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2012-08-01T16:43:15Z

Lakshmikantg: /* Intellectual Property (IP) Services */

__NOTOC__

[[#Intellectual Property (IP) Services|Intellectual Property(IP) Services]] 
[[#Business & Information Research Services|Business and Information Research Services]] 
[[#Dolcera Technology Platforms|Dolcera Technology Platform]]

== Intellectual Property (IP) Services ==
{| style="border:1px solid #AAA; background:#E9E9E9;width:100%" align="center"
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===Life Sciences and Chemistry===
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===Technology===
|-
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* [[Alopecia - Hair Loss]] | ([http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAIoyKuKQ6o Video])
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* [[RNAi Database sample wiki]] | ([http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nsZLUSPn3cg Video])
* [[Choline Bitartarate]]
* [[Non-wovens]]
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* [[Bio-PET]]
* [[Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma]]
* [[Antibody against TNF]]
* [[Pressure sensitive adhesives in packaging]]
* [[Template - Production Of Therapeutic Glycoproteins|Production of Therapeutic Glycoproteins]]
* [[Market Research Tools Landscape]]

| valign = "top" |

 Landscape reports 
* [[Hybrid Electric Vehicle Battery System]]
* [[Supply Chain RFID Applications]]
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* [[OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode]]
* [[Carbon Nanotubes (CNT)]] | ([http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HvZqBy8XvIE Video])
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* [[Transactional memory]]
* [[Invalidation Search on a patent in the semiconductors space|Invalidation Search]]
* [[Golf Club Head Landscape]]
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|-
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STN Search Reports
* [[Markush Search Report]]

Dashboard
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfilegroup_id=10 Alopecia areata dashboard - live]
** ([[Alopecia Areata Dashboard Screenshots|Screenshots only]])
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/stent_model.swf Stent dashboard]
* [http://www.dolcera.com/website/demos/dna/main.html Sequence dashboard]
* [[Legal Updates Demo|Legal updates dashboard]]
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=587 RNAi Dashboard]
* [https://www.dolcera.com/auth/dashboard_multicategory/dashboard.php?workfile_id=130 Opioid Dashboard]
| valign = "top" |

Dashboard
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfilegroup_id=27 Automotive dashboard - live]
** [[Automotive Dashboard Screenshots|Screenshots only]]
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=54 WiMAX dashboard - live]
** [[WiMAX Dashboard Screenshots|Screenshots only]]
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/rfid_model.swf RFID dashboard]

IP Valuation

*[[Holographic Image Display]]
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Prior Art / Invalidation / FTO Search
* [http://dolcera.com/client/d8r3/hairloss_map.htm Alopecia/Hair loss IPMap]
* [[Markush Structure Search Sample]]
 Study: In re Bilski Impact
* [[In re Bilski Impact assessed from US PAIR Information]]
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Prior Art / Invalidation / FTO Search
* [[Prior Art Search Process]]
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/satellite_antenna/ipmap.html Satellite Antenna IPMap]
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/rfid/ipmap.html RFID IPMap]
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/multimodal_apps/ipmap.html Multimodal Applications IPMap]
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/Invalidation_US4825448.htm Invalidation Claim Chart Sample]
|-
|}

===Clinical Trial Database===
*[[Clinical Trial Database]]

== Business & Information Research Services ==
{| style="border:1px solid #AAA; background:#E9E9E9;width:100%" align="center"
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! style="background:lightgrey" valign=top width=50% align = "left"|
===Life Sciences and Chemistry===
! style="background:lightgrey" valign=top width=50% align = "left"|
===Technology===
|-
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* [[Strategic Insights:Heart Valve Replacement Market - India]]
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* [[NFC Ecosystem]]
* [[Virtualization]]
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* [[Estimation of liquid carrying vehicles in USA]]
* [[A market study on Hybrid vehicles and the concept of V2G]]
* [[Patent Valuation]]
* [[Automatic Faucets]]
|-
! style="background:lightgrey" valign=top width=50% align = "left"|

===Finance===
! style="background:lightgrey" valign=top width=50% align = "left"|
===Others and CPG===
|-
| valign=top |
* [[Innovative personal finance products]]
* [[Life Insurance Industry in US]]
| valign=top |
*[[Deodorants Market Analysis: Acquisition of Sanex by Colgate]]
*[[Partner in sales planning]]

|}

== Dolcera Technology Platforms ==
{| style="border:1px solid #AAA; background:#E9E9E9;width:100%" align="center"
|-
| align = "top" |
==== Dashboard 1.1 ====
* [http://www.dolcera.com/auth/dashboarddemo/dashboard.php?workfilegroup_id=154 Demo Dashboard (Alopecia)]
** [[Access details]]
* [[Sample list of patent numbers]]
* [http://www.dolcera.com/auth/index.php Dashboard login page]
* [[Dashboard Technical Specifications]]

==== [[Workflow for creating a Dashboard]] ====

==== IP and Products dashboard ====
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfilegroup_id=10 Alopecia areata dashboard]
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/stent_model.swf Stent dashboard]
* [[Legal Updates Demo|Legal updates dashboard]]
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=54 4G wireless product and patent dashboard]

==== Patent-pathway mapping ====
* [[Inflammation and cardiovascular drugs#Interactive signaling pathways and patents|Patent-pathway mapping]]
==== Sequence dashboard ====
* [http://www.dolcera.com/website/demos/dna/main.html Sequence dashboard]

==== Design analysis ====
* [http://www.dolcera.com/website/demos/dental/main.html Dental Implant Design Analysis]

==== Innovation explorer ====
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/innovation_explorer/innovation_explorer.html Household robotics innovation explorer]
==== KPort ====
* [http://dolcera.com/website/demos/kport/main.html Collaboration Portal]

|-
|}

== Buy Dolcera Reports ==
{| style="border:1px solid #AAA; background:#E9E9E9;width:100%" align="center"
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* [[Landscape report for HEMT]]
* [[Nanoemulsions in Foods]]
* [[Variable Valve Timing - Sample]]

==== Templates: ====

 Food : 
* [[Nanoemulsions in foods]]
* [[Campylobacter control in meat]]
* [[Antioxidants form olive waste]]
* [[phytosterol and phytostanols]]
* [[Phospholipids and Sphingolipids of Milk]]
* [[Cheese analog]]

 Packaging : 
* [[Plastic aerosols]]
* [[Dispenser with applicator]]
*[[Biodegradable packaging for liquids]]

 Cosmetics: 
*[[Enhanced bioavailability of skin whitening actives in topical applications]]

Dolcera Offerings summary 
* [[Dolcera Offerings|Dolcera offerings summary]]

[[Technology Support]] 

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|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/tools Dolcera Tools]
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! style="background:lightgrey" | Contact Dolcera
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! style="background:lightgrey" | Samir Raiyani
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Enhanced bioavailability of active ingredients in topical applications for skin whitening

2012-08-01T16:42:28Z

Lakshmikantg:

Enhanced bioavailability of active ingredients in topical applications for skin whitening

2012-08-01T16:39:20Z

Lakshmikantg:

=Objective=
To understand different strategies used for enhancing the bioavailability of skin whitening agents in topical applications by various companies.

=Scope=
* This report is restricted to four major players in this technology area- Kao, L'Oreal, P&G and Shiseido.
* We have taken patents as a source of information to understand different methods for enhancing bioavailability.

=Search methodology=

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FCD5B4"|'''Search strategy'''
|1. Various keywords were retrieved for conducting the search related to enhanced bioavailability of active ingredients in topical applications for skin whitening from pubmed MESH, relevant patents, scientific articles and thesaurus. 2.Various Class-codes have been retrieved from relevant patents and their citations. Also . (Refer section 4). 3.The database used for patent search is Thomson innovation.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FCD5B4"|'''Keywords'''
|Whitening, lightening, topical, depigmentation, bioavailability, penetration enhancer etc.
|-
|}

=Introduction=
Skin whitening/lightening/brightening is an important skin care need, especially in the asian population. Whitening skin care is a process in which the darker skin is prepared to look lighter. Human skin color determined from the outermost layer of the skin, the epidermis where the pigment-producing cells melanocytes are localized to produce melanin.
The amount of melanin synthesized by the melanocyte, and its distribution pattern in the surrounding keratinocytes, determines the actual color of the skin. Melanin forms through a series of oxidative reactions involving the amino acid tyrosine in the presence of the enzyme tyrosinase.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16841367 Parvez et al,2006]

Elimination of melanin can be done in three ways:
*Suppressing Tyrosinase formation
*Inhibiting Tyrosinase activity
*Reduction of Melanin

Hydroquinone and hydroxyanisole, in the past, were the standard ingredient for skin lightening treatments. However with reports of potential mutagenicity, there has been an increasing impetus to find alternative herbal and pharmaceutical depigmenting agents.

==Current trends in skin whitening ingredients==
Great advances have been made to understand pigment biology and the processes underlying skin pigmentation in the last decade. Many researchers have begun to produce natural alternatives which mimic the skin lightening properties of hydroquinone and hydroxyanisole. Ingredients such as kojic acid and licorice have become quite popular along with more advanced ingredients like Alpha-Arbutin. When combined, these ingredients can often produce better results that even surpass hydroquinone but without the associated risks. Below is the list of commonly used ingredients that are widely used for skin whitening.
[[Image:table1.jpg|850px|thumb|center|[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-2494.2010.00616.x/full Gillbro & Olsson,2011]]]

*Because of the accessibility and large area of the skin, it has long been considered as promising route for the administration of drugs, where dermal, regional, or systemic effects are desired. The advantages of the topical route of drug administration include: avoidance of the risks and inconvenience of parenteral treatment; avoidance of the variable absorption and metabolism associated with oral treatment; continuity of drug administration, permitting use of pharmacologically active agents with short biological half-lives and potential reduction of gastrointestinal irritation in systemic administration.[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN%2F5874095 Deckner et al,1999]

*However, the impermeability of skin is well-known, serving as a barrier to ingress of pathogens and toxic chemicals, and egress of physiologic fluids. This impermeability is the result of normal physiologic changes in developing skin,also results in lesser bioavailability.It is already well known that bioavailability of compounds taken topically example skin whitening ingredients are always lesser than that taken orally or intravenously. Bioavailability of topical dosage forms not intended for absorption has proved to be quite difficult, daunting and extremely challenging.

==Skin whitening ingredients and enhanced bioavailability==
===Bioavailability===
[[Image:Bioavailability.jpg|500px|thumb|right|[http://www.spitalpharmazie-basel.ch/pdf/Diss_Pellanda.pdf Schematic depiction of percutaneous absorption,Pellanda(2006)]]]
The determination of the bioavailability of systemically absorbed products is defined as the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety is absorbed from the drug product and becomes available at the site of action [http://www.omicsonline.org/0975-0851/JBB-02-102.pdf Kanfer and Shargel, 2008]. However, when considering products which contain active ingredient(s) not intended for systemic absorption, the US FDA, published the following statement in the US Federal Register (US Federal Register, 2009) where such products“...... may be assessed by (surrogate) measurements intended to reflect the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or moiety becomes available at the site of action”.

Many skin-lightening actives have problems with lesser bioavailability or instability during storage, it also have low affinity to the skin and have little percutaneous absorption. Therefore, several attempts have successfully been made to synthesize conjugates to improve their bioavailabilities. Novel technology has shown great potential for improving the effectiveness and efficiency of delivery of ingredients, e.g.

*Microemulsion- An oil-in-water microemulsion have the ability to encapsulate non polar molecules such as lipids, flavorants, antimicrobials, antioxidants, and vitamins, it formulated using lecithin and an alkyl glucoside. It was proposed as a cosmetic vehicle for arbutin and kojic acid, naturally occurring whitening agents. The stability of these compounds are higher in microemulsion than in aqueous solutions.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15131725 Gallarate et al,2004]

*Liposomes- Liposomes encapsulate water and lipid-soluble pharmacologically and cosmetically active components. Liposomes favor the disposition of encapsulated active ingredients in the epidermis and dermis, while the permeation rate is decreased. This helps to fix active ingredients to the outermost skin layers as desired for cosmetic products.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15989590 Cevec,1997]

*Nanoemulsions- Nanoemulsions are emulsions having small droplet size (20–300nm). They could be used for lipophilic as well as hydrophilic substances with enhanced bioavailability

[[Image:newer approach2.jpg|850px|thumb|center|[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18482010 Chanchal & Swarnalata,2008]]]

Researcher also used skin penetration enhancer, volatile silicone and several other organic compound which make the ingredients stable and more bioavailable to the skin.

=Concept table=
[[Click here to view concept table]]

=Search strategy=

*'''Database: Thomson Innovation'''
*'''Coverage:US Grant, GB App, US App, FR App, WO App, DE Util, EP Grant, DE Grant, EP App, DE App, JP Util, JP Grant, JP App, CN Util, CN App, KR Util , KR Grant, KR App, Other, DWPI'''
*'''Time Line:1836 - 19 January 2012''' 

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090"|'''S.No'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090"|'''Concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090"|'''Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090"|'''Search strategy'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090"|'''Hits'''

|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|'''Class codes of skin whitening AND keywords of bioavailability(English)'''
|align = "center"|Full patent spec.
|align = "center"|(424062) OR (424449) OR (514844) OR (42407803) OR (4C083EE16)OR (A61Q001902) AND ((Bioavailabilit*3 OR (Bio*9 ADJ2 availab*7) OR (Physiologic*2 ADJ2 availab*7) OR (availabilit*3 ADJ2 equivalenc*3)) OR ((Enhanc*4 OR increas*3 OR high*2 OR improv*4 OR promot*3 ) NEAR10 (absor*4 OR permeab*5 OR penetrat*4)))
|align = "center"|5885

|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|'''Class codes of skin whitening AND keywords of bioavailability(German)'''
|align = "center"|Full patent spec.
|align = "center"|(A61Q001902) AND (((Bioverfügbarkeit OR bioverfügbarkeiten OR ((Bio OR biologisch OR biologisch) ADJ2 (Verfügbarkeit OR verfügbar))) OR (((physiologisch OR physiologisch) ADJ2 (Verfügbarkeit OR verfügbar)) OR (Verfügbarkeit ADJ2 Gleichwertigkeit))) OR ((Verbesserung OR verbessern OR erhöhen OR erhöht OR erhöht OR erhöhen OR hoch OR verbessern OR verbessert OR Verbesserung OR fördern OR gefördert OR Förderung) NEAR10 (Absorption OR absorbiert OR durchlässig OR Durchlässigkeit OR durchdringen OR Penetration OR eingedrungen)))
|align = "center"|50

|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|'''Class codes of skin whitening AND keywords of bioavailability(French)'''
|align = "center"|Full patent spec.
|align = "center"|(A61Q001902) AND (((biodisponibilité OR biodisponibilités OR ((Bio OR biologique OR biologiquement) ADJ2 (la disponibilité OR disponibles))) OR (((physiologiques OR physiologiquement) ADJ2 ((la ADJ2 disponibilité) OR disponibles)) OR ((la ADJ2 disponibilité) ADJ2 equivalenc*3))) OR ((amélioration OR améliorer OR (augmentation ADJ2 de) OR augmente OR augmenté OR augmenter OR haute OR hautement OR (améliorer ADJ2 la) OR améliorée OR l<nowiki>’</nowiki>amélioration OR (promouvoir ADJ2 la) OR promu OR (la ADJ2 promotion)) NEAR10 (d<nowiki>’</nowiki>absorption OR absorbés OR perméables OR (la ADJ2 perméabilité) OR pénètrent OR (la ADJ2 pénétration) OR pénétré)))
|align = "center"|105

|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|'''F terms of skin whitening AND keywords of bioavailability (English)'''
|align = "center"|full spec in japanese only
|align = "center"|(4C083EE16) AND ((Bioavailabilit*3 OR (Bio*9 ADJ2 availab*7) OR (Physiologic*2 ADJ2 availab*7) OR (availabilit*3 ADJ2 equivalenc*3)) OR ((Enhanc*4 OR increas*3 OR high*2 OR improv*4 OR promot*3 ) NEAR10 (absor*4 OR permeab*5 OR penetrat*4)))
|align = "center"|445

|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090"|'''5'''
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|'''Combined query (Class code of skin whitening and key words of bioavailability)'''
|align = "center"|1 OR 2 OR 3 or 4
|align = "center"|5973

|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|'''highly relevant class codes of bioavailability and keywords of skin whitening'''
|align = "center"|Claims, Title, Abstract
|align = "center"|((514946) OR (514947) OR (4C076FF34)) AND ((Whiten*3 OR lighten*3 OR brighten*3 OR fair*4 OR depigment*5) OR ((Inhibit*3 OR reduc*4 OR anti OR suppress*4 OR decreas*4 OR block*3) NEAR10 (Tyrosinase OR melan*8 OR melasma OR chloasma OR suntan OR (solar ADJ2 lentig*) OR pigment*5)))
|align = "center"|278

|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|'''Class codes of bioavailability AND key words of skin whitening(English)'''
|align = "center"|Claims title abstract
|align = "center"|(5140011) OR (5140022) OR (514946) OR (514947) AND (((Skin*1 OR*3 derm*2 OR (stratum ADJ2 corneum) OR (stratum lucidum) OR (stratum granulosum) OR (stratum spinosum) OR (stratum basale) OR topical*2) NEAR20 (Whiten*3 OR lighten*3 OR brighten*3 OR fair*4 OR depigment*5)) OR (Skin*1 AND depigment*) OR ((Inhibit*3 OR reduc*4 OR anti OR suppress*4 OR decreas*4 OR block*3) NEAR10 (Tyrosinase OR melan*8 OR melasma OR chloasma OR suntan OR (solar ADJ2 lentig*) OR pigment*5))) AND ((Bioavailabilit*3 OR (Bio*9 ADJ2 availab*7) OR (Physiologic*2 ADJ2 availab*7) OR (availabilit*3 ADJ2 equivalenc*3)) OR ((Enhanc*4 OR increas*3 OR high*2 OR improv*4 OR promot*3 ) NEAR10 (absor*4 OR permeab*5 OR penetrat*4)))
|align = "center"|54

|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|'''english keywords and japanese f terms for bioavailability'''
|align = "center"|Claims title abstract
|align = "center"|(4C076FF34) OR (4C076FF03) OR (4C076FF32) OR (4C086NA11)
|align = "center"|610

|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090"|'''9'''
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|'''Combined query(Class codes of bio-availability and key words of skin whitening)'''
|align = "center"|6 OR 7 OR 8
|align = "center"|318

|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090"|'''10'''
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|'''Combined query (key word - classcode search)'''
|align = "center"|5 or 9
|align = "center"|6224

|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090"|'''11'''
|align = "center"|'''Skin whitening AND bioavailability key words(English)'''
|align = "center"|Claims, Title, Abstract for skin whitening AND Full patent spec. for bioavailability
|align = "center"|(((Skin*1 OR*3 derm*2 OR (stratum ADJ2 corneum) OR (stratum lucidum) OR (stratum granulosum) OR (stratum spinosum) OR (stratum basale) OR topical*2) NEAR20 (Whiten*3 OR lighten*3 OR brighten*3 OR fair*4 OR depigment*5)) OR (Skin*1 AND depigment*) OR ((Inhibit*3 OR reduc*4 OR anti OR suppress*4 OR decreas*4 OR block*3) NEAR10 (Tyrosinase OR melan*8 OR melasma OR chloasma OR suntan OR (solar ADJ2 lentig*) OR pigment*5))) AND ((Bioavailabilit*3 OR (Bio*9 ADJ2 availab*7) OR (Physiologic*2 ADJ2 availab*7) OR (availabilit*3 ADJ2 equivalenc*3)) OR ((Enhanc*4 OR increas*3 OR high*2 OR improv*4 OR promot*3 ) NEAR10 (absor*4 OR permeab*5 OR penetrat*4)))
|align = "center"|3820

|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090"|'''12'''
|align = "center"|'''Class codes of bioavailability AND key words of skin whitening(Geman)'''
|align = "center"|Claims, Title, Abstract for skin whitening AND Full patent spec. for bioavailability
|align = "center"|(((Haut OR pelle OR Häutchen OR dermis OR dermal OR derma OR oberhaut OR epidermis OR epidermalen OR (Schicht ADJ2 corneum) OR (schicht lucidum) OR (stratum granulosum) OR (schicht spinosum) OR (schicht basale) OR aktuelle OR topisch) NEAR20 (bleaching OR machen OR geweißt OR aufhellung OR aufhellen OR aufgehellt OR aufhellung OR aufhellen OR aufgehellt OR messe OR gerechteren OR fairness OR depigmentierung OR depigmented)) OR (Haut*1 AND depigment*) OR ((hemmen OR gehemmt OR hemmung OR reduzieren OR reduktion OR anti OR unterdrücken OR unterdrückt OR Unterdrückung OR Rückgang OR abnehmender OR block OR verstopft OR sperrung) NEAR10 (Tyrosinase OR melan*4 OR melasma OR chloasma OR Pigmentierung OR pigmentierte OR hyperpigmentierungen))) AND (((Bioverfügbarkeit OR bioverfügbarkeiten OR ((Bio OR biologisch OR biologisch) ADJ2 (Verfügbarkeit OR verfügbar))) OR (((physiologisch OR physiologisch) ADJ2 (Verfügbarkeit OR verfügbar)) OR (Verfügbarkeit ADJ2 Gleichwertigkeit))) OR ((Verbesserung OR verbessern OR erhöhen OR erhöht OR erhöht OR erhöhen OR hoch OR verbessern OR verbessert OR Verbesserung OR fördern OR gefördert OR Förderung) NEAR10 (Absorption OR absorbiert OR durchlässig OR Durchlässigkeit OR durchdringen OR Penetration OR eingedrungen)))
|align = "center"|27

|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090"|'''13'''
|align = "center"|'''Class codes of bioavailability AND key words of skin whitening(French)'''
|align = "center"|Claims, Title, Abstract for skin whitening AND Full patent spec. for bioavailability
|align = "center"|((((la ADJ2 peau) OR peau OR derme OR dermique OR derma OR épiderme OR épidermique OR (strate ADJ2 cornée) OR (strate lucidum) OR (strate granulosum) OR (strate spinosum) OR (strate basale) OR actualité OR topique) NEAR20 (blanchiment OR blanchir OR blanchis OR éclairage OR éclairer OR allégée OR allège OR s<nowiki>’</nowiki>éclaircirs<nowiki>’</nowiki>égayer OR (rendre ADJ2 éclair) OR (faire ADJ2 égayer) OR éclaircissant OR équitables OR foire OR kermesse OR l<nowiki>’</nowiki>équité OR (plus ADJ2 équitable) OR dépigmentation OR dépigmentées)) (peau OR dépigment*) OR (((inhibent OR inhibée OR l<nowiki>’</nowiki>inhibition OR (réduire ADJ2 la) OR (réduction ADJ2 de) OR supprimer OR supprimé OR (la ADJ2 suppression) OR antiparasitage OR baisse OR diminué OR diminue OR décroissante OR bloc OR bloquée OR bloquant)) NEAR10 ((Tyrosinase OR mélanine OR mélanosome OR mélanocyte OR mélanogénèse OR mélasma OR chloasma OR pigments OR pigmentation OR pigmenté)))) AND (((biodisponibilité OR biodisponibilités OR ((Bio OR biologique OR biologiquement) ADJ2 (la disponibilité OR disponibles))) OR (((physiologiques OR physiologiquement) ADJ2 ((la ADJ2 disponibilité) OR disponibles)) OR ((la ADJ2 disponibilité) ADJ2 equivalenc*3))) OR ((amélioration OR améliorer OR (augmentation ADJ2 de) OR augmente OR augmenté OR augmenter OR haute OR hautement OR (améliorer ADJ2 la) OR améliorée OR l<nowiki>’</nowiki>amélioration OR (promouvoir ADJ2 la) OR promu OR (la ADJ2 promotion)) NEAR10 (d<nowiki>’</nowiki>absorption OR absorbés OR perméables OR (la ADJ2 perméabilité) OR pénètrent OR (la ADJ2 pénétration) OR pénétré)))
|align = "center"|14

|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090"|'''14'''
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|'''Combined query (keyword search)'''
|align = "center"|11 OR 12 OR 13
|align = "center"|3856

|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090"|'''15'''
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|'''Combined query (Kewyword search and keyword - Classcode search)'''
|align = "center"|10 OR 14
|align = "center"|9334

|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090"|'''16'''
|align = "center"|'''Key words for irrelevant patents'''
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract
|align = "center"|(Teeth OR tooth OR ink*4 OR paint*3 OR glass*2 OR cement*7)
|align = "center"|2848497

|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090"|'''17'''
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|15 NOT 16
|align = "center"|8391'''(4182 Unique hits)'''

|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090"|'''18'''
|align = "center"|'''L<nowiki>’</nowiki>Oreal'''
|align = "center"|Assignee Applicant, Assignee/Applicant Standardized, Assignee/ applicant original, Assignee Applicant DWPI and US reassignment
|align = "center"|"La Institut Lancome" OR "Laboratoires Garnier Paris" OR "Lancome Parfums et Beaute" OR "Paloma Picasso & Cie." OR "Parfums Cachrel & Cie" OR "Parfums et Beaute France & Cie." OR "Parfums Ralph Lauren" OR "Prestige et Collections Inter. & Cie." OR "L<nowiki>’</nowiki>Oreal USA, Inc." OR "L<nowiki>’</nowiki>Oreal USA, Designer Fragrance Division" OR "Soft Sheen/Carson Products, Inc." OR "L<nowiki>’</nowiki>Oreal USA Inc" OR "Beauty Alliance, Inc." OR "Ace Beauty Co." OR "C.B. Sullivan Company Inc." OR "Kiehl<nowiki>’</nowiki>s Since 1851 LLC" OR "Matrix Essentials, Inc." OR "Maybelline, Inc." OR "Maybelline Products Co. Inc." OR "Redken Laboratories LLC" OR "L<nowiki>’</nowiki>Oreal Canada" OR "Parbel Inc." OR "The Body Shop International PLC" OR "A. Christenssen Engros A/S" OR "The Body Shop a Islandi" OR "The Body Shop Beteilgungs-GmbH" OR "The Body Shop (France) SARL" OR "The Body Shop Levy" OR "The Body Shop Oman" OR "The Body Shop Qatar" OR "Body Shop Svenska AB" OR "The Body Shop UK" OR "The Body Shop" OR "BS Denmark A/S" OR "Cosmenatura SA" OR "Dibel Lda" OR "East & Central Al Thomad Co." OR "Ginkgo & Sarantis Romania SA" OR "Koyia Jacovou Speciality Shop Ltd" OR "The Body Shop International Inc." OR "The Body Shop Canada" OR "The Body Shop Singapore (PTE) Ltd." OR "The Body Shop Hong Kong" OR "Bodim Port Oy" OR "L<nowiki>’</nowiki>Oreal Belgilux SA" OR "L<nowiki>’</nowiki>Oreal Parfums" OR "L<nowiki>’</nowiki>Oreal S.A. - Gemey Division" OR "L<nowiki>’</nowiki>Oreal S.A. - Laboratory Division" OR "L<nowiki>’</nowiki>Oreal Japan Ltd." OR "L<nowiki>’</nowiki>Oreal Singapore Pte Ltd" OR "L<nowiki>’</nowiki>Oreal (UK) Limited" OR "L<nowiki>’</nowiki>Oreal Uruguay" OR "Galderma Pharma S.A." OR "Galderma Laboratories, L.P." OR "CollaGenex Pharmaceuticals, Inc." OR "Galderma Brasil Ltda." OR "Galderma Canada, Inc." OR "Galderma International SAS" OR "Galderma Laboratorium GmbH" OR LANCOME* OR GALDERMA* OR "L<nowiki>’</nowiki>Oreal S.A." OR "BIOTHERM" OR "SOCIETEL<nowiki>’</nowiki>OREAL SA" OR "L<nowiki>’</nowiki>OREAL (SA) " OR "LOREAL SA" OR "LOREAL" OR "MAYBELLINE INC" OR "LABORATORIES PHARMACEUTIQUES GOUPIL SA" OR "LANCOME PARFUMES ET BEAUTE & CIE" OR "HELENA RUBINSTEIN SA" OR "SOFT SHEEN PRODUCTS INC" OR "SOREAL SA" OR "LA ROCHE POSAY LABORATOIRE" OR "MAYBELLINE INTERMEDIATE CO" OR "L OREAL" OR "L<nowiki>’</nowiki> OR AL" OR "SOCIETE L<nowiki>’</nowiki> OREAL SA" OR "SOCIETE L<nowiki>’</nowiki>OREAL" OR "SOCIETE L<nowiki>’</nowiki>OREAL SA" OR "SHU UEMURA COSMETICS INC" OR "SHU UEMURA INC" OR "CHIMEX" OR "PARFUMS GUY LAROCHE SA" OR "L<nowiki>’</nowiki>OREAL-D I P I" OR "L<nowiki>’</nowiki>OREAL USA CREATIVE INC" OR "MAYBELLE INC" OR "MAYBELLINE COSMETICS CORP" OR "L <nowiki>’</nowiki>OREAL" OR "HELENA RUBINSTEIN INC" OR "ARTEC SYSTEMS GROUP INC" OR "ROGER & GALLET" OR "L<nowiki>’</nowiki>OREAL S A" OR "L<nowiki>’</nowiki>OREAL USA INC" OR "MAYBELLINE INTERMEDIATE CORP" OR "L<nowiki>’</nowiki> OREAL SA" OR "LABORATOIRES PHARMACEUTIQUES ROCHE-POSAY" OR "LANCOME PARFUMS ET BEAUTIE & CIE" OR "COSMAIR COSMETICS CORP" OR "COSMAIR CREATIVE INC" OR "ARTEC SYSTEMS GROUP" OR "SKINCEUTICALS INC" OR "LA ROCHE POSAY-LABORATOIRE PHARMACEUTIQUE" OR "L<nowiki>’</nowiki>OREAL USA CREATIVE" OR "SOCIETE D<nowiki>’</nowiki>HYGIENE DERMATOLOGIQUE DE VICHY" OR "HELENE RUBENSTEIN INC" OR "L*OREAL" OR "LA ROCHE POSAY LABORATOIRE PHARMACEUTIQUE" OR "L<nowiki>’</nowiki>ORAAL" OR "L<nowiki>’</nowiki>OREAL RENE" OR "L<nowiki>’</nowiki>OREAL USA" OR "L<nowiki>’</nowiki> OREAL" OR "THE BODY SHOP INTERNATIONAL PLC" OR "COSMAIR INC" OR "L<nowiki>’</nowiki>OR(ACUTE OVER (E))AL SA" OR "L<nowiki>’</nowiki>OREAL" OR "L<nowiki>’</nowiki>OREAL S R" OR "L<nowiki>’</nowiki>OREAL SA" OR "L <nowiki>’</nowiki>OREAL SA" OR "LANCOME PARFUMS ET BEAUTE & CIE" OR "YSL BEAUTE" OR "L<nowiki>’</nowiki>OR(ACUTE OVER (E))AL" OR "L<nowiki>’</nowiki>ORA©AL"
|align = "center"|66707

|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090"|'''19'''
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|'''L<nowiki>’</nowiki>Oreal Restricted'''
|align = "center"|17 AND 18
|align = "center"|274('''120 unique hits''')

|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090"|'''20'''
|align = "center"|'''Shiseido'''
|align = "center"|Assignee Applicant, Assignee/Applicant Standardized, Assignee/ applicant original, Assignee Applicant DWPI and US reassignment
|align = "center"|"SHISEIDO INTERNATIONAL FRANCE" OR "ZOTOS INTERNATIONAL INC" OR "MIEUX PRODUCTS CO LTD" OR "BEAUTE PRESTIGE INTERNATIONAL SA" OR "SHISEIDO RESEARCH CENTER" OR "AXE CO LTD" OR "ZOTOS INTERNATIONAL" OR "SHISEIDO AMERICAS CORP" OR "BEAUTE PRESTIGE INTERNATIONAL" OR "JOICO LABORATORIES INC" OR "SHISEIDO INTERNATIONAL FRANCE SA" OR "BARE ESCENTUALS INC" OR "SHISEIDO LTD" OR "SHISEIDO CO LTD" OR "CARITA INTERNATIONAL"
|align = "center"|16576

|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090"|'''21'''
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|'''Shiseido Restricted'''
|align = "center"|17 AND 20
|align = "center"|120('''76 unique hits''')

|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090"|'''22'''
|align = "center"|'''Kao and Kanebo'''
|align = "center"|Assignee Applicant, Assignee/Applicant Standardized, Assignee/ applicant original, Assignee Applicant DWPI and US reassignment
|align = "center"|"LABTEC GESELLSCAFT FA?R TECHNOLOGISCHE FORSCHUNG UND ENTTWICKLUNG MBH" OR "LABTEC GESELLSCHAFT FA?R TECHNOLOGISCHE FORSCHUNG UND ENTWICKLUNG MBH" OR "LABTEC GESELLSCHAFT FA?R TECHNOLOGISCHE FORSCHUNG UND ENTWICKLUNG MBH" OR "LABTEC GESELLSCHAFT FUER TECHNOLOGISCHE FORSCHUNG UND ENTWICKLUNG MBH" OR "LABTEC GESELLSCHAFT FUER TECHOLOGISCHE FORSCHUNG UND ENTWICKLUNG MBH" OR "LABTEC GESELLSCHAFT FUR BIOTECHNOLOGISCHE FORSCHUNG UND ENTWICKLUNG MBH" OR "LABTEC GESELLSCHAFT FUR TECHNOLOGISCHE FORSCHUNG UND ENTWICKLUNG MBH" OR "NIVEA-KAO CO LTD" OR "NIVEAU AG" OR "TESA AG" OR "TESA AKTEINGESELLSCHAFT" OR "TESA AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT" OR "TESA AKTIENGESELSCHAFT" OR "TESA SCRIBOS GMBH" OR "TESA TAPE INC" OR "TESA TUCK INC" OR "KAO CORP." OR "ANDREW JERGENS CO" OR "GOLDWELL AG" OR "GOLDWELL AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT" OR "GOLDWELL G M B H" OR "GOLDWELL GMBH" OR "HIGH POINT CHEMICAL CORP" OR "KANEBO COSMETICS INC" OR "KAO BRANDS COMAPNY" OR "KAO CHEMICALS EUROPE S L" OR "KAO CHEMICALS GMBH" OR "KAO COPRORATION" OR "KAO CORP" OR "KAO CORP SA" OR "KAO KK" OR "KAO QUAKER CO LTD" OR "KAO SOAP CO LTD" OR "KAO SPECIALTIES AMERICAS" OR "KAO SPECIALTY AMERICAS LLC" OR "KAO KK" OR "KPSS GMBH" OR "KPSS KAO PROFESSIONAL SALON SERVICES GMBH" OR "KPSS-KAO PROFESSIONAL SALON SERVICES GMBH" OR "KPSS-KAO PROFESSISSIONAL SLAON SSERVICES GMBH" OR "MOLTON BROWN USA INC" OR "QUIMIKAO SA DE C V" OR "THE ANDREW JERGENS CO" OR "KAO SUN CHUEH" OR "KANEBO LTD." OR "KANEBO BELL-TOUCH LTD" OR "KANEBO CO LTD" OR "KANEBO GOHSEN LTD" OR "KANEBO GOSEN LTD" OR "KANEBO KK" OR "KANEBO LTD" OR "KANEBO LTD & T HASEGAWA CO LTD" OR "KANEBO RAYON LTD" OR "KANEBO SPINNING CORP" OR "KANEBO SPUN SILK LTD" OR "KANEBO SYNTHETIC FIBERS LTD" OR "KAO CORP." OR "ANDREW JERGENS CO" OR "GOLDWELL AG" OR "GOLDWELL AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT" OR "GOLDWELL G M B H" OR "GOLDWELL GMBH" OR "HIGH POINT CHEMICAL CORP" OR "KANEBO COSMETICS INC" OR "KAO BRANDS COMAPNY" OR "KAO CHEMICALS EUROPE S L" OR "KAO CHEMICALS GMBH" OR "KAO COPRORATION" OR "KAO CORP" OR "KAO CORP SA" OR "KAO KK" OR "KAO KK" OR "KAO QUAKER CO LTD" OR "KAO SOAP CO LTD" OR "KAO SPECIALTIES AMERICAS" OR "KAO SPECIALTY AMERICAS LLC" OR "KOA KK" OR "KPSS GMBH" OR "KPSS KAO PROFESSIONAL SALON SERVICES GMBH" OR "KPSS-KAO PROFESSIONAL SALON SERVICES GMBH" OR "KPSS-KAO PROFESSISSIONAL SLAON SSERVICES GMBH" OR "MOLTON BROWN USA INC" OR "QUIMIKAO SA DE C V" OR "THE ANDREW JERGENS CO" OR "ASSIGNEE NOT STANDARDIZED IN DICTIONARY" OR "KANEBO CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES LTD" OR "KANEBO FOODS LTD" OR "KANEBO LTD /KANTO CHEMICAL CO" OR "KANEBO MICROELECTRONICS LTD" OR "KAO CORPORATION" OR "KAO BRANDS COMPANY"
|align = "center"|94965

|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090"|'''23'''
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|'''Kao and kanebo restricted'''
|align = "center"|17 AND 22
|align = "center"|114('''74 unique hits''')

|}

=Relevant class codes and definitions=

==IPC/ECLA classes==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090" rowspan = "6"|'''A61'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090" colspan = "3"|Medical or Veterinary science; Hygiene
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090" rowspan = "2"|'''A61Q'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090" colspan = "2"|Use of cosmetics or similar toilet preparation
|-
|align = "center"|A61Q 19/02
|align = "center"|Preparations for care of the skin =<nowiki>></nowiki>for chemically bleaching or whitening the skin
|-
|}

==US Classes==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090" rowspan = "4"|'''424'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090" colspan = "2"|Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
|-
|align = "center"|424/62
|align = "center"|Bleach for live hair or skin (e.g., peroxides, etc.)
|-
|align = "center"|424/78.03
|align = "center"|Topical body preparation containing solid synthetic organic polymer as designated organic active ingredient (doai) =<nowiki>></nowiki> Skin cosmetic coating
|-
|align = "center"|424/449
|align = "center"|Transdermal or percutaneous
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090" rowspan = "6"|'''514'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090" colspan = "2"|Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
|-
|align = "center"|514/1.1
|align = "center"|Designated organic active ingredient containing =<nowiki>></nowiki> Peptide (e.g., protein, etc.) containing DOAI
|-
|align = "center"|514/2.2
|align = "center"|Designated organic active ingredient containing =<nowiki>></nowiki> Peptide (e.g., protein, etc.) containing DOAI=<nowiki>></nowiki> Bactericidal/permeability-increasing (BPI) protein affecting or utilizing
|-
|align = "center"|514/844
|align = "center"|Cosmetic, facial
|-
|align = "center"|514/946
|align = "center"|Penetrant or absorbent (enhances penetration into subject treated)
|-
|align = "center"|514/947
|align = "center"|Penetrant or absorbent (enhances penetration into subject treated) =<nowiki>></nowiki> Topical application
|-
|}

==F-Term==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090"|'''Theme'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090"|'''Title of the theme'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090"|'''F-term'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090"|'''F-term description'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090"|'''4C083'''
|align = "center"|Cosmetics
|align = "center"|4C083EE16
|align = "center"|Whitening (Tyrosinase inhibition, melanin inhibition)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090" rowspan = "3"|'''4C076'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|Medicinal preparation
|align = "center"| 4C076FF34
|align = "center"|Absorption accelerators or penetrants
|-
|align = "center"|4C076FF03
|align = "center"|with absorption, adsorption, or impregnation properties
|-
|align = "center"|4C076FF32
|align = "center"|Biologically absorbed substances
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FAC090"|'''4C086'''
|align = "center"|Pharmaceuticals containing other organic and inorganic compounds
|align = "center"|4C086NA11
|align = "center"|Absorption improvement
|-
|}

=Clickable taxonomy=

<mm>[[Mmap1290(1.1).mm]]</mm>

=Relevant patents=
[https://dolcera.net/teamwiki_prod/index.php/Relevant_patents Click here to view Relevant patents]

=Analysis=

[[Media:Analysis_final1.xls|'''Click here to download sample analysis sheet''']]

=Trends and Insights=

==Assigneewise preferred skin whitening actives==
[[Image:activesa.jpg|200px|center|frame|thumb|<center>'''Skin-whitening actives vs Assignees'''</center>]]

'''Key Points'''
*Tranexamic acid and derivatives are restricted to Shisheido
*Alpha Hydroxy acid and Tocopherol derivatives are restricted to Loreal
*Vitamin B3 and derivatives are exclusive to P&G
*Loreal exclusively exploits biomolecules such as siRNA and Enzymes in whitening compositions
*P & G uses a novel sodium metabisulfite as skin whitening agent
*Kao and Kanebo prefers natural extract as whitening actives

==Assignee-wise adopted bioavailability enhancing strategies==
[[Image:activesg.jpg|200px|center|frame|thumb|<center>'''Bioavailability enhancing strategies vs Assignees'''</center>]]

'''Key Points'''
*Shiseido prefers chemical compounds as penetration enhancers such as silicone compounds, carboxylic acids, etc.
*L’Oreal’s penetration enhancers are mostly carriers such as liposomes, nanoemulsions, etc. followed by physical methods like iontophoresis, ultrasonic waves etc.
*P & G has a preference for carriers followed by physical methods and chemical compounds

==Preferred solvent with respect to penetration enhancer==
[[Image:activesc.jpg|200px|center|frame|thumb|<center>'''Penetration enhancer (x-axis) vs solvent (z-axis)'''</center>]]

'''Key Points'''
*Vitamins and Salicylic acid derivatives are preferably dissolved in lower alcohols
*Inorganic compounds are used with a wide range of solvents like higher & lower alcohols, acids & derivatives, etc.
*Polyols are used in conjunction with solvents such as glycol, glycerol, lower alcohols and acids

==Delivery strategies for whitening actives==

*The most common skin-whitening agents have been mapped with the usage of penetration enhancer and carrier across the assignees.

*'''Click on the appropriate tab for each active.'''
*'''Each colored cells will give the corresponding information of delivery ingredients/methods'''
{|align = "center"
|<gflash>800 600 http://dolcera.com/upload/files/Dashboard_of_Active_Ingredients.swf</gflash>
|-
|}

=Dashboard=

[https://www.dolcera.com/auth/dashboard_multicategory/dashboard.php?workfile_id=1290 Click here to view the Dashboard ]

A preview of the dashboard is shown below.

[[Image:skreensot.jpg|800px|center|Enhanced bioavailability of skin-whitening ingredients in topical applications]]

Main Page

2012-08-01T16:37:39Z

Lakshmikantg: /* Intellectual Property (IP) Services */

__NOTOC__

[[#Intellectual Property (IP) Services|Intellectual Property(IP) Services]] 
[[#Business & Information Research Services|Business and Information Research Services]] 
[[#Dolcera Technology Platforms|Dolcera Technology Platform]]

== Intellectual Property (IP) Services ==
{| style="border:1px solid #AAA; background:#E9E9E9;width:100%" align="center"
|-
! style="background:lightgrey;width:50%" valign = "top" align = "left"|
===Life Sciences and Chemistry===
! style="background:lightgrey; width:50%" valign = "top" align = "left"|

===Technology===
|-
| valign = "top" |
 Landscape reports 
* [[Alopecia - Hair Loss]] | ([http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAIoyKuKQ6o Video])
* [[Inflammation and cardiovascular drugs]] | ([http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FVUFcz2dpIM Video])
* [[RNAi Database sample wiki]] | ([http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nsZLUSPn3cg Video])
* [[Choline Bitartarate]]
* [[Non-wovens]]
* [[Pressure sensitive adhesives]] | ([http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=plP3TzjYsiQ Video])
* [[Ureteral Stent]]
* [[Smart Drug Delivery Systems]] | ([http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vARe9eBFsq4 Video])
* [[Silicone Hydrogel contact lens]]
* [[SC Johnson]]
* [[Pinene: An off flavor in mango juice]] | ([http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P4fI1rjPjSg Video])
* [[Bio-PET]]
* [[Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma]]
* [[Antibody against TNF]]
* [[Pressure sensitive adhesives in packaging]]
* [[Template - Production Of Therapeutic Glycoproteins|Production of Therapeutic Glycoproteins]]
* [[Market Research Tools Landscape]]
* [[Enhanced bioavailability of active ingredients in topical applications for skin whitening]]
| valign = "top" |

 Landscape reports 
* [[Hybrid Electric Vehicle Battery System]]
* [[Supply Chain RFID Applications]]
* [[Insurance sector]]
* [[CDMA Basics]]
* [[Quality of Service on CDMA platforms]]
* [[OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode]]
* [[Carbon Nanotubes (CNT)]] | ([http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HvZqBy8XvIE Video])
* [[Metallic and Ceramic construction materials]]
* [[Transactional memory]]
* [[Invalidation Search on a patent in the semiconductors space|Invalidation Search]]
* [[Golf Club Head Landscape]]
* [[Wind Energy]]
|-
| valign = "top" |

STN Search Reports
* [[Markush Search Report]]

Dashboard
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfilegroup_id=10 Alopecia areata dashboard - live]
** ([[Alopecia Areata Dashboard Screenshots|Screenshots only]])
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/stent_model.swf Stent dashboard]
* [http://www.dolcera.com/website/demos/dna/main.html Sequence dashboard]
* [[Legal Updates Demo|Legal updates dashboard]]
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=587 RNAi Dashboard]
* [https://www.dolcera.com/auth/dashboard_multicategory/dashboard.php?workfile_id=130 Opioid Dashboard]
| valign = "top" |

Dashboard
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfilegroup_id=27 Automotive dashboard - live]
** [[Automotive Dashboard Screenshots|Screenshots only]]
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=54 WiMAX dashboard - live]
** [[WiMAX Dashboard Screenshots|Screenshots only]]
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/rfid_model.swf RFID dashboard]

IP Valuation

*[[Holographic Image Display]]
|-
| valign = "top" |

Prior Art / Invalidation / FTO Search
* [http://dolcera.com/client/d8r3/hairloss_map.htm Alopecia/Hair loss IPMap]
* [[Markush Structure Search Sample]]
 Study: In re Bilski Impact
* [[In re Bilski Impact assessed from US PAIR Information]]
| valign = "top" |

Prior Art / Invalidation / FTO Search
* [[Prior Art Search Process]]
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/satellite_antenna/ipmap.html Satellite Antenna IPMap]
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/rfid/ipmap.html RFID IPMap]
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/multimodal_apps/ipmap.html Multimodal Applications IPMap]
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/Invalidation_US4825448.htm Invalidation Claim Chart Sample]
|-
|}

===Clinical Trial Database===
*[[Clinical Trial Database]]

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Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma

2011-02-28T08:24:19Z

Lakshmikantg: /* Sample patents */

==Dashboard==

* Click here to view '''[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=890 Sample Dashboard]'''

NOTE: You need to install Internet Explorer 8.0 and Adobe Flash Player to view the Dashboard.

