|Nationally variable industry pull through
−	|Unbounded transactional memory systems	+
−	|align = "center"|Unbounded Hardware Transactional Memory (UHTM)	+
−	|Methods and apparatus to provide unbounded transactional memory systems are described. Transactional memory is implemented through a table lookup mechanism. To access a shared resource, a thread may first check a table stored in memory to determine whether another thread is accessing the same portion of the shared resource. Accessing a table that is stored in memory may generate overhead that decreases performance.	+
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#00FFFF">6</font>	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBEEF3"|In strong industrial base in instrumentation
−	|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PG01&p=1&S1=20070239942.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070239942&RS=DN/20070239942 US20070239942A1]</u></font>	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBEEF3"|Variable incentives/cultures for supporting start-ups
−	|Transactional memory virtualization	+
−	|align = "center"|Virtualized Transactional Memory (VTM)	+
−	|Methods and apparatus to provide transactional memory execution in a virtualized mode are described. Data corresponding to a transactional memory access request is stored in a portion of a memory after an operation corresponding to the transactional memory access request causes an overflow and a stored value may be updated for an occurrence of the overflow.	+
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#00FFFF">7</font>	+	|align = "center"|In nanomedicine
−	|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PG01&p=1&S1=20070300238.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070300238&RS=DN/20070300238 US20070300238A1]</u></font>	+	|align = "center"|Funding slow and bureaucratic
−	|Adapting software programs to operate in software transactional memory environments	+
−	|align = "center"|Dynamic Software Transactional Memory 2.0 (DSTM2)	+
−	|Software transactional memory is used in non-managed language environments and with legacy codes without requiring a software programmer to change the programming paradigm they are currently used to. STM adapter system automatically transforms all the binary code executed within that block to execute atomically. STM adapter system automatically transforms lock-based critical sections in existing binary code to atomic blocks,	+
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#00FFFF">8</font>	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBEEF3"|In cultural differences resulting in imaginative approaches to results
−	|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PG01&p=1&S1=20080005504.PGNR.&OS=DN/20080005504&RS=DN/20080005504 US20080005504A1]</u></font>	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBEEF3"|No wide support for individual genius
−	|Global overflow method for virtualized transactional memory	+
−	|align = "center"|Virtualized Transactional Memory (VTM)	+
−	|A method and apparatus for virtualizing and/or extending transactional memory is described. Transactions are executed using local shared transactional memory, such as a cache memory. Upon overflowing the shared transactional memory, the transactional memory is virtualized and/or extended into a higher-level memory, such as a system memory.	+
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#00FFFF">9</font>	+	|align = "center"|In the ability to work in teams
−	|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PG01&p=1&S1=20080098374.PGNR.&OS=DN/20080098374&RS=DN/20080098374 US20080098374A1]</u></font>	+	|align = "center"|Academic research often lags industry
−	|Method and apparatus for performing dynamic optimization for software transactional memory	+
−	|align = "center"|Dynamic STM (DSTM)	+
−	|The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for performing dynamic optimization for STM. An optimistically immutable field is determined in the transaction to write. The transaction optimization unit keeps track of the status of object and class fields in a transaction. The transaction optimization unit invalidates methods corresponding to an optimistically immutable field in response to determining that the field has been written to and is therefore not immutable.	+
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#00FFFF">10</font>	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBEEF3"|Acceleration of new company formation underway