Please download [http://www.microsoft.com/windows/internet-explorer/default.aspx '''Internet Explorer 8.0'''] and [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/?promoid=DRHWS '''Adobe Flash player''']

==Objective==

'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.'''

To achieve our objective we performed following steps:

*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment

*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.

*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.

*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records

*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries

*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.

==Overview==

===Interferon===

[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]

Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source]

Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]

===Melanoma===

Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]

===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===

Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas.

A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})

While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]

==Interactive Taxonomy==
<mm>[[Interferon_For_the_treatment_Of_Melanoma.mm]]</mm>

==Concept Table==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Skin Cancer</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanocyte</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|
|}
===French Keywords Concept table===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>mélanome</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interféron*</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peau Cancer </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinome </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumeur </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Mélanocyte </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|}

===German Keywords Concept Table===

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Haut Krebs </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Karzinoma </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Krebsgeschwür </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Geschwulst </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanozyten </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|}

===Class codes identified for searches===

* '''Relevant IPC classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|A61P003500
|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|}

* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21A
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21B
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21C
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''
|align = "center"|C07K014715G
|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|}

* '''Relevant US classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|4240854
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|4242811
|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|42400141
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|514889
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|530351
|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|930142
|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|4240851
|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|4240855
|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|4240856
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|4240857
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.
|-
|}

==Intellectual property==

===Search strategy and concept===

Date of Search: 1836 to Feb 3rd, 2011
Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches

===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|576
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|756
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|1019 records '''571 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''3422 hits (2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|174
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|484
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|102
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|9
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''
|align = "center"|587 hits '''232 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|4 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR Interféron<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interféron OR huIFN) AND (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|25 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''29 hits'''
|-
|}

===Search in Japanese database===

Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan

Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2011/02/15

{| border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "left" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| '''S.No.'''
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Issue/Publication date'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''F-Term Theme'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''FI/F-term/Facet '''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Hits'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1900/01/01 to 2011/02/15'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4H045</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>DA15+DA16+DA17+DA18 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1298</center>

|}

 

'''Total patents: 1298 (Relevancy ~10%)'''

* '''F-Terms and theme used in search'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''
|align = "center"|'''4H045'''
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA15
|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA16
|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA17
|align = "center"|Beta-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA18
|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons
|-
|}

===Scientific Literature Search===

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Database</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Query</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Limits by Date</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>No.Of Hits</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pubmed</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>20000101-20110221</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>28402</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Scirus</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>24835</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Google Scholar</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>21100</center>

|}

==Sample patents==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Patent/Publication No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Date Of Publication'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Assignee'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Title'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Abstract'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Problem'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Solution'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7482014.PN.&OS=PN/7482014&RS=PN/7482014 US7482014B2]</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>01/27/2009</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma therapy </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Methods for treating treatment-naive as well as treatment-experienced patients having melanoma to increase the progression-free survival time involving administering a therapeutically effective amount of pegylated interferon-alpha, e.g., preferably pegylated interferon alpha-2b, as adjuvant therapy to definitive surgery are disclosed.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is with the treatment methods that are employed with previously employed dose regimens for treating Melanoma after definitive surgical removal of the lesions.This led to the occurance of hematologic, neurologic and constitutional toxicities.Subject compliance with the dosage and dosage regimen during both phases is considered to be important to achieve maximum clinical benefit. </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The higher patience compliance is achieved with the improved methods of treatment of melanoma.A therapeutically effective dose of pegylated interferon alpha for a time period sufficient to increase the progression-free survival time was administered to the patient.The treatment regimen includes a first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of PEG.sub.12000 interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of PEG.sub.12000 interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period. </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=5997858.PN.&OS=PN/5997858&RS=PN/5997858 US5997858A]</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>12/7/1999</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>A method for treating neoplastic disease in a mammal via administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon via oromucosal contact. The amount of interferon administered is less than an amount which induces a pathological response when administered parenterally.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is with the method employed for the treatment of neoplastic diseases.The administration of low doses of interferon as a nasal spray or as an oral liquid formulation in the treatment of the neoplastic diseases is not effective in the previous patents.There is no experimental evidence regarding the administration mode of the interferon,though it was anticipated that administrations through other modes is possible to deliver effectively and treating the same conditions.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution to the problem is solved by first controlled study in an animal model of the efficacy of oromucosally administered interferon for the treatment of neoplastic diseases.The administration is done oromucosally in asingle dose by almost all forms of Interferons .the amount administered is from about 1500 IU to about 20.times.10.sup.6 IU for a 70 kg man per day.This amount is less than the amount that induces a pathological response in the mammal when administered parenterally.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19881026&CC=EP&NR=0288055A1&KC=A1 EP288055A1]</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/26/1988</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>This invention relates to the improvement of the polyamine depletion effects of ornithine decarboxylase inhibitors, the improvement being effected by the use of Interferon and Dacarbazine in conjunctive therapy with said inhibitors.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem in this patent is associated with the methods and drugs that are used for treating the pathological disease conditions such as cancer.Polyamines mechanism is not known and there are some evidences that ODC inhibitors may exert their therapeutic effect by blocking the formation of the polyamines and thereby slowing, interrupting, or arresting the proliferation and metastases of the tumor tissue. So certain methods are explored to find out the same kind of effect on treating cancers.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution was found to be the improved methods in treating the cancer with the use of Interferon and Dacarbazine when these disease states are treated with irreversible inhibitors of ornithine decarboxylase.This includes a pharmaceutical product containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine as a combined preparation for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease states. Even the methods for the formulation are disussed in this patent.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19871014&CC=EP&NR=0241242A1&KC=A1 EP241242A1]</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/14/1987</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Anti-tumor activity in humans can be augmented by administering to the human patient and effective amount of IFN-β and IL-2 in combination. The composition of IFN-β and IL-2 may be prepared invitro or administered separately to the patient. The composition is useful for prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of such cancers as melanoma, colon cancer lung cancer and breast cancer.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem in this patent is about the use of interferons seperately in treating the cancers.When administered seperately they were found to induce a response that was good.So an approach was thought of where the combination therapy was given to produce better results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The concern of the prior art was addressed with the successful administration of a combination therapy with Interferon beta and interleukin-2 as an anti-tumor therapeutic or prophylactic agent. It was made suitable for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer comprising formulating together, whether by mixing or providing separate doses.The administration is done parenterally.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220100086518%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20100086518&RS=DN/20100086518 US20100086518] </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4/8/2010</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>NOVARTIS AG</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Methods of treating melanoma include administering a compound of Structure I, a tautomer of the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or the tautomer, or a mixture thereof to a subject. The compound, tautomer, salt of the compound, salt of the tautomer, or mixture thereof may be used to prepare medicaments for treating metastatic cancer. The variable A has the values defined herein.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is that though there are many methods of treating cancer , still there is a need for the advancements in the technologies to be adopted to arrive at better results.The compounds such as quinoline derivatives were used and were disclosed in the prior art for the treatment of Melanoma.The compounds that were used previously were found to be associated with the side effects.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center><nowiki>The solution was found to be finding of compounds that can effectively administered for treating Melanoma.It relates to the use of compounds such as 4-amino-5-fluoro-3-[6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]quino- lin-2(1H)-one and tautomers, salts, and mixtures thereof in treating melanoma and preparing medicaments for treating melanoma. The therapeutically effective amount of the compound can range from about 0.25 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg body weight of the subject.</nowiki></center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4846782.PN.&OS=PN/4846782&RS=PN/4846782 US4846782] </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7/11/1989</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of cancer with interferon and radiotherapy </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Radiation sensitive human cancers are treated with combined interferon and radiation therapy.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Radiation therapy emerged some years back for the treatment of cancers.It was observed that the results are good.But there was a need felt to effectively increase the efficacy of radiation treatment.So to develop radiation sensitizers or potentiators which enable the radiation to cause increased tumor destruction. Despite numerous laboratory and clinical studies, no single agent has, to date, emerged as the optimal radiation sensitizer. </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem could be addressed by an effective treatment means using administering subcutaneously to such patients between 2.0.times.10.sup.6 IU/m.sup.2 and 5.0.times.10.sup.6 IU/m.sup.2 of recombinant DNA-alpha-2-interferon .This is done three days a week at a time on those days prior to radiation therapy.The doses are from 15 to 35 Gy are administered five days a week including those days on which interferon is administered.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''7'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=5824300.PN.&OS=PN/5824300&RS=PN/5824300 US5824300] </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/20/1998</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The Texas A&M University System</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of neoplastic disease with oral interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Neoplastic diseases are treated by the administration of human interferon, particularly IFN-α, at a dosage of from about 0.01 to about 5 IU/lb./day such that the interferon is held in contact with the patient's oral and pharyngeal mucosae. The interferon is administered in a solid dosage from, e.g., a saliva-dissolvable lozenge.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Though the research is intensive in the field of interferons,there exists a substantial lack of uniformity in such matters as classification of interferon types. There are also numerous, sometimes contradictory, theories concerning the mode of action of interferon in producing clinical effects.It became apparent that exogenous interferon was sometimes capable of effecting regression or remission of various metastatic diseases. so different studies are conducted to know the clinical agent of choice for the prevention of cancers.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The present invention is based on applicant's discovery that interferon can be used as a consistently effective therapeutic agent for treatment of diseases having an immunopathologic basis--characterized by inadequate immune response and persistence of the disease.The interferon is administered in an amount of about 0.01 to about 5 IU/lb of patient body weight per day. Multiple dose daily regimen is given to the patients.They aid in the better treatment of cancers.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''8'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020107184%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020107184&RS=DN/20020107184 US20020107184]</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8/8/2002</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>None</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>METHOD FOR TREATING MELANOMA </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The present invention discloses a method for treating patients having melanoma or melanoma associated symptoms by parenterally administering Product R, a peptide-nucleic acid preparation.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanomas are usually treated by surgical excision, while patients with thick melanomas and those with regional or distant metastasis may benefit from other forms of therapy.Cytokines have been tested in the treatment of different skin cancers during the last decade, and treatment schedules have been established or proposed for several malignant skin tumors. Preferentially, the interferons and interleukin-2 were found to be effective in treating skin cancers including melanoma.But they were needed to be checked in combination with other products as they were anticipated to yield better results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The new method of treatment using the product R in combination with interferons not only sounded effectively but also proved to be an effective means .The administration is done in an sterile injectible form.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''9'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4762705.PN.&OS=PN/4762705&RS=PN/4762705 US4762705] </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8/9/1988</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schwimmer, Adolf W. | Schwartz, Irwin Steven | Rubin, David</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer therapy with interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The effectiveness of interferon for treatment against cancer may be increased by first administering an agent for inhibiting tyrosinase. In this manner the tyrosinase which is known to be produced by malignancies, and which may cause inactivation of the interferon, will be substantially inactivated prior to the interferon administration.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Some of the the prior art patents doesn't trust on the use of interferons for treating all types of malignancies.The reason being the interferons are easily denatured in the enzymatic processes.So attempts were made out initially to find out the reasons for the denaturation even at high doses.Efforts were made to improve methods of cancer therapy using interferon.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution has come out in the form of improved treatment method for treating cancer by the efforts of the present inventor.As the reason for the denaturation was found to be tyrosinase,attempts were made seriously to supress this tyrosinase.A composition was made finally with D-penicillamine that can suppress tyrosinase.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''10'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=5190751.PN.&OS=PN/5190751&RS=PN/5190751 US5190751] </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3/2/1993</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of certain leukemias with a combination of gamma interferon and alpha interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Human leukemia T-cells and B-cells are inhibited from proliferating by treatment with a combination of recombinant human alpha and gamma interferons, either simultaneously or sequentially, and the alpha interferon is preferably recombinant human alfa-2b interferon.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The patent in the prior art posed a lot of problems with the use of gamma interferons alone in terms of the purity as the preparations previously were found to be contaminated.When used singly for the treatment of lekimias they were found to yield ineffective results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution was found to administer alpha and gamma interferons for the treatment of leukemias.It could inhibit the proliferation of susceptible leukemia cells with a cell proliferation inhibiting amount of a combination of both of the interferons.They are adminstered sequentially and simultaneously too to give good results.</center>

|}

==Taxonomy==

[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]

== Sample Analysis==
* '''Patents:''' The above sample patents were analysed according to the taxonomy.
[[Media:Sample analysis of Treating of melanoma.xls| '''Click here to download Sample analysis sheet on Interferon for treatment of Melanomas''']]

* '''Scientific Literature:'''* [[Media:Article Analysis Of Melanoma.xls |'''Click here to download Melanoma Treatment Using IFN: sample articles]]

==Patent Ranking==
10 Sample Patents were ranked according to the patent focus.
*Patent Ranking Details
1 : Granted Patent & Focus in Independent Claim 
2 : Granted Patent & Focus in Dependent Claim 
3 : Published Patent & Focus in independent Claim 
4 : Published Patent & Focus in Dependent claim 

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Type</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent Ranking</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>5</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Dependent</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Independent</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>9</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|}

==Clinical Trials==
*'''Database:''' [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ '''Clinical trials''']
*'''Searched on:''' Feb 25th, 2011

*[[Media:clinical trials treatment of melanoma.xls |'''Please click here to download the clinical trial excel sheet''']]

==IP Activity Graphs Of Sample Patents==
===IP activity based on priority years===

* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on priority years.
[[Image:IP act PS priority year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on priority years]]

===IP activity based on publication years===

* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on publication years.
[[Image:IP act PS publication year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on publication years]]

===Geographical Distribution based on family members===

* The geographical distribution is based on 10 sample patent numbers along with all their family members.
[[Image:Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma 1.jpg|center|thumb|500 px| Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma]]

==Market Report==
===Interferon types & Their Compositions===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Generic Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Brand Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Composition'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Alpha IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Interferon alfa-2aInactive Ingredients- sodium chloride, ammonium acetate, polysorbate 80, glycine, sodium phosphate dibasic,sodium phosphate monobasic, human albumin, preservative: benzyl alcohol.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Beta IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Beta interferon,Inactive Ingredients-65 to 90 wt % of polyol,and a p-hydroxybenzoate,carboxymethyl cellulose,human serum albumin</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Gamma IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-interferon gamma-1b.,Inactive Ingredients-Polyethylene Glycol,dextran ,hydroxyethylstarch </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pegylated IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active ingredient-peginterferon alfa-2b,Inactive ingredients: dibasic sodium phosphate anhydrous, monobasicsodium phosphate dihydrate, sucrose, polysorbate 80.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Recombinant IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Ribavirin,Inactive Ingredients-microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium,sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate monobasic as buffering agents;human albumin as a stabilizer.</center>

|}

===Interferon Types & Description Of Products===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Description'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Source'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron A is an interferon, a group of naturally occurring proteins that were first discovered as a result of their ability to prevent viral replication. Intron A is marketed in 72 countries worldwide for as many as 16 indications.In the United States it has been cleared for use by the FDA for chronic viral hepatitis B, chronic viral hepatitis C, malignant melanoma, hairy cell leukemia, AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma and condylomata acuminata (venereal warts).INTRON A recombinant for Injection has been classified as an alpha interfero nand is a water-soluble protein with a molecular weight of 19,271 daltons produced by recombinant DNA techniques. It is obtained from the bacterial fermentation of a strain of Escherichia coli bearing a genetically engineered plasmid containing an interferon alfa- 2b gene from human leukocytes. The fermentation is carried out in a defined nutrient medium containing the antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride at a concentration of 5 to 10 mg/L; the presence of this antibiotic is not detectable in the final product. The specific activity of interferon alfa-2b, recombinant is approximately 2.6 x 108 IU/mg protein as measured by the HPLC assay.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex, manufactured by Biogen, is a form of beta interferon (interferon beta, IFN-b) used to modify the course of multiple sclerosis. While not a cure, Avonex has been shown in clinical trials to reduce the average relapse rate in people with the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis form of the disease. It is identical to the naturally occurring protein found in the human body. It is manufactured by extracting the drug from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Avonex is the same substance as Rebif but administered differently (30 mcg, intra-muscularly, once a week as against 22 mcg or 44 mcg, sub-cutaneously, 3 times a week for Rebif). Avonex is usually given in the large muscles of the thigh, upper arm, or hip.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune(R) is a synthesized version of interferon gamma, a naturally occurring protein believed to stimulate the immune system. InterMune markets Actimmune(R) for the treatment of two life-threatening congenital diseases: chronic granulomatous disease and severe, malignant osteopetrosis. The most common side effects are flu-like symptoms, including headache, fatigue, fever, chills, and rash. InterMune was granted two composition-of-matter patents related to interferon gamma-1b in the United States, extending its patent protection until 2022.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.actimmune.com/ http://www.actimmune.com/]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg-Intron (peginterferon alfa-2b) Powder for Injection has been approved by the FDA.Peg-Intron is a longer-acting formulation of Schering-Plough's Intron A, which is a recombinant version of a naturally occurring alpha interferon. In contrast to Intron A, which is administered three times weekly, Peg-Intron is administered subcutaneously once a week. This reduced frequency of administration may increase patient compliance.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.pegintron.com/index.html http://www.pegintron.com/index.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>REBETOL is a medicine used with either interferon alfa-2b (Intron A) or peginterferon alfa-2b (PegIntron) to treat chronic (lasting a long time) hepatitis C infection in people 3 years and older with liver disease.REBETOL Capsules consist of a white powder in a white, opaque, gelatin capsule. Each capsule contains 200 mg ribavirin and the inactive ingredients microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate. The capsule shell consists of gelatin, sodium lauryl sulfate, silicon dioxide, and titanium dioxide. The capsule is printed with edible blue pharmaceutical ink which is made of shellac, anhydrous ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, propylene glycol, ammonium hydroxide, and FD&C Blue #2 aluminum lake.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.merck.com/product/home.html http://www.merck.com/product/home.html]</center>

|}

===Global Revenue Data Of products===

<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">S.No</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Generic Name</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Brand Name</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Company</td>
<td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Global revenue ($ Million )</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2008</td>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2009</td>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2010</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">1</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Alpha IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intron®,Roferon®-A</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="bottom">38.4</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Beta IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Avonex</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Biogen IDEC</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2518.4</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2322.9</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2202.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">3</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Gamma IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Actimmune®</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intermune</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">29880</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">25428</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">4</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Pegylated IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Peg Intron</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Schering-Plough</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">148.7</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">5</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Recombinant IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">36.1</td>
<td style="border-width: thin thick thick thin; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
</table>

==Biosimilars Of Interferons==

Biosimilar interferons are the major drug class in the recombinant non-glycosylated proteins market due to their extensive use in the treatment of various genetic and environmental disorders. The overall biosimilar market for interferons is categorized into the submarkets for alpha, beta, and gamma interferons, all of which are used extensively in the treatment of various conditions such as lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, and multiple sclerosis.

While the interferon market growth may be inhibited by the side effects of each of its three drug categories, the market presents many opportunities to new entrants as only a few players currently operate in this relatively unfragmented market.

The global recombinant interferon market stood at $75.3 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $3.9 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 82.9% from 2009 to 2014. The American biosimilar interferons market is expected to attain a market worth $1.5 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 91.5%.[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html Biosimilars ; Global Market]

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Global market For Biosimilars'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon Alfa</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global market for biosimilar interferon Alfa was $36.7 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $1.5 billion in 2014 at a CAGR of 76.5% from 2009 to 2014. While Asian market for biosimilar Alfa interferons commanded the highest share in 2008 with $17.5 million, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 88.3% from 2009 to 2014.The world's top two branded Interferon products generated sales of $1,510 million and $910 million each in 2008. The blockbuster sales of innovative Interferon Alfa products thus present encouragement for biosimilar Interferon Alfa manufacturers[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon beta</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon beta-1a market is estimated to grow from $36.3 million in 2008 to $2.2 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 87.8% from 2009 to 2014. However, the U.S. and Europe sales of branded interferon-betas are expected to fall from $4.6 billion in 2010 to $2.4 billion in 2017. The soaring cost of clinical development, the conservative prescribing habits of neurologists, and the expected decline in the use of interferon-betas may induce biosimilar developers to explore other classes of biologics to invest their R&D funds[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon gamma</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon gamma market was $2.2 million 2008 and is expected to reach $141.5 million in 2014 at a CAGR of 94.2% from 2009 to 2014. While the Asian market accounted for the highest share of $0.5 million in 2008, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 107.6% from 2009 to 2014[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|}

Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma

2011-02-28T07:59:54Z

Lakshmikantg: /* Sample patents */

==Dashboard==

* Click here to view '''[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=890 Sample Dashboard]'''

NOTE: You need to install Internet Explorer 8.0 and Adobe Flash Player to view the Dashboard.

Please download [http://www.microsoft.com/windows/internet-explorer/default.aspx '''Internet Explorer 8.0'''] and [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/?promoid=DRHWS '''Adobe Flash player''']

==Objective==

'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.'''

To achieve our objective we performed following steps:

*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment

*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.

*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.

*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records

*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries

*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.

==Overview==

===Interferon===

[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]

Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source]

Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]

===Melanoma===

Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]

===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===

Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas.

A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})

While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]

==Interactive Taxonomy==
<mm>[[Interferon_For_the_treatment_Of_Melanoma.mm]]</mm>

==Concept Table==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Skin Cancer</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanocyte</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|
|}
===French Keywords Concept table===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>mélanome</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interféron*</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peau Cancer </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinome </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumeur </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Mélanocyte </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|}

===German Keywords Concept Table===

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Haut Krebs </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Karzinoma </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Krebsgeschwür </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Geschwulst </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanozyten </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|}

===Class codes identified for searches===

* '''Relevant IPC classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|A61P003500
|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|}

* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21A
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21B
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21C
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''
|align = "center"|C07K014715G
|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|}

* '''Relevant US classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|4240854
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|4242811
|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|42400141
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|514889
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|530351
|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|930142
|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|4240851
|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|4240855
|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|4240856
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|4240857
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.
|-
|}

==Intellectual property==

===Search strategy and concept===

Date of Search: 1836 to Feb 3rd, 2011
Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches

===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|576
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|756
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|1019 records '''571 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''3422 hits (2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|174
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|484
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|102
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|9
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''
|align = "center"|587 hits '''232 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|4 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR Interféron<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interféron OR huIFN) AND (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|25 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''29 hits'''
|-
|}

===Search in Japanese database===

Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan

Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2011/02/15

{| border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "left" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| '''S.No.'''
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Issue/Publication date'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''F-Term Theme'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''FI/F-term/Facet '''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Hits'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1900/01/01 to 2011/02/15'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4H045</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>DA15+DA16+DA17+DA18 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1298</center>

|}

 

'''Total patents: 1298 (Relevancy ~10%)'''

* '''F-Terms and theme used in search'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''
|align = "center"|'''4H045'''
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA15
|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA16
|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA17
|align = "center"|Beta-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA18
|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons
|-
|}

===Scientific Literature Search===

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Database</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Query</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Limits by Date</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>No.Of Hits</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pubmed</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>20000101-20110221</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>28402</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Scirus</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>24835</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Google Scholar</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>21100</center>

|}

==Sample patents==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Patent/Publication No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Date Of Publication'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Assignee'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Title'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Abstract'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Problem'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Solution'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7482014.PN.&OS=PN/7482014&RS=PN/7482014]</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>01/27/2009</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma therapy </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Methods for treating treatment-naive as well as treatment-experienced patients having melanoma to increase the progression-free survival time involving administering a therapeutically effective amount of pegylated interferon-alpha, e.g., preferably pegylated interferon alpha-2b, as adjuvant therapy to definitive surgery are disclosed.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is with the treatment methods that are employed with previously employed dose regimens for treating Melanoma after definitive surgical removal of the lesions.This led to the occurance of hematologic, neurologic and constitutional toxicities.Subject compliance with the dosage and dosage regimen during both phases is considered to be important to achieve maximum clinical benefit. </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The higher patience compliance is achieved with the improved methods of treatment of melanoma.A therapeutically effective dose of pegylated interferon alpha for a time period sufficient to increase the progression-free survival time was administered to the patient.The treatment regimen includes a first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of PEG.sub.12000 interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of PEG.sub.12000 interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period. </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=5997858.PN.&OS=PN/5997858&RS=PN/5997858]</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>12/7/1999</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>A method for treating neoplastic disease in a mammal via administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon via oromucosal contact. The amount of interferon administered is less than an amount which induces a pathological response when administered parenterally.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is with the method employed for the treatment of neoplastic diseases.The administration of low doses of interferon as a nasal spray or as an oral liquid formulation in the treatment of the neoplastic diseases is not effective in the previous patents.There is no experimental evidence regarding the administration mode of the interferon,though it was anticipated that administrations through other modes is possible to deliver effectively and treating the same conditions.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution to the problem is solved by first controlled study in an animal model of the efficacy of oromucosally administered interferon for the treatment of neoplastic diseases.The administration is done oromucosally in asingle dose by almost all forms of Interferons .the amount administered is from about 1500 IU to about 20.times.10.sup.6 IU for a 70 kg man per day.This amount is less than the amount that induces a pathological response in the mammal when administered parenterally.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19881026&CC=EP&NR=0288055A1&KC=A1]</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/26/1988</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>This invention relates to the improvement of the polyamine depletion effects of ornithine decarboxylase inhibitors, the improvement being effected by the use of Interferon and Dacarbazine in conjunctive therapy with said inhibitors.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem in this patent is associated with the methods and drugs that are used for treating the pathological disease conditions such as cancer.Polyamines mechanism is not known and there are some evidences that ODC inhibitors may exert their therapeutic effect by blocking the formation of the polyamines and thereby slowing, interrupting, or arresting the proliferation and metastases of the tumor tissue. So certain methods are explored to find out the same kind of effect on treating cancers.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution was found to be the improved methods in treating the cancer with the use of Interferon and Dacarbazine when these disease states are treated with irreversible inhibitors of ornithine decarboxylase.This includes a pharmaceutical product containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine as a combined preparation for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease states. Even the methods for the formulation are disussed in this patent.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19871014&CC=EP&NR=0241242A1&KC=A1]</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/14/1987</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Anti-tumor activity in humans can be augmented by administering to the human patient and effective amount of IFN-β and IL-2 in combination. The composition of IFN-β and IL-2 may be prepared invitro or administered separately to the patient. The composition is useful for prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of such cancers as melanoma, colon cancer lung cancer and breast cancer.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem in this patent is about the use of interferons seperately in treating the cancers.When administered seperately they were found to induce a response that was good.So an approach was thought of where the combination therapy was given to produce better results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The concern of the prior art was addressed with the successful administration of a combination therapy with Interferon beta and interleukin-2 as an anti-tumor therapeutic or prophylactic agent. It was made suitable for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer comprising formulating together, whether by mixing or providing separate doses.The administration is done parenterally.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518[http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220100086518%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20100086518&RS=DN/20100086518] </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4/8/2010</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>NOVARTIS AG</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Methods of treating melanoma include administering a compound of Structure I, a tautomer of the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or the tautomer, or a mixture thereof to a subject. The compound, tautomer, salt of the compound, salt of the tautomer, or mixture thereof may be used to prepare medicaments for treating metastatic cancer. The variable A has the values defined herein.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is that though there are many methods of treating cancer , still there is a need for the advancements in the technologies to be adopted to arrive at better results.The compounds such as quinoline derivatives were used and were disclosed in the prior art for the treatment of Melanoma.The compounds that were used previously were found to be associated with the side effects.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center><nowiki>The solution was found to be finding of compounds that can effectively administered for treating Melanoma.It relates to the use of compounds such as 4-amino-5-fluoro-3-[6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]quino- lin-2(1H)-one and tautomers, salts, and mixtures thereof in treating melanoma and preparing medicaments for treating melanoma. The therapeutically effective amount of the compound can range from about 0.25 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg body weight of the subject.</nowiki></center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4846782.PN.&OS=PN/4846782&RS=PN/4846782] </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7/11/1989</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of cancer with interferon and radiotherapy </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Radiation sensitive human cancers are treated with combined interferon and radiation therapy.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Radiation therapy emerged some years back for the treatment of cancers.It was observed that the results are good.But there was a need felt to effectively increase the efficacy of radiation treatment.So to develop radiation sensitizers or potentiators which enable the radiation to cause increased tumor destruction. Despite numerous laboratory and clinical studies, no single agent has, to date, emerged as the optimal radiation sensitizer. </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem could be addressed by an effective treatment means using administering subcutaneously to such patients between 2.0.times.10.sup.6 IU/m.sup.2 and 5.0.times.10.sup.6 IU/m.sup.2 of recombinant DNA-alpha-2-interferon .This is done three days a week at a time on those days prior to radiation therapy.The doses are from 15 to 35 Gy are administered five days a week including those days on which interferon is administered.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''7'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=5824300.PN.&OS=PN/5824300&RS=PN/5824300] </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/20/1998</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The Texas A&M University System</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of neoplastic disease with oral interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Neoplastic diseases are treated by the administration of human interferon, particularly IFN-α, at a dosage of from about 0.01 to about 5 IU/lb./day such that the interferon is held in contact with the patient's oral and pharyngeal mucosae. The interferon is administered in a solid dosage from, e.g., a saliva-dissolvable lozenge.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Though the research is intensive in the field of interferons,there exists a substantial lack of uniformity in such matters as classification of interferon types. There are also numerous, sometimes contradictory, theories concerning the mode of action of interferon in producing clinical effects.It became apparent that exogenous interferon was sometimes capable of effecting regression or remission of various metastatic diseases. so different studies are conducted to know the clinical agent of choice for the prevention of cancers.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The present invention is based on applicant's discovery that interferon can be used as a consistently effective therapeutic agent for treatment of diseases having an immunopathologic basis--characterized by inadequate immune response and persistence of the disease.The interferon is administered in an amount of about 0.01 to about 5 IU/lb of patient body weight per day. Multiple dose daily regimen is given to the patients.They aid in the better treatment of cancers.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''8'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184[http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020107184%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020107184&RS=DN/20020107184]</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8/8/2002</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>None</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>METHOD FOR TREATING MELANOMA </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The present invention discloses a method for treating patients having melanoma or melanoma associated symptoms by parenterally administering Product R, a peptide-nucleic acid preparation.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanomas are usually treated by surgical excision, while patients with thick melanomas and those with regional or distant metastasis may benefit from other forms of therapy.Cytokines have been tested in the treatment of different skin cancers during the last decade, and treatment schedules have been established or proposed for several malignant skin tumors. Preferentially, the interferons and interleukin-2 were found to be effective in treating skin cancers including melanoma.But they were needed to be checked in combination with other products as they were anticipated to yield better results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The new method of treatment using the product R in combination with interferons not only sounded effectively but also proved to be an effective means .The administration is done in an sterile injectible form.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''9'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4762705.PN.&OS=PN/4762705&RS=PN/4762705] </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8/9/1988</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schwimmer, Adolf W. | Schwartz, Irwin Steven | Rubin, David</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer therapy with interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The effectiveness of interferon for treatment against cancer may be increased by first administering an agent for inhibiting tyrosinase. In this manner the tyrosinase which is known to be produced by malignancies, and which may cause inactivation of the interferon, will be substantially inactivated prior to the interferon administration.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Some of the the prior art patents doesn't trust on the use of interferons for treating all types of malignancies.The reason being the interferons are easily denatured in the enzymatic processes.So attempts were made out initially to find out the reasons for the denaturation even at high doses.Efforts were made to improve methods of cancer therapy using interferon.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution has come out in the form of improved treatment method for treating cancer by the efforts of the present inventor.As the reason for the denaturation was found to be tyrosinase,attempts were made seriously to supress this tyrosinase.A composition was made finally with D-penicillamine that can suppress tyrosinase.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''10'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=5190751.PN.&OS=PN/5190751&RS=PN/5190751] </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3/2/1993</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of certain leukemias with a combination of gamma interferon and alpha interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Human leukemia T-cells and B-cells are inhibited from proliferating by treatment with a combination of recombinant human alpha and gamma interferons, either simultaneously or sequentially, and the alpha interferon is preferably recombinant human alfa-2b interferon.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The patent in the prior art posed a lot of problems with the use of gamma interferons alone in terms of the purity as the preparations previously were found to be contaminated.When used singly for the treatment of lekimias they were found to yield ineffective results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution was found to administer alpha and gamma interferons for the treatment of leukemias.It could inhibit the proliferation of susceptible leukemia cells with a cell proliferation inhibiting amount of a combination of both of the interferons.They are adminstered sequentially and simultaneously too to give good results.</center>

|}

==Taxonomy==

[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]

== Sample Analysis==
* '''Patents:''' The above sample patents were analysed according to the taxonomy.
[[Media:Sample analysis of Treating of melanoma.xls| '''Click here to download Sample analysis sheet on Interferon for treatment of Melanomas''']]

* '''Scientific Literature:'''* [[Media:Article Analysis Of Melanoma.xls |'''Click here to download Melanoma Treatment Using IFN: sample articles]]

==Patent Ranking==
10 Sample Patents were ranked according to the patent focus.
*Patent Ranking Details
1 : Granted Patent & Focus in Independent Claim 
2 : Granted Patent & Focus in Dependent Claim 
3 : Published Patent & Focus in independent Claim 
4 : Published Patent & Focus in Dependent claim 

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Type</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent Ranking</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>5</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Dependent</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Independent</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>9</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|}

==Clinical Trials==
*'''Database:''' [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ '''Clinical trials''']
*'''Searched on:''' Feb 25th, 2011

*[[Media:clinical trials treatment of melanoma.xls |'''Please click here to download the clinical trial excel sheet''']]

==IP Activity Graphs Of Sample Patents==
===IP activity based on priority years===

* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on priority years.
[[Image:IP act PS priority year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on priority years]]

===IP activity based on publication years===

* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on publication years.
[[Image:IP act PS publication year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on publication years]]

===Geographical Distribution based on family members===

* The geographical distribution is based on 10 sample patent numbers along with all their family members.
[[Image:Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma 1.jpg|center|thumb|500 px| Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma]]

==Market Report==
===Interferon types & Their Compositions===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Generic Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Brand Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Composition'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Alpha IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Interferon alfa-2aInactive Ingredients- sodium chloride, ammonium acetate, polysorbate 80, glycine, sodium phosphate dibasic,sodium phosphate monobasic, human albumin, preservative: benzyl alcohol.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Beta IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Beta interferon,Inactive Ingredients-65 to 90 wt % of polyol,and a p-hydroxybenzoate,carboxymethyl cellulose,human serum albumin</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Gamma IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-interferon gamma-1b.,Inactive Ingredients-Polyethylene Glycol,dextran ,hydroxyethylstarch </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pegylated IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active ingredient-peginterferon alfa-2b,Inactive ingredients: dibasic sodium phosphate anhydrous, monobasicsodium phosphate dihydrate, sucrose, polysorbate 80.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Recombinant IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Ribavirin,Inactive Ingredients-microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium,sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate monobasic as buffering agents;human albumin as a stabilizer.</center>

|}

===Interferon Types & Description Of Products===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Description'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Source'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron A is an interferon, a group of naturally occurring proteins that were first discovered as a result of their ability to prevent viral replication. Intron A is marketed in 72 countries worldwide for as many as 16 indications.In the United States it has been cleared for use by the FDA for chronic viral hepatitis B, chronic viral hepatitis C, malignant melanoma, hairy cell leukemia, AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma and condylomata acuminata (venereal warts).INTRON A recombinant for Injection has been classified as an alpha interfero nand is a water-soluble protein with a molecular weight of 19,271 daltons produced by recombinant DNA techniques. It is obtained from the bacterial fermentation of a strain of Escherichia coli bearing a genetically engineered plasmid containing an interferon alfa- 2b gene from human leukocytes. The fermentation is carried out in a defined nutrient medium containing the antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride at a concentration of 5 to 10 mg/L; the presence of this antibiotic is not detectable in the final product. The specific activity of interferon alfa-2b, recombinant is approximately 2.6 x 108 IU/mg protein as measured by the HPLC assay.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex, manufactured by Biogen, is a form of beta interferon (interferon beta, IFN-b) used to modify the course of multiple sclerosis. While not a cure, Avonex has been shown in clinical trials to reduce the average relapse rate in people with the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis form of the disease. It is identical to the naturally occurring protein found in the human body. It is manufactured by extracting the drug from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Avonex is the same substance as Rebif but administered differently (30 mcg, intra-muscularly, once a week as against 22 mcg or 44 mcg, sub-cutaneously, 3 times a week for Rebif). Avonex is usually given in the large muscles of the thigh, upper arm, or hip.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune(R) is a synthesized version of interferon gamma, a naturally occurring protein believed to stimulate the immune system. InterMune markets Actimmune(R) for the treatment of two life-threatening congenital diseases: chronic granulomatous disease and severe, malignant osteopetrosis. The most common side effects are flu-like symptoms, including headache, fatigue, fever, chills, and rash. InterMune was granted two composition-of-matter patents related to interferon gamma-1b in the United States, extending its patent protection until 2022.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.actimmune.com/ http://www.actimmune.com/]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg-Intron (peginterferon alfa-2b) Powder for Injection has been approved by the FDA.Peg-Intron is a longer-acting formulation of Schering-Plough's Intron A, which is a recombinant version of a naturally occurring alpha interferon. In contrast to Intron A, which is administered three times weekly, Peg-Intron is administered subcutaneously once a week. This reduced frequency of administration may increase patient compliance.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.pegintron.com/index.html http://www.pegintron.com/index.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>REBETOL is a medicine used with either interferon alfa-2b (Intron A) or peginterferon alfa-2b (PegIntron) to treat chronic (lasting a long time) hepatitis C infection in people 3 years and older with liver disease.REBETOL Capsules consist of a white powder in a white, opaque, gelatin capsule. Each capsule contains 200 mg ribavirin and the inactive ingredients microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate. The capsule shell consists of gelatin, sodium lauryl sulfate, silicon dioxide, and titanium dioxide. The capsule is printed with edible blue pharmaceutical ink which is made of shellac, anhydrous ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, propylene glycol, ammonium hydroxide, and FD&C Blue #2 aluminum lake.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.merck.com/product/home.html http://www.merck.com/product/home.html]</center>

|}

===Global Revenue Data Of products===

<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">S.No</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Generic Name</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Brand Name</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Company</td>
<td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Global revenue ($ Million )</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2008</td>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2009</td>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2010</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">1</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Alpha IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intron®,Roferon®-A</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="bottom">38.4</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Beta IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Avonex</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Biogen IDEC</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2518.4</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2322.9</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2202.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">3</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Gamma IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Actimmune®</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intermune</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">29880</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">25428</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">4</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Pegylated IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Peg Intron</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Schering-Plough</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">148.7</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">5</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Recombinant IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">36.1</td>
<td style="border-width: thin thick thick thin; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
</table>

==Biosimilars Of Interferons==

Biosimilar interferons are the major drug class in the recombinant non-glycosylated proteins market due to their extensive use in the treatment of various genetic and environmental disorders. The overall biosimilar market for interferons is categorized into the submarkets for alpha, beta, and gamma interferons, all of which are used extensively in the treatment of various conditions such as lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, and multiple sclerosis.

While the interferon market growth may be inhibited by the side effects of each of its three drug categories, the market presents many opportunities to new entrants as only a few players currently operate in this relatively unfragmented market.

The global recombinant interferon market stood at $75.3 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $3.9 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 82.9% from 2009 to 2014. The American biosimilar interferons market is expected to attain a market worth $1.5 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 91.5%.[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html Biosimilars ; Global Market]

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Global market For Biosimilars'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon Alfa</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global market for biosimilar interferon Alfa was $36.7 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $1.5 billion in 2014 at a CAGR of 76.5% from 2009 to 2014. While Asian market for biosimilar Alfa interferons commanded the highest share in 2008 with $17.5 million, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 88.3% from 2009 to 2014.The world's top two branded Interferon products generated sales of $1,510 million and $910 million each in 2008. The blockbuster sales of innovative Interferon Alfa products thus present encouragement for biosimilar Interferon Alfa manufacturers[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon beta</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon beta-1a market is estimated to grow from $36.3 million in 2008 to $2.2 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 87.8% from 2009 to 2014. However, the U.S. and Europe sales of branded interferon-betas are expected to fall from $4.6 billion in 2010 to $2.4 billion in 2017. The soaring cost of clinical development, the conservative prescribing habits of neurologists, and the expected decline in the use of interferon-betas may induce biosimilar developers to explore other classes of biologics to invest their R&D funds[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon gamma</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon gamma market was $2.2 million 2008 and is expected to reach $141.5 million in 2014 at a CAGR of 94.2% from 2009 to 2014. While the Asian market accounted for the highest share of $0.5 million in 2008, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 107.6% from 2009 to 2014[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|}

Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma

2011-02-28T07:57:47Z

Lakshmikantg: /* Sample patents */

==Dashboard==

* Click here to view '''[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=890 Sample Dashboard]'''

NOTE: You need to install Internet Explorer 8.0 and Adobe Flash Player to view the Dashboard.

Please download [http://www.microsoft.com/windows/internet-explorer/default.aspx '''Internet Explorer 8.0'''] and [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/?promoid=DRHWS '''Adobe Flash player''']

==Objective==

'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.'''

To achieve our objective we performed following steps:

*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment

*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.

*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.

*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records

*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries

*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.

==Overview==

===Interferon===

[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]

Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source]

Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]

===Melanoma===

Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]

===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===

Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas.

A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})

While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]

==Interactive Taxonomy==
<mm>[[Interferon_For_the_treatment_Of_Melanoma.mm]]</mm>

==Concept Table==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Skin Cancer</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanocyte</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|
|}
===French Keywords Concept table===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>mélanome</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interféron*</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peau Cancer </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinome </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumeur </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Mélanocyte </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|}

===German Keywords Concept Table===

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Haut Krebs </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Karzinoma </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Krebsgeschwür </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Geschwulst </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanozyten </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|}

===Class codes identified for searches===

* '''Relevant IPC classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|A61P003500
|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|}

* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21A
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21B
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21C
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''
|align = "center"|C07K014715G
|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|}

* '''Relevant US classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|4240854
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|4242811
|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|42400141
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|514889
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|530351
|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|930142
|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|4240851
|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|4240855
|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|4240856
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|4240857
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.
|-
|}

==Intellectual property==

===Search strategy and concept===

Date of Search: 1836 to Feb 3rd, 2011
Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches

===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|576
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|756
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|1019 records '''571 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''3422 hits (2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|174
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|484
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|102
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|9
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''
|align = "center"|587 hits '''232 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|4 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR Interféron<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interféron OR huIFN) AND (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|25 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''29 hits'''
|-
|}

===Search in Japanese database===

Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan

Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2011/02/15

{| border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "left" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| '''S.No.'''
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Issue/Publication date'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''F-Term Theme'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''FI/F-term/Facet '''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Hits'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1900/01/01 to 2011/02/15'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4H045</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>DA15+DA16+DA17+DA18 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1298</center>

|}

 

'''Total patents: 1298 (Relevancy ~10%)'''

* '''F-Terms and theme used in search'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''
|align = "center"|'''4H045'''
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA15
|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA16
|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA17
|align = "center"|Beta-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA18
|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons
|-
|}

===Scientific Literature Search===

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Database</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Query</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Limits by Date</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>No.Of Hits</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pubmed</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>20000101-20110221</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>28402</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Scirus</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>24835</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Google Scholar</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>21100</center>

|}

==Sample patents==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Patent/Publication No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Date Of Publication'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Assignee'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Title'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Abstract'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Problem'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Solution'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7482014.PN.&OS=PN/7482014&RS=PN/7482014]</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>01/27/2009</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma therapy </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Methods for treating treatment-naive as well as treatment-experienced patients having melanoma to increase the progression-free survival time involving administering a therapeutically effective amount of pegylated interferon-alpha, e.g., preferably pegylated interferon alpha-2b, as adjuvant therapy to definitive surgery are disclosed.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is with the treatment methods that are employed with previously employed dose regimens for treating Melanoma after definitive surgical removal of the lesions.This led to the occurance of hematologic, neurologic and constitutional toxicities.Subject compliance with the dosage and dosage regimen during both phases is considered to be important to achieve maximum clinical benefit. </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The higher patience compliance is achieved with the improved methods of treatment of melanoma.A therapeutically effective dose of pegylated interferon alpha for a time period sufficient to increase the progression-free survival time was administered to the patient.The treatment regimen includes a first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of PEG.sub.12000 interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of PEG.sub.12000 interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period. </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=5997858.PN.&OS=PN/5997858&RS=PN/5997858]</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>12/7/1999</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>A method for treating neoplastic disease in a mammal via administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon via oromucosal contact. The amount of interferon administered is less than an amount which induces a pathological response when administered parenterally.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is with the method employed for the treatment of neoplastic diseases.The administration of low doses of interferon as a nasal spray or as an oral liquid formulation in the treatment of the neoplastic diseases is not effective in the previous patents.There is no experimental evidence regarding the administration mode of the interferon,though it was anticipated that administrations through other modes is possible to deliver effectively and treating the same conditions.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution to the problem is solved by first controlled study in an animal model of the efficacy of oromucosally administered interferon for the treatment of neoplastic diseases.The administration is done oromucosally in asingle dose by almost all forms of Interferons .the amount administered is from about 1500 IU to about 20.times.10.sup.6 IU for a 70 kg man per day.This amount is less than the amount that induces a pathological response in the mammal when administered parenterally.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/26/1988</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>This invention relates to the improvement of the polyamine depletion effects of ornithine decarboxylase inhibitors, the improvement being effected by the use of Interferon and Dacarbazine in conjunctive therapy with said inhibitors.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem in this patent is associated with the methods and drugs that are used for treating the pathological disease conditions such as cancer.Polyamines mechanism is not known and there are some evidences that ODC inhibitors may exert their therapeutic effect by blocking the formation of the polyamines and thereby slowing, interrupting, or arresting the proliferation and metastases of the tumor tissue. So certain methods are explored to find out the same kind of effect on treating cancers.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution was found to be the improved methods in treating the cancer with the use of Interferon and Dacarbazine when these disease states are treated with irreversible inhibitors of ornithine decarboxylase.This includes a pharmaceutical product containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine as a combined preparation for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease states. Even the methods for the formulation are disussed in this patent.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/14/1987</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Anti-tumor activity in humans can be augmented by administering to the human patient and effective amount of IFN-β and IL-2 in combination. The composition of IFN-β and IL-2 may be prepared invitro or administered separately to the patient. The composition is useful for prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of such cancers as melanoma, colon cancer lung cancer and breast cancer.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem in this patent is about the use of interferons seperately in treating the cancers.When administered seperately they were found to induce a response that was good.So an approach was thought of where the combination therapy was given to produce better results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The concern of the prior art was addressed with the successful administration of a combination therapy with Interferon beta and interleukin-2 as an anti-tumor therapeutic or prophylactic agent. It was made suitable for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer comprising formulating together, whether by mixing or providing separate doses.The administration is done parenterally.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518[http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220100086518%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20100086518&RS=DN/20100086518] </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4/8/2010</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>NOVARTIS AG</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Methods of treating melanoma include administering a compound of Structure I, a tautomer of the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or the tautomer, or a mixture thereof to a subject. The compound, tautomer, salt of the compound, salt of the tautomer, or mixture thereof may be used to prepare medicaments for treating metastatic cancer. The variable A has the values defined herein.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is that though there are many methods of treating cancer , still there is a need for the advancements in the technologies to be adopted to arrive at better results.The compounds such as quinoline derivatives were used and were disclosed in the prior art for the treatment of Melanoma.The compounds that were used previously were found to be associated with the side effects.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center><nowiki>The solution was found to be finding of compounds that can effectively administered for treating Melanoma.It relates to the use of compounds such as 4-amino-5-fluoro-3-[6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]quino- lin-2(1H)-one and tautomers, salts, and mixtures thereof in treating melanoma and preparing medicaments for treating melanoma. The therapeutically effective amount of the compound can range from about 0.25 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg body weight of the subject.</nowiki></center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4846782.PN.&OS=PN/4846782&RS=PN/4846782] </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7/11/1989</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of cancer with interferon and radiotherapy </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Radiation sensitive human cancers are treated with combined interferon and radiation therapy.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Radiation therapy emerged some years back for the treatment of cancers.It was observed that the results are good.But there was a need felt to effectively increase the efficacy of radiation treatment.So to develop radiation sensitizers or potentiators which enable the radiation to cause increased tumor destruction. Despite numerous laboratory and clinical studies, no single agent has, to date, emerged as the optimal radiation sensitizer. </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem could be addressed by an effective treatment means using administering subcutaneously to such patients between 2.0.times.10.sup.6 IU/m.sup.2 and 5.0.times.10.sup.6 IU/m.sup.2 of recombinant DNA-alpha-2-interferon .This is done three days a week at a time on those days prior to radiation therapy.The doses are from 15 to 35 Gy are administered five days a week including those days on which interferon is administered.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''7'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=5824300.PN.&OS=PN/5824300&RS=PN/5824300] </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/20/1998</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The Texas A&M University System</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of neoplastic disease with oral interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Neoplastic diseases are treated by the administration of human interferon, particularly IFN-α, at a dosage of from about 0.01 to about 5 IU/lb./day such that the interferon is held in contact with the patient's oral and pharyngeal mucosae. The interferon is administered in a solid dosage from, e.g., a saliva-dissolvable lozenge.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Though the research is intensive in the field of interferons,there exists a substantial lack of uniformity in such matters as classification of interferon types. There are also numerous, sometimes contradictory, theories concerning the mode of action of interferon in producing clinical effects.It became apparent that exogenous interferon was sometimes capable of effecting regression or remission of various metastatic diseases. so different studies are conducted to know the clinical agent of choice for the prevention of cancers.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The present invention is based on applicant's discovery that interferon can be used as a consistently effective therapeutic agent for treatment of diseases having an immunopathologic basis--characterized by inadequate immune response and persistence of the disease.The interferon is administered in an amount of about 0.01 to about 5 IU/lb of patient body weight per day. Multiple dose daily regimen is given to the patients.They aid in the better treatment of cancers.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''8'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184[http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020107184%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020107184&RS=DN/20020107184]</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8/8/2002</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>None</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>METHOD FOR TREATING MELANOMA </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The present invention discloses a method for treating patients having melanoma or melanoma associated symptoms by parenterally administering Product R, a peptide-nucleic acid preparation.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanomas are usually treated by surgical excision, while patients with thick melanomas and those with regional or distant metastasis may benefit from other forms of therapy.Cytokines have been tested in the treatment of different skin cancers during the last decade, and treatment schedules have been established or proposed for several malignant skin tumors. Preferentially, the interferons and interleukin-2 were found to be effective in treating skin cancers including melanoma.But they were needed to be checked in combination with other products as they were anticipated to yield better results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The new method of treatment using the product R in combination with interferons not only sounded effectively but also proved to be an effective means .The administration is done in an sterile injectible form.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''9'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4762705.PN.&OS=PN/4762705&RS=PN/4762705] </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8/9/1988</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schwimmer, Adolf W. | Schwartz, Irwin Steven | Rubin, David</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer therapy with interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The effectiveness of interferon for treatment against cancer may be increased by first administering an agent for inhibiting tyrosinase. In this manner the tyrosinase which is known to be produced by malignancies, and which may cause inactivation of the interferon, will be substantially inactivated prior to the interferon administration.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Some of the the prior art patents doesn't trust on the use of interferons for treating all types of malignancies.The reason being the interferons are easily denatured in the enzymatic processes.So attempts were made out initially to find out the reasons for the denaturation even at high doses.Efforts were made to improve methods of cancer therapy using interferon.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution has come out in the form of improved treatment method for treating cancer by the efforts of the present inventor.As the reason for the denaturation was found to be tyrosinase,attempts were made seriously to supress this tyrosinase.A composition was made finally with D-penicillamine that can suppress tyrosinase.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''10'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=5190751.PN.&OS=PN/5190751&RS=PN/5190751] </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3/2/1993</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of certain leukemias with a combination of gamma interferon and alpha interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Human leukemia T-cells and B-cells are inhibited from proliferating by treatment with a combination of recombinant human alpha and gamma interferons, either simultaneously or sequentially, and the alpha interferon is preferably recombinant human alfa-2b interferon.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The patent in the prior art posed a lot of problems with the use of gamma interferons alone in terms of the purity as the preparations previously were found to be contaminated.When used singly for the treatment of lekimias they were found to yield ineffective results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution was found to administer alpha and gamma interferons for the treatment of leukemias.It could inhibit the proliferation of susceptible leukemia cells with a cell proliferation inhibiting amount of a combination of both of the interferons.They are adminstered sequentially and simultaneously too to give good results.</center>

|}

==Taxonomy==

[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]

== Sample Analysis==
* '''Patents:''' The above sample patents were analysed according to the taxonomy.
[[Media:Sample analysis of Treating of melanoma.xls| '''Click here to download Sample analysis sheet on Interferon for treatment of Melanomas''']]

* '''Scientific Literature:'''* [[Media:Article Analysis Of Melanoma.xls |'''Click here to download Melanoma Treatment Using IFN: sample articles]]

==Patent Ranking==
10 Sample Patents were ranked according to the patent focus.
*Patent Ranking Details
1 : Granted Patent & Focus in Independent Claim 
2 : Granted Patent & Focus in Dependent Claim 
3 : Published Patent & Focus in independent Claim 
4 : Published Patent & Focus in Dependent claim 

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Type</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent Ranking</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>5</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Dependent</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Independent</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>9</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|}

==Clinical Trials==
*'''Database:''' [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ '''Clinical trials''']
*'''Searched on:''' Feb 25th, 2011

*[[Media:clinical trials treatment of melanoma.xls |'''Please click here to download the clinical trial excel sheet''']]

==IP Activity Graphs Of Sample Patents==
===IP activity based on priority years===

* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on priority years.
[[Image:IP act PS priority year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on priority years]]

===IP activity based on publication years===

* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on publication years.
[[Image:IP act PS publication year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on publication years]]

===Geographical Distribution based on family members===

* The geographical distribution is based on 10 sample patent numbers along with all their family members.
[[Image:Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma 1.jpg|center|thumb|500 px| Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma]]

==Market Report==
===Interferon types & Their Compositions===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Generic Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Brand Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Composition'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Alpha IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Interferon alfa-2aInactive Ingredients- sodium chloride, ammonium acetate, polysorbate 80, glycine, sodium phosphate dibasic,sodium phosphate monobasic, human albumin, preservative: benzyl alcohol.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Beta IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Beta interferon,Inactive Ingredients-65 to 90 wt % of polyol,and a p-hydroxybenzoate,carboxymethyl cellulose,human serum albumin</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Gamma IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-interferon gamma-1b.,Inactive Ingredients-Polyethylene Glycol,dextran ,hydroxyethylstarch </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pegylated IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active ingredient-peginterferon alfa-2b,Inactive ingredients: dibasic sodium phosphate anhydrous, monobasicsodium phosphate dihydrate, sucrose, polysorbate 80.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Recombinant IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Ribavirin,Inactive Ingredients-microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium,sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate monobasic as buffering agents;human albumin as a stabilizer.</center>

|}

===Interferon Types & Description Of Products===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Description'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Source'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron A is an interferon, a group of naturally occurring proteins that were first discovered as a result of their ability to prevent viral replication. Intron A is marketed in 72 countries worldwide for as many as 16 indications.In the United States it has been cleared for use by the FDA for chronic viral hepatitis B, chronic viral hepatitis C, malignant melanoma, hairy cell leukemia, AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma and condylomata acuminata (venereal warts).INTRON A recombinant for Injection has been classified as an alpha interfero nand is a water-soluble protein with a molecular weight of 19,271 daltons produced by recombinant DNA techniques. It is obtained from the bacterial fermentation of a strain of Escherichia coli bearing a genetically engineered plasmid containing an interferon alfa- 2b gene from human leukocytes. The fermentation is carried out in a defined nutrient medium containing the antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride at a concentration of 5 to 10 mg/L; the presence of this antibiotic is not detectable in the final product. The specific activity of interferon alfa-2b, recombinant is approximately 2.6 x 108 IU/mg protein as measured by the HPLC assay.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex, manufactured by Biogen, is a form of beta interferon (interferon beta, IFN-b) used to modify the course of multiple sclerosis. While not a cure, Avonex has been shown in clinical trials to reduce the average relapse rate in people with the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis form of the disease. It is identical to the naturally occurring protein found in the human body. It is manufactured by extracting the drug from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Avonex is the same substance as Rebif but administered differently (30 mcg, intra-muscularly, once a week as against 22 mcg or 44 mcg, sub-cutaneously, 3 times a week for Rebif). Avonex is usually given in the large muscles of the thigh, upper arm, or hip.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune(R) is a synthesized version of interferon gamma, a naturally occurring protein believed to stimulate the immune system. InterMune markets Actimmune(R) for the treatment of two life-threatening congenital diseases: chronic granulomatous disease and severe, malignant osteopetrosis. The most common side effects are flu-like symptoms, including headache, fatigue, fever, chills, and rash. InterMune was granted two composition-of-matter patents related to interferon gamma-1b in the United States, extending its patent protection until 2022.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.actimmune.com/ http://www.actimmune.com/]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg-Intron (peginterferon alfa-2b) Powder for Injection has been approved by the FDA.Peg-Intron is a longer-acting formulation of Schering-Plough's Intron A, which is a recombinant version of a naturally occurring alpha interferon. In contrast to Intron A, which is administered three times weekly, Peg-Intron is administered subcutaneously once a week. This reduced frequency of administration may increase patient compliance.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.pegintron.com/index.html http://www.pegintron.com/index.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>REBETOL is a medicine used with either interferon alfa-2b (Intron A) or peginterferon alfa-2b (PegIntron) to treat chronic (lasting a long time) hepatitis C infection in people 3 years and older with liver disease.REBETOL Capsules consist of a white powder in a white, opaque, gelatin capsule. Each capsule contains 200 mg ribavirin and the inactive ingredients microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate. The capsule shell consists of gelatin, sodium lauryl sulfate, silicon dioxide, and titanium dioxide. The capsule is printed with edible blue pharmaceutical ink which is made of shellac, anhydrous ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, propylene glycol, ammonium hydroxide, and FD&C Blue #2 aluminum lake.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.merck.com/product/home.html http://www.merck.com/product/home.html]</center>

|}

===Global Revenue Data Of products===

<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">S.No</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Generic Name</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Brand Name</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Company</td>
<td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Global revenue ($ Million )</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2008</td>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2009</td>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2010</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">1</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Alpha IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intron®,Roferon®-A</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="bottom">38.4</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Beta IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Avonex</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Biogen IDEC</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2518.4</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2322.9</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2202.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">3</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Gamma IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Actimmune®</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intermune</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">29880</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">25428</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">4</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Pegylated IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Peg Intron</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Schering-Plough</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">148.7</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">5</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Recombinant IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">36.1</td>
<td style="border-width: thin thick thick thin; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
</table>

==Biosimilars Of Interferons==

Biosimilar interferons are the major drug class in the recombinant non-glycosylated proteins market due to their extensive use in the treatment of various genetic and environmental disorders. The overall biosimilar market for interferons is categorized into the submarkets for alpha, beta, and gamma interferons, all of which are used extensively in the treatment of various conditions such as lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, and multiple sclerosis.

While the interferon market growth may be inhibited by the side effects of each of its three drug categories, the market presents many opportunities to new entrants as only a few players currently operate in this relatively unfragmented market.

The global recombinant interferon market stood at $75.3 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $3.9 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 82.9% from 2009 to 2014. The American biosimilar interferons market is expected to attain a market worth $1.5 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 91.5%.[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html Biosimilars ; Global Market]

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Global market For Biosimilars'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon Alfa</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global market for biosimilar interferon Alfa was $36.7 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $1.5 billion in 2014 at a CAGR of 76.5% from 2009 to 2014. While Asian market for biosimilar Alfa interferons commanded the highest share in 2008 with $17.5 million, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 88.3% from 2009 to 2014.The world's top two branded Interferon products generated sales of $1,510 million and $910 million each in 2008. The blockbuster sales of innovative Interferon Alfa products thus present encouragement for biosimilar Interferon Alfa manufacturers[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon beta</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon beta-1a market is estimated to grow from $36.3 million in 2008 to $2.2 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 87.8% from 2009 to 2014. However, the U.S. and Europe sales of branded interferon-betas are expected to fall from $4.6 billion in 2010 to $2.4 billion in 2017. The soaring cost of clinical development, the conservative prescribing habits of neurologists, and the expected decline in the use of interferon-betas may induce biosimilar developers to explore other classes of biologics to invest their R&D funds[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon gamma</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon gamma market was $2.2 million 2008 and is expected to reach $141.5 million in 2014 at a CAGR of 94.2% from 2009 to 2014. While the Asian market accounted for the highest share of $0.5 million in 2008, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 107.6% from 2009 to 2014[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|}

Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma

2011-02-28T07:56:48Z

Lakshmikantg: /* Sample patents */

==Dashboard==

* Click here to view '''[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=890 Sample Dashboard]'''

NOTE: You need to install Internet Explorer 8.0 and Adobe Flash Player to view the Dashboard.

Please download [http://www.microsoft.com/windows/internet-explorer/default.aspx '''Internet Explorer 8.0'''] and [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/?promoid=DRHWS '''Adobe Flash player''']

==Objective==

'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.'''

To achieve our objective we performed following steps:

*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment

*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.

*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.

*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records

*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries

*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.

==Overview==

===Interferon===

[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]

Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source]

Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]

===Melanoma===

Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]

===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===

Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas.

A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})

While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]

==Interactive Taxonomy==
<mm>[[Interferon_For_the_treatment_Of_Melanoma.mm]]</mm>

==Concept Table==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Skin Cancer</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanocyte</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|
|}
===French Keywords Concept table===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>mélanome</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interféron*</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peau Cancer </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinome </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumeur </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Mélanocyte </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|}

===German Keywords Concept Table===

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Haut Krebs </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Karzinoma </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Krebsgeschwür </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Geschwulst </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanozyten </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|}

===Class codes identified for searches===

* '''Relevant IPC classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|A61P003500
|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|}

* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21A
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21B
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21C
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''
|align = "center"|C07K014715G
|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|}

* '''Relevant US classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|4240854
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|4242811
|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|42400141
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|514889
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|530351
|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|930142
|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|4240851
|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|4240855
|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|4240856
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|4240857
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.
|-
|}

==Intellectual property==

===Search strategy and concept===

Date of Search: 1836 to Feb 3rd, 2011
Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches

===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|576
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|756
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|1019 records '''571 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''3422 hits (2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|174
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|484
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|102
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|9
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''
|align = "center"|587 hits '''232 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|4 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR Interféron<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interféron OR huIFN) AND (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|25 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''29 hits'''
|-
|}

===Search in Japanese database===

Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan

Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2011/02/15

{| border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "left" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| '''S.No.'''
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Issue/Publication date'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''F-Term Theme'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''FI/F-term/Facet '''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Hits'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1900/01/01 to 2011/02/15'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4H045</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>DA15+DA16+DA17+DA18 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1298</center>

|}

 

'''Total patents: 1298 (Relevancy ~10%)'''

* '''F-Terms and theme used in search'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''
|align = "center"|'''4H045'''
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA15
|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA16
|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA17
|align = "center"|Beta-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA18
|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons
|-
|}

===Scientific Literature Search===

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Database</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Query</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Limits by Date</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>No.Of Hits</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pubmed</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>20000101-20110221</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>28402</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Scirus</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>24835</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Google Scholar</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>21100</center>

|}

==Sample patents==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Patent/Publication No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Date Of Publication'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Assignee'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Title'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Abstract'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Problem'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Solution'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7482014.PN.&OS=PN/7482014&RS=PN/7482014]</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>01/27/2009</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma therapy </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Methods for treating treatment-naive as well as treatment-experienced patients having melanoma to increase the progression-free survival time involving administering a therapeutically effective amount of pegylated interferon-alpha, e.g., preferably pegylated interferon alpha-2b, as adjuvant therapy to definitive surgery are disclosed.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is with the treatment methods that are employed with previously employed dose regimens for treating Melanoma after definitive surgical removal of the lesions.This led to the occurance of hematologic, neurologic and constitutional toxicities.Subject compliance with the dosage and dosage regimen during both phases is considered to be important to achieve maximum clinical benefit. </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The higher patience compliance is achieved with the improved methods of treatment of melanoma.A therapeutically effective dose of pegylated interferon alpha for a time period sufficient to increase the progression-free survival time was administered to the patient.The treatment regimen includes a first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of PEG.sub.12000 interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of PEG.sub.12000 interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period. </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=5997858.PN.&OS=PN/5997858&RS=PN/5997858]</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>12/7/1999</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>A method for treating neoplastic disease in a mammal via administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon via oromucosal contact. The amount of interferon administered is less than an amount which induces a pathological response when administered parenterally.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is with the method employed for the treatment of neoplastic diseases.The administration of low doses of interferon as a nasal spray or as an oral liquid formulation in the treatment of the neoplastic diseases is not effective in the previous patents.There is no experimental evidence regarding the administration mode of the interferon,though it was anticipated that administrations through other modes is possible to deliver effectively and treating the same conditions.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution to the problem is solved by first controlled study in an animal model of the efficacy of oromucosally administered interferon for the treatment of neoplastic diseases.The administration is done oromucosally in asingle dose by almost all forms of Interferons .the amount administered is from about 1500 IU to about 20.times.10.sup.6 IU for a 70 kg man per day.This amount is less than the amount that induces a pathological response in the mammal when administered parenterally.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/26/1988</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>This invention relates to the improvement of the polyamine depletion effects of ornithine decarboxylase inhibitors, the improvement being effected by the use of Interferon and Dacarbazine in conjunctive therapy with said inhibitors.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem in this patent is associated with the methods and drugs that are used for treating the pathological disease conditions such as cancer.Polyamines mechanism is not known and there are some evidences that ODC inhibitors may exert their therapeutic effect by blocking the formation of the polyamines and thereby slowing, interrupting, or arresting the proliferation and metastases of the tumor tissue. So certain methods are explored to find out the same kind of effect on treating cancers.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution was found to be the improved methods in treating the cancer with the use of Interferon and Dacarbazine when these disease states are treated with irreversible inhibitors of ornithine decarboxylase.This includes a pharmaceutical product containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine as a combined preparation for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease states. Even the methods for the formulation are disussed in this patent.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/14/1987</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Anti-tumor activity in humans can be augmented by administering to the human patient and effective amount of IFN-β and IL-2 in combination. The composition of IFN-β and IL-2 may be prepared invitro or administered separately to the patient. The composition is useful for prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of such cancers as melanoma, colon cancer lung cancer and breast cancer.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem in this patent is about the use of interferons seperately in treating the cancers.When administered seperately they were found to induce a response that was good.So an approach was thought of where the combination therapy was given to produce better results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The concern of the prior art was addressed with the successful administration of a combination therapy with Interferon beta and interleukin-2 as an anti-tumor therapeutic or prophylactic agent. It was made suitable for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer comprising formulating together, whether by mixing or providing separate doses.The administration is done parenterally.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518[http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220100086518%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20100086518&RS=DN/20100086518] </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4/8/2010</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>NOVARTIS AG</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Methods of treating melanoma include administering a compound of Structure I, a tautomer of the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or the tautomer, or a mixture thereof to a subject. The compound, tautomer, salt of the compound, salt of the tautomer, or mixture thereof may be used to prepare medicaments for treating metastatic cancer. The variable A has the values defined herein.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is that though there are many methods of treating cancer , still there is a need for the advancements in the technologies to be adopted to arrive at better results.The compounds such as quinoline derivatives were used and were disclosed in the prior art for the treatment of Melanoma.The compounds that were used previously were found to be associated with the side effects.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center><nowiki>The solution was found to be finding of compounds that can effectively administered for treating Melanoma.It relates to the use of compounds such as 4-amino-5-fluoro-3-[6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]quino- lin-2(1H)-one and tautomers, salts, and mixtures thereof in treating melanoma and preparing medicaments for treating melanoma. The therapeutically effective amount of the compound can range from about 0.25 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg body weight of the subject.</nowiki></center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4846782.PN.&OS=PN/4846782&RS=PN/4846782] </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7/11/1989</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of cancer with interferon and radiotherapy </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Radiation sensitive human cancers are treated with combined interferon and radiation therapy.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Radiation therapy emerged some years back for the treatment of cancers.It was observed that the results are good.But there was a need felt to effectively increase the efficacy of radiation treatment.So to develop radiation sensitizers or potentiators which enable the radiation to cause increased tumor destruction. Despite numerous laboratory and clinical studies, no single agent has, to date, emerged as the optimal radiation sensitizer. </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem could be addressed by an effective treatment means using administering subcutaneously to such patients between 2.0.times.10.sup.6 IU/m.sup.2 and 5.0.times.10.sup.6 IU/m.sup.2 of recombinant DNA-alpha-2-interferon .This is done three days a week at a time on those days prior to radiation therapy.The doses are from 15 to 35 Gy are administered five days a week including those days on which interferon is administered.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''7'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=5824300.PN.&OS=PN/5824300&RS=PN/5824300] </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/20/1998</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The Texas A&M University System</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of neoplastic disease with oral interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Neoplastic diseases are treated by the administration of human interferon, particularly IFN-α, at a dosage of from about 0.01 to about 5 IU/lb./day such that the interferon is held in contact with the patient's oral and pharyngeal mucosae. The interferon is administered in a solid dosage from, e.g., a saliva-dissolvable lozenge.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Though the research is intensive in the field of interferons,there exists a substantial lack of uniformity in such matters as classification of interferon types. There are also numerous, sometimes contradictory, theories concerning the mode of action of interferon in producing clinical effects.It became apparent that exogenous interferon was sometimes capable of effecting regression or remission of various metastatic diseases. so different studies are conducted to know the clinical agent of choice for the prevention of cancers.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The present invention is based on applicant's discovery that interferon can be used as a consistently effective therapeutic agent for treatment of diseases having an immunopathologic basis--characterized by inadequate immune response and persistence of the disease.The interferon is administered in an amount of about 0.01 to about 5 IU/lb of patient body weight per day. Multiple dose daily regimen is given to the patients.They aid in the better treatment of cancers.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''8'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184[http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020107184%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020107184&RS=DN/20020107184]</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8/8/2002</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>None</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>METHOD FOR TREATING MELANOMA </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The present invention discloses a method for treating patients having melanoma or melanoma associated symptoms by parenterally administering Product R, a peptide-nucleic acid preparation.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanomas are usually treated by surgical excision, while patients with thick melanomas and those with regional or distant metastasis may benefit from other forms of therapy.Cytokines have been tested in the treatment of different skin cancers during the last decade, and treatment schedules have been established or proposed for several malignant skin tumors. Preferentially, the interferons and interleukin-2 were found to be effective in treating skin cancers including melanoma.But they were needed to be checked in combination with other products as they were anticipated to yield better results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The new method of treatment using the product R in combination with interferons not only sounded effectively but also proved to be an effective means .The administration is done in an sterile injectible form.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''9'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4762705.PN.&OS=PN/4762705&RS=PN/4762705] </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8/9/1988</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schwimmer, Adolf W. | Schwartz, Irwin Steven | Rubin, David</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer therapy with interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The effectiveness of interferon for treatment against cancer may be increased by first administering an agent for inhibiting tyrosinase. In this manner the tyrosinase which is known to be produced by malignancies, and which may cause inactivation of the interferon, will be substantially inactivated prior to the interferon administration.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Some of the the prior art patents doesn't trust on the use of interferons for treating all types of malignancies.The reason being the interferons are easily denatured in the enzymatic processes.So attempts were made out initially to find out the reasons for the denaturation even at high doses.Efforts were made to improve methods of cancer therapy using interferon.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution has come out in the form of improved treatment method for treating cancer by the efforts of the present inventor.As the reason for the denaturation was found to be tyrosinase,attempts were made seriously to supress this tyrosinase.A composition was made finally with D-penicillamine that can suppress tyrosinase.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''10'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3/2/1993</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of certain leukemias with a combination of gamma interferon and alpha interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Human leukemia T-cells and B-cells are inhibited from proliferating by treatment with a combination of recombinant human alpha and gamma interferons, either simultaneously or sequentially, and the alpha interferon is preferably recombinant human alfa-2b interferon.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The patent in the prior art posed a lot of problems with the use of gamma interferons alone in terms of the purity as the preparations previously were found to be contaminated.When used singly for the treatment of lekimias they were found to yield ineffective results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution was found to administer alpha and gamma interferons for the treatment of leukemias.It could inhibit the proliferation of susceptible leukemia cells with a cell proliferation inhibiting amount of a combination of both of the interferons.They are adminstered sequentially and simultaneously too to give good results.</center>

|}

==Taxonomy==

[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]

== Sample Analysis==
* '''Patents:''' The above sample patents were analysed according to the taxonomy.
[[Media:Sample analysis of Treating of melanoma.xls| '''Click here to download Sample analysis sheet on Interferon for treatment of Melanomas''']]

* '''Scientific Literature:'''* [[Media:Article Analysis Of Melanoma.xls |'''Click here to download Melanoma Treatment Using IFN: sample articles]]

==Patent Ranking==
10 Sample Patents were ranked according to the patent focus.
*Patent Ranking Details
1 : Granted Patent & Focus in Independent Claim 
2 : Granted Patent & Focus in Dependent Claim 
3 : Published Patent & Focus in independent Claim 
4 : Published Patent & Focus in Dependent claim 

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Type</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent Ranking</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>5</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Dependent</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Independent</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>9</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|}

==Clinical Trials==
*'''Database:''' [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ '''Clinical trials''']
*'''Searched on:''' Feb 25th, 2011

*[[Media:clinical trials treatment of melanoma.xls |'''Please click here to download the clinical trial excel sheet''']]

==IP Activity Graphs Of Sample Patents==
===IP activity based on priority years===

* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on priority years.
[[Image:IP act PS priority year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on priority years]]

===IP activity based on publication years===

* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on publication years.
[[Image:IP act PS publication year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on publication years]]

===Geographical Distribution based on family members===

* The geographical distribution is based on 10 sample patent numbers along with all their family members.
[[Image:Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma 1.jpg|center|thumb|500 px| Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma]]

==Market Report==
===Interferon types & Their Compositions===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Generic Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Brand Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Composition'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Alpha IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Interferon alfa-2aInactive Ingredients- sodium chloride, ammonium acetate, polysorbate 80, glycine, sodium phosphate dibasic,sodium phosphate monobasic, human albumin, preservative: benzyl alcohol.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Beta IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Beta interferon,Inactive Ingredients-65 to 90 wt % of polyol,and a p-hydroxybenzoate,carboxymethyl cellulose,human serum albumin</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Gamma IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-interferon gamma-1b.,Inactive Ingredients-Polyethylene Glycol,dextran ,hydroxyethylstarch </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pegylated IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active ingredient-peginterferon alfa-2b,Inactive ingredients: dibasic sodium phosphate anhydrous, monobasicsodium phosphate dihydrate, sucrose, polysorbate 80.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Recombinant IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Ribavirin,Inactive Ingredients-microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium,sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate monobasic as buffering agents;human albumin as a stabilizer.</center>

|}

===Interferon Types & Description Of Products===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Description'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Source'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron A is an interferon, a group of naturally occurring proteins that were first discovered as a result of their ability to prevent viral replication. Intron A is marketed in 72 countries worldwide for as many as 16 indications.In the United States it has been cleared for use by the FDA for chronic viral hepatitis B, chronic viral hepatitis C, malignant melanoma, hairy cell leukemia, AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma and condylomata acuminata (venereal warts).INTRON A recombinant for Injection has been classified as an alpha interfero nand is a water-soluble protein with a molecular weight of 19,271 daltons produced by recombinant DNA techniques. It is obtained from the bacterial fermentation of a strain of Escherichia coli bearing a genetically engineered plasmid containing an interferon alfa- 2b gene from human leukocytes. The fermentation is carried out in a defined nutrient medium containing the antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride at a concentration of 5 to 10 mg/L; the presence of this antibiotic is not detectable in the final product. The specific activity of interferon alfa-2b, recombinant is approximately 2.6 x 108 IU/mg protein as measured by the HPLC assay.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex, manufactured by Biogen, is a form of beta interferon (interferon beta, IFN-b) used to modify the course of multiple sclerosis. While not a cure, Avonex has been shown in clinical trials to reduce the average relapse rate in people with the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis form of the disease. It is identical to the naturally occurring protein found in the human body. It is manufactured by extracting the drug from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Avonex is the same substance as Rebif but administered differently (30 mcg, intra-muscularly, once a week as against 22 mcg or 44 mcg, sub-cutaneously, 3 times a week for Rebif). Avonex is usually given in the large muscles of the thigh, upper arm, or hip.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune(R) is a synthesized version of interferon gamma, a naturally occurring protein believed to stimulate the immune system. InterMune markets Actimmune(R) for the treatment of two life-threatening congenital diseases: chronic granulomatous disease and severe, malignant osteopetrosis. The most common side effects are flu-like symptoms, including headache, fatigue, fever, chills, and rash. InterMune was granted two composition-of-matter patents related to interferon gamma-1b in the United States, extending its patent protection until 2022.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.actimmune.com/ http://www.actimmune.com/]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg-Intron (peginterferon alfa-2b) Powder for Injection has been approved by the FDA.Peg-Intron is a longer-acting formulation of Schering-Plough's Intron A, which is a recombinant version of a naturally occurring alpha interferon. In contrast to Intron A, which is administered three times weekly, Peg-Intron is administered subcutaneously once a week. This reduced frequency of administration may increase patient compliance.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.pegintron.com/index.html http://www.pegintron.com/index.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>REBETOL is a medicine used with either interferon alfa-2b (Intron A) or peginterferon alfa-2b (PegIntron) to treat chronic (lasting a long time) hepatitis C infection in people 3 years and older with liver disease.REBETOL Capsules consist of a white powder in a white, opaque, gelatin capsule. Each capsule contains 200 mg ribavirin and the inactive ingredients microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate. The capsule shell consists of gelatin, sodium lauryl sulfate, silicon dioxide, and titanium dioxide. The capsule is printed with edible blue pharmaceutical ink which is made of shellac, anhydrous ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, propylene glycol, ammonium hydroxide, and FD&C Blue #2 aluminum lake.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.merck.com/product/home.html http://www.merck.com/product/home.html]</center>

|}

===Global Revenue Data Of products===

<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">S.No</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Generic Name</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Brand Name</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Company</td>
<td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Global revenue ($ Million )</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2008</td>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2009</td>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2010</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">1</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Alpha IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intron®,Roferon®-A</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="bottom">38.4</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Beta IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Avonex</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Biogen IDEC</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2518.4</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2322.9</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2202.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">3</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Gamma IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Actimmune®</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intermune</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">29880</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">25428</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">4</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Pegylated IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Peg Intron</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Schering-Plough</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">148.7</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">5</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Recombinant IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">36.1</td>
<td style="border-width: thin thick thick thin; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
</table>

==Biosimilars Of Interferons==

Biosimilar interferons are the major drug class in the recombinant non-glycosylated proteins market due to their extensive use in the treatment of various genetic and environmental disorders. The overall biosimilar market for interferons is categorized into the submarkets for alpha, beta, and gamma interferons, all of which are used extensively in the treatment of various conditions such as lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, and multiple sclerosis.

While the interferon market growth may be inhibited by the side effects of each of its three drug categories, the market presents many opportunities to new entrants as only a few players currently operate in this relatively unfragmented market.

The global recombinant interferon market stood at $75.3 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $3.9 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 82.9% from 2009 to 2014. The American biosimilar interferons market is expected to attain a market worth $1.5 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 91.5%.[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html Biosimilars ; Global Market]

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Global market For Biosimilars'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon Alfa</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global market for biosimilar interferon Alfa was $36.7 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $1.5 billion in 2014 at a CAGR of 76.5% from 2009 to 2014. While Asian market for biosimilar Alfa interferons commanded the highest share in 2008 with $17.5 million, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 88.3% from 2009 to 2014.The world's top two branded Interferon products generated sales of $1,510 million and $910 million each in 2008. The blockbuster sales of innovative Interferon Alfa products thus present encouragement for biosimilar Interferon Alfa manufacturers[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon beta</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon beta-1a market is estimated to grow from $36.3 million in 2008 to $2.2 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 87.8% from 2009 to 2014. However, the U.S. and Europe sales of branded interferon-betas are expected to fall from $4.6 billion in 2010 to $2.4 billion in 2017. The soaring cost of clinical development, the conservative prescribing habits of neurologists, and the expected decline in the use of interferon-betas may induce biosimilar developers to explore other classes of biologics to invest their R&D funds[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon gamma</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon gamma market was $2.2 million 2008 and is expected to reach $141.5 million in 2014 at a CAGR of 94.2% from 2009 to 2014. While the Asian market accounted for the highest share of $0.5 million in 2008, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 107.6% from 2009 to 2014[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|}

Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma

2011-02-28T07:55:55Z

Lakshmikantg: /* Sample patents */

==Dashboard==

* Click here to view '''[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=890 Sample Dashboard]'''

NOTE: You need to install Internet Explorer 8.0 and Adobe Flash Player to view the Dashboard.

Please download [http://www.microsoft.com/windows/internet-explorer/default.aspx '''Internet Explorer 8.0'''] and [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/?promoid=DRHWS '''Adobe Flash player''']

==Objective==

'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.'''

To achieve our objective we performed following steps:

*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment

*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.

*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.

*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records

*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries

*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.

==Overview==

===Interferon===

[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]

Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source]

Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]

===Melanoma===

Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]

===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===

Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas.

A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})

While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]

==Interactive Taxonomy==
<mm>[[Interferon_For_the_treatment_Of_Melanoma.mm]]</mm>

==Concept Table==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Skin Cancer</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanocyte</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|
|}
===French Keywords Concept table===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>mélanome</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interféron*</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peau Cancer </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinome </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumeur </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Mélanocyte </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|}

===German Keywords Concept Table===

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Haut Krebs </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Karzinoma </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Krebsgeschwür </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Geschwulst </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanozyten </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|}

===Class codes identified for searches===

* '''Relevant IPC classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|A61P003500
|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|}

* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21A
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21B
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21C
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''
|align = "center"|C07K014715G
|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|}

* '''Relevant US classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|4240854
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|4242811
|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|42400141
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|514889
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|530351
|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|930142
|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|4240851
|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|4240855
|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|4240856
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|4240857
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.
|-
|}

==Intellectual property==

===Search strategy and concept===

Date of Search: 1836 to Feb 3rd, 2011
Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches

===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|576
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|756
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|1019 records '''571 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''3422 hits (2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|174
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|484
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|102
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|9
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''
|align = "center"|587 hits '''232 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|4 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR Interféron<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interféron OR huIFN) AND (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|25 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''29 hits'''
|-
|}

===Search in Japanese database===

Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan

Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2011/02/15

{| border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "left" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| '''S.No.'''
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Issue/Publication date'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''F-Term Theme'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''FI/F-term/Facet '''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Hits'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1900/01/01 to 2011/02/15'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4H045</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>DA15+DA16+DA17+DA18 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1298</center>

|}

 

'''Total patents: 1298 (Relevancy ~10%)'''

* '''F-Terms and theme used in search'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''
|align = "center"|'''4H045'''
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA15
|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA16
|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA17
|align = "center"|Beta-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA18
|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons
|-
|}

===Scientific Literature Search===

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Database</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Query</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Limits by Date</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>No.Of Hits</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pubmed</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>20000101-20110221</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>28402</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Scirus</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>24835</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Google Scholar</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>21100</center>

|}

==Sample patents==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Patent/Publication No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Date Of Publication'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Assignee'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Title'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Abstract'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Problem'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Solution'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7482014.PN.&OS=PN/7482014&RS=PN/7482014]</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>01/27/2009</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma therapy </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Methods for treating treatment-naive as well as treatment-experienced patients having melanoma to increase the progression-free survival time involving administering a therapeutically effective amount of pegylated interferon-alpha, e.g., preferably pegylated interferon alpha-2b, as adjuvant therapy to definitive surgery are disclosed.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is with the treatment methods that are employed with previously employed dose regimens for treating Melanoma after definitive surgical removal of the lesions.This led to the occurance of hematologic, neurologic and constitutional toxicities.Subject compliance with the dosage and dosage regimen during both phases is considered to be important to achieve maximum clinical benefit. </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The higher patience compliance is achieved with the improved methods of treatment of melanoma.A therapeutically effective dose of pegylated interferon alpha for a time period sufficient to increase the progression-free survival time was administered to the patient.The treatment regimen includes a first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of PEG.sub.12000 interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of PEG.sub.12000 interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period. </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=5997858.PN.&OS=PN/5997858&RS=PN/5997858]</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>12/7/1999</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>A method for treating neoplastic disease in a mammal via administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon via oromucosal contact. The amount of interferon administered is less than an amount which induces a pathological response when administered parenterally.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is with the method employed for the treatment of neoplastic diseases.The administration of low doses of interferon as a nasal spray or as an oral liquid formulation in the treatment of the neoplastic diseases is not effective in the previous patents.There is no experimental evidence regarding the administration mode of the interferon,though it was anticipated that administrations through other modes is possible to deliver effectively and treating the same conditions.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution to the problem is solved by first controlled study in an animal model of the efficacy of oromucosally administered interferon for the treatment of neoplastic diseases.The administration is done oromucosally in asingle dose by almost all forms of Interferons .the amount administered is from about 1500 IU to about 20.times.10.sup.6 IU for a 70 kg man per day.This amount is less than the amount that induces a pathological response in the mammal when administered parenterally.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/26/1988</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>This invention relates to the improvement of the polyamine depletion effects of ornithine decarboxylase inhibitors, the improvement being effected by the use of Interferon and Dacarbazine in conjunctive therapy with said inhibitors.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem in this patent is associated with the methods and drugs that are used for treating the pathological disease conditions such as cancer.Polyamines mechanism is not known and there are some evidences that ODC inhibitors may exert their therapeutic effect by blocking the formation of the polyamines and thereby slowing, interrupting, or arresting the proliferation and metastases of the tumor tissue. So certain methods are explored to find out the same kind of effect on treating cancers.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution was found to be the improved methods in treating the cancer with the use of Interferon and Dacarbazine when these disease states are treated with irreversible inhibitors of ornithine decarboxylase.This includes a pharmaceutical product containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine as a combined preparation for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease states. Even the methods for the formulation are disussed in this patent.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/14/1987</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Anti-tumor activity in humans can be augmented by administering to the human patient and effective amount of IFN-β and IL-2 in combination. The composition of IFN-β and IL-2 may be prepared invitro or administered separately to the patient. The composition is useful for prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of such cancers as melanoma, colon cancer lung cancer and breast cancer.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem in this patent is about the use of interferons seperately in treating the cancers.When administered seperately they were found to induce a response that was good.So an approach was thought of where the combination therapy was given to produce better results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The concern of the prior art was addressed with the successful administration of a combination therapy with Interferon beta and interleukin-2 as an anti-tumor therapeutic or prophylactic agent. It was made suitable for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer comprising formulating together, whether by mixing or providing separate doses.The administration is done parenterally.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518[http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220100086518%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20100086518&RS=DN/20100086518] </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4/8/2010</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>NOVARTIS AG</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Methods of treating melanoma include administering a compound of Structure I, a tautomer of the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or the tautomer, or a mixture thereof to a subject. The compound, tautomer, salt of the compound, salt of the tautomer, or mixture thereof may be used to prepare medicaments for treating metastatic cancer. The variable A has the values defined herein.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is that though there are many methods of treating cancer , still there is a need for the advancements in the technologies to be adopted to arrive at better results.The compounds such as quinoline derivatives were used and were disclosed in the prior art for the treatment of Melanoma.The compounds that were used previously were found to be associated with the side effects.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center><nowiki>The solution was found to be finding of compounds that can effectively administered for treating Melanoma.It relates to the use of compounds such as 4-amino-5-fluoro-3-[6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]quino- lin-2(1H)-one and tautomers, salts, and mixtures thereof in treating melanoma and preparing medicaments for treating melanoma. The therapeutically effective amount of the compound can range from about 0.25 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg body weight of the subject.</nowiki></center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4846782.PN.&OS=PN/4846782&RS=PN/4846782] </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7/11/1989</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of cancer with interferon and radiotherapy </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Radiation sensitive human cancers are treated with combined interferon and radiation therapy.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Radiation therapy emerged some years back for the treatment of cancers.It was observed that the results are good.But there was a need felt to effectively increase the efficacy of radiation treatment.So to develop radiation sensitizers or potentiators which enable the radiation to cause increased tumor destruction. Despite numerous laboratory and clinical studies, no single agent has, to date, emerged as the optimal radiation sensitizer. </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem could be addressed by an effective treatment means using administering subcutaneously to such patients between 2.0.times.10.sup.6 IU/m.sup.2 and 5.0.times.10.sup.6 IU/m.sup.2 of recombinant DNA-alpha-2-interferon .This is done three days a week at a time on those days prior to radiation therapy.The doses are from 15 to 35 Gy are administered five days a week including those days on which interferon is administered.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''7'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=5824300.PN.&OS=PN/5824300&RS=PN/5824300] </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/20/1998</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The Texas A&M University System</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of neoplastic disease with oral interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Neoplastic diseases are treated by the administration of human interferon, particularly IFN-α, at a dosage of from about 0.01 to about 5 IU/lb./day such that the interferon is held in contact with the patient's oral and pharyngeal mucosae. The interferon is administered in a solid dosage from, e.g., a saliva-dissolvable lozenge.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Though the research is intensive in the field of interferons,there exists a substantial lack of uniformity in such matters as classification of interferon types. There are also numerous, sometimes contradictory, theories concerning the mode of action of interferon in producing clinical effects.It became apparent that exogenous interferon was sometimes capable of effecting regression or remission of various metastatic diseases. so different studies are conducted to know the clinical agent of choice for the prevention of cancers.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The present invention is based on applicant's discovery that interferon can be used as a consistently effective therapeutic agent for treatment of diseases having an immunopathologic basis--characterized by inadequate immune response and persistence of the disease.The interferon is administered in an amount of about 0.01 to about 5 IU/lb of patient body weight per day. Multiple dose daily regimen is given to the patients.They aid in the better treatment of cancers.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''8'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184[http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020107184%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020107184&RS=DN/20020107184]</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8/8/2002</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>None</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>METHOD FOR TREATING MELANOMA </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The present invention discloses a method for treating patients having melanoma or melanoma associated symptoms by parenterally administering Product R, a peptide-nucleic acid preparation.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanomas are usually treated by surgical excision, while patients with thick melanomas and those with regional or distant metastasis may benefit from other forms of therapy.Cytokines have been tested in the treatment of different skin cancers during the last decade, and treatment schedules have been established or proposed for several malignant skin tumors. Preferentially, the interferons and interleukin-2 were found to be effective in treating skin cancers including melanoma.But they were needed to be checked in combination with other products as they were anticipated to yield better results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The new method of treatment using the product R in combination with interferons not only sounded effectively but also proved to be an effective means .The administration is done in an sterile injectible form.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''9'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8/9/1988</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schwimmer, Adolf W. | Schwartz, Irwin Steven | Rubin, David</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer therapy with interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The effectiveness of interferon for treatment against cancer may be increased by first administering an agent for inhibiting tyrosinase. In this manner the tyrosinase which is known to be produced by malignancies, and which may cause inactivation of the interferon, will be substantially inactivated prior to the interferon administration.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Some of the the prior art patents doesn't trust on the use of interferons for treating all types of malignancies.The reason being the interferons are easily denatured in the enzymatic processes.So attempts were made out initially to find out the reasons for the denaturation even at high doses.Efforts were made to improve methods of cancer therapy using interferon.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution has come out in the form of improved treatment method for treating cancer by the efforts of the present inventor.As the reason for the denaturation was found to be tyrosinase,attempts were made seriously to supress this tyrosinase.A composition was made finally with D-penicillamine that can suppress tyrosinase.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''10'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3/2/1993</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of certain leukemias with a combination of gamma interferon and alpha interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Human leukemia T-cells and B-cells are inhibited from proliferating by treatment with a combination of recombinant human alpha and gamma interferons, either simultaneously or sequentially, and the alpha interferon is preferably recombinant human alfa-2b interferon.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The patent in the prior art posed a lot of problems with the use of gamma interferons alone in terms of the purity as the preparations previously were found to be contaminated.When used singly for the treatment of lekimias they were found to yield ineffective results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution was found to administer alpha and gamma interferons for the treatment of leukemias.It could inhibit the proliferation of susceptible leukemia cells with a cell proliferation inhibiting amount of a combination of both of the interferons.They are adminstered sequentially and simultaneously too to give good results.</center>

|}

==Taxonomy==

[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]