−	|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/fetch.jsp?LANG=ENG&DBSELECT=PCT&SERVER_TYPE=19-10&SORT=41253138-KEY&TYPE_FIELD=256&IDB=0&IDOC=1629252&C=10&ELEMENT_SET=B&RESULT=1&TOTAL=1&START=1&DISP=25&FORM=SEP-0/HITNUM,B-ENG,DP,MC,AN,PA,ABSUM-ENG&SEARCH_IA=US2008050081&QUE WO2008088931A2]</u></font>	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBEEF3"|Funding may be duplicated
−	|FACILITATING EFFICIENT TRANSACTIONAL MEMORY AND ATOMIC OPERATIONS VIA CACHE LINE MARKING	+
−	|align = "center"|Hardware-Accelerated STM (HASTM)-Conflict detection	+
−	|The system starts by executing a transaction for a thread, wherein executing the transaction involves placing load-marks on cache lines which are loaded during the transaction and placing store-marks on cache lines which are stored to during the transaction. Upon completing the transaction, the system releases the load-marks and the store-marks from the cache lines which were load-marked and store-marked during the transaction. Note that during the transaction, the load-marks and store-marks prevent interfering accesses from other threads to the cache lines.	+
	|-		|-
		+	|align = "center"|Openness in developing and adopting environmentally friendly techniques
		+	|align = "center"|Lack of fiscal incentives for environmentally friendly techniques;also lack of legal incentives
		+
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBEEF3"|Openness to developing technologies for the less developed regions
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBEEF3"|Critically slow emergence of technology from the research base
		+
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|align = "center"|Lack of skilled staff
		+
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#D99795"|'''Opportunities'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#D99795"|'''Threats'''
		+
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center"|The exploitation of planet and people friendly research
		+	|align = "center"|Brain drain in life sciences,electronics,software and engineering
		+
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBEEF3"|Development of widely available technologies(sensors,renewable energy,medicine etc.)
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBEEF3"|Public backlash to nanotechnology
		+
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center"|Creation of new technologies(medical and non-medical)
		+	|align = "center"|Too little,too late, of the technologies that matter
		+
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBEEF3"|Reduction animal experimentation through cell-base toxicity testing
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBEEF3"|&nbsp;
		+
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center"|Critical niche opportunities in areas such as lab-on-a-chip and sensor technology
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+
	|}		|}
		+	== Conferences ==
−	----	+	* Major Conferences
−	==Patent dashboard==
−	'''[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=388 Patent Categorization in Dashboard]'''
−	==Contact Dolcera==	+	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''S.no.'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Conference'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Location'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Date'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Email'''
		+	|-
		+	|align = "right" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|1
		+	|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.nsti.org/Nanotech2008/ Nanotech 2008 - 11th Annual NSTI Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show]</u></font>
		+	|Boston,USA
		+	|1-5June, 2008
		+	|bfr@nsti.org
		+	|-
		+	|align = "right" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|2
		+	|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.nanoeurope.com/ NanoEurope 2008]</u></font>
		+	|St.Gallen, Switzerland
		+	|16-17 Sep, 2008
		+	|joerg.guettinger@ncb.ch
		+	|-
		+	|align = "right" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|3
		+	|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.nanotech.net/node/2 Nanotech Northern Europe 2008]</u></font>
		+	|Copenhagen,Denmark
		+	|23-25 Sep, 2008
		+	|katriina.forsstrom@spinverse.com
		+	|-
		+	|}
−	'''Samir Raiyani'''	+	* Complete list of Nanotechnology Conferences
		+	http://www.allconferences.com/Science/Nanotechnology/
−	'''201 A South Delaware St. #306'''	+
−	'''San Mateo, CA 94401 USA'''	+	==Contact Dolcera==
−	'''Phone: +1-650-269-7952'''	+
−	'''Fax: +1-866-690-7517'''	+	{| style="border:1px solid #AAA; background:#E9E9E9" align="center"
−	'''info@dolcera.com'''	+	|-
		+	! style="background:lightgrey" | Samir Raiyani
		+	|-
		+	| '''Email''': [mailto:info@dolcera.com info@dolcera.com]
		+	|-
		+	| '''Phone''': +1-650-269-7952
		+	|}