== Sample Analysis==
* '''Patents:''' The above sample patents were analysed according to the taxonomy.
[[Media:Sample analysis of Treating of melanoma.xls| '''Click here to download Sample analysis sheet on Interferon for treatment of Melanomas''']]

* '''Scientific Literature:'''* [[Media:Article Analysis Of Melanoma.xls |'''Click here to download Melanoma Treatment Using IFN: sample articles]]

==Patent Ranking==
10 Sample Patents were ranked according to the patent focus.
*Patent Ranking Details
1 : Granted Patent & Focus in Independent Claim 
2 : Granted Patent & Focus in Dependent Claim 
3 : Published Patent & Focus in independent Claim 
4 : Published Patent & Focus in Dependent claim 

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Type</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent Ranking</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>5</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Dependent</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Independent</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>9</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|}

==Clinical Trials==
*'''Database:''' [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ '''Clinical trials''']
*'''Searched on:''' Feb 25th, 2011

*[[Media:clinical trials treatment of melanoma.xls |'''Please click here to download the clinical trial excel sheet''']]

==IP Activity Graphs Of Sample Patents==
===IP activity based on priority years===

* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on priority years.
[[Image:IP act PS priority year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on priority years]]

===IP activity based on publication years===

* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on publication years.
[[Image:IP act PS publication year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on publication years]]

===Geographical Distribution based on family members===

* The geographical distribution is based on 10 sample patent numbers along with all their family members.
[[Image:Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma 1.jpg|center|thumb|500 px| Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma]]

==Market Report==
===Interferon types & Their Compositions===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Generic Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Brand Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Composition'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Alpha IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Interferon alfa-2aInactive Ingredients- sodium chloride, ammonium acetate, polysorbate 80, glycine, sodium phosphate dibasic,sodium phosphate monobasic, human albumin, preservative: benzyl alcohol.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Beta IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Beta interferon,Inactive Ingredients-65 to 90 wt % of polyol,and a p-hydroxybenzoate,carboxymethyl cellulose,human serum albumin</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Gamma IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-interferon gamma-1b.,Inactive Ingredients-Polyethylene Glycol,dextran ,hydroxyethylstarch </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pegylated IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active ingredient-peginterferon alfa-2b,Inactive ingredients: dibasic sodium phosphate anhydrous, monobasicsodium phosphate dihydrate, sucrose, polysorbate 80.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Recombinant IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Ribavirin,Inactive Ingredients-microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium,sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate monobasic as buffering agents;human albumin as a stabilizer.</center>

|}

===Interferon Types & Description Of Products===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Description'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Source'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron A is an interferon, a group of naturally occurring proteins that were first discovered as a result of their ability to prevent viral replication. Intron A is marketed in 72 countries worldwide for as many as 16 indications.In the United States it has been cleared for use by the FDA for chronic viral hepatitis B, chronic viral hepatitis C, malignant melanoma, hairy cell leukemia, AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma and condylomata acuminata (venereal warts).INTRON A recombinant for Injection has been classified as an alpha interfero nand is a water-soluble protein with a molecular weight of 19,271 daltons produced by recombinant DNA techniques. It is obtained from the bacterial fermentation of a strain of Escherichia coli bearing a genetically engineered plasmid containing an interferon alfa- 2b gene from human leukocytes. The fermentation is carried out in a defined nutrient medium containing the antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride at a concentration of 5 to 10 mg/L; the presence of this antibiotic is not detectable in the final product. The specific activity of interferon alfa-2b, recombinant is approximately 2.6 x 108 IU/mg protein as measured by the HPLC assay.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex, manufactured by Biogen, is a form of beta interferon (interferon beta, IFN-b) used to modify the course of multiple sclerosis. While not a cure, Avonex has been shown in clinical trials to reduce the average relapse rate in people with the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis form of the disease. It is identical to the naturally occurring protein found in the human body. It is manufactured by extracting the drug from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Avonex is the same substance as Rebif but administered differently (30 mcg, intra-muscularly, once a week as against 22 mcg or 44 mcg, sub-cutaneously, 3 times a week for Rebif). Avonex is usually given in the large muscles of the thigh, upper arm, or hip.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune(R) is a synthesized version of interferon gamma, a naturally occurring protein believed to stimulate the immune system. InterMune markets Actimmune(R) for the treatment of two life-threatening congenital diseases: chronic granulomatous disease and severe, malignant osteopetrosis. The most common side effects are flu-like symptoms, including headache, fatigue, fever, chills, and rash. InterMune was granted two composition-of-matter patents related to interferon gamma-1b in the United States, extending its patent protection until 2022.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.actimmune.com/ http://www.actimmune.com/]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg-Intron (peginterferon alfa-2b) Powder for Injection has been approved by the FDA.Peg-Intron is a longer-acting formulation of Schering-Plough's Intron A, which is a recombinant version of a naturally occurring alpha interferon. In contrast to Intron A, which is administered three times weekly, Peg-Intron is administered subcutaneously once a week. This reduced frequency of administration may increase patient compliance.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.pegintron.com/index.html http://www.pegintron.com/index.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>REBETOL is a medicine used with either interferon alfa-2b (Intron A) or peginterferon alfa-2b (PegIntron) to treat chronic (lasting a long time) hepatitis C infection in people 3 years and older with liver disease.REBETOL Capsules consist of a white powder in a white, opaque, gelatin capsule. Each capsule contains 200 mg ribavirin and the inactive ingredients microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate. The capsule shell consists of gelatin, sodium lauryl sulfate, silicon dioxide, and titanium dioxide. The capsule is printed with edible blue pharmaceutical ink which is made of shellac, anhydrous ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, propylene glycol, ammonium hydroxide, and FD&C Blue #2 aluminum lake.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.merck.com/product/home.html http://www.merck.com/product/home.html]</center>

|}

===Global Revenue Data Of products===

<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">S.No</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Generic Name</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Brand Name</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Company</td>
<td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Global revenue ($ Million )</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2008</td>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2009</td>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2010</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">1</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Alpha IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intron®,Roferon®-A</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="bottom">38.4</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Beta IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Avonex</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Biogen IDEC</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2518.4</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2322.9</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2202.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">3</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Gamma IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Actimmune®</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intermune</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">29880</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">25428</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">4</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Pegylated IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Peg Intron</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Schering-Plough</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">148.7</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">5</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Recombinant IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">36.1</td>
<td style="border-width: thin thick thick thin; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
</table>

==Biosimilars Of Interferons==

Biosimilar interferons are the major drug class in the recombinant non-glycosylated proteins market due to their extensive use in the treatment of various genetic and environmental disorders. The overall biosimilar market for interferons is categorized into the submarkets for alpha, beta, and gamma interferons, all of which are used extensively in the treatment of various conditions such as lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, and multiple sclerosis.

While the interferon market growth may be inhibited by the side effects of each of its three drug categories, the market presents many opportunities to new entrants as only a few players currently operate in this relatively unfragmented market.

The global recombinant interferon market stood at $75.3 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $3.9 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 82.9% from 2009 to 2014. The American biosimilar interferons market is expected to attain a market worth $1.5 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 91.5%.[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html Biosimilars ; Global Market]

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Global market For Biosimilars'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon Alfa</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global market for biosimilar interferon Alfa was $36.7 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $1.5 billion in 2014 at a CAGR of 76.5% from 2009 to 2014. While Asian market for biosimilar Alfa interferons commanded the highest share in 2008 with $17.5 million, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 88.3% from 2009 to 2014.The world's top two branded Interferon products generated sales of $1,510 million and $910 million each in 2008. The blockbuster sales of innovative Interferon Alfa products thus present encouragement for biosimilar Interferon Alfa manufacturers[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon beta</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon beta-1a market is estimated to grow from $36.3 million in 2008 to $2.2 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 87.8% from 2009 to 2014. However, the U.S. and Europe sales of branded interferon-betas are expected to fall from $4.6 billion in 2010 to $2.4 billion in 2017. The soaring cost of clinical development, the conservative prescribing habits of neurologists, and the expected decline in the use of interferon-betas may induce biosimilar developers to explore other classes of biologics to invest their R&D funds[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon gamma</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon gamma market was $2.2 million 2008 and is expected to reach $141.5 million in 2014 at a CAGR of 94.2% from 2009 to 2014. While the Asian market accounted for the highest share of $0.5 million in 2008, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 107.6% from 2009 to 2014[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|}

Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma

2011-02-28T07:54:59Z

Lakshmikantg: /* Sample patents */

==Dashboard==

* Click here to view '''[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=890 Sample Dashboard]'''

NOTE: You need to install Internet Explorer 8.0 and Adobe Flash Player to view the Dashboard.

Please download [http://www.microsoft.com/windows/internet-explorer/default.aspx '''Internet Explorer 8.0'''] and [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/?promoid=DRHWS '''Adobe Flash player''']

==Objective==

'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.'''

To achieve our objective we performed following steps:

*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment

*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.

*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.

*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records

*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries

*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.

==Overview==

===Interferon===

[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]

Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source]

Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]

===Melanoma===

Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]

===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===

Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas.

A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})

While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]

==Interactive Taxonomy==
<mm>[[Interferon_For_the_treatment_Of_Melanoma.mm]]</mm>

==Concept Table==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Skin Cancer</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanocyte</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|
|}
===French Keywords Concept table===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>mélanome</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interféron*</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peau Cancer </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinome </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumeur </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Mélanocyte </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|}

===German Keywords Concept Table===

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Haut Krebs </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Karzinoma </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Krebsgeschwür </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Geschwulst </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanozyten </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|}

===Class codes identified for searches===

* '''Relevant IPC classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|A61P003500
|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|}

* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21A
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21B
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21C
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''
|align = "center"|C07K014715G
|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|}

* '''Relevant US classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|4240854
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|4242811
|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|42400141
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|514889
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|530351
|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|930142
|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|4240851
|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|4240855
|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|4240856
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|4240857
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.
|-
|}

==Intellectual property==

===Search strategy and concept===

Date of Search: 1836 to Feb 3rd, 2011
Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches

===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|576
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|756
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|1019 records '''571 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''3422 hits (2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|174
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|484
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|102
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|9
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''
|align = "center"|587 hits '''232 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|4 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR Interféron<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interféron OR huIFN) AND (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|25 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''29 hits'''
|-
|}

===Search in Japanese database===

Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan

Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2011/02/15

{| border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "left" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| '''S.No.'''
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Issue/Publication date'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''F-Term Theme'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''FI/F-term/Facet '''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Hits'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1900/01/01 to 2011/02/15'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4H045</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>DA15+DA16+DA17+DA18 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1298</center>

|}

 

'''Total patents: 1298 (Relevancy ~10%)'''

* '''F-Terms and theme used in search'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''
|align = "center"|'''4H045'''
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA15
|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA16
|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA17
|align = "center"|Beta-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA18
|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons
|-
|}

===Scientific Literature Search===

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Database</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Query</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Limits by Date</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>No.Of Hits</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pubmed</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>20000101-20110221</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>28402</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Scirus</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>24835</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Google Scholar</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>21100</center>

|}

==Sample patents==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Patent/Publication No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Date Of Publication'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Assignee'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Title'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Abstract'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Problem'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Solution'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7482014.PN.&OS=PN/7482014&RS=PN/7482014]</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>01/27/2009</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma therapy </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Methods for treating treatment-naive as well as treatment-experienced patients having melanoma to increase the progression-free survival time involving administering a therapeutically effective amount of pegylated interferon-alpha, e.g., preferably pegylated interferon alpha-2b, as adjuvant therapy to definitive surgery are disclosed.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is with the treatment methods that are employed with previously employed dose regimens for treating Melanoma after definitive surgical removal of the lesions.This led to the occurance of hematologic, neurologic and constitutional toxicities.Subject compliance with the dosage and dosage regimen during both phases is considered to be important to achieve maximum clinical benefit. </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The higher patience compliance is achieved with the improved methods of treatment of melanoma.A therapeutically effective dose of pegylated interferon alpha for a time period sufficient to increase the progression-free survival time was administered to the patient.The treatment regimen includes a first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of PEG.sub.12000 interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of PEG.sub.12000 interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period. </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=5997858.PN.&OS=PN/5997858&RS=PN/5997858]</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>12/7/1999</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>A method for treating neoplastic disease in a mammal via administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon via oromucosal contact. The amount of interferon administered is less than an amount which induces a pathological response when administered parenterally.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is with the method employed for the treatment of neoplastic diseases.The administration of low doses of interferon as a nasal spray or as an oral liquid formulation in the treatment of the neoplastic diseases is not effective in the previous patents.There is no experimental evidence regarding the administration mode of the interferon,though it was anticipated that administrations through other modes is possible to deliver effectively and treating the same conditions.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution to the problem is solved by first controlled study in an animal model of the efficacy of oromucosally administered interferon for the treatment of neoplastic diseases.The administration is done oromucosally in asingle dose by almost all forms of Interferons .the amount administered is from about 1500 IU to about 20.times.10.sup.6 IU for a 70 kg man per day.This amount is less than the amount that induces a pathological response in the mammal when administered parenterally.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/26/1988</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>This invention relates to the improvement of the polyamine depletion effects of ornithine decarboxylase inhibitors, the improvement being effected by the use of Interferon and Dacarbazine in conjunctive therapy with said inhibitors.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem in this patent is associated with the methods and drugs that are used for treating the pathological disease conditions such as cancer.Polyamines mechanism is not known and there are some evidences that ODC inhibitors may exert their therapeutic effect by blocking the formation of the polyamines and thereby slowing, interrupting, or arresting the proliferation and metastases of the tumor tissue. So certain methods are explored to find out the same kind of effect on treating cancers.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution was found to be the improved methods in treating the cancer with the use of Interferon and Dacarbazine when these disease states are treated with irreversible inhibitors of ornithine decarboxylase.This includes a pharmaceutical product containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine as a combined preparation for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease states. Even the methods for the formulation are disussed in this patent.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/14/1987</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Anti-tumor activity in humans can be augmented by administering to the human patient and effective amount of IFN-β and IL-2 in combination. The composition of IFN-β and IL-2 may be prepared invitro or administered separately to the patient. The composition is useful for prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of such cancers as melanoma, colon cancer lung cancer and breast cancer.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem in this patent is about the use of interferons seperately in treating the cancers.When administered seperately they were found to induce a response that was good.So an approach was thought of where the combination therapy was given to produce better results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The concern of the prior art was addressed with the successful administration of a combination therapy with Interferon beta and interleukin-2 as an anti-tumor therapeutic or prophylactic agent. It was made suitable for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer comprising formulating together, whether by mixing or providing separate doses.The administration is done parenterally.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518[http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220100086518%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20100086518&RS=DN/20100086518] </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4/8/2010</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>NOVARTIS AG</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Methods of treating melanoma include administering a compound of Structure I, a tautomer of the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or the tautomer, or a mixture thereof to a subject. The compound, tautomer, salt of the compound, salt of the tautomer, or mixture thereof may be used to prepare medicaments for treating metastatic cancer. The variable A has the values defined herein.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is that though there are many methods of treating cancer , still there is a need for the advancements in the technologies to be adopted to arrive at better results.The compounds such as quinoline derivatives were used and were disclosed in the prior art for the treatment of Melanoma.The compounds that were used previously were found to be associated with the side effects.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center><nowiki>The solution was found to be finding of compounds that can effectively administered for treating Melanoma.It relates to the use of compounds such as 4-amino-5-fluoro-3-[6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]quino- lin-2(1H)-one and tautomers, salts, and mixtures thereof in treating melanoma and preparing medicaments for treating melanoma. The therapeutically effective amount of the compound can range from about 0.25 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg body weight of the subject.</nowiki></center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4846782.PN.&OS=PN/4846782&RS=PN/4846782] </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7/11/1989</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of cancer with interferon and radiotherapy </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Radiation sensitive human cancers are treated with combined interferon and radiation therapy.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Radiation therapy emerged some years back for the treatment of cancers.It was observed that the results are good.But there was a need felt to effectively increase the efficacy of radiation treatment.So to develop radiation sensitizers or potentiators which enable the radiation to cause increased tumor destruction. Despite numerous laboratory and clinical studies, no single agent has, to date, emerged as the optimal radiation sensitizer. </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem could be addressed by an effective treatment means using administering subcutaneously to such patients between 2.0.times.10.sup.6 IU/m.sup.2 and 5.0.times.10.sup.6 IU/m.sup.2 of recombinant DNA-alpha-2-interferon .This is done three days a week at a time on those days prior to radiation therapy.The doses are from 15 to 35 Gy are administered five days a week including those days on which interferon is administered.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''7'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=5824300.PN.&OS=PN/5824300&RS=PN/5824300] </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/20/1998</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The Texas A&M University System</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of neoplastic disease with oral interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Neoplastic diseases are treated by the administration of human interferon, particularly IFN-α, at a dosage of from about 0.01 to about 5 IU/lb./day such that the interferon is held in contact with the patient's oral and pharyngeal mucosae. The interferon is administered in a solid dosage from, e.g., a saliva-dissolvable lozenge.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Though the research is intensive in the field of interferons,there exists a substantial lack of uniformity in such matters as classification of interferon types. There are also numerous, sometimes contradictory, theories concerning the mode of action of interferon in producing clinical effects.It became apparent that exogenous interferon was sometimes capable of effecting regression or remission of various metastatic diseases. so different studies are conducted to know the clinical agent of choice for the prevention of cancers.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The present invention is based on applicant's discovery that interferon can be used as a consistently effective therapeutic agent for treatment of diseases having an immunopathologic basis--characterized by inadequate immune response and persistence of the disease.The interferon is administered in an amount of about 0.01 to about 5 IU/lb of patient body weight per day. Multiple dose daily regimen is given to the patients.They aid in the better treatment of cancers.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''8'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8/8/2002</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>None</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>METHOD FOR TREATING MELANOMA </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The present invention discloses a method for treating patients having melanoma or melanoma associated symptoms by parenterally administering Product R, a peptide-nucleic acid preparation.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanomas are usually treated by surgical excision, while patients with thick melanomas and those with regional or distant metastasis may benefit from other forms of therapy.Cytokines have been tested in the treatment of different skin cancers during the last decade, and treatment schedules have been established or proposed for several malignant skin tumors. Preferentially, the interferons and interleukin-2 were found to be effective in treating skin cancers including melanoma.But they were needed to be checked in combination with other products as they were anticipated to yield better results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The new method of treatment using the product R in combination with interferons not only sounded effectively but also proved to be an effective means .The administration is done in an sterile injectible form.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''9'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8/9/1988</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schwimmer, Adolf W. | Schwartz, Irwin Steven | Rubin, David</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer therapy with interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The effectiveness of interferon for treatment against cancer may be increased by first administering an agent for inhibiting tyrosinase. In this manner the tyrosinase which is known to be produced by malignancies, and which may cause inactivation of the interferon, will be substantially inactivated prior to the interferon administration.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Some of the the prior art patents doesn't trust on the use of interferons for treating all types of malignancies.The reason being the interferons are easily denatured in the enzymatic processes.So attempts were made out initially to find out the reasons for the denaturation even at high doses.Efforts were made to improve methods of cancer therapy using interferon.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution has come out in the form of improved treatment method for treating cancer by the efforts of the present inventor.As the reason for the denaturation was found to be tyrosinase,attempts were made seriously to supress this tyrosinase.A composition was made finally with D-penicillamine that can suppress tyrosinase.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''10'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3/2/1993</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of certain leukemias with a combination of gamma interferon and alpha interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Human leukemia T-cells and B-cells are inhibited from proliferating by treatment with a combination of recombinant human alpha and gamma interferons, either simultaneously or sequentially, and the alpha interferon is preferably recombinant human alfa-2b interferon.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The patent in the prior art posed a lot of problems with the use of gamma interferons alone in terms of the purity as the preparations previously were found to be contaminated.When used singly for the treatment of lekimias they were found to yield ineffective results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution was found to administer alpha and gamma interferons for the treatment of leukemias.It could inhibit the proliferation of susceptible leukemia cells with a cell proliferation inhibiting amount of a combination of both of the interferons.They are adminstered sequentially and simultaneously too to give good results.</center>

|}

==Taxonomy==

[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]

== Sample Analysis==
* '''Patents:''' The above sample patents were analysed according to the taxonomy.
[[Media:Sample analysis of Treating of melanoma.xls| '''Click here to download Sample analysis sheet on Interferon for treatment of Melanomas''']]

* '''Scientific Literature:'''* [[Media:Article Analysis Of Melanoma.xls |'''Click here to download Melanoma Treatment Using IFN: sample articles]]

==Patent Ranking==
10 Sample Patents were ranked according to the patent focus.
*Patent Ranking Details
1 : Granted Patent & Focus in Independent Claim 
2 : Granted Patent & Focus in Dependent Claim 
3 : Published Patent & Focus in independent Claim 
4 : Published Patent & Focus in Dependent claim 

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Type</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent Ranking</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>5</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Dependent</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Independent</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>9</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|}

==Clinical Trials==
*'''Database:''' [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ '''Clinical trials''']
*'''Searched on:''' Feb 25th, 2011

*[[Media:clinical trials treatment of melanoma.xls |'''Please click here to download the clinical trial excel sheet''']]

==IP Activity Graphs Of Sample Patents==
===IP activity based on priority years===

* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on priority years.
[[Image:IP act PS priority year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on priority years]]

===IP activity based on publication years===

* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on publication years.
[[Image:IP act PS publication year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on publication years]]

===Geographical Distribution based on family members===

* The geographical distribution is based on 10 sample patent numbers along with all their family members.
[[Image:Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma 1.jpg|center|thumb|500 px| Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma]]

==Market Report==
===Interferon types & Their Compositions===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Generic Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Brand Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Composition'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Alpha IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Interferon alfa-2aInactive Ingredients- sodium chloride, ammonium acetate, polysorbate 80, glycine, sodium phosphate dibasic,sodium phosphate monobasic, human albumin, preservative: benzyl alcohol.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Beta IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Beta interferon,Inactive Ingredients-65 to 90 wt % of polyol,and a p-hydroxybenzoate,carboxymethyl cellulose,human serum albumin</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Gamma IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-interferon gamma-1b.,Inactive Ingredients-Polyethylene Glycol,dextran ,hydroxyethylstarch </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pegylated IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active ingredient-peginterferon alfa-2b,Inactive ingredients: dibasic sodium phosphate anhydrous, monobasicsodium phosphate dihydrate, sucrose, polysorbate 80.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Recombinant IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Ribavirin,Inactive Ingredients-microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium,sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate monobasic as buffering agents;human albumin as a stabilizer.</center>

|}

===Interferon Types & Description Of Products===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Description'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Source'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron A is an interferon, a group of naturally occurring proteins that were first discovered as a result of their ability to prevent viral replication. Intron A is marketed in 72 countries worldwide for as many as 16 indications.In the United States it has been cleared for use by the FDA for chronic viral hepatitis B, chronic viral hepatitis C, malignant melanoma, hairy cell leukemia, AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma and condylomata acuminata (venereal warts).INTRON A recombinant for Injection has been classified as an alpha interfero nand is a water-soluble protein with a molecular weight of 19,271 daltons produced by recombinant DNA techniques. It is obtained from the bacterial fermentation of a strain of Escherichia coli bearing a genetically engineered plasmid containing an interferon alfa- 2b gene from human leukocytes. The fermentation is carried out in a defined nutrient medium containing the antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride at a concentration of 5 to 10 mg/L; the presence of this antibiotic is not detectable in the final product. The specific activity of interferon alfa-2b, recombinant is approximately 2.6 x 108 IU/mg protein as measured by the HPLC assay.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex, manufactured by Biogen, is a form of beta interferon (interferon beta, IFN-b) used to modify the course of multiple sclerosis. While not a cure, Avonex has been shown in clinical trials to reduce the average relapse rate in people with the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis form of the disease. It is identical to the naturally occurring protein found in the human body. It is manufactured by extracting the drug from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Avonex is the same substance as Rebif but administered differently (30 mcg, intra-muscularly, once a week as against 22 mcg or 44 mcg, sub-cutaneously, 3 times a week for Rebif). Avonex is usually given in the large muscles of the thigh, upper arm, or hip.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune(R) is a synthesized version of interferon gamma, a naturally occurring protein believed to stimulate the immune system. InterMune markets Actimmune(R) for the treatment of two life-threatening congenital diseases: chronic granulomatous disease and severe, malignant osteopetrosis. The most common side effects are flu-like symptoms, including headache, fatigue, fever, chills, and rash. InterMune was granted two composition-of-matter patents related to interferon gamma-1b in the United States, extending its patent protection until 2022.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.actimmune.com/ http://www.actimmune.com/]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg-Intron (peginterferon alfa-2b) Powder for Injection has been approved by the FDA.Peg-Intron is a longer-acting formulation of Schering-Plough's Intron A, which is a recombinant version of a naturally occurring alpha interferon. In contrast to Intron A, which is administered three times weekly, Peg-Intron is administered subcutaneously once a week. This reduced frequency of administration may increase patient compliance.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.pegintron.com/index.html http://www.pegintron.com/index.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>REBETOL is a medicine used with either interferon alfa-2b (Intron A) or peginterferon alfa-2b (PegIntron) to treat chronic (lasting a long time) hepatitis C infection in people 3 years and older with liver disease.REBETOL Capsules consist of a white powder in a white, opaque, gelatin capsule. Each capsule contains 200 mg ribavirin and the inactive ingredients microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate. The capsule shell consists of gelatin, sodium lauryl sulfate, silicon dioxide, and titanium dioxide. The capsule is printed with edible blue pharmaceutical ink which is made of shellac, anhydrous ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, propylene glycol, ammonium hydroxide, and FD&C Blue #2 aluminum lake.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.merck.com/product/home.html http://www.merck.com/product/home.html]</center>

|}

===Global Revenue Data Of products===

<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">S.No</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Generic Name</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Brand Name</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Company</td>
<td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Global revenue ($ Million )</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2008</td>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2009</td>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2010</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">1</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Alpha IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intron®,Roferon®-A</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="bottom">38.4</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Beta IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Avonex</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Biogen IDEC</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2518.4</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2322.9</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2202.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">3</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Gamma IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Actimmune®</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intermune</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">29880</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">25428</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">4</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Pegylated IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Peg Intron</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Schering-Plough</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">148.7</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">5</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Recombinant IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">36.1</td>
<td style="border-width: thin thick thick thin; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
</table>

==Biosimilars Of Interferons==

Biosimilar interferons are the major drug class in the recombinant non-glycosylated proteins market due to their extensive use in the treatment of various genetic and environmental disorders. The overall biosimilar market for interferons is categorized into the submarkets for alpha, beta, and gamma interferons, all of which are used extensively in the treatment of various conditions such as lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, and multiple sclerosis.

While the interferon market growth may be inhibited by the side effects of each of its three drug categories, the market presents many opportunities to new entrants as only a few players currently operate in this relatively unfragmented market.

The global recombinant interferon market stood at $75.3 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $3.9 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 82.9% from 2009 to 2014. The American biosimilar interferons market is expected to attain a market worth $1.5 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 91.5%.[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html Biosimilars ; Global Market]

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Global market For Biosimilars'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon Alfa</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global market for biosimilar interferon Alfa was $36.7 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $1.5 billion in 2014 at a CAGR of 76.5% from 2009 to 2014. While Asian market for biosimilar Alfa interferons commanded the highest share in 2008 with $17.5 million, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 88.3% from 2009 to 2014.The world's top two branded Interferon products generated sales of $1,510 million and $910 million each in 2008. The blockbuster sales of innovative Interferon Alfa products thus present encouragement for biosimilar Interferon Alfa manufacturers[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon beta</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon beta-1a market is estimated to grow from $36.3 million in 2008 to $2.2 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 87.8% from 2009 to 2014. However, the U.S. and Europe sales of branded interferon-betas are expected to fall from $4.6 billion in 2010 to $2.4 billion in 2017. The soaring cost of clinical development, the conservative prescribing habits of neurologists, and the expected decline in the use of interferon-betas may induce biosimilar developers to explore other classes of biologics to invest their R&D funds[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon gamma</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon gamma market was $2.2 million 2008 and is expected to reach $141.5 million in 2014 at a CAGR of 94.2% from 2009 to 2014. While the Asian market accounted for the highest share of $0.5 million in 2008, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 107.6% from 2009 to 2014[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|}

Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma

2011-02-28T07:54:12Z

Lakshmikantg: /* Sample patents */

==Dashboard==

* Click here to view '''[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=890 Sample Dashboard]'''

NOTE: You need to install Internet Explorer 8.0 and Adobe Flash Player to view the Dashboard.

Please download [http://www.microsoft.com/windows/internet-explorer/default.aspx '''Internet Explorer 8.0'''] and [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/?promoid=DRHWS '''Adobe Flash player''']

==Objective==

'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.'''

To achieve our objective we performed following steps:

*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment

*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.

*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.

*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records

*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries

*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.

==Overview==

===Interferon===

[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]

Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source]

Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]

===Melanoma===

Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]

===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===

Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas.

A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})

While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]

==Interactive Taxonomy==
<mm>[[Interferon_For_the_treatment_Of_Melanoma.mm]]</mm>

==Concept Table==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Skin Cancer</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanocyte</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|
|}
===French Keywords Concept table===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>mélanome</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interféron*</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peau Cancer </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinome </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumeur </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Mélanocyte </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|}

===German Keywords Concept Table===

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Haut Krebs </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Karzinoma </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Krebsgeschwür </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Geschwulst </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanozyten </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|}

===Class codes identified for searches===

* '''Relevant IPC classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|A61P003500
|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|}

* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21A
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21B
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21C
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''
|align = "center"|C07K014715G
|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|}

* '''Relevant US classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|4240854
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|4242811
|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|42400141
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|514889
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|530351
|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|930142
|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|4240851
|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|4240855
|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|4240856
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|4240857
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.
|-
|}

==Intellectual property==

===Search strategy and concept===

Date of Search: 1836 to Feb 3rd, 2011
Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches

===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|576
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|756
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|1019 records '''571 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''3422 hits (2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|174
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|484
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|102
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|9
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''
|align = "center"|587 hits '''232 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|4 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR Interféron<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interféron OR huIFN) AND (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|25 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''29 hits'''
|-
|}

===Search in Japanese database===

Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan

Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2011/02/15

{| border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "left" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| '''S.No.'''
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Issue/Publication date'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''F-Term Theme'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''FI/F-term/Facet '''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Hits'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1900/01/01 to 2011/02/15'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4H045</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>DA15+DA16+DA17+DA18 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1298</center>

|}

 

'''Total patents: 1298 (Relevancy ~10%)'''

* '''F-Terms and theme used in search'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''
|align = "center"|'''4H045'''
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA15
|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA16
|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA17
|align = "center"|Beta-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA18
|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons
|-
|}

===Scientific Literature Search===

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Database</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Query</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Limits by Date</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>No.Of Hits</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pubmed</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>20000101-20110221</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>28402</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Scirus</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>24835</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Google Scholar</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>21100</center>

|}

==Sample patents==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Patent/Publication No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Date Of Publication'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Assignee'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Title'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Abstract'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Problem'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Solution'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7482014.PN.&OS=PN/7482014&RS=PN/7482014]</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>01/27/2009</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma therapy </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Methods for treating treatment-naive as well as treatment-experienced patients having melanoma to increase the progression-free survival time involving administering a therapeutically effective amount of pegylated interferon-alpha, e.g., preferably pegylated interferon alpha-2b, as adjuvant therapy to definitive surgery are disclosed.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is with the treatment methods that are employed with previously employed dose regimens for treating Melanoma after definitive surgical removal of the lesions.This led to the occurance of hematologic, neurologic and constitutional toxicities.Subject compliance with the dosage and dosage regimen during both phases is considered to be important to achieve maximum clinical benefit. </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The higher patience compliance is achieved with the improved methods of treatment of melanoma.A therapeutically effective dose of pegylated interferon alpha for a time period sufficient to increase the progression-free survival time was administered to the patient.The treatment regimen includes a first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of PEG.sub.12000 interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of PEG.sub.12000 interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period. </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=5997858.PN.&OS=PN/5997858&RS=PN/5997858]</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>12/7/1999</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>A method for treating neoplastic disease in a mammal via administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon via oromucosal contact. The amount of interferon administered is less than an amount which induces a pathological response when administered parenterally.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is with the method employed for the treatment of neoplastic diseases.The administration of low doses of interferon as a nasal spray or as an oral liquid formulation in the treatment of the neoplastic diseases is not effective in the previous patents.There is no experimental evidence regarding the administration mode of the interferon,though it was anticipated that administrations through other modes is possible to deliver effectively and treating the same conditions.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution to the problem is solved by first controlled study in an animal model of the efficacy of oromucosally administered interferon for the treatment of neoplastic diseases.The administration is done oromucosally in asingle dose by almost all forms of Interferons .the amount administered is from about 1500 IU to about 20.times.10.sup.6 IU for a 70 kg man per day.This amount is less than the amount that induces a pathological response in the mammal when administered parenterally.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/26/1988</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>This invention relates to the improvement of the polyamine depletion effects of ornithine decarboxylase inhibitors, the improvement being effected by the use of Interferon and Dacarbazine in conjunctive therapy with said inhibitors.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem in this patent is associated with the methods and drugs that are used for treating the pathological disease conditions such as cancer.Polyamines mechanism is not known and there are some evidences that ODC inhibitors may exert their therapeutic effect by blocking the formation of the polyamines and thereby slowing, interrupting, or arresting the proliferation and metastases of the tumor tissue. So certain methods are explored to find out the same kind of effect on treating cancers.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution was found to be the improved methods in treating the cancer with the use of Interferon and Dacarbazine when these disease states are treated with irreversible inhibitors of ornithine decarboxylase.This includes a pharmaceutical product containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine as a combined preparation for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease states. Even the methods for the formulation are disussed in this patent.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/14/1987</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Anti-tumor activity in humans can be augmented by administering to the human patient and effective amount of IFN-β and IL-2 in combination. The composition of IFN-β and IL-2 may be prepared invitro or administered separately to the patient. The composition is useful for prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of such cancers as melanoma, colon cancer lung cancer and breast cancer.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem in this patent is about the use of interferons seperately in treating the cancers.When administered seperately they were found to induce a response that was good.So an approach was thought of where the combination therapy was given to produce better results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The concern of the prior art was addressed with the successful administration of a combination therapy with Interferon beta and interleukin-2 as an anti-tumor therapeutic or prophylactic agent. It was made suitable for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer comprising formulating together, whether by mixing or providing separate doses.The administration is done parenterally.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518[http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220100086518%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20100086518&RS=DN/20100086518] </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4/8/2010</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>NOVARTIS AG</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Methods of treating melanoma include administering a compound of Structure I, a tautomer of the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or the tautomer, or a mixture thereof to a subject. The compound, tautomer, salt of the compound, salt of the tautomer, or mixture thereof may be used to prepare medicaments for treating metastatic cancer. The variable A has the values defined herein.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is that though there are many methods of treating cancer , still there is a need for the advancements in the technologies to be adopted to arrive at better results.The compounds such as quinoline derivatives were used and were disclosed in the prior art for the treatment of Melanoma.The compounds that were used previously were found to be associated with the side effects.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center><nowiki>The solution was found to be finding of compounds that can effectively administered for treating Melanoma.It relates to the use of compounds such as 4-amino-5-fluoro-3-[6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]quino- lin-2(1H)-one and tautomers, salts, and mixtures thereof in treating melanoma and preparing medicaments for treating melanoma. The therapeutically effective amount of the compound can range from about 0.25 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg body weight of the subject.</nowiki></center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4846782.PN.&OS=PN/4846782&RS=PN/4846782] </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7/11/1989</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of cancer with interferon and radiotherapy </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Radiation sensitive human cancers are treated with combined interferon and radiation therapy.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Radiation therapy emerged some years back for the treatment of cancers.It was observed that the results are good.But there was a need felt to effectively increase the efficacy of radiation treatment.So to develop radiation sensitizers or potentiators which enable the radiation to cause increased tumor destruction. Despite numerous laboratory and clinical studies, no single agent has, to date, emerged as the optimal radiation sensitizer. </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem could be addressed by an effective treatment means using administering subcutaneously to such patients between 2.0.times.10.sup.6 IU/m.sup.2 and 5.0.times.10.sup.6 IU/m.sup.2 of recombinant DNA-alpha-2-interferon .This is done three days a week at a time on those days prior to radiation therapy.The doses are from 15 to 35 Gy are administered five days a week including those days on which interferon is administered.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''7'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/20/1998</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The Texas A&M University System</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of neoplastic disease with oral interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Neoplastic diseases are treated by the administration of human interferon, particularly IFN-α, at a dosage of from about 0.01 to about 5 IU/lb./day such that the interferon is held in contact with the patient's oral and pharyngeal mucosae. The interferon is administered in a solid dosage from, e.g., a saliva-dissolvable lozenge.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Though the research is intensive in the field of interferons,there exists a substantial lack of uniformity in such matters as classification of interferon types. There are also numerous, sometimes contradictory, theories concerning the mode of action of interferon in producing clinical effects.It became apparent that exogenous interferon was sometimes capable of effecting regression or remission of various metastatic diseases. so different studies are conducted to know the clinical agent of choice for the prevention of cancers.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The present invention is based on applicant's discovery that interferon can be used as a consistently effective therapeutic agent for treatment of diseases having an immunopathologic basis--characterized by inadequate immune response and persistence of the disease.The interferon is administered in an amount of about 0.01 to about 5 IU/lb of patient body weight per day. Multiple dose daily regimen is given to the patients.They aid in the better treatment of cancers.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''8'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8/8/2002</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>None</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>METHOD FOR TREATING MELANOMA </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The present invention discloses a method for treating patients having melanoma or melanoma associated symptoms by parenterally administering Product R, a peptide-nucleic acid preparation.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanomas are usually treated by surgical excision, while patients with thick melanomas and those with regional or distant metastasis may benefit from other forms of therapy.Cytokines have been tested in the treatment of different skin cancers during the last decade, and treatment schedules have been established or proposed for several malignant skin tumors. Preferentially, the interferons and interleukin-2 were found to be effective in treating skin cancers including melanoma.But they were needed to be checked in combination with other products as they were anticipated to yield better results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The new method of treatment using the product R in combination with interferons not only sounded effectively but also proved to be an effective means .The administration is done in an sterile injectible form.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''9'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8/9/1988</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schwimmer, Adolf W. | Schwartz, Irwin Steven | Rubin, David</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer therapy with interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The effectiveness of interferon for treatment against cancer may be increased by first administering an agent for inhibiting tyrosinase. In this manner the tyrosinase which is known to be produced by malignancies, and which may cause inactivation of the interferon, will be substantially inactivated prior to the interferon administration.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Some of the the prior art patents doesn't trust on the use of interferons for treating all types of malignancies.The reason being the interferons are easily denatured in the enzymatic processes.So attempts were made out initially to find out the reasons for the denaturation even at high doses.Efforts were made to improve methods of cancer therapy using interferon.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution has come out in the form of improved treatment method for treating cancer by the efforts of the present inventor.As the reason for the denaturation was found to be tyrosinase,attempts were made seriously to supress this tyrosinase.A composition was made finally with D-penicillamine that can suppress tyrosinase.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''10'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3/2/1993</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of certain leukemias with a combination of gamma interferon and alpha interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Human leukemia T-cells and B-cells are inhibited from proliferating by treatment with a combination of recombinant human alpha and gamma interferons, either simultaneously or sequentially, and the alpha interferon is preferably recombinant human alfa-2b interferon.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The patent in the prior art posed a lot of problems with the use of gamma interferons alone in terms of the purity as the preparations previously were found to be contaminated.When used singly for the treatment of lekimias they were found to yield ineffective results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution was found to administer alpha and gamma interferons for the treatment of leukemias.It could inhibit the proliferation of susceptible leukemia cells with a cell proliferation inhibiting amount of a combination of both of the interferons.They are adminstered sequentially and simultaneously too to give good results.</center>

|}

==Taxonomy==

[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]

== Sample Analysis==
* '''Patents:''' The above sample patents were analysed according to the taxonomy.
[[Media:Sample analysis of Treating of melanoma.xls| '''Click here to download Sample analysis sheet on Interferon for treatment of Melanomas''']]

* '''Scientific Literature:'''* [[Media:Article Analysis Of Melanoma.xls |'''Click here to download Melanoma Treatment Using IFN: sample articles]]

==Patent Ranking==
10 Sample Patents were ranked according to the patent focus.
*Patent Ranking Details
1 : Granted Patent & Focus in Independent Claim 
2 : Granted Patent & Focus in Dependent Claim 
3 : Published Patent & Focus in independent Claim 
4 : Published Patent & Focus in Dependent claim 

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Type</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent Ranking</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>5</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Dependent</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Independent</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>9</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|}

==Clinical Trials==
*'''Database:''' [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ '''Clinical trials''']
*'''Searched on:''' Feb 25th, 2011

*[[Media:clinical trials treatment of melanoma.xls |'''Please click here to download the clinical trial excel sheet''']]

==IP Activity Graphs Of Sample Patents==
===IP activity based on priority years===

* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on priority years.
[[Image:IP act PS priority year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on priority years]]

===IP activity based on publication years===

* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on publication years.
[[Image:IP act PS publication year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on publication years]]

===Geographical Distribution based on family members===

* The geographical distribution is based on 10 sample patent numbers along with all their family members.
[[Image:Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma 1.jpg|center|thumb|500 px| Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma]]

==Market Report==
===Interferon types & Their Compositions===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Generic Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Brand Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Composition'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Alpha IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Interferon alfa-2aInactive Ingredients- sodium chloride, ammonium acetate, polysorbate 80, glycine, sodium phosphate dibasic,sodium phosphate monobasic, human albumin, preservative: benzyl alcohol.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Beta IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Beta interferon,Inactive Ingredients-65 to 90 wt % of polyol,and a p-hydroxybenzoate,carboxymethyl cellulose,human serum albumin</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Gamma IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-interferon gamma-1b.,Inactive Ingredients-Polyethylene Glycol,dextran ,hydroxyethylstarch </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pegylated IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active ingredient-peginterferon alfa-2b,Inactive ingredients: dibasic sodium phosphate anhydrous, monobasicsodium phosphate dihydrate, sucrose, polysorbate 80.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Recombinant IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Ribavirin,Inactive Ingredients-microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium,sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate monobasic as buffering agents;human albumin as a stabilizer.</center>

|}

===Interferon Types & Description Of Products===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Description'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Source'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron A is an interferon, a group of naturally occurring proteins that were first discovered as a result of their ability to prevent viral replication. Intron A is marketed in 72 countries worldwide for as many as 16 indications.In the United States it has been cleared for use by the FDA for chronic viral hepatitis B, chronic viral hepatitis C, malignant melanoma, hairy cell leukemia, AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma and condylomata acuminata (venereal warts).INTRON A recombinant for Injection has been classified as an alpha interfero nand is a water-soluble protein with a molecular weight of 19,271 daltons produced by recombinant DNA techniques. It is obtained from the bacterial fermentation of a strain of Escherichia coli bearing a genetically engineered plasmid containing an interferon alfa- 2b gene from human leukocytes. The fermentation is carried out in a defined nutrient medium containing the antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride at a concentration of 5 to 10 mg/L; the presence of this antibiotic is not detectable in the final product. The specific activity of interferon alfa-2b, recombinant is approximately 2.6 x 108 IU/mg protein as measured by the HPLC assay.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex, manufactured by Biogen, is a form of beta interferon (interferon beta, IFN-b) used to modify the course of multiple sclerosis. While not a cure, Avonex has been shown in clinical trials to reduce the average relapse rate in people with the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis form of the disease. It is identical to the naturally occurring protein found in the human body. It is manufactured by extracting the drug from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Avonex is the same substance as Rebif but administered differently (30 mcg, intra-muscularly, once a week as against 22 mcg or 44 mcg, sub-cutaneously, 3 times a week for Rebif). Avonex is usually given in the large muscles of the thigh, upper arm, or hip.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune(R) is a synthesized version of interferon gamma, a naturally occurring protein believed to stimulate the immune system. InterMune markets Actimmune(R) for the treatment of two life-threatening congenital diseases: chronic granulomatous disease and severe, malignant osteopetrosis. The most common side effects are flu-like symptoms, including headache, fatigue, fever, chills, and rash. InterMune was granted two composition-of-matter patents related to interferon gamma-1b in the United States, extending its patent protection until 2022.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.actimmune.com/ http://www.actimmune.com/]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg-Intron (peginterferon alfa-2b) Powder for Injection has been approved by the FDA.Peg-Intron is a longer-acting formulation of Schering-Plough's Intron A, which is a recombinant version of a naturally occurring alpha interferon. In contrast to Intron A, which is administered three times weekly, Peg-Intron is administered subcutaneously once a week. This reduced frequency of administration may increase patient compliance.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.pegintron.com/index.html http://www.pegintron.com/index.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>REBETOL is a medicine used with either interferon alfa-2b (Intron A) or peginterferon alfa-2b (PegIntron) to treat chronic (lasting a long time) hepatitis C infection in people 3 years and older with liver disease.REBETOL Capsules consist of a white powder in a white, opaque, gelatin capsule. Each capsule contains 200 mg ribavirin and the inactive ingredients microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate. The capsule shell consists of gelatin, sodium lauryl sulfate, silicon dioxide, and titanium dioxide. The capsule is printed with edible blue pharmaceutical ink which is made of shellac, anhydrous ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, propylene glycol, ammonium hydroxide, and FD&C Blue #2 aluminum lake.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.merck.com/product/home.html http://www.merck.com/product/home.html]</center>

|}

===Global Revenue Data Of products===

<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">S.No</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Generic Name</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Brand Name</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Company</td>
<td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Global revenue ($ Million )</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2008</td>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2009</td>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2010</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">1</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Alpha IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intron®,Roferon®-A</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="bottom">38.4</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Beta IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Avonex</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Biogen IDEC</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2518.4</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2322.9</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2202.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">3</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Gamma IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Actimmune®</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intermune</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">29880</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">25428</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">4</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Pegylated IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Peg Intron</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Schering-Plough</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">148.7</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">5</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Recombinant IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">36.1</td>
<td style="border-width: thin thick thick thin; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
</table>

==Biosimilars Of Interferons==

Biosimilar interferons are the major drug class in the recombinant non-glycosylated proteins market due to their extensive use in the treatment of various genetic and environmental disorders. The overall biosimilar market for interferons is categorized into the submarkets for alpha, beta, and gamma interferons, all of which are used extensively in the treatment of various conditions such as lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, and multiple sclerosis.