---

Revision as of 00:21, 30 April 2009

Introduction

Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology refers broadly to a field of applied science and technology whose unifying theme is the control of matter on the atomic and molecular scale, normally 1 to 100 nanometers, and the fabrication of devices with critical dimensions that lie within that size range.

Run of Nanotechnology

• December 29, 1959: The first thought of Nanotechnology was given by Richard Feynman in "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom" at an American Physical Society meeting at Caltech.
• September, 1981: First technical paper published on molecular nanotechnology. The same year scanning tunneling microscope (STM) invented.
• 1982-1990:Books and prizes on nanotechnology. Atomic force microscope invented in 1986.
• 1991: Carbon Nanotubes (CNT's) discovered.
• 1997: First company on nanotechnology founded, it's name is Zyvex.
• 1998-2007: Research, investment, conferences and meetings on nanotechnology.

Applications of Nanotechnology

It has or will have applications in almost all areas we can think of.

Environment and Energy	Medical and Health	Electronics and Computers	Space, Aircraft and Transportation	Materials and Manufacturing
Clean Technology Reducing Global Warming Eco-friendly and Efficient Energy Eco-friendly Coatings Lotus-effect Surfaces Self-cleaning Glass Environmental Monitoring Remediation of Soil Remediation and Treatment of Water	Lab-on-a-chip: The Analytical Revolution Nanoparticles and Drug Delivery Nanoparticles and Gene Therapy Textured Surfaces for Tissue Regeneration Nanorobot Therapeutics	Desktop Manufacturing Electronic Paper Nanoelectronics and Computing Assemblers and Self-replicators Molecular Electronics	Space and Aeronautics Automobiles Transportation Infrastructure	New and Nanostructured Materials Nano-engineered Advanced Materials NanoGold: Carbon Nanotubes Potential Industrial Applications

(Source link)

• Aerospace

• Space Elevators
• Spaceship
• Solar Sails
• Biorobots

• Medicine

• Identifying location of cancer cells. [1]
• Delivering chemotherapy drugs directly to cancer cells.[2]
• Nanoshells that concentrate the heat from infrared light to destroy cancer cells with minimal damage to surrounding healthy cells. [3]
• Nanotubes used in broken bones to provide a structure for new bone material to grow.[4]
• Nanoparticles that can attach to cells infected with various diseases and allow a lab to identify, in a blood sample, the particular disease.[5]

• Food Storage

• Clay nanocomposites are being used to provide an impermeable barrier to gasses such as oxygen or carbon dioxide in lightweight bottles, cartons and packaging films.
• Food storage bins are being produced with silver nanoparticles embedded in the plastic. The silver nanoparticles kill bacteria from any food that was previously stored in the bins, minimizing health risks from harmful bacteria.[6]
• It is possible to use nanosensors in plastic packaging to detect gases given off by food when it spoils. The packaging itself changes color to alert you to food gone bad.

• Agriculture

• Food will be more tastier and healthier using nanaotechnology.[7]
• Research is also being conducted to develop nanocapsules containing nutrients that would be released when nanosensors detect a vitamin deficiency in your body.
• Researchers are also working on pesticides encapsulated in nanoparticles; that only release pesticide within an insect’s stomach, minimizing the contamination of plants themselves.
• Another development being persued is a network of nanosensors and dispensers used throughout a food crop. The sensors recognize when a plant needs nutrients or water, before there is any sign that the plant is deficient. The dispensers then release fertilizer, nutrients, or water as needed, optimizing the growth of each plant in the field one by one.

• Chemistry

• Nanoparticles can be used as catalyst for chemical reactions.
• Nanotechnology can enable sensors to detect very small amounts of chemical vapors.[8]
• ZnO nanowires may lead to better chemical sensors, high-speed electronics.[9]
• Palladium nanoparticle hydrogen sensor.[10]

• Semiconductor devices

• NEMS
• OLED
• Memory chips
• Nanoemmissive display panel
• 45 nm wide transistor gates
• Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory (MRAM)
• Nanoscale integrated circuits

• Optics

• The first sunglasses using protective and antireflective ultrathin polymer coatings are on the market.
• Nanotechnology also offers scratch resistant surface coatings based on nanocomposites.
• Nano-optics could allow for an increase in precision of pupil repair and other types of laser eye surgery.

• Textile

• The use of engineered nanofibers already makes clothes water- and stain-repellent or wrinkle-free.
• Textiles with a nanotechnological finish can be washed less frequently and at lower temperatures.
• Nanotechnology has been used to integrate tiny carbon particles membrane and guarantee full-surface protection from electrostatic charges for the wearer.

• Consumer products

• Nanotechnology is now entered in almost all consumer products,for details see [11]

Source link

Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon Nanotubes (CNT's) are cylindrical shaped allotrope of carbon with length to diameter ratio exceeding 1,000,000.

Such cylindrical carbon molecules have novel properties that make them potentially useful in many applications in nanotechnology, electronics, optics and other fields of materials science. They exhibit extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties, and are efficient conductors of heat.