While the interferon market growth may be inhibited by the side effects of each of its three drug categories, the market presents many opportunities to new entrants as only a few players currently operate in this relatively unfragmented market.

The global recombinant interferon market stood at $75.3 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $3.9 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 82.9% from 2009 to 2014. The American biosimilar interferons market is expected to attain a market worth $1.5 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 91.5%.[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html Biosimilars ; Global Market]

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Global market For Biosimilars'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon Alfa</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global market for biosimilar interferon Alfa was $36.7 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $1.5 billion in 2014 at a CAGR of 76.5% from 2009 to 2014. While Asian market for biosimilar Alfa interferons commanded the highest share in 2008 with $17.5 million, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 88.3% from 2009 to 2014.The world's top two branded Interferon products generated sales of $1,510 million and $910 million each in 2008. The blockbuster sales of innovative Interferon Alfa products thus present encouragement for biosimilar Interferon Alfa manufacturers[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon beta</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon beta-1a market is estimated to grow from $36.3 million in 2008 to $2.2 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 87.8% from 2009 to 2014. However, the U.S. and Europe sales of branded interferon-betas are expected to fall from $4.6 billion in 2010 to $2.4 billion in 2017. The soaring cost of clinical development, the conservative prescribing habits of neurologists, and the expected decline in the use of interferon-betas may induce biosimilar developers to explore other classes of biologics to invest their R&D funds[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon gamma</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon gamma market was $2.2 million 2008 and is expected to reach $141.5 million in 2014 at a CAGR of 94.2% from 2009 to 2014. While the Asian market accounted for the highest share of $0.5 million in 2008, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 107.6% from 2009 to 2014[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|}

Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma

2011-02-28T07:53:06Z

Lakshmikantg: /* Sample patents */

==Dashboard==

* Click here to view '''[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=890 Sample Dashboard]'''

NOTE: You need to install Internet Explorer 8.0 and Adobe Flash Player to view the Dashboard.

Please download [http://www.microsoft.com/windows/internet-explorer/default.aspx '''Internet Explorer 8.0'''] and [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/?promoid=DRHWS '''Adobe Flash player''']

==Objective==

'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.'''

To achieve our objective we performed following steps:

*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment

*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.

*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.

*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records

*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries

*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.

==Overview==

===Interferon===

[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]

Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source]

Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]

===Melanoma===

Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]

===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===

Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas.

A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})

While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]

==Interactive Taxonomy==
<mm>[[Interferon_For_the_treatment_Of_Melanoma.mm]]</mm>

==Concept Table==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Skin Cancer</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanocyte</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|
|}
===French Keywords Concept table===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>mélanome</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interféron*</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peau Cancer </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinome </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumeur </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Mélanocyte </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|}

===German Keywords Concept Table===

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Haut Krebs </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Karzinoma </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Krebsgeschwür </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Geschwulst </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanozyten </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|}

===Class codes identified for searches===

* '''Relevant IPC classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|A61P003500
|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|}

* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21A
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21B
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21C
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''
|align = "center"|C07K014715G
|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|}

* '''Relevant US classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|4240854
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|4242811
|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|42400141
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|514889
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|530351
|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|930142
|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|4240851
|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|4240855
|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|4240856
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|4240857
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.
|-
|}

==Intellectual property==

===Search strategy and concept===

Date of Search: 1836 to Feb 3rd, 2011
Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches

===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|576
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|756
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|1019 records '''571 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''3422 hits (2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|174
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|484
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|102
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|9
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''
|align = "center"|587 hits '''232 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|4 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR Interféron<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interféron OR huIFN) AND (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|25 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''29 hits'''
|-
|}

===Search in Japanese database===

Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan

Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2011/02/15

{| border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "left" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| '''S.No.'''
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Issue/Publication date'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''F-Term Theme'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''FI/F-term/Facet '''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Hits'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1900/01/01 to 2011/02/15'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4H045</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>DA15+DA16+DA17+DA18 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1298</center>

|}

 

'''Total patents: 1298 (Relevancy ~10%)'''

* '''F-Terms and theme used in search'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''
|align = "center"|'''4H045'''
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA15
|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA16
|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA17
|align = "center"|Beta-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA18
|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons
|-
|}

===Scientific Literature Search===

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Database</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Query</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Limits by Date</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>No.Of Hits</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pubmed</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>20000101-20110221</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>28402</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Scirus</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>24835</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Google Scholar</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>21100</center>

|}

==Sample patents==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Patent/Publication No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Date Of Publication'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Assignee'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Title'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Abstract'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Problem'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Solution'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7482014.PN.&OS=PN/7482014&RS=PN/7482014]</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>01/27/2009</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma therapy </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Methods for treating treatment-naive as well as treatment-experienced patients having melanoma to increase the progression-free survival time involving administering a therapeutically effective amount of pegylated interferon-alpha, e.g., preferably pegylated interferon alpha-2b, as adjuvant therapy to definitive surgery are disclosed.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is with the treatment methods that are employed with previously employed dose regimens for treating Melanoma after definitive surgical removal of the lesions.This led to the occurance of hematologic, neurologic and constitutional toxicities.Subject compliance with the dosage and dosage regimen during both phases is considered to be important to achieve maximum clinical benefit. </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The higher patience compliance is achieved with the improved methods of treatment of melanoma.A therapeutically effective dose of pegylated interferon alpha for a time period sufficient to increase the progression-free survival time was administered to the patient.The treatment regimen includes a first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of PEG.sub.12000 interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of PEG.sub.12000 interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period. </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=5997858.PN.&OS=PN/5997858&RS=PN/5997858]</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>12/7/1999</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>A method for treating neoplastic disease in a mammal via administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon via oromucosal contact. The amount of interferon administered is less than an amount which induces a pathological response when administered parenterally.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is with the method employed for the treatment of neoplastic diseases.The administration of low doses of interferon as a nasal spray or as an oral liquid formulation in the treatment of the neoplastic diseases is not effective in the previous patents.There is no experimental evidence regarding the administration mode of the interferon,though it was anticipated that administrations through other modes is possible to deliver effectively and treating the same conditions.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution to the problem is solved by first controlled study in an animal model of the efficacy of oromucosally administered interferon for the treatment of neoplastic diseases.The administration is done oromucosally in asingle dose by almost all forms of Interferons .the amount administered is from about 1500 IU to about 20.times.10.sup.6 IU for a 70 kg man per day.This amount is less than the amount that induces a pathological response in the mammal when administered parenterally.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/26/1988</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>This invention relates to the improvement of the polyamine depletion effects of ornithine decarboxylase inhibitors, the improvement being effected by the use of Interferon and Dacarbazine in conjunctive therapy with said inhibitors.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem in this patent is associated with the methods and drugs that are used for treating the pathological disease conditions such as cancer.Polyamines mechanism is not known and there are some evidences that ODC inhibitors may exert their therapeutic effect by blocking the formation of the polyamines and thereby slowing, interrupting, or arresting the proliferation and metastases of the tumor tissue. So certain methods are explored to find out the same kind of effect on treating cancers.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution was found to be the improved methods in treating the cancer with the use of Interferon and Dacarbazine when these disease states are treated with irreversible inhibitors of ornithine decarboxylase.This includes a pharmaceutical product containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine as a combined preparation for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease states. Even the methods for the formulation are disussed in this patent.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/14/1987</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Anti-tumor activity in humans can be augmented by administering to the human patient and effective amount of IFN-β and IL-2 in combination. The composition of IFN-β and IL-2 may be prepared invitro or administered separately to the patient. The composition is useful for prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of such cancers as melanoma, colon cancer lung cancer and breast cancer.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem in this patent is about the use of interferons seperately in treating the cancers.When administered seperately they were found to induce a response that was good.So an approach was thought of where the combination therapy was given to produce better results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The concern of the prior art was addressed with the successful administration of a combination therapy with Interferon beta and interleukin-2 as an anti-tumor therapeutic or prophylactic agent. It was made suitable for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer comprising formulating together, whether by mixing or providing separate doses.The administration is done parenterally.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518[http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220100086518%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20100086518&RS=DN/20100086518] </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4/8/2010</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>NOVARTIS AG</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Methods of treating melanoma include administering a compound of Structure I, a tautomer of the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or the tautomer, or a mixture thereof to a subject. The compound, tautomer, salt of the compound, salt of the tautomer, or mixture thereof may be used to prepare medicaments for treating metastatic cancer. The variable A has the values defined herein.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is that though there are many methods of treating cancer , still there is a need for the advancements in the technologies to be adopted to arrive at better results.The compounds such as quinoline derivatives were used and were disclosed in the prior art for the treatment of Melanoma.The compounds that were used previously were found to be associated with the side effects.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center><nowiki>The solution was found to be finding of compounds that can effectively administered for treating Melanoma.It relates to the use of compounds such as 4-amino-5-fluoro-3-[6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]quino- lin-2(1H)-one and tautomers, salts, and mixtures thereof in treating melanoma and preparing medicaments for treating melanoma. The therapeutically effective amount of the compound can range from about 0.25 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg body weight of the subject.</nowiki></center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7/11/1989</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of cancer with interferon and radiotherapy </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Radiation sensitive human cancers are treated with combined interferon and radiation therapy.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Radiation therapy emerged some years back for the treatment of cancers.It was observed that the results are good.But there was a need felt to effectively increase the efficacy of radiation treatment.So to develop radiation sensitizers or potentiators which enable the radiation to cause increased tumor destruction. Despite numerous laboratory and clinical studies, no single agent has, to date, emerged as the optimal radiation sensitizer. </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem could be addressed by an effective treatment means using administering subcutaneously to such patients between 2.0.times.10.sup.6 IU/m.sup.2 and 5.0.times.10.sup.6 IU/m.sup.2 of recombinant DNA-alpha-2-interferon .This is done three days a week at a time on those days prior to radiation therapy.The doses are from 15 to 35 Gy are administered five days a week including those days on which interferon is administered.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''7'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/20/1998</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The Texas A&M University System</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of neoplastic disease with oral interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Neoplastic diseases are treated by the administration of human interferon, particularly IFN-α, at a dosage of from about 0.01 to about 5 IU/lb./day such that the interferon is held in contact with the patient's oral and pharyngeal mucosae. The interferon is administered in a solid dosage from, e.g., a saliva-dissolvable lozenge.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Though the research is intensive in the field of interferons,there exists a substantial lack of uniformity in such matters as classification of interferon types. There are also numerous, sometimes contradictory, theories concerning the mode of action of interferon in producing clinical effects.It became apparent that exogenous interferon was sometimes capable of effecting regression or remission of various metastatic diseases. so different studies are conducted to know the clinical agent of choice for the prevention of cancers.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The present invention is based on applicant's discovery that interferon can be used as a consistently effective therapeutic agent for treatment of diseases having an immunopathologic basis--characterized by inadequate immune response and persistence of the disease.The interferon is administered in an amount of about 0.01 to about 5 IU/lb of patient body weight per day. Multiple dose daily regimen is given to the patients.They aid in the better treatment of cancers.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''8'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8/8/2002</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>None</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>METHOD FOR TREATING MELANOMA </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The present invention discloses a method for treating patients having melanoma or melanoma associated symptoms by parenterally administering Product R, a peptide-nucleic acid preparation.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanomas are usually treated by surgical excision, while patients with thick melanomas and those with regional or distant metastasis may benefit from other forms of therapy.Cytokines have been tested in the treatment of different skin cancers during the last decade, and treatment schedules have been established or proposed for several malignant skin tumors. Preferentially, the interferons and interleukin-2 were found to be effective in treating skin cancers including melanoma.But they were needed to be checked in combination with other products as they were anticipated to yield better results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The new method of treatment using the product R in combination with interferons not only sounded effectively but also proved to be an effective means .The administration is done in an sterile injectible form.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''9'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8/9/1988</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schwimmer, Adolf W. | Schwartz, Irwin Steven | Rubin, David</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer therapy with interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The effectiveness of interferon for treatment against cancer may be increased by first administering an agent for inhibiting tyrosinase. In this manner the tyrosinase which is known to be produced by malignancies, and which may cause inactivation of the interferon, will be substantially inactivated prior to the interferon administration.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Some of the the prior art patents doesn't trust on the use of interferons for treating all types of malignancies.The reason being the interferons are easily denatured in the enzymatic processes.So attempts were made out initially to find out the reasons for the denaturation even at high doses.Efforts were made to improve methods of cancer therapy using interferon.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution has come out in the form of improved treatment method for treating cancer by the efforts of the present inventor.As the reason for the denaturation was found to be tyrosinase,attempts were made seriously to supress this tyrosinase.A composition was made finally with D-penicillamine that can suppress tyrosinase.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''10'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3/2/1993</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of certain leukemias with a combination of gamma interferon and alpha interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Human leukemia T-cells and B-cells are inhibited from proliferating by treatment with a combination of recombinant human alpha and gamma interferons, either simultaneously or sequentially, and the alpha interferon is preferably recombinant human alfa-2b interferon.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The patent in the prior art posed a lot of problems with the use of gamma interferons alone in terms of the purity as the preparations previously were found to be contaminated.When used singly for the treatment of lekimias they were found to yield ineffective results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution was found to administer alpha and gamma interferons for the treatment of leukemias.It could inhibit the proliferation of susceptible leukemia cells with a cell proliferation inhibiting amount of a combination of both of the interferons.They are adminstered sequentially and simultaneously too to give good results.</center>

|}

==Taxonomy==

[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]

== Sample Analysis==
* '''Patents:''' The above sample patents were analysed according to the taxonomy.
[[Media:Sample analysis of Treating of melanoma.xls| '''Click here to download Sample analysis sheet on Interferon for treatment of Melanomas''']]

* '''Scientific Literature:'''* [[Media:Article Analysis Of Melanoma.xls |'''Click here to download Melanoma Treatment Using IFN: sample articles]]

==Patent Ranking==
10 Sample Patents were ranked according to the patent focus.
*Patent Ranking Details
1 : Granted Patent & Focus in Independent Claim 
2 : Granted Patent & Focus in Dependent Claim 
3 : Published Patent & Focus in independent Claim 
4 : Published Patent & Focus in Dependent claim 

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Type</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent Ranking</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>5</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Dependent</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Independent</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>9</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|}

==Clinical Trials==
*'''Database:''' [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ '''Clinical trials''']
*'''Searched on:''' Feb 25th, 2011

*[[Media:clinical trials treatment of melanoma.xls |'''Please click here to download the clinical trial excel sheet''']]

==IP Activity Graphs Of Sample Patents==
===IP activity based on priority years===

* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on priority years.
[[Image:IP act PS priority year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on priority years]]

===IP activity based on publication years===

* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on publication years.
[[Image:IP act PS publication year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on publication years]]

===Geographical Distribution based on family members===

* The geographical distribution is based on 10 sample patent numbers along with all their family members.
[[Image:Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma 1.jpg|center|thumb|500 px| Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma]]

==Market Report==
===Interferon types & Their Compositions===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Generic Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Brand Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Composition'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Alpha IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Interferon alfa-2aInactive Ingredients- sodium chloride, ammonium acetate, polysorbate 80, glycine, sodium phosphate dibasic,sodium phosphate monobasic, human albumin, preservative: benzyl alcohol.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Beta IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Beta interferon,Inactive Ingredients-65 to 90 wt % of polyol,and a p-hydroxybenzoate,carboxymethyl cellulose,human serum albumin</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Gamma IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-interferon gamma-1b.,Inactive Ingredients-Polyethylene Glycol,dextran ,hydroxyethylstarch </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pegylated IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active ingredient-peginterferon alfa-2b,Inactive ingredients: dibasic sodium phosphate anhydrous, monobasicsodium phosphate dihydrate, sucrose, polysorbate 80.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Recombinant IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Ribavirin,Inactive Ingredients-microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium,sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate monobasic as buffering agents;human albumin as a stabilizer.</center>

|}

===Interferon Types & Description Of Products===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Description'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Source'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron A is an interferon, a group of naturally occurring proteins that were first discovered as a result of their ability to prevent viral replication. Intron A is marketed in 72 countries worldwide for as many as 16 indications.In the United States it has been cleared for use by the FDA for chronic viral hepatitis B, chronic viral hepatitis C, malignant melanoma, hairy cell leukemia, AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma and condylomata acuminata (venereal warts).INTRON A recombinant for Injection has been classified as an alpha interfero nand is a water-soluble protein with a molecular weight of 19,271 daltons produced by recombinant DNA techniques. It is obtained from the bacterial fermentation of a strain of Escherichia coli bearing a genetically engineered plasmid containing an interferon alfa- 2b gene from human leukocytes. The fermentation is carried out in a defined nutrient medium containing the antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride at a concentration of 5 to 10 mg/L; the presence of this antibiotic is not detectable in the final product. The specific activity of interferon alfa-2b, recombinant is approximately 2.6 x 108 IU/mg protein as measured by the HPLC assay.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex, manufactured by Biogen, is a form of beta interferon (interferon beta, IFN-b) used to modify the course of multiple sclerosis. While not a cure, Avonex has been shown in clinical trials to reduce the average relapse rate in people with the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis form of the disease. It is identical to the naturally occurring protein found in the human body. It is manufactured by extracting the drug from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Avonex is the same substance as Rebif but administered differently (30 mcg, intra-muscularly, once a week as against 22 mcg or 44 mcg, sub-cutaneously, 3 times a week for Rebif). Avonex is usually given in the large muscles of the thigh, upper arm, or hip.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune(R) is a synthesized version of interferon gamma, a naturally occurring protein believed to stimulate the immune system. InterMune markets Actimmune(R) for the treatment of two life-threatening congenital diseases: chronic granulomatous disease and severe, malignant osteopetrosis. The most common side effects are flu-like symptoms, including headache, fatigue, fever, chills, and rash. InterMune was granted two composition-of-matter patents related to interferon gamma-1b in the United States, extending its patent protection until 2022.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.actimmune.com/ http://www.actimmune.com/]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg-Intron (peginterferon alfa-2b) Powder for Injection has been approved by the FDA.Peg-Intron is a longer-acting formulation of Schering-Plough's Intron A, which is a recombinant version of a naturally occurring alpha interferon. In contrast to Intron A, which is administered three times weekly, Peg-Intron is administered subcutaneously once a week. This reduced frequency of administration may increase patient compliance.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.pegintron.com/index.html http://www.pegintron.com/index.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>REBETOL is a medicine used with either interferon alfa-2b (Intron A) or peginterferon alfa-2b (PegIntron) to treat chronic (lasting a long time) hepatitis C infection in people 3 years and older with liver disease.REBETOL Capsules consist of a white powder in a white, opaque, gelatin capsule. Each capsule contains 200 mg ribavirin and the inactive ingredients microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate. The capsule shell consists of gelatin, sodium lauryl sulfate, silicon dioxide, and titanium dioxide. The capsule is printed with edible blue pharmaceutical ink which is made of shellac, anhydrous ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, propylene glycol, ammonium hydroxide, and FD&C Blue #2 aluminum lake.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.merck.com/product/home.html http://www.merck.com/product/home.html]</center>

|}

===Global Revenue Data Of products===

<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">S.No</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Generic Name</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Brand Name</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Company</td>
<td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Global revenue ($ Million )</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2008</td>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2009</td>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2010</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">1</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Alpha IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intron®,Roferon®-A</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="bottom">38.4</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Beta IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Avonex</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Biogen IDEC</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2518.4</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2322.9</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2202.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">3</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Gamma IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Actimmune®</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intermune</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">29880</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">25428</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">4</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Pegylated IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Peg Intron</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Schering-Plough</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">148.7</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">5</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Recombinant IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">36.1</td>
<td style="border-width: thin thick thick thin; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
</table>

==Biosimilars Of Interferons==

Biosimilar interferons are the major drug class in the recombinant non-glycosylated proteins market due to their extensive use in the treatment of various genetic and environmental disorders. The overall biosimilar market for interferons is categorized into the submarkets for alpha, beta, and gamma interferons, all of which are used extensively in the treatment of various conditions such as lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, and multiple sclerosis.

While the interferon market growth may be inhibited by the side effects of each of its three drug categories, the market presents many opportunities to new entrants as only a few players currently operate in this relatively unfragmented market.

The global recombinant interferon market stood at $75.3 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $3.9 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 82.9% from 2009 to 2014. The American biosimilar interferons market is expected to attain a market worth $1.5 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 91.5%.[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html Biosimilars ; Global Market]

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Global market For Biosimilars'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon Alfa</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global market for biosimilar interferon Alfa was $36.7 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $1.5 billion in 2014 at a CAGR of 76.5% from 2009 to 2014. While Asian market for biosimilar Alfa interferons commanded the highest share in 2008 with $17.5 million, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 88.3% from 2009 to 2014.The world's top two branded Interferon products generated sales of $1,510 million and $910 million each in 2008. The blockbuster sales of innovative Interferon Alfa products thus present encouragement for biosimilar Interferon Alfa manufacturers[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon beta</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon beta-1a market is estimated to grow from $36.3 million in 2008 to $2.2 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 87.8% from 2009 to 2014. However, the U.S. and Europe sales of branded interferon-betas are expected to fall from $4.6 billion in 2010 to $2.4 billion in 2017. The soaring cost of clinical development, the conservative prescribing habits of neurologists, and the expected decline in the use of interferon-betas may induce biosimilar developers to explore other classes of biologics to invest their R&D funds[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon gamma</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon gamma market was $2.2 million 2008 and is expected to reach $141.5 million in 2014 at a CAGR of 94.2% from 2009 to 2014. While the Asian market accounted for the highest share of $0.5 million in 2008, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 107.6% from 2009 to 2014[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|}

Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma

2011-02-28T07:51:23Z

Lakshmikantg: /* Sample patents */

==Dashboard==

* Click here to view '''[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=890 Sample Dashboard]'''

NOTE: You need to install Internet Explorer 8.0 and Adobe Flash Player to view the Dashboard.

Please download [http://www.microsoft.com/windows/internet-explorer/default.aspx '''Internet Explorer 8.0'''] and [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/?promoid=DRHWS '''Adobe Flash player''']

==Objective==

'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.'''

To achieve our objective we performed following steps:

*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment

*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.

*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.

*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records

*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries

*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.

==Overview==

===Interferon===

[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]

Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source]

Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]

===Melanoma===

Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]

===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===

Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas.

A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})

While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]

==Interactive Taxonomy==
<mm>[[Interferon_For_the_treatment_Of_Melanoma.mm]]</mm>

==Concept Table==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Skin Cancer</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanocyte</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|
|}
===French Keywords Concept table===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>mélanome</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interféron*</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peau Cancer </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinome </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumeur </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Mélanocyte </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|}

===German Keywords Concept Table===

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Haut Krebs </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Karzinoma </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Krebsgeschwür </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Geschwulst </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanozyten </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|}

===Class codes identified for searches===

* '''Relevant IPC classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|A61P003500
|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|}

* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21A
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21B
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21C
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''
|align = "center"|C07K014715G
|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|}

* '''Relevant US classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|4240854
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|4242811
|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|42400141
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|514889
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|530351
|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|930142
|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|4240851
|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|4240855
|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|4240856
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|4240857
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.
|-
|}

==Intellectual property==

===Search strategy and concept===

Date of Search: 1836 to Feb 3rd, 2011
Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches

===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|576
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|756
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|1019 records '''571 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''3422 hits (2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|174
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|484
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|102
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|9
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''
|align = "center"|587 hits '''232 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|4 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR Interféron<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interféron OR huIFN) AND (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|25 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''29 hits'''
|-
|}

===Search in Japanese database===

Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan

Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2011/02/15

{| border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "left" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| '''S.No.'''
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Issue/Publication date'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''F-Term Theme'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''FI/F-term/Facet '''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Hits'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1900/01/01 to 2011/02/15'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4H045</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>DA15+DA16+DA17+DA18 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1298</center>

|}

 

'''Total patents: 1298 (Relevancy ~10%)'''

* '''F-Terms and theme used in search'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''
|align = "center"|'''4H045'''
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA15
|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA16
|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA17
|align = "center"|Beta-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA18
|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons
|-
|}

===Scientific Literature Search===

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Database</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Query</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Limits by Date</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>No.Of Hits</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pubmed</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>20000101-20110221</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>28402</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Scirus</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>24835</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Google Scholar</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>21100</center>

|}

==Sample patents==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Patent/Publication No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Date Of Publication'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Assignee'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Title'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Abstract'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Problem'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Solution'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7482014.PN.&OS=PN/7482014&RS=PN/7482014]</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>01/27/2009</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma therapy </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Methods for treating treatment-naive as well as treatment-experienced patients having melanoma to increase the progression-free survival time involving administering a therapeutically effective amount of pegylated interferon-alpha, e.g., preferably pegylated interferon alpha-2b, as adjuvant therapy to definitive surgery are disclosed.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is with the treatment methods that are employed with previously employed dose regimens for treating Melanoma after definitive surgical removal of the lesions.This led to the occurance of hematologic, neurologic and constitutional toxicities.Subject compliance with the dosage and dosage regimen during both phases is considered to be important to achieve maximum clinical benefit. </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The higher patience compliance is achieved with the improved methods of treatment of melanoma.A therapeutically effective dose of pegylated interferon alpha for a time period sufficient to increase the progression-free survival time was administered to the patient.The treatment regimen includes a first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of PEG.sub.12000 interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of PEG.sub.12000 interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period. </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=5997858.PN.&OS=PN/5997858&RS=PN/5997858]</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>12/7/1999</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>A method for treating neoplastic disease in a mammal via administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon via oromucosal contact. The amount of interferon administered is less than an amount which induces a pathological response when administered parenterally.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is with the method employed for the treatment of neoplastic diseases.The administration of low doses of interferon as a nasal spray or as an oral liquid formulation in the treatment of the neoplastic diseases is not effective in the previous patents.There is no experimental evidence regarding the administration mode of the interferon,though it was anticipated that administrations through other modes is possible to deliver effectively and treating the same conditions.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution to the problem is solved by first controlled study in an animal model of the efficacy of oromucosally administered interferon for the treatment of neoplastic diseases.The administration is done oromucosally in asingle dose by almost all forms of Interferons .the amount administered is from about 1500 IU to about 20.times.10.sup.6 IU for a 70 kg man per day.This amount is less than the amount that induces a pathological response in the mammal when administered parenterally.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/26/1988</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>This invention relates to the improvement of the polyamine depletion effects of ornithine decarboxylase inhibitors, the improvement being effected by the use of Interferon and Dacarbazine in conjunctive therapy with said inhibitors.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem in this patent is associated with the methods and drugs that are used for treating the pathological disease conditions such as cancer.Polyamines mechanism is not known and there are some evidences that ODC inhibitors may exert their therapeutic effect by blocking the formation of the polyamines and thereby slowing, interrupting, or arresting the proliferation and metastases of the tumor tissue. So certain methods are explored to find out the same kind of effect on treating cancers.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution was found to be the improved methods in treating the cancer with the use of Interferon and Dacarbazine when these disease states are treated with irreversible inhibitors of ornithine decarboxylase.This includes a pharmaceutical product containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine as a combined preparation for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease states. Even the methods for the formulation are disussed in this patent.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/14/1987</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Anti-tumor activity in humans can be augmented by administering to the human patient and effective amount of IFN-β and IL-2 in combination. The composition of IFN-β and IL-2 may be prepared invitro or administered separately to the patient. The composition is useful for prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of such cancers as melanoma, colon cancer lung cancer and breast cancer.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem in this patent is about the use of interferons seperately in treating the cancers.When administered seperately they were found to induce a response that was good.So an approach was thought of where the combination therapy was given to produce better results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The concern of the prior art was addressed with the successful administration of a combination therapy with Interferon beta and interleukin-2 as an anti-tumor therapeutic or prophylactic agent. It was made suitable for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer comprising formulating together, whether by mixing or providing separate doses.The administration is done parenterally.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4/8/2010</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>NOVARTIS AG</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Methods of treating melanoma include administering a compound of Structure I, a tautomer of the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or the tautomer, or a mixture thereof to a subject. The compound, tautomer, salt of the compound, salt of the tautomer, or mixture thereof may be used to prepare medicaments for treating metastatic cancer. The variable A has the values defined herein.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is that though there are many methods of treating cancer , still there is a need for the advancements in the technologies to be adopted to arrive at better results.The compounds such as quinoline derivatives were used and were disclosed in the prior art for the treatment of Melanoma.The compounds that were used previously were found to be associated with the side effects.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center><nowiki>The solution was found to be finding of compounds that can effectively administered for treating Melanoma.It relates to the use of compounds such as 4-amino-5-fluoro-3-[6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]quino- lin-2(1H)-one and tautomers, salts, and mixtures thereof in treating melanoma and preparing medicaments for treating melanoma. The therapeutically effective amount of the compound can range from about 0.25 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg body weight of the subject.</nowiki></center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7/11/1989</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of cancer with interferon and radiotherapy </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Radiation sensitive human cancers are treated with combined interferon and radiation therapy.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Radiation therapy emerged some years back for the treatment of cancers.It was observed that the results are good.But there was a need felt to effectively increase the efficacy of radiation treatment.So to develop radiation sensitizers or potentiators which enable the radiation to cause increased tumor destruction. Despite numerous laboratory and clinical studies, no single agent has, to date, emerged as the optimal radiation sensitizer. </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem could be addressed by an effective treatment means using administering subcutaneously to such patients between 2.0.times.10.sup.6 IU/m.sup.2 and 5.0.times.10.sup.6 IU/m.sup.2 of recombinant DNA-alpha-2-interferon .This is done three days a week at a time on those days prior to radiation therapy.The doses are from 15 to 35 Gy are administered five days a week including those days on which interferon is administered.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''7'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/20/1998</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The Texas A&M University System</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of neoplastic disease with oral interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Neoplastic diseases are treated by the administration of human interferon, particularly IFN-α, at a dosage of from about 0.01 to about 5 IU/lb./day such that the interferon is held in contact with the patient's oral and pharyngeal mucosae. The interferon is administered in a solid dosage from, e.g., a saliva-dissolvable lozenge.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Though the research is intensive in the field of interferons,there exists a substantial lack of uniformity in such matters as classification of interferon types. There are also numerous, sometimes contradictory, theories concerning the mode of action of interferon in producing clinical effects.It became apparent that exogenous interferon was sometimes capable of effecting regression or remission of various metastatic diseases. so different studies are conducted to know the clinical agent of choice for the prevention of cancers.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The present invention is based on applicant's discovery that interferon can be used as a consistently effective therapeutic agent for treatment of diseases having an immunopathologic basis--characterized by inadequate immune response and persistence of the disease.The interferon is administered in an amount of about 0.01 to about 5 IU/lb of patient body weight per day. Multiple dose daily regimen is given to the patients.They aid in the better treatment of cancers.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''8'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8/8/2002</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>None</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>METHOD FOR TREATING MELANOMA </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The present invention discloses a method for treating patients having melanoma or melanoma associated symptoms by parenterally administering Product R, a peptide-nucleic acid preparation.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanomas are usually treated by surgical excision, while patients with thick melanomas and those with regional or distant metastasis may benefit from other forms of therapy.Cytokines have been tested in the treatment of different skin cancers during the last decade, and treatment schedules have been established or proposed for several malignant skin tumors. Preferentially, the interferons and interleukin-2 were found to be effective in treating skin cancers including melanoma.But they were needed to be checked in combination with other products as they were anticipated to yield better results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The new method of treatment using the product R in combination with interferons not only sounded effectively but also proved to be an effective means .The administration is done in an sterile injectible form.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''9'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8/9/1988</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schwimmer, Adolf W. | Schwartz, Irwin Steven | Rubin, David</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer therapy with interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The effectiveness of interferon for treatment against cancer may be increased by first administering an agent for inhibiting tyrosinase. In this manner the tyrosinase which is known to be produced by malignancies, and which may cause inactivation of the interferon, will be substantially inactivated prior to the interferon administration.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Some of the the prior art patents doesn't trust on the use of interferons for treating all types of malignancies.The reason being the interferons are easily denatured in the enzymatic processes.So attempts were made out initially to find out the reasons for the denaturation even at high doses.Efforts were made to improve methods of cancer therapy using interferon.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution has come out in the form of improved treatment method for treating cancer by the efforts of the present inventor.As the reason for the denaturation was found to be tyrosinase,attempts were made seriously to supress this tyrosinase.A composition was made finally with D-penicillamine that can suppress tyrosinase.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''10'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3/2/1993</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of certain leukemias with a combination of gamma interferon and alpha interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Human leukemia T-cells and B-cells are inhibited from proliferating by treatment with a combination of recombinant human alpha and gamma interferons, either simultaneously or sequentially, and the alpha interferon is preferably recombinant human alfa-2b interferon.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The patent in the prior art posed a lot of problems with the use of gamma interferons alone in terms of the purity as the preparations previously were found to be contaminated.When used singly for the treatment of lekimias they were found to yield ineffective results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution was found to administer alpha and gamma interferons for the treatment of leukemias.It could inhibit the proliferation of susceptible leukemia cells with a cell proliferation inhibiting amount of a combination of both of the interferons.They are adminstered sequentially and simultaneously too to give good results.</center>

|}

==Taxonomy==

[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]

== Sample Analysis==
* '''Patents:''' The above sample patents were analysed according to the taxonomy.
[[Media:Sample analysis of Treating of melanoma.xls| '''Click here to download Sample analysis sheet on Interferon for treatment of Melanomas''']]

* '''Scientific Literature:'''* [[Media:Article Analysis Of Melanoma.xls |'''Click here to download Melanoma Treatment Using IFN: sample articles]]

==Patent Ranking==
10 Sample Patents were ranked according to the patent focus.
*Patent Ranking Details
1 : Granted Patent & Focus in Independent Claim 
2 : Granted Patent & Focus in Dependent Claim 
3 : Published Patent & Focus in independent Claim 
4 : Published Patent & Focus in Dependent claim 

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Type</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent Ranking</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>5</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Dependent</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Independent</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>9</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|}

==Clinical Trials==
*'''Database:''' [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ '''Clinical trials''']
*'''Searched on:''' Feb 25th, 2011

*[[Media:clinical trials treatment of melanoma.xls |'''Please click here to download the clinical trial excel sheet''']]

==IP Activity Graphs Of Sample Patents==
===IP activity based on priority years===

* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on priority years.
[[Image:IP act PS priority year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on priority years]]

===IP activity based on publication years===

* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on publication years.
[[Image:IP act PS publication year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on publication years]]

===Geographical Distribution based on family members===

* The geographical distribution is based on 10 sample patent numbers along with all their family members.
[[Image:Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma 1.jpg|center|thumb|500 px| Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma]]

==Market Report==
===Interferon types & Their Compositions===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Generic Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Brand Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Composition'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Alpha IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Interferon alfa-2aInactive Ingredients- sodium chloride, ammonium acetate, polysorbate 80, glycine, sodium phosphate dibasic,sodium phosphate monobasic, human albumin, preservative: benzyl alcohol.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Beta IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Beta interferon,Inactive Ingredients-65 to 90 wt % of polyol,and a p-hydroxybenzoate,carboxymethyl cellulose,human serum albumin</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Gamma IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-interferon gamma-1b.,Inactive Ingredients-Polyethylene Glycol,dextran ,hydroxyethylstarch </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pegylated IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active ingredient-peginterferon alfa-2b,Inactive ingredients: dibasic sodium phosphate anhydrous, monobasicsodium phosphate dihydrate, sucrose, polysorbate 80.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Recombinant IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Ribavirin,Inactive Ingredients-microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium,sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate monobasic as buffering agents;human albumin as a stabilizer.</center>

|}

===Interferon Types & Description Of Products===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Description'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Source'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron A is an interferon, a group of naturally occurring proteins that were first discovered as a result of their ability to prevent viral replication. Intron A is marketed in 72 countries worldwide for as many as 16 indications.In the United States it has been cleared for use by the FDA for chronic viral hepatitis B, chronic viral hepatitis C, malignant melanoma, hairy cell leukemia, AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma and condylomata acuminata (venereal warts).INTRON A recombinant for Injection has been classified as an alpha interfero nand is a water-soluble protein with a molecular weight of 19,271 daltons produced by recombinant DNA techniques. It is obtained from the bacterial fermentation of a strain of Escherichia coli bearing a genetically engineered plasmid containing an interferon alfa- 2b gene from human leukocytes. The fermentation is carried out in a defined nutrient medium containing the antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride at a concentration of 5 to 10 mg/L; the presence of this antibiotic is not detectable in the final product. The specific activity of interferon alfa-2b, recombinant is approximately 2.6 x 108 IU/mg protein as measured by the HPLC assay.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex, manufactured by Biogen, is a form of beta interferon (interferon beta, IFN-b) used to modify the course of multiple sclerosis. While not a cure, Avonex has been shown in clinical trials to reduce the average relapse rate in people with the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis form of the disease. It is identical to the naturally occurring protein found in the human body. It is manufactured by extracting the drug from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Avonex is the same substance as Rebif but administered differently (30 mcg, intra-muscularly, once a week as against 22 mcg or 44 mcg, sub-cutaneously, 3 times a week for Rebif). Avonex is usually given in the large muscles of the thigh, upper arm, or hip.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune(R) is a synthesized version of interferon gamma, a naturally occurring protein believed to stimulate the immune system. InterMune markets Actimmune(R) for the treatment of two life-threatening congenital diseases: chronic granulomatous disease and severe, malignant osteopetrosis. The most common side effects are flu-like symptoms, including headache, fatigue, fever, chills, and rash. InterMune was granted two composition-of-matter patents related to interferon gamma-1b in the United States, extending its patent protection until 2022.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.actimmune.com/ http://www.actimmune.com/]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg-Intron (peginterferon alfa-2b) Powder for Injection has been approved by the FDA.Peg-Intron is a longer-acting formulation of Schering-Plough's Intron A, which is a recombinant version of a naturally occurring alpha interferon. In contrast to Intron A, which is administered three times weekly, Peg-Intron is administered subcutaneously once a week. This reduced frequency of administration may increase patient compliance.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.pegintron.com/index.html http://www.pegintron.com/index.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>REBETOL is a medicine used with either interferon alfa-2b (Intron A) or peginterferon alfa-2b (PegIntron) to treat chronic (lasting a long time) hepatitis C infection in people 3 years and older with liver disease.REBETOL Capsules consist of a white powder in a white, opaque, gelatin capsule. Each capsule contains 200 mg ribavirin and the inactive ingredients microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate. The capsule shell consists of gelatin, sodium lauryl sulfate, silicon dioxide, and titanium dioxide. The capsule is printed with edible blue pharmaceutical ink which is made of shellac, anhydrous ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, propylene glycol, ammonium hydroxide, and FD&C Blue #2 aluminum lake.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.merck.com/product/home.html http://www.merck.com/product/home.html]</center>

|}

===Global Revenue Data Of products===

<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">S.No</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Generic Name</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Brand Name</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Company</td>
<td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Global revenue ($ Million )</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2008</td>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2009</td>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2010</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">1</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Alpha IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intron®,Roferon®-A</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="bottom">38.4</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Beta IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Avonex</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Biogen IDEC</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2518.4</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2322.9</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2202.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">3</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Gamma IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Actimmune®</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intermune</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">29880</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">25428</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">4</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Pegylated IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Peg Intron</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Schering-Plough</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">148.7</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">5</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Recombinant IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">36.1</td>
<td style="border-width: thin thick thick thin; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
</table>

==Biosimilars Of Interferons==

Biosimilar interferons are the major drug class in the recombinant non-glycosylated proteins market due to their extensive use in the treatment of various genetic and environmental disorders. The overall biosimilar market for interferons is categorized into the submarkets for alpha, beta, and gamma interferons, all of which are used extensively in the treatment of various conditions such as lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, and multiple sclerosis.

While the interferon market growth may be inhibited by the side effects of each of its three drug categories, the market presents many opportunities to new entrants as only a few players currently operate in this relatively unfragmented market.

The global recombinant interferon market stood at $75.3 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $3.9 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 82.9% from 2009 to 2014. The American biosimilar interferons market is expected to attain a market worth $1.5 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 91.5%.[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html Biosimilars ; Global Market]

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Global market For Biosimilars'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon Alfa</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global market for biosimilar interferon Alfa was $36.7 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $1.5 billion in 2014 at a CAGR of 76.5% from 2009 to 2014. While Asian market for biosimilar Alfa interferons commanded the highest share in 2008 with $17.5 million, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 88.3% from 2009 to 2014.The world's top two branded Interferon products generated sales of $1,510 million and $910 million each in 2008. The blockbuster sales of innovative Interferon Alfa products thus present encouragement for biosimilar Interferon Alfa manufacturers[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon beta</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon beta-1a market is estimated to grow from $36.3 million in 2008 to $2.2 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 87.8% from 2009 to 2014. However, the U.S. and Europe sales of branded interferon-betas are expected to fall from $4.6 billion in 2010 to $2.4 billion in 2017. The soaring cost of clinical development, the conservative prescribing habits of neurologists, and the expected decline in the use of interferon-betas may induce biosimilar developers to explore other classes of biologics to invest their R&D funds[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon gamma</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon gamma market was $2.2 million 2008 and is expected to reach $141.5 million in 2014 at a CAGR of 94.2% from 2009 to 2014. While the Asian market accounted for the highest share of $0.5 million in 2008, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 107.6% from 2009 to 2014[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|}

Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma

2011-02-28T07:50:26Z

Lakshmikantg: /* Sample patents */

==Dashboard==

* Click here to view '''[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=890 Sample Dashboard]'''

NOTE: You need to install Internet Explorer 8.0 and Adobe Flash Player to view the Dashboard.

Please download [http://www.microsoft.com/windows/internet-explorer/default.aspx '''Internet Explorer 8.0'''] and [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/?promoid=DRHWS '''Adobe Flash player''']

==Objective==

'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.'''

To achieve our objective we performed following steps:

*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment

*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.

*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.

*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records

*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries

*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.

==Overview==

===Interferon===

[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]

Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source]

Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]

===Melanoma===

Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]

===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===

Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas.