Types

1. Single-walled CNT's: This type of nanotube can be formed by rolling Graphene sheet. Graphene is a single planar sheet of sp²-bonded carbon atoms that are densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice. Types of Single-walled CNT's:
   • Zig-zag(n,0)
   • Armchair(n,n)
   • Chiral(2n,n)
2. Multi-walled: Multi-walled nanotubes(MWNT) consist of multiple layers of graphite rolled in on themselves to form a tube shape.
3. Fullerite: Fullerites are the solid-state manifestation of fullerenes and related compounds and materials. Being highly incompressible nanotube forms, polymerized single-walled nanotubes (P-SWNT) are a class of fullerites and are comparable to diamond in terms of hardness.
4. Torus: A nanotorus is a theoretically described carbon nanotube bent into a torus (doughnut shape).
5. Nanobud: The material fullerene-like "buds" are covalently bonded to the outer sidewalls of the underlying carbon nanotube. This hybrid material has useful properties of both fullerenes and carbon nanotubes.

Properties

• Physical Properties

Material	Young’s modulus (GPa)	Tensile Strength (GPa)	Density (g/cm3)
Single wall nanotube	1054	150	N/A
Multi wall nanotube	1200	150	2.6
Steel	208	0.4	7.8
Epoxy	3.5	0.005	1.25
Wood	16	0.008	0.6

Source link

• Electrical Properties: Because of the symmetry and unique electronic structure of graphene, the structure of a nanotube strongly affects its electrical properties. For a given (n,m) nanotube, if n − m is a multiple of 3, then the nanotube is metallic, otherwise the nanotube is a semiconductor. Thus all armchair (n=m) nanotubes are metallic, and nanotubes (5,0), (6,4), (9,1), etc. are semiconducting. In theory, metallic nanotubes can have an electrical current density more than 1,000 times greater than metals such as silver and copper.

Method of fabrication

• Arc discharge: It is the simplest and most commonly used method of producing Carbon nanotubes. This method creates CNTs through arc-vaporization of two carbon rods placed end to end, separated by approximately 1mm, in an enclosure that is usually filled with inert gas (helium, argon) at low pressure (between 50 and 700 mbar).
• Laser ablation: In 1996, a dual-pulsed laser vaporization technique was developed, which produced SWNTs in gram quantities and yields of >70wt% purity. Samples were prepared by laser vaporization of graphite rods with a 50:50 catalyst mixture of Co and Ni (particle size ~1um) at 1200oC in flowing argon, followed by heat treatment in a vacuum at 1000oC to remove the C60 and other fullerenes.
• Chemical vapor deposition (CVD):Large amounts of CNTs can be formed by catalytic CVD of acetylene over Co and Fe catalysts supported on silica or zeolite.

Application of Carbon nanotubes

• Polymer Composites: The first realized major commercial application of MWNTs is their use as electrically conducting components in polymer composites.Depending on the polymer matrix, conductivities of 0.01 to 0.1 S/cm can be obtained for 5% loading; much lower conductivity levels suffice for dissipating electrostatic charge. The low loading levels and the nanofiber morphology of the MWNTs allow electronic conductivity to be achieved while avoiding or minimizing degradation of other performance aspects, such as mechanical properties and the low melt flow viscosity needed for thin-wall molding applications.
• Electrochemical devices: Because of the high electrochemically accessible surface area of porous nanotube arrays, combined with their high electronic conductivity and useful mechanical properties, these materials are attractive as electrodes for devices that use electrochemical double-layer charge injection.
• Hydrogen storage: Nanotubes have been long heralded as potentially useful for hydrogen storage (for example, for fuel cells that power electric vehicles or laptop computers).
• Field emission devices: Industrial and academic research activity on electronic devices has focused principally on using SWNTs and MWNTs as field emission electron sources for flat panel displays, lamps, gas discharge tubes providing surge protection, and x-ray and microwave generators.
• Nanometer-sized electronic devices:
• Sensors and probes: Possible chemical sensor applications of nonmetallic nanotubes are interesting, because nanotube electronic transport and thermopower (voltages between junctions caused by interjunction temperature differences) are very sensitive to substances that affect the amount of injected charge.The main advantages are the minute size of the nanotube sensing element and the correspondingly small amount of material required for a response.