A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})

While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]

==Interactive Taxonomy==
<mm>[[Interferon_For_the_treatment_Of_Melanoma.mm]]</mm>

==Concept Table==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Skin Cancer</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanocyte</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|
|}
===French Keywords Concept table===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>mélanome</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interféron*</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peau Cancer </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinome </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumeur </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Mélanocyte </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|}

===German Keywords Concept Table===

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Haut Krebs </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Karzinoma </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Krebsgeschwür </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Geschwulst </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanozyten </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|}

===Class codes identified for searches===

* '''Relevant IPC classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|A61P003500
|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|}

* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21A
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21B
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21C
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''
|align = "center"|C07K014715G
|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|}

* '''Relevant US classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|4240854
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|4242811
|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|42400141
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|514889
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|530351
|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|930142
|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|4240851
|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|4240855
|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|4240856
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|4240857
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.
|-
|}

==Intellectual property==

===Search strategy and concept===

Date of Search: 1836 to Feb 3rd, 2011
Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches

===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|576
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|756
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|1019 records '''571 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''3422 hits (2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|174
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|484
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|102
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|9
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''
|align = "center"|587 hits '''232 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|4 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR Interféron<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interféron OR huIFN) AND (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|25 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''29 hits'''
|-
|}

===Search in Japanese database===

Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan

Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2011/02/15

{| border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "left" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| '''S.No.'''
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Issue/Publication date'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''F-Term Theme'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''FI/F-term/Facet '''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Hits'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1900/01/01 to 2011/02/15'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4H045</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>DA15+DA16+DA17+DA18 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1298</center>

|}

 

'''Total patents: 1298 (Relevancy ~10%)'''

* '''F-Terms and theme used in search'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''
|align = "center"|'''4H045'''
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA15
|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA16
|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA17
|align = "center"|Beta-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA18
|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons
|-
|}

===Scientific Literature Search===

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Database</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Query</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Limits by Date</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>No.Of Hits</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pubmed</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>20000101-20110221</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>28402</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Scirus</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>24835</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Google Scholar</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>21100</center>

|}

==Sample patents==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Patent/Publication No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Date Of Publication'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Assignee'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Title'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Abstract'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Problem'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Solution'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7482014.PN.&OS=PN/7482014&RS=PN/7482014]</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>01/27/2009</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma therapy </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Methods for treating treatment-naive as well as treatment-experienced patients having melanoma to increase the progression-free survival time involving administering a therapeutically effective amount of pegylated interferon-alpha, e.g., preferably pegylated interferon alpha-2b, as adjuvant therapy to definitive surgery are disclosed.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is with the treatment methods that are employed with previously employed dose regimens for treating Melanoma after definitive surgical removal of the lesions.This led to the occurance of hematologic, neurologic and constitutional toxicities.Subject compliance with the dosage and dosage regimen during both phases is considered to be important to achieve maximum clinical benefit. </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The higher patience compliance is achieved with the improved methods of treatment of melanoma.A therapeutically effective dose of pegylated interferon alpha for a time period sufficient to increase the progression-free survival time was administered to the patient.The treatment regimen includes a first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of PEG.sub.12000 interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of PEG.sub.12000 interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period. </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>12/7/1999</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>A method for treating neoplastic disease in a mammal via administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon via oromucosal contact. The amount of interferon administered is less than an amount which induces a pathological response when administered parenterally.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is with the method employed for the treatment of neoplastic diseases.The administration of low doses of interferon as a nasal spray or as an oral liquid formulation in the treatment of the neoplastic diseases is not effective in the previous patents.There is no experimental evidence regarding the administration mode of the interferon,though it was anticipated that administrations through other modes is possible to deliver effectively and treating the same conditions.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution to the problem is solved by first controlled study in an animal model of the efficacy of oromucosally administered interferon for the treatment of neoplastic diseases.The administration is done oromucosally in asingle dose by almost all forms of Interferons .the amount administered is from about 1500 IU to about 20.times.10.sup.6 IU for a 70 kg man per day.This amount is less than the amount that induces a pathological response in the mammal when administered parenterally.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/26/1988</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>This invention relates to the improvement of the polyamine depletion effects of ornithine decarboxylase inhibitors, the improvement being effected by the use of Interferon and Dacarbazine in conjunctive therapy with said inhibitors.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem in this patent is associated with the methods and drugs that are used for treating the pathological disease conditions such as cancer.Polyamines mechanism is not known and there are some evidences that ODC inhibitors may exert their therapeutic effect by blocking the formation of the polyamines and thereby slowing, interrupting, or arresting the proliferation and metastases of the tumor tissue. So certain methods are explored to find out the same kind of effect on treating cancers.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution was found to be the improved methods in treating the cancer with the use of Interferon and Dacarbazine when these disease states are treated with irreversible inhibitors of ornithine decarboxylase.This includes a pharmaceutical product containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine as a combined preparation for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease states. Even the methods for the formulation are disussed in this patent.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/14/1987</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Anti-tumor activity in humans can be augmented by administering to the human patient and effective amount of IFN-β and IL-2 in combination. The composition of IFN-β and IL-2 may be prepared invitro or administered separately to the patient. The composition is useful for prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of such cancers as melanoma, colon cancer lung cancer and breast cancer.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem in this patent is about the use of interferons seperately in treating the cancers.When administered seperately they were found to induce a response that was good.So an approach was thought of where the combination therapy was given to produce better results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The concern of the prior art was addressed with the successful administration of a combination therapy with Interferon beta and interleukin-2 as an anti-tumor therapeutic or prophylactic agent. It was made suitable for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer comprising formulating together, whether by mixing or providing separate doses.The administration is done parenterally.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4/8/2010</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>NOVARTIS AG</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Methods of treating melanoma include administering a compound of Structure I, a tautomer of the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or the tautomer, or a mixture thereof to a subject. The compound, tautomer, salt of the compound, salt of the tautomer, or mixture thereof may be used to prepare medicaments for treating metastatic cancer. The variable A has the values defined herein.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is that though there are many methods of treating cancer , still there is a need for the advancements in the technologies to be adopted to arrive at better results.The compounds such as quinoline derivatives were used and were disclosed in the prior art for the treatment of Melanoma.The compounds that were used previously were found to be associated with the side effects.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center><nowiki>The solution was found to be finding of compounds that can effectively administered for treating Melanoma.It relates to the use of compounds such as 4-amino-5-fluoro-3-[6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]quino- lin-2(1H)-one and tautomers, salts, and mixtures thereof in treating melanoma and preparing medicaments for treating melanoma. The therapeutically effective amount of the compound can range from about 0.25 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg body weight of the subject.</nowiki></center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7/11/1989</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of cancer with interferon and radiotherapy </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Radiation sensitive human cancers are treated with combined interferon and radiation therapy.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Radiation therapy emerged some years back for the treatment of cancers.It was observed that the results are good.But there was a need felt to effectively increase the efficacy of radiation treatment.So to develop radiation sensitizers or potentiators which enable the radiation to cause increased tumor destruction. Despite numerous laboratory and clinical studies, no single agent has, to date, emerged as the optimal radiation sensitizer. </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem could be addressed by an effective treatment means using administering subcutaneously to such patients between 2.0.times.10.sup.6 IU/m.sup.2 and 5.0.times.10.sup.6 IU/m.sup.2 of recombinant DNA-alpha-2-interferon .This is done three days a week at a time on those days prior to radiation therapy.The doses are from 15 to 35 Gy are administered five days a week including those days on which interferon is administered.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''7'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/20/1998</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The Texas A&M University System</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of neoplastic disease with oral interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Neoplastic diseases are treated by the administration of human interferon, particularly IFN-α, at a dosage of from about 0.01 to about 5 IU/lb./day such that the interferon is held in contact with the patient's oral and pharyngeal mucosae. The interferon is administered in a solid dosage from, e.g., a saliva-dissolvable lozenge.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Though the research is intensive in the field of interferons,there exists a substantial lack of uniformity in such matters as classification of interferon types. There are also numerous, sometimes contradictory, theories concerning the mode of action of interferon in producing clinical effects.It became apparent that exogenous interferon was sometimes capable of effecting regression or remission of various metastatic diseases. so different studies are conducted to know the clinical agent of choice for the prevention of cancers.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The present invention is based on applicant's discovery that interferon can be used as a consistently effective therapeutic agent for treatment of diseases having an immunopathologic basis--characterized by inadequate immune response and persistence of the disease.The interferon is administered in an amount of about 0.01 to about 5 IU/lb of patient body weight per day. Multiple dose daily regimen is given to the patients.They aid in the better treatment of cancers.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''8'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8/8/2002</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>None</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>METHOD FOR TREATING MELANOMA </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The present invention discloses a method for treating patients having melanoma or melanoma associated symptoms by parenterally administering Product R, a peptide-nucleic acid preparation.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanomas are usually treated by surgical excision, while patients with thick melanomas and those with regional or distant metastasis may benefit from other forms of therapy.Cytokines have been tested in the treatment of different skin cancers during the last decade, and treatment schedules have been established or proposed for several malignant skin tumors. Preferentially, the interferons and interleukin-2 were found to be effective in treating skin cancers including melanoma.But they were needed to be checked in combination with other products as they were anticipated to yield better results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The new method of treatment using the product R in combination with interferons not only sounded effectively but also proved to be an effective means .The administration is done in an sterile injectible form.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''9'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8/9/1988</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schwimmer, Adolf W. | Schwartz, Irwin Steven | Rubin, David</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer therapy with interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The effectiveness of interferon for treatment against cancer may be increased by first administering an agent for inhibiting tyrosinase. In this manner the tyrosinase which is known to be produced by malignancies, and which may cause inactivation of the interferon, will be substantially inactivated prior to the interferon administration.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Some of the the prior art patents doesn't trust on the use of interferons for treating all types of malignancies.The reason being the interferons are easily denatured in the enzymatic processes.So attempts were made out initially to find out the reasons for the denaturation even at high doses.Efforts were made to improve methods of cancer therapy using interferon.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution has come out in the form of improved treatment method for treating cancer by the efforts of the present inventor.As the reason for the denaturation was found to be tyrosinase,attempts were made seriously to supress this tyrosinase.A composition was made finally with D-penicillamine that can suppress tyrosinase.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''10'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3/2/1993</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of certain leukemias with a combination of gamma interferon and alpha interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Human leukemia T-cells and B-cells are inhibited from proliferating by treatment with a combination of recombinant human alpha and gamma interferons, either simultaneously or sequentially, and the alpha interferon is preferably recombinant human alfa-2b interferon.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The patent in the prior art posed a lot of problems with the use of gamma interferons alone in terms of the purity as the preparations previously were found to be contaminated.When used singly for the treatment of lekimias they were found to yield ineffective results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution was found to administer alpha and gamma interferons for the treatment of leukemias.It could inhibit the proliferation of susceptible leukemia cells with a cell proliferation inhibiting amount of a combination of both of the interferons.They are adminstered sequentially and simultaneously too to give good results.</center>

|}

==Taxonomy==

[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]

== Sample Analysis==
* '''Patents:''' The above sample patents were analysed according to the taxonomy.
[[Media:Sample analysis of Treating of melanoma.xls| '''Click here to download Sample analysis sheet on Interferon for treatment of Melanomas''']]

* '''Scientific Literature:'''* [[Media:Article Analysis Of Melanoma.xls |'''Click here to download Melanoma Treatment Using IFN: sample articles]]

==Patent Ranking==
10 Sample Patents were ranked according to the patent focus.
*Patent Ranking Details
1 : Granted Patent & Focus in Independent Claim 
2 : Granted Patent & Focus in Dependent Claim 
3 : Published Patent & Focus in independent Claim 
4 : Published Patent & Focus in Dependent claim 

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Type</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent Ranking</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>5</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Dependent</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Independent</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>9</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|}

==Clinical Trials==
*'''Database:''' [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ '''Clinical trials''']
*'''Searched on:''' Feb 25th, 2011

*[[Media:clinical trials treatment of melanoma.xls |'''Please click here to download the clinical trial excel sheet''']]

==IP Activity Graphs Of Sample Patents==
===IP activity based on priority years===

* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on priority years.
[[Image:IP act PS priority year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on priority years]]

===IP activity based on publication years===

* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on publication years.
[[Image:IP act PS publication year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on publication years]]

===Geographical Distribution based on family members===

* The geographical distribution is based on 10 sample patent numbers along with all their family members.
[[Image:Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma 1.jpg|center|thumb|500 px| Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma]]

==Market Report==
===Interferon types & Their Compositions===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Generic Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Brand Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Composition'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Alpha IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Interferon alfa-2aInactive Ingredients- sodium chloride, ammonium acetate, polysorbate 80, glycine, sodium phosphate dibasic,sodium phosphate monobasic, human albumin, preservative: benzyl alcohol.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Beta IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Beta interferon,Inactive Ingredients-65 to 90 wt % of polyol,and a p-hydroxybenzoate,carboxymethyl cellulose,human serum albumin</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Gamma IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-interferon gamma-1b.,Inactive Ingredients-Polyethylene Glycol,dextran ,hydroxyethylstarch </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pegylated IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active ingredient-peginterferon alfa-2b,Inactive ingredients: dibasic sodium phosphate anhydrous, monobasicsodium phosphate dihydrate, sucrose, polysorbate 80.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Recombinant IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Ribavirin,Inactive Ingredients-microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium,sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate monobasic as buffering agents;human albumin as a stabilizer.</center>

|}

===Interferon Types & Description Of Products===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Description'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Source'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron A is an interferon, a group of naturally occurring proteins that were first discovered as a result of their ability to prevent viral replication. Intron A is marketed in 72 countries worldwide for as many as 16 indications.In the United States it has been cleared for use by the FDA for chronic viral hepatitis B, chronic viral hepatitis C, malignant melanoma, hairy cell leukemia, AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma and condylomata acuminata (venereal warts).INTRON A recombinant for Injection has been classified as an alpha interfero nand is a water-soluble protein with a molecular weight of 19,271 daltons produced by recombinant DNA techniques. It is obtained from the bacterial fermentation of a strain of Escherichia coli bearing a genetically engineered plasmid containing an interferon alfa- 2b gene from human leukocytes. The fermentation is carried out in a defined nutrient medium containing the antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride at a concentration of 5 to 10 mg/L; the presence of this antibiotic is not detectable in the final product. The specific activity of interferon alfa-2b, recombinant is approximately 2.6 x 108 IU/mg protein as measured by the HPLC assay.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex, manufactured by Biogen, is a form of beta interferon (interferon beta, IFN-b) used to modify the course of multiple sclerosis. While not a cure, Avonex has been shown in clinical trials to reduce the average relapse rate in people with the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis form of the disease. It is identical to the naturally occurring protein found in the human body. It is manufactured by extracting the drug from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Avonex is the same substance as Rebif but administered differently (30 mcg, intra-muscularly, once a week as against 22 mcg or 44 mcg, sub-cutaneously, 3 times a week for Rebif). Avonex is usually given in the large muscles of the thigh, upper arm, or hip.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune(R) is a synthesized version of interferon gamma, a naturally occurring protein believed to stimulate the immune system. InterMune markets Actimmune(R) for the treatment of two life-threatening congenital diseases: chronic granulomatous disease and severe, malignant osteopetrosis. The most common side effects are flu-like symptoms, including headache, fatigue, fever, chills, and rash. InterMune was granted two composition-of-matter patents related to interferon gamma-1b in the United States, extending its patent protection until 2022.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.actimmune.com/ http://www.actimmune.com/]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg-Intron (peginterferon alfa-2b) Powder for Injection has been approved by the FDA.Peg-Intron is a longer-acting formulation of Schering-Plough's Intron A, which is a recombinant version of a naturally occurring alpha interferon. In contrast to Intron A, which is administered three times weekly, Peg-Intron is administered subcutaneously once a week. This reduced frequency of administration may increase patient compliance.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.pegintron.com/index.html http://www.pegintron.com/index.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>REBETOL is a medicine used with either interferon alfa-2b (Intron A) or peginterferon alfa-2b (PegIntron) to treat chronic (lasting a long time) hepatitis C infection in people 3 years and older with liver disease.REBETOL Capsules consist of a white powder in a white, opaque, gelatin capsule. Each capsule contains 200 mg ribavirin and the inactive ingredients microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate. The capsule shell consists of gelatin, sodium lauryl sulfate, silicon dioxide, and titanium dioxide. The capsule is printed with edible blue pharmaceutical ink which is made of shellac, anhydrous ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, propylene glycol, ammonium hydroxide, and FD&C Blue #2 aluminum lake.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.merck.com/product/home.html http://www.merck.com/product/home.html]</center>

|}

===Global Revenue Data Of products===

<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">S.No</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Generic Name</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Brand Name</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Company</td>
<td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Global revenue ($ Million )</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2008</td>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2009</td>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2010</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">1</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Alpha IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intron®,Roferon®-A</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="bottom">38.4</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Beta IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Avonex</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Biogen IDEC</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2518.4</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2322.9</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2202.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">3</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Gamma IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Actimmune®</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intermune</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">29880</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">25428</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">4</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Pegylated IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Peg Intron</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Schering-Plough</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">148.7</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">5</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Recombinant IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">36.1</td>
<td style="border-width: thin thick thick thin; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
</table>

==Biosimilars Of Interferons==

Biosimilar interferons are the major drug class in the recombinant non-glycosylated proteins market due to their extensive use in the treatment of various genetic and environmental disorders. The overall biosimilar market for interferons is categorized into the submarkets for alpha, beta, and gamma interferons, all of which are used extensively in the treatment of various conditions such as lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, and multiple sclerosis.

While the interferon market growth may be inhibited by the side effects of each of its three drug categories, the market presents many opportunities to new entrants as only a few players currently operate in this relatively unfragmented market.

The global recombinant interferon market stood at $75.3 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $3.9 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 82.9% from 2009 to 2014. The American biosimilar interferons market is expected to attain a market worth $1.5 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 91.5%.[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html Biosimilars ; Global Market]

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Global market For Biosimilars'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon Alfa</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global market for biosimilar interferon Alfa was $36.7 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $1.5 billion in 2014 at a CAGR of 76.5% from 2009 to 2014. While Asian market for biosimilar Alfa interferons commanded the highest share in 2008 with $17.5 million, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 88.3% from 2009 to 2014.The world's top two branded Interferon products generated sales of $1,510 million and $910 million each in 2008. The blockbuster sales of innovative Interferon Alfa products thus present encouragement for biosimilar Interferon Alfa manufacturers[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon beta</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon beta-1a market is estimated to grow from $36.3 million in 2008 to $2.2 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 87.8% from 2009 to 2014. However, the U.S. and Europe sales of branded interferon-betas are expected to fall from $4.6 billion in 2010 to $2.4 billion in 2017. The soaring cost of clinical development, the conservative prescribing habits of neurologists, and the expected decline in the use of interferon-betas may induce biosimilar developers to explore other classes of biologics to invest their R&D funds[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon gamma</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon gamma market was $2.2 million 2008 and is expected to reach $141.5 million in 2014 at a CAGR of 94.2% from 2009 to 2014. While the Asian market accounted for the highest share of $0.5 million in 2008, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 107.6% from 2009 to 2014[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|}

Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma

2011-02-28T07:43:55Z

Lakshmikantg: /* Search in Japanese database */

==Dashboard==

* Click here to view '''[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=890 Sample Dashboard]'''

NOTE: You need to install Internet Explorer 8.0 and Adobe Flash Player to view the Dashboard.

Please download [http://www.microsoft.com/windows/internet-explorer/default.aspx '''Internet Explorer 8.0'''] and [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/?promoid=DRHWS '''Adobe Flash player''']

==Objective==

'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.'''

To achieve our objective we performed following steps:

*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment

*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.

*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.

*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records

*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries

*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.

==Overview==

===Interferon===

[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]

Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source]

Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]

===Melanoma===

Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]

===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===

Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas.

A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})

While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]

==Interactive Taxonomy==
<mm>[[Interferon_For_the_treatment_Of_Melanoma.mm]]</mm>

==Concept Table==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Skin Cancer</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanocyte</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|
|}
===French Keywords Concept table===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>mélanome</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interféron*</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peau Cancer </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinome </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumeur </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Mélanocyte </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|}

===German Keywords Concept Table===

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Haut Krebs </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Karzinoma </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Krebsgeschwür </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Geschwulst </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanozyten </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|}

===Class codes identified for searches===

* '''Relevant IPC classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|A61P003500
|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|}

* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21A
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21B
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21C
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''
|align = "center"|C07K014715G
|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|}

* '''Relevant US classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|4240854
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|4242811
|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|42400141
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|514889
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|530351
|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|930142
|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|4240851
|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|4240855
|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|4240856
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|4240857
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.
|-
|}

==Intellectual property==

===Search strategy and concept===

Date of Search: 1836 to Feb 3rd, 2011
Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches

===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|576
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|756
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|1019 records '''571 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''3422 hits (2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|174
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|484
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|102
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|9
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''
|align = "center"|587 hits '''232 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|4 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR Interféron<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interféron OR huIFN) AND (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|25 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''29 hits'''
|-
|}

===Search in Japanese database===

Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan

Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2011/02/15

{| border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "left" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| '''S.No.'''
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Issue/Publication date'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''F-Term Theme'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''FI/F-term/Facet '''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Hits'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1900/01/01 to 2011/02/15'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4H045</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>DA15+DA16+DA17+DA18 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1298</center>

|}

 

'''Total patents: 1298 (Relevancy ~10%)'''

* '''F-Terms and theme used in search'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''
|align = "center"|'''4H045'''
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA15
|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA16
|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA17
|align = "center"|Beta-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA18
|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons
|-
|}

===Scientific Literature Search===

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Database</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Query</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Limits by Date</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>No.Of Hits</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pubmed</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>20000101-20110221</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>28402</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Scirus</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>24835</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Google Scholar</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>21100</center>

|}

==Sample patents==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Patent/Publication No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Date Of Publication'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Assignee'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Title'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Abstract'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Problem'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Solution'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>01/27/2009</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma therapy </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Methods for treating treatment-naive as well as treatment-experienced patients having melanoma to increase the progression-free survival time involving administering a therapeutically effective amount of pegylated interferon-alpha, e.g., preferably pegylated interferon alpha-2b, as adjuvant therapy to definitive surgery are disclosed.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is with the treatment methods that are employed with previously employed dose regimens for treating Melanoma after definitive surgical removal of the lesions.This led to the occurance of hematologic, neurologic and constitutional toxicities.Subject compliance with the dosage and dosage regimen during both phases is considered to be important to achieve maximum clinical benefit. </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The higher patience compliance is achieved with the improved methods of treatment of melanoma.A therapeutically effective dose of pegylated interferon alpha for a time period sufficient to increase the progression-free survival time was administered to the patient.The treatment regimen includes a first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of PEG.sub.12000 interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of PEG.sub.12000 interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period. </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>12/7/1999</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>A method for treating neoplastic disease in a mammal via administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon via oromucosal contact. The amount of interferon administered is less than an amount which induces a pathological response when administered parenterally.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is with the method employed for the treatment of neoplastic diseases.The administration of low doses of interferon as a nasal spray or as an oral liquid formulation in the treatment of the neoplastic diseases is not effective in the previous patents.There is no experimental evidence regarding the administration mode of the interferon,though it was anticipated that administrations through other modes is possible to deliver effectively and treating the same conditions.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution to the problem is solved by first controlled study in an animal model of the efficacy of oromucosally administered interferon for the treatment of neoplastic diseases.The administration is done oromucosally in asingle dose by almost all forms of Interferons .the amount administered is from about 1500 IU to about 20.times.10.sup.6 IU for a 70 kg man per day.This amount is less than the amount that induces a pathological response in the mammal when administered parenterally.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/26/1988</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>This invention relates to the improvement of the polyamine depletion effects of ornithine decarboxylase inhibitors, the improvement being effected by the use of Interferon and Dacarbazine in conjunctive therapy with said inhibitors.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem in this patent is associated with the methods and drugs that are used for treating the pathological disease conditions such as cancer.Polyamines mechanism is not known and there are some evidences that ODC inhibitors may exert their therapeutic effect by blocking the formation of the polyamines and thereby slowing, interrupting, or arresting the proliferation and metastases of the tumor tissue. So certain methods are explored to find out the same kind of effect on treating cancers.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution was found to be the improved methods in treating the cancer with the use of Interferon and Dacarbazine when these disease states are treated with irreversible inhibitors of ornithine decarboxylase.This includes a pharmaceutical product containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine as a combined preparation for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease states. Even the methods for the formulation are disussed in this patent.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/14/1987</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Anti-tumor activity in humans can be augmented by administering to the human patient and effective amount of IFN-β and IL-2 in combination. The composition of IFN-β and IL-2 may be prepared invitro or administered separately to the patient. The composition is useful for prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of such cancers as melanoma, colon cancer lung cancer and breast cancer.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem in this patent is about the use of interferons seperately in treating the cancers.When administered seperately they were found to induce a response that was good.So an approach was thought of where the combination therapy was given to produce better results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The concern of the prior art was addressed with the successful administration of a combination therapy with Interferon beta and interleukin-2 as an anti-tumor therapeutic or prophylactic agent. It was made suitable for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer comprising formulating together, whether by mixing or providing separate doses.The administration is done parenterally.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4/8/2010</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>NOVARTIS AG</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Methods of treating melanoma include administering a compound of Structure I, a tautomer of the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or the tautomer, or a mixture thereof to a subject. The compound, tautomer, salt of the compound, salt of the tautomer, or mixture thereof may be used to prepare medicaments for treating metastatic cancer. The variable A has the values defined herein.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is that though there are many methods of treating cancer , still there is a need for the advancements in the technologies to be adopted to arrive at better results.The compounds such as quinoline derivatives were used and were disclosed in the prior art for the treatment of Melanoma.The compounds that were used previously were found to be associated with the side effects.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center><nowiki>The solution was found to be finding of compounds that can effectively administered for treating Melanoma.It relates to the use of compounds such as 4-amino-5-fluoro-3-[6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]quino- lin-2(1H)-one and tautomers, salts, and mixtures thereof in treating melanoma and preparing medicaments for treating melanoma. The therapeutically effective amount of the compound can range from about 0.25 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg body weight of the subject.</nowiki></center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7/11/1989</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of cancer with interferon and radiotherapy </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Radiation sensitive human cancers are treated with combined interferon and radiation therapy.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Radiation therapy emerged some years back for the treatment of cancers.It was observed that the results are good.But there was a need felt to effectively increase the efficacy of radiation treatment.So to develop radiation sensitizers or potentiators which enable the radiation to cause increased tumor destruction. Despite numerous laboratory and clinical studies, no single agent has, to date, emerged as the optimal radiation sensitizer. </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem could be addressed by an effective treatment means using administering subcutaneously to such patients between 2.0.times.10.sup.6 IU/m.sup.2 and 5.0.times.10.sup.6 IU/m.sup.2 of recombinant DNA-alpha-2-interferon .This is done three days a week at a time on those days prior to radiation therapy.The doses are from 15 to 35 Gy are administered five days a week including those days on which interferon is administered.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''7'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/20/1998</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The Texas A&M University System</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of neoplastic disease with oral interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Neoplastic diseases are treated by the administration of human interferon, particularly IFN-α, at a dosage of from about 0.01 to about 5 IU/lb./day such that the interferon is held in contact with the patient's oral and pharyngeal mucosae. The interferon is administered in a solid dosage from, e.g., a saliva-dissolvable lozenge.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Though the research is intensive in the field of interferons,there exists a substantial lack of uniformity in such matters as classification of interferon types. There are also numerous, sometimes contradictory, theories concerning the mode of action of interferon in producing clinical effects.It became apparent that exogenous interferon was sometimes capable of effecting regression or remission of various metastatic diseases. so different studies are conducted to know the clinical agent of choice for the prevention of cancers.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The present invention is based on applicant's discovery that interferon can be used as a consistently effective therapeutic agent for treatment of diseases having an immunopathologic basis--characterized by inadequate immune response and persistence of the disease.The interferon is administered in an amount of about 0.01 to about 5 IU/lb of patient body weight per day. Multiple dose daily regimen is given to the patients.They aid in the better treatment of cancers.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''8'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8/8/2002</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>None</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>METHOD FOR TREATING MELANOMA </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The present invention discloses a method for treating patients having melanoma or melanoma associated symptoms by parenterally administering Product R, a peptide-nucleic acid preparation.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanomas are usually treated by surgical excision, while patients with thick melanomas and those with regional or distant metastasis may benefit from other forms of therapy.Cytokines have been tested in the treatment of different skin cancers during the last decade, and treatment schedules have been established or proposed for several malignant skin tumors. Preferentially, the interferons and interleukin-2 were found to be effective in treating skin cancers including melanoma.But they were needed to be checked in combination with other products as they were anticipated to yield better results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The new method of treatment using the product R in combination with interferons not only sounded effectively but also proved to be an effective means .The administration is done in an sterile injectible form.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''9'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8/9/1988</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schwimmer, Adolf W. | Schwartz, Irwin Steven | Rubin, David</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer therapy with interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The effectiveness of interferon for treatment against cancer may be increased by first administering an agent for inhibiting tyrosinase. In this manner the tyrosinase which is known to be produced by malignancies, and which may cause inactivation of the interferon, will be substantially inactivated prior to the interferon administration.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Some of the the prior art patents doesn't trust on the use of interferons for treating all types of malignancies.The reason being the interferons are easily denatured in the enzymatic processes.So attempts were made out initially to find out the reasons for the denaturation even at high doses.Efforts were made to improve methods of cancer therapy using interferon.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution has come out in the form of improved treatment method for treating cancer by the efforts of the present inventor.As the reason for the denaturation was found to be tyrosinase,attempts were made seriously to supress this tyrosinase.A composition was made finally with D-penicillamine that can suppress tyrosinase.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''10'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3/2/1993</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of certain leukemias with a combination of gamma interferon and alpha interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Human leukemia T-cells and B-cells are inhibited from proliferating by treatment with a combination of recombinant human alpha and gamma interferons, either simultaneously or sequentially, and the alpha interferon is preferably recombinant human alfa-2b interferon.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The patent in the prior art posed a lot of problems with the use of gamma interferons alone in terms of the purity as the preparations previously were found to be contaminated.When used singly for the treatment of lekimias they were found to yield ineffective results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution was found to administer alpha and gamma interferons for the treatment of leukemias.It could inhibit the proliferation of susceptible leukemia cells with a cell proliferation inhibiting amount of a combination of both of the interferons.They are adminstered sequentially and simultaneously too to give good results.</center>

|}

==Taxonomy==

[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]

== Sample Analysis==
* '''Patents:''' The above sample patents were analysed according to the taxonomy.
[[Media:Sample analysis of Treating of melanoma.xls| '''Click here to download Sample analysis sheet on Interferon for treatment of Melanomas''']]

* '''Scientific Literature:'''* [[Media:Article Analysis Of Melanoma.xls |'''Click here to download Melanoma Treatment Using IFN: sample articles]]

==Patent Ranking==
10 Sample Patents were ranked according to the patent focus.
*Patent Ranking Details
1 : Granted Patent & Focus in Independent Claim 
2 : Granted Patent & Focus in Dependent Claim 
3 : Published Patent & Focus in independent Claim 
4 : Published Patent & Focus in Dependent claim 

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Type</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent Ranking</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>5</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Dependent</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Independent</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>9</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|}

==Clinical Trials==
*'''Database:''' [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ '''Clinical trials''']
*'''Searched on:''' Feb 25th, 2011

*[[Media:clinical trials treatment of melanoma.xls |'''Please click here to download the clinical trial excel sheet''']]

==IP Activity Graphs Of Sample Patents==
===IP activity based on priority years===

* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on priority years.
[[Image:IP act PS priority year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on priority years]]

===IP activity based on publication years===

* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on publication years.
[[Image:IP act PS publication year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on publication years]]

===Geographical Distribution based on family members===

* The geographical distribution is based on 10 sample patent numbers along with all their family members.
[[Image:Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma 1.jpg|center|thumb|500 px| Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma]]

==Market Report==
===Interferon types & Their Compositions===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Generic Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Brand Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Composition'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Alpha IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Interferon alfa-2aInactive Ingredients- sodium chloride, ammonium acetate, polysorbate 80, glycine, sodium phosphate dibasic,sodium phosphate monobasic, human albumin, preservative: benzyl alcohol.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Beta IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Beta interferon,Inactive Ingredients-65 to 90 wt % of polyol,and a p-hydroxybenzoate,carboxymethyl cellulose,human serum albumin</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Gamma IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-interferon gamma-1b.,Inactive Ingredients-Polyethylene Glycol,dextran ,hydroxyethylstarch </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pegylated IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active ingredient-peginterferon alfa-2b,Inactive ingredients: dibasic sodium phosphate anhydrous, monobasicsodium phosphate dihydrate, sucrose, polysorbate 80.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Recombinant IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Ribavirin,Inactive Ingredients-microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium,sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate monobasic as buffering agents;human albumin as a stabilizer.</center>

|}

===Interferon Types & Description Of Products===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Description'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Source'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron A is an interferon, a group of naturally occurring proteins that were first discovered as a result of their ability to prevent viral replication. Intron A is marketed in 72 countries worldwide for as many as 16 indications.In the United States it has been cleared for use by the FDA for chronic viral hepatitis B, chronic viral hepatitis C, malignant melanoma, hairy cell leukemia, AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma and condylomata acuminata (venereal warts).INTRON A recombinant for Injection has been classified as an alpha interfero nand is a water-soluble protein with a molecular weight of 19,271 daltons produced by recombinant DNA techniques. It is obtained from the bacterial fermentation of a strain of Escherichia coli bearing a genetically engineered plasmid containing an interferon alfa- 2b gene from human leukocytes. The fermentation is carried out in a defined nutrient medium containing the antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride at a concentration of 5 to 10 mg/L; the presence of this antibiotic is not detectable in the final product. The specific activity of interferon alfa-2b, recombinant is approximately 2.6 x 108 IU/mg protein as measured by the HPLC assay.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex, manufactured by Biogen, is a form of beta interferon (interferon beta, IFN-b) used to modify the course of multiple sclerosis. While not a cure, Avonex has been shown in clinical trials to reduce the average relapse rate in people with the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis form of the disease. It is identical to the naturally occurring protein found in the human body. It is manufactured by extracting the drug from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Avonex is the same substance as Rebif but administered differently (30 mcg, intra-muscularly, once a week as against 22 mcg or 44 mcg, sub-cutaneously, 3 times a week for Rebif). Avonex is usually given in the large muscles of the thigh, upper arm, or hip.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune(R) is a synthesized version of interferon gamma, a naturally occurring protein believed to stimulate the immune system. InterMune markets Actimmune(R) for the treatment of two life-threatening congenital diseases: chronic granulomatous disease and severe, malignant osteopetrosis. The most common side effects are flu-like symptoms, including headache, fatigue, fever, chills, and rash. InterMune was granted two composition-of-matter patents related to interferon gamma-1b in the United States, extending its patent protection until 2022.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.actimmune.com/ http://www.actimmune.com/]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg-Intron (peginterferon alfa-2b) Powder for Injection has been approved by the FDA.Peg-Intron is a longer-acting formulation of Schering-Plough's Intron A, which is a recombinant version of a naturally occurring alpha interferon. In contrast to Intron A, which is administered three times weekly, Peg-Intron is administered subcutaneously once a week. This reduced frequency of administration may increase patient compliance.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.pegintron.com/index.html http://www.pegintron.com/index.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>REBETOL is a medicine used with either interferon alfa-2b (Intron A) or peginterferon alfa-2b (PegIntron) to treat chronic (lasting a long time) hepatitis C infection in people 3 years and older with liver disease.REBETOL Capsules consist of a white powder in a white, opaque, gelatin capsule. Each capsule contains 200 mg ribavirin and the inactive ingredients microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate. The capsule shell consists of gelatin, sodium lauryl sulfate, silicon dioxide, and titanium dioxide. The capsule is printed with edible blue pharmaceutical ink which is made of shellac, anhydrous ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, propylene glycol, ammonium hydroxide, and FD&C Blue #2 aluminum lake.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.merck.com/product/home.html http://www.merck.com/product/home.html]</center>

|}

===Global Revenue Data Of products===

<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">S.No</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Generic Name</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Brand Name</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Company</td>
<td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Global revenue ($ Million )</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2008</td>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2009</td>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2010</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">1</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Alpha IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intron®,Roferon®-A</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="bottom">38.4</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Beta IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Avonex</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Biogen IDEC</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2518.4</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2322.9</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2202.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">3</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Gamma IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Actimmune®</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intermune</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">29880</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">25428</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">4</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Pegylated IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Peg Intron</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Schering-Plough</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">148.7</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">5</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Recombinant IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">36.1</td>
<td style="border-width: thin thick thick thin; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
</table>

==Biosimilars Of Interferons==

Biosimilar interferons are the major drug class in the recombinant non-glycosylated proteins market due to their extensive use in the treatment of various genetic and environmental disorders. The overall biosimilar market for interferons is categorized into the submarkets for alpha, beta, and gamma interferons, all of which are used extensively in the treatment of various conditions such as lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, and multiple sclerosis.

While the interferon market growth may be inhibited by the side effects of each of its three drug categories, the market presents many opportunities to new entrants as only a few players currently operate in this relatively unfragmented market.

The global recombinant interferon market stood at $75.3 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $3.9 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 82.9% from 2009 to 2014. The American biosimilar interferons market is expected to attain a market worth $1.5 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 91.5%.[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html Biosimilars ; Global Market]

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Global market For Biosimilars'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon Alfa</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global market for biosimilar interferon Alfa was $36.7 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $1.5 billion in 2014 at a CAGR of 76.5% from 2009 to 2014. While Asian market for biosimilar Alfa interferons commanded the highest share in 2008 with $17.5 million, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 88.3% from 2009 to 2014.The world's top two branded Interferon products generated sales of $1,510 million and $910 million each in 2008. The blockbuster sales of innovative Interferon Alfa products thus present encouragement for biosimilar Interferon Alfa manufacturers[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon beta</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon beta-1a market is estimated to grow from $36.3 million in 2008 to $2.2 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 87.8% from 2009 to 2014. However, the U.S. and Europe sales of branded interferon-betas are expected to fall from $4.6 billion in 2010 to $2.4 billion in 2017. The soaring cost of clinical development, the conservative prescribing habits of neurologists, and the expected decline in the use of interferon-betas may induce biosimilar developers to explore other classes of biologics to invest their R&D funds[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon gamma</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon gamma market was $2.2 million 2008 and is expected to reach $141.5 million in 2014 at a CAGR of 94.2% from 2009 to 2014. While the Asian market accounted for the highest share of $0.5 million in 2008, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 107.6% from 2009 to 2014[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|}

Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma

2011-02-28T07:43:06Z

Lakshmikantg: /* Search in Japanese database */

==Dashboard==

* Click here to view '''[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=890 Sample Dashboard]'''

NOTE: You need to install Internet Explorer 8.0 and Adobe Flash Player to view the Dashboard.

Please download [http://www.microsoft.com/windows/internet-explorer/default.aspx '''Internet Explorer 8.0'''] and [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/?promoid=DRHWS '''Adobe Flash player''']

==Objective==

'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.'''

To achieve our objective we performed following steps:

*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment

*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.

*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.

*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records

*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries

*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.

==Overview==

===Interferon===

[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]

Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source]

Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]

===Melanoma===

Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]

===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===

Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas.