Source link

Top ongoing projects on CNT's

• The Ajayan group is using carbon nanotubes as templates and molds for fabricating nanowires, composites, and novel ceramic fibers.[12]
• Dai group discovered how to grow nanotubes in specific directions and orientations on substrates using a chemical vapor deposition process.[13]
• Smalley group is developing methods of production, purification, derivitization, analysis, and assembly of nanotubes to solve real world problems. [14]
• Sun Research group is researching on polymeric nanocomposite materials based on carbon nanotubes and semiconductor and metal nanoparticles. [15]
• Accelerator Laboratory, the University of Helsinki is researching on Ion irradiation as a tool for studying and modifying properties of carbon nanotubes.[16]

IP Activity on carbon nanotubes

• Number of patents filled on nanotubes are increasing exponentially by years.
• Last year i.e 2007, around 1450 patents are filled in this field.

• Major IPC classes with description is given.

S. no.	IPC Classification	Description
1	H01J	ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
2	C01B	NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS AND THEIR COMPOUNDS
3	H01L	SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES AND ELECTRIC SOLID STATE DEVICES
4	B82B	NANOTECHNOLOGY
5	H01M	BATTERIES OR FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
6	B01J	CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS, COLLOID CHEMISTRY AND THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
7	D01F	CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES, OR RIBBONS AND APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
8	G01N	INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
9	B32B	LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
10	C08K	USE OF INORGANIC OR NON-MACROMOLECULAR ORGANIC SUBSTANCES AS COMPOUNDING INGREDIENTS

• Hon Hai Prec Ind Co leads the number of patent filing by a great margin with their competitors.
• Samsung Electronics and Samsung SDI Co. Ltd. together contributes 148 patents.

Sample Analysis

• Below is the link for sample spreadsheet analysis for Carbon nanotubes.

Sample analysis on carbon nanotubes

Dashboard

Dashboard Snapshots

Link to Dashboard

Dashboard for CNTs

Carbon nanotube in Electric discharge tubes and discharge lamps (IPC H01J)

IP Map

IP Activity on carbon nanotubes in Electric discharge tubes and discharge lamps

Analysis

S.no	Patent/Publication No.	Assignee / Applicant	Title	Description of the device	Use of CNT in it	Technology Area
1	US7336028B2	Samsung SDI Co., Ltd.	Electron emission device having multi-layered gate electrode structure	A multilayered electron emission device is described with a predetermined gap between the electrodes.	Electron emission sources can be made up of CNTs.	Electron emission device
2	US7315129B2	Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd.	Plasma producing apparatus and doping apparatus	A plasma chamber anad plasma appratus is described with two electrodes and sustrate and CNTs.	CNTs are on the surface of the cathode electrode.	Plasma Appratus
3	US7307432B2	Yokogawa Electric Corporation	Electron beam generating apparatus and optical sampling apparatus using the same	Optical sampling appratus with electrodes with deflection electrode and charge detection section.	Cathode is comprising of carbon nanotubes.	Optical sampling appratus.
4	US7306503B2	Canon Kabushiki Kaisha	Method and apparatus of fixing carbon fibers on a substrate using an aerosol deposition process	Appratus for manufacturing substate with carbon nanotubes in it.	Arc dischage method is involved for producing CNTs and hence forming it on substrate.	Manufacturing and Processing of CNT’s
5	US7259510B1	Agere Systems Inc.	On-chip vacuum tube device and process for making device	Microwave vacuum tube is described with electrodes and CNTs.	Cathode is comprising of carbon nanotubes.	Electron emission device
6	US7232987B2	None	Instrument and method to measure available light energy for photosynthesis	A device to calculate and filter amout of light required and available for photosynthesis of plants.	Photovoltaic material is made up of carbon nanotubes.	Optical Instrument
7	US7161148B1	Crystals and Technologies, Ltd.	Tip structures, devices on their basis, and methods for their preparation	A tip structure for an electron emissive device or a scanning probe device is described.	At least one link of the tip structure is made up of Carbon naotubes.	Electron emission device
8	US7175494B1	cDream Corporation	Forming carbon nanotubes at lower temperatures suitable for an electron-emitting device	An electron emission device is described comprising of carbon nanotubes.	Carbon nanotubes are manufactured at 300° C. to 500° C which makes them compatible with the thermal stress of the underlying substrate.	Electron emission device
9	US7161286B2	Tsinghua University | Hon Hai Precision Ind. Co., Ltd.	Carbon nanotube array and method for making same	A carbon nanotube-based device is described which includes a substrate and number of catalytic nano-sized particles.	Carbon nanotubes are manufactured on the substrate.	Manufacturing and Processing of CNT’s
10	US7145528B2	Canon Kabushiki Kaisha	Display device and driving and controlling method therefor	A display device with display panel is described and use of electron emitters.	Cathode is comprising of carbon nanotubes.	Electron emission device
11	US7115863B1	Hitachi, Ltd.	Probe for scanning probe lithography and making method thereof	A probe of scanning probe lithography is described	Shaft of the probe is made up of Carbon nanaotubes.	Manufacturing and Processing of CNT’s