A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})

While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]

==Interactive Taxonomy==
<mm>[[Interferon_For_the_treatment_Of_Melanoma.mm]]</mm>

==Concept Table==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Skin Cancer</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanocyte</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|
|}
===French Keywords Concept table===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>mélanome</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interféron*</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peau Cancer </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinome </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumeur </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Mélanocyte </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|}

===German Keywords Concept Table===

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Haut Krebs </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Karzinoma </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Krebsgeschwür </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Geschwulst </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanozyten </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|}

===Class codes identified for searches===

* '''Relevant IPC classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|A61P003500
|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|}

* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21A
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21B
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21C
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''
|align = "center"|C07K014715G
|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|}

* '''Relevant US classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|4240854
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|4242811
|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|42400141
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|514889
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|530351
|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|930142
|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|4240851
|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|4240855
|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|4240856
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|4240857
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.
|-
|}

==Intellectual property==

===Search strategy and concept===

Date of Search: 1836 to Feb 3rd, 2011
Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches

===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|576
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|756
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|1019 records '''571 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''3422 hits (2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|174
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|484
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|102
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|9
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''
|align = "center"|587 hits '''232 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|4 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR Interféron<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interféron OR huIFN) AND (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|25 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''29 hits'''
|-
|}

===Search in Japanese database===

Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan

Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2011/02/15

{| border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "left" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| '''S.No.'''
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Issue/Publication date'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''F-Term Theme'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''FI/F-term/Facet '''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Hits'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1836 - date'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4H045</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>DA15+DA16+DA17+DA18 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1298</center>

|}
 

'''Total patents: 1298 (Relevancy ~10%)'''

* '''F-Terms and theme used in search'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''
|align = "center"|'''4H045'''
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA15
|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA16
|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA17
|align = "center"|Beta-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA18
|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons
|-
|}

===Scientific Literature Search===

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Database</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Query</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Limits by Date</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>No.Of Hits</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pubmed</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>20000101-20110221</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>28402</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Scirus</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>24835</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Google Scholar</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>21100</center>

|}

==Sample patents==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Patent/Publication No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Date Of Publication'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Assignee'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Title'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Abstract'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Problem'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Solution'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>01/27/2009</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma therapy </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Methods for treating treatment-naive as well as treatment-experienced patients having melanoma to increase the progression-free survival time involving administering a therapeutically effective amount of pegylated interferon-alpha, e.g., preferably pegylated interferon alpha-2b, as adjuvant therapy to definitive surgery are disclosed.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is with the treatment methods that are employed with previously employed dose regimens for treating Melanoma after definitive surgical removal of the lesions.This led to the occurance of hematologic, neurologic and constitutional toxicities.Subject compliance with the dosage and dosage regimen during both phases is considered to be important to achieve maximum clinical benefit. </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The higher patience compliance is achieved with the improved methods of treatment of melanoma.A therapeutically effective dose of pegylated interferon alpha for a time period sufficient to increase the progression-free survival time was administered to the patient.The treatment regimen includes a first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of PEG.sub.12000 interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of PEG.sub.12000 interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period. </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>12/7/1999</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>A method for treating neoplastic disease in a mammal via administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon via oromucosal contact. The amount of interferon administered is less than an amount which induces a pathological response when administered parenterally.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is with the method employed for the treatment of neoplastic diseases.The administration of low doses of interferon as a nasal spray or as an oral liquid formulation in the treatment of the neoplastic diseases is not effective in the previous patents.There is no experimental evidence regarding the administration mode of the interferon,though it was anticipated that administrations through other modes is possible to deliver effectively and treating the same conditions.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution to the problem is solved by first controlled study in an animal model of the efficacy of oromucosally administered interferon for the treatment of neoplastic diseases.The administration is done oromucosally in asingle dose by almost all forms of Interferons .the amount administered is from about 1500 IU to about 20.times.10.sup.6 IU for a 70 kg man per day.This amount is less than the amount that induces a pathological response in the mammal when administered parenterally.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/26/1988</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>This invention relates to the improvement of the polyamine depletion effects of ornithine decarboxylase inhibitors, the improvement being effected by the use of Interferon and Dacarbazine in conjunctive therapy with said inhibitors.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem in this patent is associated with the methods and drugs that are used for treating the pathological disease conditions such as cancer.Polyamines mechanism is not known and there are some evidences that ODC inhibitors may exert their therapeutic effect by blocking the formation of the polyamines and thereby slowing, interrupting, or arresting the proliferation and metastases of the tumor tissue. So certain methods are explored to find out the same kind of effect on treating cancers.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution was found to be the improved methods in treating the cancer with the use of Interferon and Dacarbazine when these disease states are treated with irreversible inhibitors of ornithine decarboxylase.This includes a pharmaceutical product containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine as a combined preparation for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease states. Even the methods for the formulation are disussed in this patent.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/14/1987</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Anti-tumor activity in humans can be augmented by administering to the human patient and effective amount of IFN-β and IL-2 in combination. The composition of IFN-β and IL-2 may be prepared invitro or administered separately to the patient. The composition is useful for prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of such cancers as melanoma, colon cancer lung cancer and breast cancer.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem in this patent is about the use of interferons seperately in treating the cancers.When administered seperately they were found to induce a response that was good.So an approach was thought of where the combination therapy was given to produce better results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The concern of the prior art was addressed with the successful administration of a combination therapy with Interferon beta and interleukin-2 as an anti-tumor therapeutic or prophylactic agent. It was made suitable for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer comprising formulating together, whether by mixing or providing separate doses.The administration is done parenterally.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4/8/2010</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>NOVARTIS AG</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Methods of treating melanoma include administering a compound of Structure I, a tautomer of the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or the tautomer, or a mixture thereof to a subject. The compound, tautomer, salt of the compound, salt of the tautomer, or mixture thereof may be used to prepare medicaments for treating metastatic cancer. The variable A has the values defined herein.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is that though there are many methods of treating cancer , still there is a need for the advancements in the technologies to be adopted to arrive at better results.The compounds such as quinoline derivatives were used and were disclosed in the prior art for the treatment of Melanoma.The compounds that were used previously were found to be associated with the side effects.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center><nowiki>The solution was found to be finding of compounds that can effectively administered for treating Melanoma.It relates to the use of compounds such as 4-amino-5-fluoro-3-[6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]quino- lin-2(1H)-one and tautomers, salts, and mixtures thereof in treating melanoma and preparing medicaments for treating melanoma. The therapeutically effective amount of the compound can range from about 0.25 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg body weight of the subject.</nowiki></center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7/11/1989</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of cancer with interferon and radiotherapy </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Radiation sensitive human cancers are treated with combined interferon and radiation therapy.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Radiation therapy emerged some years back for the treatment of cancers.It was observed that the results are good.But there was a need felt to effectively increase the efficacy of radiation treatment.So to develop radiation sensitizers or potentiators which enable the radiation to cause increased tumor destruction. Despite numerous laboratory and clinical studies, no single agent has, to date, emerged as the optimal radiation sensitizer. </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem could be addressed by an effective treatment means using administering subcutaneously to such patients between 2.0.times.10.sup.6 IU/m.sup.2 and 5.0.times.10.sup.6 IU/m.sup.2 of recombinant DNA-alpha-2-interferon .This is done three days a week at a time on those days prior to radiation therapy.The doses are from 15 to 35 Gy are administered five days a week including those days on which interferon is administered.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''7'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/20/1998</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The Texas A&M University System</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of neoplastic disease with oral interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Neoplastic diseases are treated by the administration of human interferon, particularly IFN-α, at a dosage of from about 0.01 to about 5 IU/lb./day such that the interferon is held in contact with the patient's oral and pharyngeal mucosae. The interferon is administered in a solid dosage from, e.g., a saliva-dissolvable lozenge.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Though the research is intensive in the field of interferons,there exists a substantial lack of uniformity in such matters as classification of interferon types. There are also numerous, sometimes contradictory, theories concerning the mode of action of interferon in producing clinical effects.It became apparent that exogenous interferon was sometimes capable of effecting regression or remission of various metastatic diseases. so different studies are conducted to know the clinical agent of choice for the prevention of cancers.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The present invention is based on applicant's discovery that interferon can be used as a consistently effective therapeutic agent for treatment of diseases having an immunopathologic basis--characterized by inadequate immune response and persistence of the disease.The interferon is administered in an amount of about 0.01 to about 5 IU/lb of patient body weight per day. Multiple dose daily regimen is given to the patients.They aid in the better treatment of cancers.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''8'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8/8/2002</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>None</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>METHOD FOR TREATING MELANOMA </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The present invention discloses a method for treating patients having melanoma or melanoma associated symptoms by parenterally administering Product R, a peptide-nucleic acid preparation.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanomas are usually treated by surgical excision, while patients with thick melanomas and those with regional or distant metastasis may benefit from other forms of therapy.Cytokines have been tested in the treatment of different skin cancers during the last decade, and treatment schedules have been established or proposed for several malignant skin tumors. Preferentially, the interferons and interleukin-2 were found to be effective in treating skin cancers including melanoma.But they were needed to be checked in combination with other products as they were anticipated to yield better results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The new method of treatment using the product R in combination with interferons not only sounded effectively but also proved to be an effective means .The administration is done in an sterile injectible form.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''9'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8/9/1988</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schwimmer, Adolf W. | Schwartz, Irwin Steven | Rubin, David</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer therapy with interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The effectiveness of interferon for treatment against cancer may be increased by first administering an agent for inhibiting tyrosinase. In this manner the tyrosinase which is known to be produced by malignancies, and which may cause inactivation of the interferon, will be substantially inactivated prior to the interferon administration.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Some of the the prior art patents doesn't trust on the use of interferons for treating all types of malignancies.The reason being the interferons are easily denatured in the enzymatic processes.So attempts were made out initially to find out the reasons for the denaturation even at high doses.Efforts were made to improve methods of cancer therapy using interferon.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution has come out in the form of improved treatment method for treating cancer by the efforts of the present inventor.As the reason for the denaturation was found to be tyrosinase,attempts were made seriously to supress this tyrosinase.A composition was made finally with D-penicillamine that can suppress tyrosinase.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''10'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3/2/1993</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of certain leukemias with a combination of gamma interferon and alpha interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Human leukemia T-cells and B-cells are inhibited from proliferating by treatment with a combination of recombinant human alpha and gamma interferons, either simultaneously or sequentially, and the alpha interferon is preferably recombinant human alfa-2b interferon.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The patent in the prior art posed a lot of problems with the use of gamma interferons alone in terms of the purity as the preparations previously were found to be contaminated.When used singly for the treatment of lekimias they were found to yield ineffective results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution was found to administer alpha and gamma interferons for the treatment of leukemias.It could inhibit the proliferation of susceptible leukemia cells with a cell proliferation inhibiting amount of a combination of both of the interferons.They are adminstered sequentially and simultaneously too to give good results.</center>

|}

==Taxonomy==

[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]

== Sample Analysis==
* '''Patents:''' The above sample patents were analysed according to the taxonomy.
[[Media:Sample analysis of Treating of melanoma.xls| '''Click here to download Sample analysis sheet on Interferon for treatment of Melanomas''']]

* '''Scientific Literature:'''* [[Media:Article Analysis Of Melanoma.xls |'''Click here to download Melanoma Treatment Using IFN: sample articles]]

==Patent Ranking==
10 Sample Patents were ranked according to the patent focus.
*Patent Ranking Details
1 : Granted Patent & Focus in Independent Claim 
2 : Granted Patent & Focus in Dependent Claim 
3 : Published Patent & Focus in independent Claim 
4 : Published Patent & Focus in Dependent claim 

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Type</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent Ranking</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>5</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Dependent</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Independent</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>9</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|}

==Clinical Trials==
*'''Database:''' [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ '''Clinical trials''']
*'''Searched on:''' Feb 25th, 2011

*[[Media:clinical trials treatment of melanoma.xls |'''Please click here to download the clinical trial excel sheet''']]

==IP Activity Graphs Of Sample Patents==
===IP activity based on priority years===

* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on priority years.
[[Image:IP act PS priority year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on priority years]]

===IP activity based on publication years===

* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on publication years.
[[Image:IP act PS publication year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on publication years]]

===Geographical Distribution based on family members===

* The geographical distribution is based on 10 sample patent numbers along with all their family members.
[[Image:Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma 1.jpg|center|thumb|500 px| Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma]]

==Market Report==
===Interferon types & Their Compositions===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Generic Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Brand Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Composition'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Alpha IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Interferon alfa-2aInactive Ingredients- sodium chloride, ammonium acetate, polysorbate 80, glycine, sodium phosphate dibasic,sodium phosphate monobasic, human albumin, preservative: benzyl alcohol.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Beta IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Beta interferon,Inactive Ingredients-65 to 90 wt % of polyol,and a p-hydroxybenzoate,carboxymethyl cellulose,human serum albumin</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Gamma IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-interferon gamma-1b.,Inactive Ingredients-Polyethylene Glycol,dextran ,hydroxyethylstarch </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pegylated IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active ingredient-peginterferon alfa-2b,Inactive ingredients: dibasic sodium phosphate anhydrous, monobasicsodium phosphate dihydrate, sucrose, polysorbate 80.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Recombinant IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Ribavirin,Inactive Ingredients-microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium,sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate monobasic as buffering agents;human albumin as a stabilizer.</center>

|}

===Interferon Types & Description Of Products===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Description'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Source'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron A is an interferon, a group of naturally occurring proteins that were first discovered as a result of their ability to prevent viral replication. Intron A is marketed in 72 countries worldwide for as many as 16 indications.In the United States it has been cleared for use by the FDA for chronic viral hepatitis B, chronic viral hepatitis C, malignant melanoma, hairy cell leukemia, AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma and condylomata acuminata (venereal warts).INTRON A recombinant for Injection has been classified as an alpha interfero nand is a water-soluble protein with a molecular weight of 19,271 daltons produced by recombinant DNA techniques. It is obtained from the bacterial fermentation of a strain of Escherichia coli bearing a genetically engineered plasmid containing an interferon alfa- 2b gene from human leukocytes. The fermentation is carried out in a defined nutrient medium containing the antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride at a concentration of 5 to 10 mg/L; the presence of this antibiotic is not detectable in the final product. The specific activity of interferon alfa-2b, recombinant is approximately 2.6 x 108 IU/mg protein as measured by the HPLC assay.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex, manufactured by Biogen, is a form of beta interferon (interferon beta, IFN-b) used to modify the course of multiple sclerosis. While not a cure, Avonex has been shown in clinical trials to reduce the average relapse rate in people with the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis form of the disease. It is identical to the naturally occurring protein found in the human body. It is manufactured by extracting the drug from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Avonex is the same substance as Rebif but administered differently (30 mcg, intra-muscularly, once a week as against 22 mcg or 44 mcg, sub-cutaneously, 3 times a week for Rebif). Avonex is usually given in the large muscles of the thigh, upper arm, or hip.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune(R) is a synthesized version of interferon gamma, a naturally occurring protein believed to stimulate the immune system. InterMune markets Actimmune(R) for the treatment of two life-threatening congenital diseases: chronic granulomatous disease and severe, malignant osteopetrosis. The most common side effects are flu-like symptoms, including headache, fatigue, fever, chills, and rash. InterMune was granted two composition-of-matter patents related to interferon gamma-1b in the United States, extending its patent protection until 2022.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.actimmune.com/ http://www.actimmune.com/]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg-Intron (peginterferon alfa-2b) Powder for Injection has been approved by the FDA.Peg-Intron is a longer-acting formulation of Schering-Plough's Intron A, which is a recombinant version of a naturally occurring alpha interferon. In contrast to Intron A, which is administered three times weekly, Peg-Intron is administered subcutaneously once a week. This reduced frequency of administration may increase patient compliance.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.pegintron.com/index.html http://www.pegintron.com/index.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>REBETOL is a medicine used with either interferon alfa-2b (Intron A) or peginterferon alfa-2b (PegIntron) to treat chronic (lasting a long time) hepatitis C infection in people 3 years and older with liver disease.REBETOL Capsules consist of a white powder in a white, opaque, gelatin capsule. Each capsule contains 200 mg ribavirin and the inactive ingredients microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate. The capsule shell consists of gelatin, sodium lauryl sulfate, silicon dioxide, and titanium dioxide. The capsule is printed with edible blue pharmaceutical ink which is made of shellac, anhydrous ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, propylene glycol, ammonium hydroxide, and FD&C Blue #2 aluminum lake.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.merck.com/product/home.html http://www.merck.com/product/home.html]</center>

|}

===Global Revenue Data Of products===

<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">S.No</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Generic Name</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Brand Name</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Company</td>
<td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Global revenue ($ Million )</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2008</td>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2009</td>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2010</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">1</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Alpha IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intron®,Roferon®-A</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="bottom">38.4</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Beta IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Avonex</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Biogen IDEC</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2518.4</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2322.9</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2202.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">3</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Gamma IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Actimmune®</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intermune</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">29880</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">25428</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">4</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Pegylated IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Peg Intron</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Schering-Plough</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">148.7</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">5</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Recombinant IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">36.1</td>
<td style="border-width: thin thick thick thin; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
</table>

==Biosimilars Of Interferons==

Biosimilar interferons are the major drug class in the recombinant non-glycosylated proteins market due to their extensive use in the treatment of various genetic and environmental disorders. The overall biosimilar market for interferons is categorized into the submarkets for alpha, beta, and gamma interferons, all of which are used extensively in the treatment of various conditions such as lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, and multiple sclerosis.

While the interferon market growth may be inhibited by the side effects of each of its three drug categories, the market presents many opportunities to new entrants as only a few players currently operate in this relatively unfragmented market.

The global recombinant interferon market stood at $75.3 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $3.9 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 82.9% from 2009 to 2014. The American biosimilar interferons market is expected to attain a market worth $1.5 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 91.5%.[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html Biosimilars ; Global Market]

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Global market For Biosimilars'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon Alfa</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global market for biosimilar interferon Alfa was $36.7 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $1.5 billion in 2014 at a CAGR of 76.5% from 2009 to 2014. While Asian market for biosimilar Alfa interferons commanded the highest share in 2008 with $17.5 million, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 88.3% from 2009 to 2014.The world's top two branded Interferon products generated sales of $1,510 million and $910 million each in 2008. The blockbuster sales of innovative Interferon Alfa products thus present encouragement for biosimilar Interferon Alfa manufacturers[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon beta</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon beta-1a market is estimated to grow from $36.3 million in 2008 to $2.2 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 87.8% from 2009 to 2014. However, the U.S. and Europe sales of branded interferon-betas are expected to fall from $4.6 billion in 2010 to $2.4 billion in 2017. The soaring cost of clinical development, the conservative prescribing habits of neurologists, and the expected decline in the use of interferon-betas may induce biosimilar developers to explore other classes of biologics to invest their R&D funds[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon gamma</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon gamma market was $2.2 million 2008 and is expected to reach $141.5 million in 2014 at a CAGR of 94.2% from 2009 to 2014. While the Asian market accounted for the highest share of $0.5 million in 2008, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 107.6% from 2009 to 2014[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|}

Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma

2011-02-28T07:42:22Z

Lakshmikantg: /* Search in Japanese database */

==Dashboard==

* Click here to view '''[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=890 Sample Dashboard]'''

NOTE: You need to install Internet Explorer 8.0 and Adobe Flash Player to view the Dashboard.

Please download [http://www.microsoft.com/windows/internet-explorer/default.aspx '''Internet Explorer 8.0'''] and [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/?promoid=DRHWS '''Adobe Flash player''']

==Objective==

'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.'''

To achieve our objective we performed following steps:

*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment

*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.

*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.

*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records

*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries

*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.

==Overview==

===Interferon===

[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]

Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source]

Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]

===Melanoma===

Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]

===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===

Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas.

A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})

While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]

==Interactive Taxonomy==
<mm>[[Interferon_For_the_treatment_Of_Melanoma.mm]]</mm>

==Concept Table==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Skin Cancer</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanocyte</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|
|}
===French Keywords Concept table===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>mélanome</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interféron*</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peau Cancer </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinome </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumeur </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Mélanocyte </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|}

===German Keywords Concept Table===

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Haut Krebs </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Karzinoma </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Krebsgeschwür </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Geschwulst </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanozyten </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|}

===Class codes identified for searches===

* '''Relevant IPC classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|A61P003500
|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|}

* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21A
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21B
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21C
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''
|align = "center"|C07K014715G
|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|}

* '''Relevant US classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|4240854
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|4242811
|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|42400141
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|514889
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|530351
|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|930142
|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|4240851
|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|4240855
|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|4240856
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|4240857
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.
|-
|}

==Intellectual property==

===Search strategy and concept===

Date of Search: 1836 to Feb 3rd, 2011
Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches

===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|576
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|756
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|1019 records '''571 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''3422 hits (2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|174
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|484
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|102
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|9
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''
|align = "center"|587 hits '''232 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|4 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR Interféron<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interféron OR huIFN) AND (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|25 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''29 hits'''
|-
|}

===Search in Japanese database===

Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan

Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2011/02/15

{| border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "left" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| '''S.No.'''
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Issue/Publication date'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''F-Term Theme'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''FI/F-term/Facet '''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Hits'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1836 - date'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4H045</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>DA15+DA16+DA17+DA18 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1298</center>

|}

'''Total patents: 1298 (Relevancy ~10%)'''

* '''F-Terms and theme used in search'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''
|align = "center"|'''4H045'''
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA15
|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA16
|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA17
|align = "center"|Beta-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA18
|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons
|-
|}

===Scientific Literature Search===

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Database</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Query</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Limits by Date</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>No.Of Hits</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pubmed</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>20000101-20110221</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>28402</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Scirus</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>24835</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Google Scholar</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>21100</center>

|}

==Sample patents==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Patent/Publication No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Date Of Publication'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Assignee'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Title'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Abstract'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Problem'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Solution'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>01/27/2009</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma therapy </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Methods for treating treatment-naive as well as treatment-experienced patients having melanoma to increase the progression-free survival time involving administering a therapeutically effective amount of pegylated interferon-alpha, e.g., preferably pegylated interferon alpha-2b, as adjuvant therapy to definitive surgery are disclosed.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is with the treatment methods that are employed with previously employed dose regimens for treating Melanoma after definitive surgical removal of the lesions.This led to the occurance of hematologic, neurologic and constitutional toxicities.Subject compliance with the dosage and dosage regimen during both phases is considered to be important to achieve maximum clinical benefit. </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The higher patience compliance is achieved with the improved methods of treatment of melanoma.A therapeutically effective dose of pegylated interferon alpha for a time period sufficient to increase the progression-free survival time was administered to the patient.The treatment regimen includes a first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of PEG.sub.12000 interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of PEG.sub.12000 interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period. </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>12/7/1999</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>A method for treating neoplastic disease in a mammal via administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon via oromucosal contact. The amount of interferon administered is less than an amount which induces a pathological response when administered parenterally.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is with the method employed for the treatment of neoplastic diseases.The administration of low doses of interferon as a nasal spray or as an oral liquid formulation in the treatment of the neoplastic diseases is not effective in the previous patents.There is no experimental evidence regarding the administration mode of the interferon,though it was anticipated that administrations through other modes is possible to deliver effectively and treating the same conditions.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution to the problem is solved by first controlled study in an animal model of the efficacy of oromucosally administered interferon for the treatment of neoplastic diseases.The administration is done oromucosally in asingle dose by almost all forms of Interferons .the amount administered is from about 1500 IU to about 20.times.10.sup.6 IU for a 70 kg man per day.This amount is less than the amount that induces a pathological response in the mammal when administered parenterally.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/26/1988</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>This invention relates to the improvement of the polyamine depletion effects of ornithine decarboxylase inhibitors, the improvement being effected by the use of Interferon and Dacarbazine in conjunctive therapy with said inhibitors.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem in this patent is associated with the methods and drugs that are used for treating the pathological disease conditions such as cancer.Polyamines mechanism is not known and there are some evidences that ODC inhibitors may exert their therapeutic effect by blocking the formation of the polyamines and thereby slowing, interrupting, or arresting the proliferation and metastases of the tumor tissue. So certain methods are explored to find out the same kind of effect on treating cancers.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution was found to be the improved methods in treating the cancer with the use of Interferon and Dacarbazine when these disease states are treated with irreversible inhibitors of ornithine decarboxylase.This includes a pharmaceutical product containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine as a combined preparation for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease states. Even the methods for the formulation are disussed in this patent.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/14/1987</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Anti-tumor activity in humans can be augmented by administering to the human patient and effective amount of IFN-β and IL-2 in combination. The composition of IFN-β and IL-2 may be prepared invitro or administered separately to the patient. The composition is useful for prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of such cancers as melanoma, colon cancer lung cancer and breast cancer.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem in this patent is about the use of interferons seperately in treating the cancers.When administered seperately they were found to induce a response that was good.So an approach was thought of where the combination therapy was given to produce better results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The concern of the prior art was addressed with the successful administration of a combination therapy with Interferon beta and interleukin-2 as an anti-tumor therapeutic or prophylactic agent. It was made suitable for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer comprising formulating together, whether by mixing or providing separate doses.The administration is done parenterally.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4/8/2010</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>NOVARTIS AG</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Methods of treating melanoma include administering a compound of Structure I, a tautomer of the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or the tautomer, or a mixture thereof to a subject. The compound, tautomer, salt of the compound, salt of the tautomer, or mixture thereof may be used to prepare medicaments for treating metastatic cancer. The variable A has the values defined herein.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is that though there are many methods of treating cancer , still there is a need for the advancements in the technologies to be adopted to arrive at better results.The compounds such as quinoline derivatives were used and were disclosed in the prior art for the treatment of Melanoma.The compounds that were used previously were found to be associated with the side effects.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center><nowiki>The solution was found to be finding of compounds that can effectively administered for treating Melanoma.It relates to the use of compounds such as 4-amino-5-fluoro-3-[6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]quino- lin-2(1H)-one and tautomers, salts, and mixtures thereof in treating melanoma and preparing medicaments for treating melanoma. The therapeutically effective amount of the compound can range from about 0.25 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg body weight of the subject.</nowiki></center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7/11/1989</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of cancer with interferon and radiotherapy </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Radiation sensitive human cancers are treated with combined interferon and radiation therapy.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Radiation therapy emerged some years back for the treatment of cancers.It was observed that the results are good.But there was a need felt to effectively increase the efficacy of radiation treatment.So to develop radiation sensitizers or potentiators which enable the radiation to cause increased tumor destruction. Despite numerous laboratory and clinical studies, no single agent has, to date, emerged as the optimal radiation sensitizer. </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem could be addressed by an effective treatment means using administering subcutaneously to such patients between 2.0.times.10.sup.6 IU/m.sup.2 and 5.0.times.10.sup.6 IU/m.sup.2 of recombinant DNA-alpha-2-interferon .This is done three days a week at a time on those days prior to radiation therapy.The doses are from 15 to 35 Gy are administered five days a week including those days on which interferon is administered.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''7'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/20/1998</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The Texas A&M University System</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of neoplastic disease with oral interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Neoplastic diseases are treated by the administration of human interferon, particularly IFN-α, at a dosage of from about 0.01 to about 5 IU/lb./day such that the interferon is held in contact with the patient's oral and pharyngeal mucosae. The interferon is administered in a solid dosage from, e.g., a saliva-dissolvable lozenge.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Though the research is intensive in the field of interferons,there exists a substantial lack of uniformity in such matters as classification of interferon types. There are also numerous, sometimes contradictory, theories concerning the mode of action of interferon in producing clinical effects.It became apparent that exogenous interferon was sometimes capable of effecting regression or remission of various metastatic diseases. so different studies are conducted to know the clinical agent of choice for the prevention of cancers.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The present invention is based on applicant's discovery that interferon can be used as a consistently effective therapeutic agent for treatment of diseases having an immunopathologic basis--characterized by inadequate immune response and persistence of the disease.The interferon is administered in an amount of about 0.01 to about 5 IU/lb of patient body weight per day. Multiple dose daily regimen is given to the patients.They aid in the better treatment of cancers.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''8'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8/8/2002</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>None</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>METHOD FOR TREATING MELANOMA </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The present invention discloses a method for treating patients having melanoma or melanoma associated symptoms by parenterally administering Product R, a peptide-nucleic acid preparation.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanomas are usually treated by surgical excision, while patients with thick melanomas and those with regional or distant metastasis may benefit from other forms of therapy.Cytokines have been tested in the treatment of different skin cancers during the last decade, and treatment schedules have been established or proposed for several malignant skin tumors. Preferentially, the interferons and interleukin-2 were found to be effective in treating skin cancers including melanoma.But they were needed to be checked in combination with other products as they were anticipated to yield better results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The new method of treatment using the product R in combination with interferons not only sounded effectively but also proved to be an effective means .The administration is done in an sterile injectible form.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''9'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8/9/1988</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schwimmer, Adolf W. | Schwartz, Irwin Steven | Rubin, David</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer therapy with interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The effectiveness of interferon for treatment against cancer may be increased by first administering an agent for inhibiting tyrosinase. In this manner the tyrosinase which is known to be produced by malignancies, and which may cause inactivation of the interferon, will be substantially inactivated prior to the interferon administration.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Some of the the prior art patents doesn't trust on the use of interferons for treating all types of malignancies.The reason being the interferons are easily denatured in the enzymatic processes.So attempts were made out initially to find out the reasons for the denaturation even at high doses.Efforts were made to improve methods of cancer therapy using interferon.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution has come out in the form of improved treatment method for treating cancer by the efforts of the present inventor.As the reason for the denaturation was found to be tyrosinase,attempts were made seriously to supress this tyrosinase.A composition was made finally with D-penicillamine that can suppress tyrosinase.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''10'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3/2/1993</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of certain leukemias with a combination of gamma interferon and alpha interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Human leukemia T-cells and B-cells are inhibited from proliferating by treatment with a combination of recombinant human alpha and gamma interferons, either simultaneously or sequentially, and the alpha interferon is preferably recombinant human alfa-2b interferon.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The patent in the prior art posed a lot of problems with the use of gamma interferons alone in terms of the purity as the preparations previously were found to be contaminated.When used singly for the treatment of lekimias they were found to yield ineffective results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution was found to administer alpha and gamma interferons for the treatment of leukemias.It could inhibit the proliferation of susceptible leukemia cells with a cell proliferation inhibiting amount of a combination of both of the interferons.They are adminstered sequentially and simultaneously too to give good results.</center>

|}

==Taxonomy==

[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]

== Sample Analysis==
* '''Patents:''' The above sample patents were analysed according to the taxonomy.
[[Media:Sample analysis of Treating of melanoma.xls| '''Click here to download Sample analysis sheet on Interferon for treatment of Melanomas''']]

* '''Scientific Literature:'''* [[Media:Article Analysis Of Melanoma.xls |'''Click here to download Melanoma Treatment Using IFN: sample articles]]

==Patent Ranking==
10 Sample Patents were ranked according to the patent focus.
*Patent Ranking Details
1 : Granted Patent & Focus in Independent Claim 
2 : Granted Patent & Focus in Dependent Claim 
3 : Published Patent & Focus in independent Claim 
4 : Published Patent & Focus in Dependent claim 

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Type</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent Ranking</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>5</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Dependent</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Independent</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>9</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|}

==Clinical Trials==
*'''Database:''' [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ '''Clinical trials''']
*'''Searched on:''' Feb 25th, 2011

*[[Media:clinical trials treatment of melanoma.xls |'''Please click here to download the clinical trial excel sheet''']]

==IP Activity Graphs Of Sample Patents==
===IP activity based on priority years===

* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on priority years.
[[Image:IP act PS priority year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on priority years]]

===IP activity based on publication years===

* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on publication years.
[[Image:IP act PS publication year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on publication years]]

===Geographical Distribution based on family members===

* The geographical distribution is based on 10 sample patent numbers along with all their family members.
[[Image:Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma 1.jpg|center|thumb|500 px| Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma]]

==Market Report==
===Interferon types & Their Compositions===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Generic Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Brand Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Composition'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Alpha IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Interferon alfa-2aInactive Ingredients- sodium chloride, ammonium acetate, polysorbate 80, glycine, sodium phosphate dibasic,sodium phosphate monobasic, human albumin, preservative: benzyl alcohol.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Beta IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Beta interferon,Inactive Ingredients-65 to 90 wt % of polyol,and a p-hydroxybenzoate,carboxymethyl cellulose,human serum albumin</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Gamma IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-interferon gamma-1b.,Inactive Ingredients-Polyethylene Glycol,dextran ,hydroxyethylstarch </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pegylated IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active ingredient-peginterferon alfa-2b,Inactive ingredients: dibasic sodium phosphate anhydrous, monobasicsodium phosphate dihydrate, sucrose, polysorbate 80.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Recombinant IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Ribavirin,Inactive Ingredients-microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium,sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate monobasic as buffering agents;human albumin as a stabilizer.</center>

|}

===Interferon Types & Description Of Products===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Description'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Source'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron A is an interferon, a group of naturally occurring proteins that were first discovered as a result of their ability to prevent viral replication. Intron A is marketed in 72 countries worldwide for as many as 16 indications.In the United States it has been cleared for use by the FDA for chronic viral hepatitis B, chronic viral hepatitis C, malignant melanoma, hairy cell leukemia, AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma and condylomata acuminata (venereal warts).INTRON A recombinant for Injection has been classified as an alpha interfero nand is a water-soluble protein with a molecular weight of 19,271 daltons produced by recombinant DNA techniques. It is obtained from the bacterial fermentation of a strain of Escherichia coli bearing a genetically engineered plasmid containing an interferon alfa- 2b gene from human leukocytes. The fermentation is carried out in a defined nutrient medium containing the antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride at a concentration of 5 to 10 mg/L; the presence of this antibiotic is not detectable in the final product. The specific activity of interferon alfa-2b, recombinant is approximately 2.6 x 108 IU/mg protein as measured by the HPLC assay.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex, manufactured by Biogen, is a form of beta interferon (interferon beta, IFN-b) used to modify the course of multiple sclerosis. While not a cure, Avonex has been shown in clinical trials to reduce the average relapse rate in people with the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis form of the disease. It is identical to the naturally occurring protein found in the human body. It is manufactured by extracting the drug from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Avonex is the same substance as Rebif but administered differently (30 mcg, intra-muscularly, once a week as against 22 mcg or 44 mcg, sub-cutaneously, 3 times a week for Rebif). Avonex is usually given in the large muscles of the thigh, upper arm, or hip.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune(R) is a synthesized version of interferon gamma, a naturally occurring protein believed to stimulate the immune system. InterMune markets Actimmune(R) for the treatment of two life-threatening congenital diseases: chronic granulomatous disease and severe, malignant osteopetrosis. The most common side effects are flu-like symptoms, including headache, fatigue, fever, chills, and rash. InterMune was granted two composition-of-matter patents related to interferon gamma-1b in the United States, extending its patent protection until 2022.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.actimmune.com/ http://www.actimmune.com/]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg-Intron (peginterferon alfa-2b) Powder for Injection has been approved by the FDA.Peg-Intron is a longer-acting formulation of Schering-Plough's Intron A, which is a recombinant version of a naturally occurring alpha interferon. In contrast to Intron A, which is administered three times weekly, Peg-Intron is administered subcutaneously once a week. This reduced frequency of administration may increase patient compliance.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.pegintron.com/index.html http://www.pegintron.com/index.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>REBETOL is a medicine used with either interferon alfa-2b (Intron A) or peginterferon alfa-2b (PegIntron) to treat chronic (lasting a long time) hepatitis C infection in people 3 years and older with liver disease.REBETOL Capsules consist of a white powder in a white, opaque, gelatin capsule. Each capsule contains 200 mg ribavirin and the inactive ingredients microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate. The capsule shell consists of gelatin, sodium lauryl sulfate, silicon dioxide, and titanium dioxide. The capsule is printed with edible blue pharmaceutical ink which is made of shellac, anhydrous ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, propylene glycol, ammonium hydroxide, and FD&C Blue #2 aluminum lake.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.merck.com/product/home.html http://www.merck.com/product/home.html]</center>

|}

===Global Revenue Data Of products===

<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">S.No</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Generic Name</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Brand Name</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Company</td>
<td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Global revenue ($ Million )</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2008</td>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2009</td>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2010</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">1</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Alpha IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intron®,Roferon®-A</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="bottom">38.4</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Beta IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Avonex</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Biogen IDEC</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2518.4</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2322.9</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2202.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">3</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Gamma IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Actimmune®</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intermune</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">29880</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">25428</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">4</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Pegylated IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Peg Intron</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Schering-Plough</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">148.7</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">5</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Recombinant IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">36.1</td>
<td style="border-width: thin thick thick thin; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
</table>

==Biosimilars Of Interferons==

Biosimilar interferons are the major drug class in the recombinant non-glycosylated proteins market due to their extensive use in the treatment of various genetic and environmental disorders. The overall biosimilar market for interferons is categorized into the submarkets for alpha, beta, and gamma interferons, all of which are used extensively in the treatment of various conditions such as lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, and multiple sclerosis.

While the interferon market growth may be inhibited by the side effects of each of its three drug categories, the market presents many opportunities to new entrants as only a few players currently operate in this relatively unfragmented market.

The global recombinant interferon market stood at $75.3 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $3.9 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 82.9% from 2009 to 2014. The American biosimilar interferons market is expected to attain a market worth $1.5 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 91.5%.[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html Biosimilars ; Global Market]

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Global market For Biosimilars'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon Alfa</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global market for biosimilar interferon Alfa was $36.7 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $1.5 billion in 2014 at a CAGR of 76.5% from 2009 to 2014. While Asian market for biosimilar Alfa interferons commanded the highest share in 2008 with $17.5 million, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 88.3% from 2009 to 2014.The world's top two branded Interferon products generated sales of $1,510 million and $910 million each in 2008. The blockbuster sales of innovative Interferon Alfa products thus present encouragement for biosimilar Interferon Alfa manufacturers[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon beta</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon beta-1a market is estimated to grow from $36.3 million in 2008 to $2.2 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 87.8% from 2009 to 2014. However, the U.S. and Europe sales of branded interferon-betas are expected to fall from $4.6 billion in 2010 to $2.4 billion in 2017. The soaring cost of clinical development, the conservative prescribing habits of neurologists, and the expected decline in the use of interferon-betas may induce biosimilar developers to explore other classes of biologics to invest their R&D funds[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon gamma</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon gamma market was $2.2 million 2008 and is expected to reach $141.5 million in 2014 at a CAGR of 94.2% from 2009 to 2014. While the Asian market accounted for the highest share of $0.5 million in 2008, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 107.6% from 2009 to 2014[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|}

Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma

2011-02-28T07:41:30Z

Lakshmikantg: /* Search in Japanese database */

==Dashboard==

* Click here to view '''[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=890 Sample Dashboard]'''

NOTE: You need to install Internet Explorer 8.0 and Adobe Flash Player to view the Dashboard.

Please download [http://www.microsoft.com/windows/internet-explorer/default.aspx '''Internet Explorer 8.0'''] and [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/?promoid=DRHWS '''Adobe Flash player''']

==Objective==

'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.'''

To achieve our objective we performed following steps:

*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment

*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.

*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.

*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records

*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries

*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.

==Overview==

===Interferon===

[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]

Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source]

Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]

===Melanoma===

Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]

===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===

Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas.

A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})

While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]

==Interactive Taxonomy==
<mm>[[Interferon_For_the_treatment_Of_Melanoma.mm]]</mm>

==Concept Table==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Skin Cancer</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanocyte</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|
|}
===French Keywords Concept table===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>mélanome</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interféron*</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peau Cancer </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinome </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumeur </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Mélanocyte </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|}

===German Keywords Concept Table===

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Haut Krebs </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Karzinoma </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Krebsgeschwür </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Geschwulst </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanozyten </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|}

===Class codes identified for searches===

* '''Relevant IPC classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|A61P003500
|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|}

* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21A
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21B
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21C
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''
|align = "center"|C07K014715G
|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|}

* '''Relevant US classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|4240854
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|4242811
|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|42400141
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|514889
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|530351
|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|930142
|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|4240851
|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|4240855
|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|4240856
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|4240857
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.
|-
|}

==Intellectual property==

===Search strategy and concept===

Date of Search: 1836 to Feb 3rd, 2011
Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches

===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|576
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|756
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|1019 records '''571 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''3422 hits (2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|174
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|484
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|102
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|9
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''
|align = "center"|587 hits '''232 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|4 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR Interféron<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interféron OR huIFN) AND (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|25 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''29 hits'''
|-
|}

===Search in Japanese database===

Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan

Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2011/02/15

{| border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "left" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| '''S.No.'''
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Issue/Publication date'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''F-Term Theme'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''FI/F-term/Facet '''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Hits'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1836 - date'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4H045</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>DA15+DA16+DA17+DA18 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1298</center>

|}

'''Total patents: 948 (Relevancy ~10%)'''

* '''F-Terms and theme used in search'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''
|align = "center"|'''4H045'''
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA15
|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA16
|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA17
|align = "center"|Beta-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA18
|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons
|-
|}

===Scientific Literature Search===

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Database</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Query</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Limits by Date</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>No.Of Hits</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pubmed</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>20000101-20110221</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>28402</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Scirus</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>24835</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Google Scholar</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>21100</center>

|}

==Sample patents==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Patent/Publication No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Date Of Publication'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Assignee'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Title'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Abstract'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Problem'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Solution'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>01/27/2009</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma therapy </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Methods for treating treatment-naive as well as treatment-experienced patients having melanoma to increase the progression-free survival time involving administering a therapeutically effective amount of pegylated interferon-alpha, e.g., preferably pegylated interferon alpha-2b, as adjuvant therapy to definitive surgery are disclosed.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is with the treatment methods that are employed with previously employed dose regimens for treating Melanoma after definitive surgical removal of the lesions.This led to the occurance of hematologic, neurologic and constitutional toxicities.Subject compliance with the dosage and dosage regimen during both phases is considered to be important to achieve maximum clinical benefit. </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The higher patience compliance is achieved with the improved methods of treatment of melanoma.A therapeutically effective dose of pegylated interferon alpha for a time period sufficient to increase the progression-free survival time was administered to the patient.The treatment regimen includes a first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of PEG.sub.12000 interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of PEG.sub.12000 interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period. </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>12/7/1999</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>A method for treating neoplastic disease in a mammal via administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon via oromucosal contact. The amount of interferon administered is less than an amount which induces a pathological response when administered parenterally.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is with the method employed for the treatment of neoplastic diseases.The administration of low doses of interferon as a nasal spray or as an oral liquid formulation in the treatment of the neoplastic diseases is not effective in the previous patents.There is no experimental evidence regarding the administration mode of the interferon,though it was anticipated that administrations through other modes is possible to deliver effectively and treating the same conditions.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution to the problem is solved by first controlled study in an animal model of the efficacy of oromucosally administered interferon for the treatment of neoplastic diseases.The administration is done oromucosally in asingle dose by almost all forms of Interferons .the amount administered is from about 1500 IU to about 20.times.10.sup.6 IU for a 70 kg man per day.This amount is less than the amount that induces a pathological response in the mammal when administered parenterally.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/26/1988</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>This invention relates to the improvement of the polyamine depletion effects of ornithine decarboxylase inhibitors, the improvement being effected by the use of Interferon and Dacarbazine in conjunctive therapy with said inhibitors.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem in this patent is associated with the methods and drugs that are used for treating the pathological disease conditions such as cancer.Polyamines mechanism is not known and there are some evidences that ODC inhibitors may exert their therapeutic effect by blocking the formation of the polyamines and thereby slowing, interrupting, or arresting the proliferation and metastases of the tumor tissue. So certain methods are explored to find out the same kind of effect on treating cancers.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution was found to be the improved methods in treating the cancer with the use of Interferon and Dacarbazine when these disease states are treated with irreversible inhibitors of ornithine decarboxylase.This includes a pharmaceutical product containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine as a combined preparation for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease states. Even the methods for the formulation are disussed in this patent.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/14/1987</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Anti-tumor activity in humans can be augmented by administering to the human patient and effective amount of IFN-β and IL-2 in combination. The composition of IFN-β and IL-2 may be prepared invitro or administered separately to the patient. The composition is useful for prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of such cancers as melanoma, colon cancer lung cancer and breast cancer.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem in this patent is about the use of interferons seperately in treating the cancers.When administered seperately they were found to induce a response that was good.So an approach was thought of where the combination therapy was given to produce better results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The concern of the prior art was addressed with the successful administration of a combination therapy with Interferon beta and interleukin-2 as an anti-tumor therapeutic or prophylactic agent. It was made suitable for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer comprising formulating together, whether by mixing or providing separate doses.The administration is done parenterally.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4/8/2010</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>NOVARTIS AG</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Methods of treating melanoma include administering a compound of Structure I, a tautomer of the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or the tautomer, or a mixture thereof to a subject. The compound, tautomer, salt of the compound, salt of the tautomer, or mixture thereof may be used to prepare medicaments for treating metastatic cancer. The variable A has the values defined herein.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is that though there are many methods of treating cancer , still there is a need for the advancements in the technologies to be adopted to arrive at better results.The compounds such as quinoline derivatives were used and were disclosed in the prior art for the treatment of Melanoma.The compounds that were used previously were found to be associated with the side effects.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center><nowiki>The solution was found to be finding of compounds that can effectively administered for treating Melanoma.It relates to the use of compounds such as 4-amino-5-fluoro-3-[6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]quino- lin-2(1H)-one and tautomers, salts, and mixtures thereof in treating melanoma and preparing medicaments for treating melanoma. The therapeutically effective amount of the compound can range from about 0.25 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg body weight of the subject.</nowiki></center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7/11/1989</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of cancer with interferon and radiotherapy </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Radiation sensitive human cancers are treated with combined interferon and radiation therapy.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Radiation therapy emerged some years back for the treatment of cancers.It was observed that the results are good.But there was a need felt to effectively increase the efficacy of radiation treatment.So to develop radiation sensitizers or potentiators which enable the radiation to cause increased tumor destruction. Despite numerous laboratory and clinical studies, no single agent has, to date, emerged as the optimal radiation sensitizer. </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem could be addressed by an effective treatment means using administering subcutaneously to such patients between 2.0.times.10.sup.6 IU/m.sup.2 and 5.0.times.10.sup.6 IU/m.sup.2 of recombinant DNA-alpha-2-interferon .This is done three days a week at a time on those days prior to radiation therapy.The doses are from 15 to 35 Gy are administered five days a week including those days on which interferon is administered.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''7'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/20/1998</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The Texas A&M University System</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of neoplastic disease with oral interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Neoplastic diseases are treated by the administration of human interferon, particularly IFN-α, at a dosage of from about 0.01 to about 5 IU/lb./day such that the interferon is held in contact with the patient's oral and pharyngeal mucosae. The interferon is administered in a solid dosage from, e.g., a saliva-dissolvable lozenge.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Though the research is intensive in the field of interferons,there exists a substantial lack of uniformity in such matters as classification of interferon types. There are also numerous, sometimes contradictory, theories concerning the mode of action of interferon in producing clinical effects.It became apparent that exogenous interferon was sometimes capable of effecting regression or remission of various metastatic diseases. so different studies are conducted to know the clinical agent of choice for the prevention of cancers.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The present invention is based on applicant's discovery that interferon can be used as a consistently effective therapeutic agent for treatment of diseases having an immunopathologic basis--characterized by inadequate immune response and persistence of the disease.The interferon is administered in an amount of about 0.01 to about 5 IU/lb of patient body weight per day. Multiple dose daily regimen is given to the patients.They aid in the better treatment of cancers.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''8'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8/8/2002</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>None</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>METHOD FOR TREATING MELANOMA </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The present invention discloses a method for treating patients having melanoma or melanoma associated symptoms by parenterally administering Product R, a peptide-nucleic acid preparation.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanomas are usually treated by surgical excision, while patients with thick melanomas and those with regional or distant metastasis may benefit from other forms of therapy.Cytokines have been tested in the treatment of different skin cancers during the last decade, and treatment schedules have been established or proposed for several malignant skin tumors. Preferentially, the interferons and interleukin-2 were found to be effective in treating skin cancers including melanoma.But they were needed to be checked in combination with other products as they were anticipated to yield better results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The new method of treatment using the product R in combination with interferons not only sounded effectively but also proved to be an effective means .The administration is done in an sterile injectible form.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''9'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8/9/1988</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schwimmer, Adolf W. | Schwartz, Irwin Steven | Rubin, David</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer therapy with interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The effectiveness of interferon for treatment against cancer may be increased by first administering an agent for inhibiting tyrosinase. In this manner the tyrosinase which is known to be produced by malignancies, and which may cause inactivation of the interferon, will be substantially inactivated prior to the interferon administration.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Some of the the prior art patents doesn't trust on the use of interferons for treating all types of malignancies.The reason being the interferons are easily denatured in the enzymatic processes.So attempts were made out initially to find out the reasons for the denaturation even at high doses.Efforts were made to improve methods of cancer therapy using interferon.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution has come out in the form of improved treatment method for treating cancer by the efforts of the present inventor.As the reason for the denaturation was found to be tyrosinase,attempts were made seriously to supress this tyrosinase.A composition was made finally with D-penicillamine that can suppress tyrosinase.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''10'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3/2/1993</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of certain leukemias with a combination of gamma interferon and alpha interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Human leukemia T-cells and B-cells are inhibited from proliferating by treatment with a combination of recombinant human alpha and gamma interferons, either simultaneously or sequentially, and the alpha interferon is preferably recombinant human alfa-2b interferon.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The patent in the prior art posed a lot of problems with the use of gamma interferons alone in terms of the purity as the preparations previously were found to be contaminated.When used singly for the treatment of lekimias they were found to yield ineffective results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution was found to administer alpha and gamma interferons for the treatment of leukemias.It could inhibit the proliferation of susceptible leukemia cells with a cell proliferation inhibiting amount of a combination of both of the interferons.They are adminstered sequentially and simultaneously too to give good results.</center>

|}

==Taxonomy==

[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]

== Sample Analysis==
* '''Patents:''' The above sample patents were analysed according to the taxonomy.
[[Media:Sample analysis of Treating of melanoma.xls| '''Click here to download Sample analysis sheet on Interferon for treatment of Melanomas''']]

* '''Scientific Literature:'''* [[Media:Article Analysis Of Melanoma.xls |'''Click here to download Melanoma Treatment Using IFN: sample articles]]

==Patent Ranking==
10 Sample Patents were ranked according to the patent focus.
*Patent Ranking Details
1 : Granted Patent & Focus in Independent Claim 
2 : Granted Patent & Focus in Dependent Claim 
3 : Published Patent & Focus in independent Claim 
4 : Published Patent & Focus in Dependent claim 

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Type</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent Ranking</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>5</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Dependent</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Independent</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>9</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|}

==Clinical Trials==
*'''Database:''' [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ '''Clinical trials''']
*'''Searched on:''' Feb 25th, 2011

*[[Media:clinical trials treatment of melanoma.xls |'''Please click here to download the clinical trial excel sheet''']]

==IP Activity Graphs Of Sample Patents==
===IP activity based on priority years===

* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on priority years.
[[Image:IP act PS priority year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on priority years]]

===IP activity based on publication years===

* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on publication years.
[[Image:IP act PS publication year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on publication years]]

===Geographical Distribution based on family members===

* The geographical distribution is based on 10 sample patent numbers along with all their family members.
[[Image:Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma 1.jpg|center|thumb|500 px| Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma]]

==Market Report==
===Interferon types & Their Compositions===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Generic Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Brand Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Composition'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Alpha IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Interferon alfa-2aInactive Ingredients- sodium chloride, ammonium acetate, polysorbate 80, glycine, sodium phosphate dibasic,sodium phosphate monobasic, human albumin, preservative: benzyl alcohol.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Beta IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Beta interferon,Inactive Ingredients-65 to 90 wt % of polyol,and a p-hydroxybenzoate,carboxymethyl cellulose,human serum albumin</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Gamma IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-interferon gamma-1b.,Inactive Ingredients-Polyethylene Glycol,dextran ,hydroxyethylstarch </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pegylated IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active ingredient-peginterferon alfa-2b,Inactive ingredients: dibasic sodium phosphate anhydrous, monobasicsodium phosphate dihydrate, sucrose, polysorbate 80.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Recombinant IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Ribavirin,Inactive Ingredients-microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium,sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate monobasic as buffering agents;human albumin as a stabilizer.</center>

|}

===Interferon Types & Description Of Products===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Description'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Source'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron A is an interferon, a group of naturally occurring proteins that were first discovered as a result of their ability to prevent viral replication. Intron A is marketed in 72 countries worldwide for as many as 16 indications.In the United States it has been cleared for use by the FDA for chronic viral hepatitis B, chronic viral hepatitis C, malignant melanoma, hairy cell leukemia, AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma and condylomata acuminata (venereal warts).INTRON A recombinant for Injection has been classified as an alpha interfero nand is a water-soluble protein with a molecular weight of 19,271 daltons produced by recombinant DNA techniques. It is obtained from the bacterial fermentation of a strain of Escherichia coli bearing a genetically engineered plasmid containing an interferon alfa- 2b gene from human leukocytes. The fermentation is carried out in a defined nutrient medium containing the antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride at a concentration of 5 to 10 mg/L; the presence of this antibiotic is not detectable in the final product. The specific activity of interferon alfa-2b, recombinant is approximately 2.6 x 108 IU/mg protein as measured by the HPLC assay.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex, manufactured by Biogen, is a form of beta interferon (interferon beta, IFN-b) used to modify the course of multiple sclerosis. While not a cure, Avonex has been shown in clinical trials to reduce the average relapse rate in people with the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis form of the disease. It is identical to the naturally occurring protein found in the human body. It is manufactured by extracting the drug from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Avonex is the same substance as Rebif but administered differently (30 mcg, intra-muscularly, once a week as against 22 mcg or 44 mcg, sub-cutaneously, 3 times a week for Rebif). Avonex is usually given in the large muscles of the thigh, upper arm, or hip.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune(R) is a synthesized version of interferon gamma, a naturally occurring protein believed to stimulate the immune system. InterMune markets Actimmune(R) for the treatment of two life-threatening congenital diseases: chronic granulomatous disease and severe, malignant osteopetrosis. The most common side effects are flu-like symptoms, including headache, fatigue, fever, chills, and rash. InterMune was granted two composition-of-matter patents related to interferon gamma-1b in the United States, extending its patent protection until 2022.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.actimmune.com/ http://www.actimmune.com/]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg-Intron (peginterferon alfa-2b) Powder for Injection has been approved by the FDA.Peg-Intron is a longer-acting formulation of Schering-Plough's Intron A, which is a recombinant version of a naturally occurring alpha interferon. In contrast to Intron A, which is administered three times weekly, Peg-Intron is administered subcutaneously once a week. This reduced frequency of administration may increase patient compliance.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.pegintron.com/index.html http://www.pegintron.com/index.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>REBETOL is a medicine used with either interferon alfa-2b (Intron A) or peginterferon alfa-2b (PegIntron) to treat chronic (lasting a long time) hepatitis C infection in people 3 years and older with liver disease.REBETOL Capsules consist of a white powder in a white, opaque, gelatin capsule. Each capsule contains 200 mg ribavirin and the inactive ingredients microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate. The capsule shell consists of gelatin, sodium lauryl sulfate, silicon dioxide, and titanium dioxide. The capsule is printed with edible blue pharmaceutical ink which is made of shellac, anhydrous ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, propylene glycol, ammonium hydroxide, and FD&C Blue #2 aluminum lake.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.merck.com/product/home.html http://www.merck.com/product/home.html]</center>

|}

===Global Revenue Data Of products===

<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">S.No</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Generic Name</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Brand Name</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Company</td>
<td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Global revenue ($ Million )</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2008</td>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2009</td>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2010</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">1</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Alpha IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intron®,Roferon®-A</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="bottom">38.4</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Beta IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Avonex</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Biogen IDEC</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2518.4</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2322.9</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2202.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">3</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Gamma IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Actimmune®</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intermune</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">29880</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">25428</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">4</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Pegylated IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Peg Intron</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Schering-Plough</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">148.7</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">5</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Recombinant IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">36.1</td>
<td style="border-width: thin thick thick thin; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
</table>

==Biosimilars Of Interferons==

Biosimilar interferons are the major drug class in the recombinant non-glycosylated proteins market due to their extensive use in the treatment of various genetic and environmental disorders. The overall biosimilar market for interferons is categorized into the submarkets for alpha, beta, and gamma interferons, all of which are used extensively in the treatment of various conditions such as lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, and multiple sclerosis.