Sample Analysis on use of Carbon nanotubes in discharge tubes and discharge lamps

Key Players

Universities

• Universities play an important role in research and that's why it needs to be analyzed.
• Only 245 patents are filled by the universities research division.
• But companies are dependent on them for research activities.
• The analysis will give the insight of most involved university in terms of research on Carbon nanotubes.

Companies

• Large number of companies are now moving into this area.
• Number of startups are coming into the picture.

Top Companies	Number of patents filled
Hon Hai Prec Ind Co	118
Samsung Electronics	77
Samsung SDI Co. Ltd.	71
Sony Corp.	70
Toray Industry	69
Fujitsu Ltd.	68
Nippon Electric Co.	64
Ind Tech Res Inst	62
Nat Inst for Materia	59
Others	58

Market Research

Nanotechnology market

• Nanotechnology is a growing market.
• Lux Research (a market research company in nanotechnology) believes that market will reach from $13 billion in 2005 to $292 billion in 2010.
• In 2015 market for nano materials will reach to $340 billion and electronics market will reach to $300 billion.
• US nanotech funding has increased from $270 million to $850 million.

Carbon Nanotubes market

• Market size will increase from $6 million in 2004 to $1,070 million in 2014.

Published Papers

• Academic papers published on carbon nanotubes have been on the rise and patent filings have been keeping up with this upswing, says a review in the journal Science.
• According to the review, around 1,500 scientific papers were published in 2001 compared to about 1,100 in 2000 and around 700 in 1999.

Source

SWOT analysis on nanotechnology

Strength	Weakness
In nanomaterials research and development	Critical issues(ecological meltdown,poverty and disease)
In biomimetics research	Lack of planet friendly scorecard for research
In nanoelectronics and IT research including quantum computing	No clear technology transfer routes to the less developed world.
In nanophotovoltaic research	Fragmented research infrastructure
In nanosensors research and development	Nationally variable industry pull through
In strong industrial base in instrumentation	Variable incentives/cultures for supporting start-ups
In nanomedicine	Funding slow and bureaucratic
In cultural differences resulting in imaginative approaches to results	No wide support for individual genius
In the ability to work in teams	Academic research often lags industry
Acceleration of new company formation underway	Funding may be duplicated
Openness in developing and adopting environmentally friendly techniques	Lack of fiscal incentives for environmentally friendly techniques;also lack of legal incentives
Openness to developing technologies for the less developed regions	Critically slow emergence of technology from the research base
	Lack of skilled staff
Opportunities	Threats
The exploitation of planet and people friendly research	Brain drain in life sciences,electronics,software and engineering
Development of widely available technologies(sensors,renewable energy,medicine etc.)	Public backlash to nanotechnology
Creation of new technologies(medical and non-medical)	Too little,too late, of the technologies that matter
Reduction animal experimentation through cell-base toxicity testing
Critical niche opportunities in areas such as lab-on-a-chip and sensor technology

Conferences

• Major Conferences

S.no.	Conference	Location	Date	Email
1	Nanotech 2008 - 11th Annual NSTI Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show	Boston,USA	1-5June, 2008	bfr@nsti.org
2	NanoEurope 2008	St.Gallen, Switzerland	16-17 Sep, 2008	joerg.guettinger@ncb.ch
3	Nanotech Northern Europe 2008	Copenhagen,Denmark	23-25 Sep, 2008	katriina.forsstrom@spinverse.com

• Complete list of Nanotechnology Conferences

http://www.allconferences.com/Science/Nanotechnology/

Contact Dolcera

Samir Raiyani
Email: info@dolcera.com
Phone: +1-650-269-7952