While the interferon market growth may be inhibited by the side effects of each of its three drug categories, the market presents many opportunities to new entrants as only a few players currently operate in this relatively unfragmented market.

The global recombinant interferon market stood at $75.3 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $3.9 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 82.9% from 2009 to 2014. The American biosimilar interferons market is expected to attain a market worth $1.5 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 91.5%.[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html Biosimilars ; Global Market]

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Global market For Biosimilars'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon Alfa</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global market for biosimilar interferon Alfa was $36.7 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $1.5 billion in 2014 at a CAGR of 76.5% from 2009 to 2014. While Asian market for biosimilar Alfa interferons commanded the highest share in 2008 with $17.5 million, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 88.3% from 2009 to 2014.The world's top two branded Interferon products generated sales of $1,510 million and $910 million each in 2008. The blockbuster sales of innovative Interferon Alfa products thus present encouragement for biosimilar Interferon Alfa manufacturers[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon beta</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon beta-1a market is estimated to grow from $36.3 million in 2008 to $2.2 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 87.8% from 2009 to 2014. However, the U.S. and Europe sales of branded interferon-betas are expected to fall from $4.6 billion in 2010 to $2.4 billion in 2017. The soaring cost of clinical development, the conservative prescribing habits of neurologists, and the expected decline in the use of interferon-betas may induce biosimilar developers to explore other classes of biologics to invest their R&D funds[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon gamma</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon gamma market was $2.2 million 2008 and is expected to reach $141.5 million in 2014 at a CAGR of 94.2% from 2009 to 2014. While the Asian market accounted for the highest share of $0.5 million in 2008, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 107.6% from 2009 to 2014[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|}

Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma

2011-02-28T07:39:32Z

Lakshmikantg: /* Search in Japanese database */

==Dashboard==

* Click here to view '''[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=890 Sample Dashboard]'''

NOTE: You need to install Internet Explorer 8.0 and Adobe Flash Player to view the Dashboard.

Please download [http://www.microsoft.com/windows/internet-explorer/default.aspx '''Internet Explorer 8.0'''] and [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/?promoid=DRHWS '''Adobe Flash player''']

==Objective==

'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.'''

To achieve our objective we performed following steps:

*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment

*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.

*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.

*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records

*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries

*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.

==Overview==

===Interferon===

[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]

Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source]

Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]

===Melanoma===

Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]

===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===

Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas.

A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})

While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]

==Interactive Taxonomy==
<mm>[[Interferon_For_the_treatment_Of_Melanoma.mm]]</mm>

==Concept Table==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Skin Cancer</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanocyte</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|
|}
===French Keywords Concept table===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>mélanome</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interféron*</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peau Cancer </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinome </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumeur </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Mélanocyte </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|}

===German Keywords Concept Table===

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Haut Krebs </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Karzinoma </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Krebsgeschwür </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Geschwulst </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanozyten </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|}

===Class codes identified for searches===

* '''Relevant IPC classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|A61P003500
|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|}

* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21A
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21B
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21C
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''
|align = "center"|C07K014715G
|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|}

* '''Relevant US classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|4240854
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|4242811
|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|42400141
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|514889
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|530351
|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|930142
|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|4240851
|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|4240855
|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|4240856
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|4240857
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.
|-
|}

==Intellectual property==

===Search strategy and concept===

Date of Search: 1836 to Feb 3rd, 2011
Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches

===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|576
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|756
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|1019 records '''571 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''3422 hits (2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|174
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|484
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|102
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|9
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''
|align = "center"|587 hits '''232 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|4 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR Interféron<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interféron OR huIFN) AND (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|25 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''29 hits'''
|-
|}

===Search in Japanese database===

Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan

Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2009/10/26

{| border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| '''S.No.'''
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Issue/Publication date'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''F-Term Theme'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''FI/F-term/Facet '''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Hits'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1836 - date'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4H045</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>DA15+DA16+DA17+DA18 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>948</center>

|}

'''Total patents: 948 (Relevancy ~10%)'''

* '''F-Terms and theme used in search'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''
|align = "center"|'''4H045'''
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA15
|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA16
|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA17
|align = "center"|Beta-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA18
|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons
|-
|}

===Scientific Literature Search===

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Database</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Query</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Limits by Date</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>No.Of Hits</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pubmed</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>20000101-20110221</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>28402</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Scirus</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>24835</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Google Scholar</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>21100</center>

|}

==Sample patents==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Patent/Publication No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Date Of Publication'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Assignee'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Title'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Abstract'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Problem'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Solution'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>01/27/2009</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma therapy </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Methods for treating treatment-naive as well as treatment-experienced patients having melanoma to increase the progression-free survival time involving administering a therapeutically effective amount of pegylated interferon-alpha, e.g., preferably pegylated interferon alpha-2b, as adjuvant therapy to definitive surgery are disclosed.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is with the treatment methods that are employed with previously employed dose regimens for treating Melanoma after definitive surgical removal of the lesions.This led to the occurance of hematologic, neurologic and constitutional toxicities.Subject compliance with the dosage and dosage regimen during both phases is considered to be important to achieve maximum clinical benefit. </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The higher patience compliance is achieved with the improved methods of treatment of melanoma.A therapeutically effective dose of pegylated interferon alpha for a time period sufficient to increase the progression-free survival time was administered to the patient.The treatment regimen includes a first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of PEG.sub.12000 interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of PEG.sub.12000 interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period. </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>12/7/1999</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>A method for treating neoplastic disease in a mammal via administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon via oromucosal contact. The amount of interferon administered is less than an amount which induces a pathological response when administered parenterally.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is with the method employed for the treatment of neoplastic diseases.The administration of low doses of interferon as a nasal spray or as an oral liquid formulation in the treatment of the neoplastic diseases is not effective in the previous patents.There is no experimental evidence regarding the administration mode of the interferon,though it was anticipated that administrations through other modes is possible to deliver effectively and treating the same conditions.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution to the problem is solved by first controlled study in an animal model of the efficacy of oromucosally administered interferon for the treatment of neoplastic diseases.The administration is done oromucosally in asingle dose by almost all forms of Interferons .the amount administered is from about 1500 IU to about 20.times.10.sup.6 IU for a 70 kg man per day.This amount is less than the amount that induces a pathological response in the mammal when administered parenterally.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/26/1988</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>This invention relates to the improvement of the polyamine depletion effects of ornithine decarboxylase inhibitors, the improvement being effected by the use of Interferon and Dacarbazine in conjunctive therapy with said inhibitors.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem in this patent is associated with the methods and drugs that are used for treating the pathological disease conditions such as cancer.Polyamines mechanism is not known and there are some evidences that ODC inhibitors may exert their therapeutic effect by blocking the formation of the polyamines and thereby slowing, interrupting, or arresting the proliferation and metastases of the tumor tissue. So certain methods are explored to find out the same kind of effect on treating cancers.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution was found to be the improved methods in treating the cancer with the use of Interferon and Dacarbazine when these disease states are treated with irreversible inhibitors of ornithine decarboxylase.This includes a pharmaceutical product containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine as a combined preparation for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease states. Even the methods for the formulation are disussed in this patent.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/14/1987</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Anti-tumor activity in humans can be augmented by administering to the human patient and effective amount of IFN-β and IL-2 in combination. The composition of IFN-β and IL-2 may be prepared invitro or administered separately to the patient. The composition is useful for prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of such cancers as melanoma, colon cancer lung cancer and breast cancer.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem in this patent is about the use of interferons seperately in treating the cancers.When administered seperately they were found to induce a response that was good.So an approach was thought of where the combination therapy was given to produce better results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The concern of the prior art was addressed with the successful administration of a combination therapy with Interferon beta and interleukin-2 as an anti-tumor therapeutic or prophylactic agent. It was made suitable for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer comprising formulating together, whether by mixing or providing separate doses.The administration is done parenterally.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4/8/2010</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>NOVARTIS AG</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Methods of treating melanoma include administering a compound of Structure I, a tautomer of the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or the tautomer, or a mixture thereof to a subject. The compound, tautomer, salt of the compound, salt of the tautomer, or mixture thereof may be used to prepare medicaments for treating metastatic cancer. The variable A has the values defined herein.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is that though there are many methods of treating cancer , still there is a need for the advancements in the technologies to be adopted to arrive at better results.The compounds such as quinoline derivatives were used and were disclosed in the prior art for the treatment of Melanoma.The compounds that were used previously were found to be associated with the side effects.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center><nowiki>The solution was found to be finding of compounds that can effectively administered for treating Melanoma.It relates to the use of compounds such as 4-amino-5-fluoro-3-[6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]quino- lin-2(1H)-one and tautomers, salts, and mixtures thereof in treating melanoma and preparing medicaments for treating melanoma. The therapeutically effective amount of the compound can range from about 0.25 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg body weight of the subject.</nowiki></center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7/11/1989</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of cancer with interferon and radiotherapy </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Radiation sensitive human cancers are treated with combined interferon and radiation therapy.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Radiation therapy emerged some years back for the treatment of cancers.It was observed that the results are good.But there was a need felt to effectively increase the efficacy of radiation treatment.So to develop radiation sensitizers or potentiators which enable the radiation to cause increased tumor destruction. Despite numerous laboratory and clinical studies, no single agent has, to date, emerged as the optimal radiation sensitizer. </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem could be addressed by an effective treatment means using administering subcutaneously to such patients between 2.0.times.10.sup.6 IU/m.sup.2 and 5.0.times.10.sup.6 IU/m.sup.2 of recombinant DNA-alpha-2-interferon .This is done three days a week at a time on those days prior to radiation therapy.The doses are from 15 to 35 Gy are administered five days a week including those days on which interferon is administered.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''7'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/20/1998</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The Texas A&M University System</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of neoplastic disease with oral interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Neoplastic diseases are treated by the administration of human interferon, particularly IFN-α, at a dosage of from about 0.01 to about 5 IU/lb./day such that the interferon is held in contact with the patient's oral and pharyngeal mucosae. The interferon is administered in a solid dosage from, e.g., a saliva-dissolvable lozenge.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Though the research is intensive in the field of interferons,there exists a substantial lack of uniformity in such matters as classification of interferon types. There are also numerous, sometimes contradictory, theories concerning the mode of action of interferon in producing clinical effects.It became apparent that exogenous interferon was sometimes capable of effecting regression or remission of various metastatic diseases. so different studies are conducted to know the clinical agent of choice for the prevention of cancers.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The present invention is based on applicant's discovery that interferon can be used as a consistently effective therapeutic agent for treatment of diseases having an immunopathologic basis--characterized by inadequate immune response and persistence of the disease.The interferon is administered in an amount of about 0.01 to about 5 IU/lb of patient body weight per day. Multiple dose daily regimen is given to the patients.They aid in the better treatment of cancers.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''8'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8/8/2002</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>None</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>METHOD FOR TREATING MELANOMA </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The present invention discloses a method for treating patients having melanoma or melanoma associated symptoms by parenterally administering Product R, a peptide-nucleic acid preparation.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanomas are usually treated by surgical excision, while patients with thick melanomas and those with regional or distant metastasis may benefit from other forms of therapy.Cytokines have been tested in the treatment of different skin cancers during the last decade, and treatment schedules have been established or proposed for several malignant skin tumors. Preferentially, the interferons and interleukin-2 were found to be effective in treating skin cancers including melanoma.But they were needed to be checked in combination with other products as they were anticipated to yield better results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The new method of treatment using the product R in combination with interferons not only sounded effectively but also proved to be an effective means .The administration is done in an sterile injectible form.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''9'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8/9/1988</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schwimmer, Adolf W. | Schwartz, Irwin Steven | Rubin, David</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer therapy with interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The effectiveness of interferon for treatment against cancer may be increased by first administering an agent for inhibiting tyrosinase. In this manner the tyrosinase which is known to be produced by malignancies, and which may cause inactivation of the interferon, will be substantially inactivated prior to the interferon administration.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Some of the the prior art patents doesn't trust on the use of interferons for treating all types of malignancies.The reason being the interferons are easily denatured in the enzymatic processes.So attempts were made out initially to find out the reasons for the denaturation even at high doses.Efforts were made to improve methods of cancer therapy using interferon.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution has come out in the form of improved treatment method for treating cancer by the efforts of the present inventor.As the reason for the denaturation was found to be tyrosinase,attempts were made seriously to supress this tyrosinase.A composition was made finally with D-penicillamine that can suppress tyrosinase.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''10'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3/2/1993</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of certain leukemias with a combination of gamma interferon and alpha interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Human leukemia T-cells and B-cells are inhibited from proliferating by treatment with a combination of recombinant human alpha and gamma interferons, either simultaneously or sequentially, and the alpha interferon is preferably recombinant human alfa-2b interferon.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The patent in the prior art posed a lot of problems with the use of gamma interferons alone in terms of the purity as the preparations previously were found to be contaminated.When used singly for the treatment of lekimias they were found to yield ineffective results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution was found to administer alpha and gamma interferons for the treatment of leukemias.It could inhibit the proliferation of susceptible leukemia cells with a cell proliferation inhibiting amount of a combination of both of the interferons.They are adminstered sequentially and simultaneously too to give good results.</center>

|}

==Taxonomy==

[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]

== Sample Analysis==
* '''Patents:''' The above sample patents were analysed according to the taxonomy.
[[Media:Sample analysis of Treating of melanoma.xls| '''Click here to download Sample analysis sheet on Interferon for treatment of Melanomas''']]

* '''Scientific Literature:'''* [[Media:Article Analysis Of Melanoma.xls |'''Click here to download Melanoma Treatment Using IFN: sample articles]]

==Patent Ranking==
10 Sample Patents were ranked according to the patent focus.
*Patent Ranking Details
1 : Granted Patent & Focus in Independent Claim 
2 : Granted Patent & Focus in Dependent Claim 
3 : Published Patent & Focus in independent Claim 
4 : Published Patent & Focus in Dependent claim 

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Type</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent Ranking</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>5</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Dependent</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Independent</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>9</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|}

==Clinical Trials==
*'''Database:''' [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ '''Clinical trials''']
*'''Searched on:''' Feb 25th, 2011

*[[Media:clinical trials treatment of melanoma.xls |'''Please click here to download the clinical trial excel sheet''']]

==IP Activity Graphs Of Sample Patents==
===IP activity based on priority years===

* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on priority years.
[[Image:IP act PS priority year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on priority years]]

===IP activity based on publication years===

* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on publication years.
[[Image:IP act PS publication year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on publication years]]

===Geographical Distribution based on family members===

* The geographical distribution is based on 10 sample patent numbers along with all their family members.
[[Image:Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma 1.jpg|center|thumb|500 px| Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma]]

==Market Report==
===Interferon types & Their Compositions===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Generic Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Brand Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Composition'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Alpha IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Interferon alfa-2aInactive Ingredients- sodium chloride, ammonium acetate, polysorbate 80, glycine, sodium phosphate dibasic,sodium phosphate monobasic, human albumin, preservative: benzyl alcohol.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Beta IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Beta interferon,Inactive Ingredients-65 to 90 wt % of polyol,and a p-hydroxybenzoate,carboxymethyl cellulose,human serum albumin</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Gamma IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-interferon gamma-1b.,Inactive Ingredients-Polyethylene Glycol,dextran ,hydroxyethylstarch </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pegylated IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active ingredient-peginterferon alfa-2b,Inactive ingredients: dibasic sodium phosphate anhydrous, monobasicsodium phosphate dihydrate, sucrose, polysorbate 80.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Recombinant IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Ribavirin,Inactive Ingredients-microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium,sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate monobasic as buffering agents;human albumin as a stabilizer.</center>

|}

===Interferon Types & Description Of Products===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Description'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Source'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron A is an interferon, a group of naturally occurring proteins that were first discovered as a result of their ability to prevent viral replication. Intron A is marketed in 72 countries worldwide for as many as 16 indications.In the United States it has been cleared for use by the FDA for chronic viral hepatitis B, chronic viral hepatitis C, malignant melanoma, hairy cell leukemia, AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma and condylomata acuminata (venereal warts).INTRON A recombinant for Injection has been classified as an alpha interfero nand is a water-soluble protein with a molecular weight of 19,271 daltons produced by recombinant DNA techniques. It is obtained from the bacterial fermentation of a strain of Escherichia coli bearing a genetically engineered plasmid containing an interferon alfa- 2b gene from human leukocytes. The fermentation is carried out in a defined nutrient medium containing the antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride at a concentration of 5 to 10 mg/L; the presence of this antibiotic is not detectable in the final product. The specific activity of interferon alfa-2b, recombinant is approximately 2.6 x 108 IU/mg protein as measured by the HPLC assay.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex, manufactured by Biogen, is a form of beta interferon (interferon beta, IFN-b) used to modify the course of multiple sclerosis. While not a cure, Avonex has been shown in clinical trials to reduce the average relapse rate in people with the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis form of the disease. It is identical to the naturally occurring protein found in the human body. It is manufactured by extracting the drug from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Avonex is the same substance as Rebif but administered differently (30 mcg, intra-muscularly, once a week as against 22 mcg or 44 mcg, sub-cutaneously, 3 times a week for Rebif). Avonex is usually given in the large muscles of the thigh, upper arm, or hip.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune(R) is a synthesized version of interferon gamma, a naturally occurring protein believed to stimulate the immune system. InterMune markets Actimmune(R) for the treatment of two life-threatening congenital diseases: chronic granulomatous disease and severe, malignant osteopetrosis. The most common side effects are flu-like symptoms, including headache, fatigue, fever, chills, and rash. InterMune was granted two composition-of-matter patents related to interferon gamma-1b in the United States, extending its patent protection until 2022.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.actimmune.com/ http://www.actimmune.com/]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg-Intron (peginterferon alfa-2b) Powder for Injection has been approved by the FDA.Peg-Intron is a longer-acting formulation of Schering-Plough's Intron A, which is a recombinant version of a naturally occurring alpha interferon. In contrast to Intron A, which is administered three times weekly, Peg-Intron is administered subcutaneously once a week. This reduced frequency of administration may increase patient compliance.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.pegintron.com/index.html http://www.pegintron.com/index.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>REBETOL is a medicine used with either interferon alfa-2b (Intron A) or peginterferon alfa-2b (PegIntron) to treat chronic (lasting a long time) hepatitis C infection in people 3 years and older with liver disease.REBETOL Capsules consist of a white powder in a white, opaque, gelatin capsule. Each capsule contains 200 mg ribavirin and the inactive ingredients microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate. The capsule shell consists of gelatin, sodium lauryl sulfate, silicon dioxide, and titanium dioxide. The capsule is printed with edible blue pharmaceutical ink which is made of shellac, anhydrous ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, propylene glycol, ammonium hydroxide, and FD&C Blue #2 aluminum lake.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.merck.com/product/home.html http://www.merck.com/product/home.html]</center>

|}

===Global Revenue Data Of products===

<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">S.No</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Generic Name</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Brand Name</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Company</td>
<td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Global revenue ($ Million )</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2008</td>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2009</td>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2010</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">1</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Alpha IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intron®,Roferon®-A</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="bottom">38.4</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Beta IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Avonex</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Biogen IDEC</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2518.4</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2322.9</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2202.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">3</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Gamma IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Actimmune®</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intermune</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">29880</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">25428</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">4</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Pegylated IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Peg Intron</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Schering-Plough</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">148.7</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">5</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Recombinant IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">36.1</td>
<td style="border-width: thin thick thick thin; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
</table>

==Biosimilars Of Interferons==

Biosimilar interferons are the major drug class in the recombinant non-glycosylated proteins market due to their extensive use in the treatment of various genetic and environmental disorders. The overall biosimilar market for interferons is categorized into the submarkets for alpha, beta, and gamma interferons, all of which are used extensively in the treatment of various conditions such as lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, and multiple sclerosis.

While the interferon market growth may be inhibited by the side effects of each of its three drug categories, the market presents many opportunities to new entrants as only a few players currently operate in this relatively unfragmented market.

The global recombinant interferon market stood at $75.3 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $3.9 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 82.9% from 2009 to 2014. The American biosimilar interferons market is expected to attain a market worth $1.5 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 91.5%.[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html Biosimilars ; Global Market]

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Global market For Biosimilars'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon Alfa</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global market for biosimilar interferon Alfa was $36.7 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $1.5 billion in 2014 at a CAGR of 76.5% from 2009 to 2014. While Asian market for biosimilar Alfa interferons commanded the highest share in 2008 with $17.5 million, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 88.3% from 2009 to 2014.The world's top two branded Interferon products generated sales of $1,510 million and $910 million each in 2008. The blockbuster sales of innovative Interferon Alfa products thus present encouragement for biosimilar Interferon Alfa manufacturers[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon beta</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon beta-1a market is estimated to grow from $36.3 million in 2008 to $2.2 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 87.8% from 2009 to 2014. However, the U.S. and Europe sales of branded interferon-betas are expected to fall from $4.6 billion in 2010 to $2.4 billion in 2017. The soaring cost of clinical development, the conservative prescribing habits of neurologists, and the expected decline in the use of interferon-betas may induce biosimilar developers to explore other classes of biologics to invest their R&D funds[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon gamma</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon gamma market was $2.2 million 2008 and is expected to reach $141.5 million in 2014 at a CAGR of 94.2% from 2009 to 2014. While the Asian market accounted for the highest share of $0.5 million in 2008, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 107.6% from 2009 to 2014[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|}

Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma

2011-02-28T07:36:01Z

Lakshmikantg: /* Search in Japanese database */

==Dashboard==

* Click here to view '''[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=890 Sample Dashboard]'''

NOTE: You need to install Internet Explorer 8.0 and Adobe Flash Player to view the Dashboard.

Please download [http://www.microsoft.com/windows/internet-explorer/default.aspx '''Internet Explorer 8.0'''] and [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/?promoid=DRHWS '''Adobe Flash player''']

==Objective==

'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.'''

To achieve our objective we performed following steps:

*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment

*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.

*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.

*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records

*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries

*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.

==Overview==

===Interferon===

[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]

Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source]

Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]

===Melanoma===

Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]

===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===

Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas.

A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})

While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]

==Interactive Taxonomy==
<mm>[[Interferon_For_the_treatment_Of_Melanoma.mm]]</mm>

==Concept Table==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Skin Cancer</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanocyte</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|
|}
===French Keywords Concept table===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>mélanome</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interféron*</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peau Cancer </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinome </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumeur </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Mélanocyte </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|}

===German Keywords Concept Table===

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Haut Krebs </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Karzinoma </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Krebsgeschwür </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Geschwulst </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanozyten </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|}

===Class codes identified for searches===

* '''Relevant IPC classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|A61P003500
|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|}

* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21A
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21B
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21C
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''
|align = "center"|C07K014715G
|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|}

* '''Relevant US classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|4240854
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|4242811
|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|42400141
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|514889
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|530351
|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|930142
|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|4240851
|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|4240855
|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|4240856
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|4240857
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.
|-
|}

==Intellectual property==

===Search strategy and concept===

Date of Search: 1836 to Feb 3rd, 2011
Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches

===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|576
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|756
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|1019 records '''571 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''3422 hits (2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|174
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|484
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|102
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|9
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''
|align = "center"|587 hits '''232 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|4 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR Interféron<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interféron OR huIFN) AND (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|25 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''29 hits'''
|-
|}

===Search in Japanese database===

Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan

Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2009/10/26

{| border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| '''S.No.'''
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Issue/Publication date'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''F-Term Theme'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''FI/F-term/Facet '''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Hits'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1836 - date'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4B024</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>BA28*BA58+BA41</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>26</center>

|}

'''Total patents: 846 (Relevancy ~10%)'''

* '''F-Terms and theme used in search'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''
|align = "center"|'''4H045'''
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA15
|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA16
|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA17
|align = "center"|Beta-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA18
|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons
|-
|}

===Scientific Literature Search===

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Database</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Query</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Limits by Date</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>No.Of Hits</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pubmed</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>20000101-20110221</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>28402</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Scirus</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>24835</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Google Scholar</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>21100</center>

|}

==Sample patents==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Patent/Publication No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Date Of Publication'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Assignee'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Title'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Abstract'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Problem'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Solution'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>01/27/2009</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma therapy </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Methods for treating treatment-naive as well as treatment-experienced patients having melanoma to increase the progression-free survival time involving administering a therapeutically effective amount of pegylated interferon-alpha, e.g., preferably pegylated interferon alpha-2b, as adjuvant therapy to definitive surgery are disclosed.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is with the treatment methods that are employed with previously employed dose regimens for treating Melanoma after definitive surgical removal of the lesions.This led to the occurance of hematologic, neurologic and constitutional toxicities.Subject compliance with the dosage and dosage regimen during both phases is considered to be important to achieve maximum clinical benefit. </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The higher patience compliance is achieved with the improved methods of treatment of melanoma.A therapeutically effective dose of pegylated interferon alpha for a time period sufficient to increase the progression-free survival time was administered to the patient.The treatment regimen includes a first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of PEG.sub.12000 interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of PEG.sub.12000 interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period. </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>12/7/1999</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>A method for treating neoplastic disease in a mammal via administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon via oromucosal contact. The amount of interferon administered is less than an amount which induces a pathological response when administered parenterally.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is with the method employed for the treatment of neoplastic diseases.The administration of low doses of interferon as a nasal spray or as an oral liquid formulation in the treatment of the neoplastic diseases is not effective in the previous patents.There is no experimental evidence regarding the administration mode of the interferon,though it was anticipated that administrations through other modes is possible to deliver effectively and treating the same conditions.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution to the problem is solved by first controlled study in an animal model of the efficacy of oromucosally administered interferon for the treatment of neoplastic diseases.The administration is done oromucosally in asingle dose by almost all forms of Interferons .the amount administered is from about 1500 IU to about 20.times.10.sup.6 IU for a 70 kg man per day.This amount is less than the amount that induces a pathological response in the mammal when administered parenterally.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/26/1988</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>This invention relates to the improvement of the polyamine depletion effects of ornithine decarboxylase inhibitors, the improvement being effected by the use of Interferon and Dacarbazine in conjunctive therapy with said inhibitors.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem in this patent is associated with the methods and drugs that are used for treating the pathological disease conditions such as cancer.Polyamines mechanism is not known and there are some evidences that ODC inhibitors may exert their therapeutic effect by blocking the formation of the polyamines and thereby slowing, interrupting, or arresting the proliferation and metastases of the tumor tissue. So certain methods are explored to find out the same kind of effect on treating cancers.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution was found to be the improved methods in treating the cancer with the use of Interferon and Dacarbazine when these disease states are treated with irreversible inhibitors of ornithine decarboxylase.This includes a pharmaceutical product containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine as a combined preparation for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease states. Even the methods for the formulation are disussed in this patent.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/14/1987</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Anti-tumor activity in humans can be augmented by administering to the human patient and effective amount of IFN-β and IL-2 in combination. The composition of IFN-β and IL-2 may be prepared invitro or administered separately to the patient. The composition is useful for prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of such cancers as melanoma, colon cancer lung cancer and breast cancer.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem in this patent is about the use of interferons seperately in treating the cancers.When administered seperately they were found to induce a response that was good.So an approach was thought of where the combination therapy was given to produce better results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The concern of the prior art was addressed with the successful administration of a combination therapy with Interferon beta and interleukin-2 as an anti-tumor therapeutic or prophylactic agent. It was made suitable for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer comprising formulating together, whether by mixing or providing separate doses.The administration is done parenterally.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4/8/2010</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>NOVARTIS AG</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Methods of treating melanoma include administering a compound of Structure I, a tautomer of the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or the tautomer, or a mixture thereof to a subject. The compound, tautomer, salt of the compound, salt of the tautomer, or mixture thereof may be used to prepare medicaments for treating metastatic cancer. The variable A has the values defined herein.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is that though there are many methods of treating cancer , still there is a need for the advancements in the technologies to be adopted to arrive at better results.The compounds such as quinoline derivatives were used and were disclosed in the prior art for the treatment of Melanoma.The compounds that were used previously were found to be associated with the side effects.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center><nowiki>The solution was found to be finding of compounds that can effectively administered for treating Melanoma.It relates to the use of compounds such as 4-amino-5-fluoro-3-[6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]quino- lin-2(1H)-one and tautomers, salts, and mixtures thereof in treating melanoma and preparing medicaments for treating melanoma. The therapeutically effective amount of the compound can range from about 0.25 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg body weight of the subject.</nowiki></center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7/11/1989</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of cancer with interferon and radiotherapy </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Radiation sensitive human cancers are treated with combined interferon and radiation therapy.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Radiation therapy emerged some years back for the treatment of cancers.It was observed that the results are good.But there was a need felt to effectively increase the efficacy of radiation treatment.So to develop radiation sensitizers or potentiators which enable the radiation to cause increased tumor destruction. Despite numerous laboratory and clinical studies, no single agent has, to date, emerged as the optimal radiation sensitizer. </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem could be addressed by an effective treatment means using administering subcutaneously to such patients between 2.0.times.10.sup.6 IU/m.sup.2 and 5.0.times.10.sup.6 IU/m.sup.2 of recombinant DNA-alpha-2-interferon .This is done three days a week at a time on those days prior to radiation therapy.The doses are from 15 to 35 Gy are administered five days a week including those days on which interferon is administered.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''7'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/20/1998</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The Texas A&M University System</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of neoplastic disease with oral interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Neoplastic diseases are treated by the administration of human interferon, particularly IFN-α, at a dosage of from about 0.01 to about 5 IU/lb./day such that the interferon is held in contact with the patient's oral and pharyngeal mucosae. The interferon is administered in a solid dosage from, e.g., a saliva-dissolvable lozenge.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Though the research is intensive in the field of interferons,there exists a substantial lack of uniformity in such matters as classification of interferon types. There are also numerous, sometimes contradictory, theories concerning the mode of action of interferon in producing clinical effects.It became apparent that exogenous interferon was sometimes capable of effecting regression or remission of various metastatic diseases. so different studies are conducted to know the clinical agent of choice for the prevention of cancers.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The present invention is based on applicant's discovery that interferon can be used as a consistently effective therapeutic agent for treatment of diseases having an immunopathologic basis--characterized by inadequate immune response and persistence of the disease.The interferon is administered in an amount of about 0.01 to about 5 IU/lb of patient body weight per day. Multiple dose daily regimen is given to the patients.They aid in the better treatment of cancers.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''8'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8/8/2002</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>None</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>METHOD FOR TREATING MELANOMA </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The present invention discloses a method for treating patients having melanoma or melanoma associated symptoms by parenterally administering Product R, a peptide-nucleic acid preparation.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanomas are usually treated by surgical excision, while patients with thick melanomas and those with regional or distant metastasis may benefit from other forms of therapy.Cytokines have been tested in the treatment of different skin cancers during the last decade, and treatment schedules have been established or proposed for several malignant skin tumors. Preferentially, the interferons and interleukin-2 were found to be effective in treating skin cancers including melanoma.But they were needed to be checked in combination with other products as they were anticipated to yield better results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The new method of treatment using the product R in combination with interferons not only sounded effectively but also proved to be an effective means .The administration is done in an sterile injectible form.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''9'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8/9/1988</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schwimmer, Adolf W. | Schwartz, Irwin Steven | Rubin, David</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer therapy with interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The effectiveness of interferon for treatment against cancer may be increased by first administering an agent for inhibiting tyrosinase. In this manner the tyrosinase which is known to be produced by malignancies, and which may cause inactivation of the interferon, will be substantially inactivated prior to the interferon administration.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Some of the the prior art patents doesn't trust on the use of interferons for treating all types of malignancies.The reason being the interferons are easily denatured in the enzymatic processes.So attempts were made out initially to find out the reasons for the denaturation even at high doses.Efforts were made to improve methods of cancer therapy using interferon.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution has come out in the form of improved treatment method for treating cancer by the efforts of the present inventor.As the reason for the denaturation was found to be tyrosinase,attempts were made seriously to supress this tyrosinase.A composition was made finally with D-penicillamine that can suppress tyrosinase.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''10'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3/2/1993</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of certain leukemias with a combination of gamma interferon and alpha interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Human leukemia T-cells and B-cells are inhibited from proliferating by treatment with a combination of recombinant human alpha and gamma interferons, either simultaneously or sequentially, and the alpha interferon is preferably recombinant human alfa-2b interferon.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The patent in the prior art posed a lot of problems with the use of gamma interferons alone in terms of the purity as the preparations previously were found to be contaminated.When used singly for the treatment of lekimias they were found to yield ineffective results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution was found to administer alpha and gamma interferons for the treatment of leukemias.It could inhibit the proliferation of susceptible leukemia cells with a cell proliferation inhibiting amount of a combination of both of the interferons.They are adminstered sequentially and simultaneously too to give good results.</center>

|}

==Taxonomy==

[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]

== Sample Analysis==
* '''Patents:''' The above sample patents were analysed according to the taxonomy.
[[Media:Sample analysis of Treating of melanoma.xls| '''Click here to download Sample analysis sheet on Interferon for treatment of Melanomas''']]

* '''Scientific Literature:'''* [[Media:Article Analysis Of Melanoma.xls |'''Click here to download Melanoma Treatment Using IFN: sample articles]]

==Patent Ranking==
10 Sample Patents were ranked according to the patent focus.
*Patent Ranking Details
1 : Granted Patent & Focus in Independent Claim 
2 : Granted Patent & Focus in Dependent Claim 
3 : Published Patent & Focus in independent Claim 
4 : Published Patent & Focus in Dependent claim 

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Type</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent Ranking</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>5</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Dependent</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Independent</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>9</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|}

==Clinical Trials==
*'''Database:''' [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ '''Clinical trials''']
*'''Searched on:''' Feb 25th, 2011

*[[Media:clinical trials treatment of melanoma.xls |'''Please click here to download the clinical trial excel sheet''']]

==IP Activity Graphs Of Sample Patents==
===IP activity based on priority years===

* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on priority years.
[[Image:IP act PS priority year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on priority years]]

===IP activity based on publication years===

* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on publication years.
[[Image:IP act PS publication year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on publication years]]

===Geographical Distribution based on family members===

* The geographical distribution is based on 10 sample patent numbers along with all their family members.
[[Image:Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma 1.jpg|center|thumb|500 px| Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma]]

==Market Report==
===Interferon types & Their Compositions===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Generic Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Brand Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Composition'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Alpha IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Interferon alfa-2aInactive Ingredients- sodium chloride, ammonium acetate, polysorbate 80, glycine, sodium phosphate dibasic,sodium phosphate monobasic, human albumin, preservative: benzyl alcohol.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Beta IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Beta interferon,Inactive Ingredients-65 to 90 wt % of polyol,and a p-hydroxybenzoate,carboxymethyl cellulose,human serum albumin</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Gamma IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-interferon gamma-1b.,Inactive Ingredients-Polyethylene Glycol,dextran ,hydroxyethylstarch </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pegylated IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active ingredient-peginterferon alfa-2b,Inactive ingredients: dibasic sodium phosphate anhydrous, monobasicsodium phosphate dihydrate, sucrose, polysorbate 80.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Recombinant IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Ribavirin,Inactive Ingredients-microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium,sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate monobasic as buffering agents;human albumin as a stabilizer.</center>

|}

===Interferon Types & Description Of Products===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Description'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Source'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron A is an interferon, a group of naturally occurring proteins that were first discovered as a result of their ability to prevent viral replication. Intron A is marketed in 72 countries worldwide for as many as 16 indications.In the United States it has been cleared for use by the FDA for chronic viral hepatitis B, chronic viral hepatitis C, malignant melanoma, hairy cell leukemia, AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma and condylomata acuminata (venereal warts).INTRON A recombinant for Injection has been classified as an alpha interfero nand is a water-soluble protein with a molecular weight of 19,271 daltons produced by recombinant DNA techniques. It is obtained from the bacterial fermentation of a strain of Escherichia coli bearing a genetically engineered plasmid containing an interferon alfa- 2b gene from human leukocytes. The fermentation is carried out in a defined nutrient medium containing the antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride at a concentration of 5 to 10 mg/L; the presence of this antibiotic is not detectable in the final product. The specific activity of interferon alfa-2b, recombinant is approximately 2.6 x 108 IU/mg protein as measured by the HPLC assay.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex, manufactured by Biogen, is a form of beta interferon (interferon beta, IFN-b) used to modify the course of multiple sclerosis. While not a cure, Avonex has been shown in clinical trials to reduce the average relapse rate in people with the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis form of the disease. It is identical to the naturally occurring protein found in the human body. It is manufactured by extracting the drug from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Avonex is the same substance as Rebif but administered differently (30 mcg, intra-muscularly, once a week as against 22 mcg or 44 mcg, sub-cutaneously, 3 times a week for Rebif). Avonex is usually given in the large muscles of the thigh, upper arm, or hip.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune(R) is a synthesized version of interferon gamma, a naturally occurring protein believed to stimulate the immune system. InterMune markets Actimmune(R) for the treatment of two life-threatening congenital diseases: chronic granulomatous disease and severe, malignant osteopetrosis. The most common side effects are flu-like symptoms, including headache, fatigue, fever, chills, and rash. InterMune was granted two composition-of-matter patents related to interferon gamma-1b in the United States, extending its patent protection until 2022.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.actimmune.com/ http://www.actimmune.com/]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg-Intron (peginterferon alfa-2b) Powder for Injection has been approved by the FDA.Peg-Intron is a longer-acting formulation of Schering-Plough's Intron A, which is a recombinant version of a naturally occurring alpha interferon. In contrast to Intron A, which is administered three times weekly, Peg-Intron is administered subcutaneously once a week. This reduced frequency of administration may increase patient compliance.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.pegintron.com/index.html http://www.pegintron.com/index.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>REBETOL is a medicine used with either interferon alfa-2b (Intron A) or peginterferon alfa-2b (PegIntron) to treat chronic (lasting a long time) hepatitis C infection in people 3 years and older with liver disease.REBETOL Capsules consist of a white powder in a white, opaque, gelatin capsule. Each capsule contains 200 mg ribavirin and the inactive ingredients microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate. The capsule shell consists of gelatin, sodium lauryl sulfate, silicon dioxide, and titanium dioxide. The capsule is printed with edible blue pharmaceutical ink which is made of shellac, anhydrous ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, propylene glycol, ammonium hydroxide, and FD&C Blue #2 aluminum lake.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.merck.com/product/home.html http://www.merck.com/product/home.html]</center>

|}

===Global Revenue Data Of products===

<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">S.No</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Generic Name</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Brand Name</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Company</td>
<td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Global revenue ($ Million )</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2008</td>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2009</td>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2010</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">1</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Alpha IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intron®,Roferon®-A</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="bottom">38.4</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Beta IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Avonex</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Biogen IDEC</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2518.4</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2322.9</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2202.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">3</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Gamma IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Actimmune®</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intermune</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">29880</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">25428</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">4</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Pegylated IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Peg Intron</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Schering-Plough</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">148.7</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">5</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Recombinant IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">36.1</td>
<td style="border-width: thin thick thick thin; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
</table>

==Biosimilars Of Interferons==

Biosimilar interferons are the major drug class in the recombinant non-glycosylated proteins market due to their extensive use in the treatment of various genetic and environmental disorders. The overall biosimilar market for interferons is categorized into the submarkets for alpha, beta, and gamma interferons, all of which are used extensively in the treatment of various conditions such as lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, and multiple sclerosis.

While the interferon market growth may be inhibited by the side effects of each of its three drug categories, the market presents many opportunities to new entrants as only a few players currently operate in this relatively unfragmented market.

The global recombinant interferon market stood at $75.3 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $3.9 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 82.9% from 2009 to 2014. The American biosimilar interferons market is expected to attain a market worth $1.5 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 91.5%.[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html Biosimilars ; Global Market]

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Global market For Biosimilars'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon Alfa</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global market for biosimilar interferon Alfa was $36.7 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $1.5 billion in 2014 at a CAGR of 76.5% from 2009 to 2014. While Asian market for biosimilar Alfa interferons commanded the highest share in 2008 with $17.5 million, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 88.3% from 2009 to 2014.The world's top two branded Interferon products generated sales of $1,510 million and $910 million each in 2008. The blockbuster sales of innovative Interferon Alfa products thus present encouragement for biosimilar Interferon Alfa manufacturers[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon beta</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon beta-1a market is estimated to grow from $36.3 million in 2008 to $2.2 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 87.8% from 2009 to 2014. However, the U.S. and Europe sales of branded interferon-betas are expected to fall from $4.6 billion in 2010 to $2.4 billion in 2017. The soaring cost of clinical development, the conservative prescribing habits of neurologists, and the expected decline in the use of interferon-betas may induce biosimilar developers to explore other classes of biologics to invest their R&D funds[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon gamma</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon gamma market was $2.2 million 2008 and is expected to reach $141.5 million in 2014 at a CAGR of 94.2% from 2009 to 2014. While the Asian market accounted for the highest share of $0.5 million in 2008, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 107.6% from 2009 to 2014[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|}

Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma

2011-02-28T07:30:51Z

Lakshmikantg: /* Sample patents */

==Dashboard==

* Click here to view '''[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=890 Sample Dashboard]'''

NOTE: You need to install Internet Explorer 8.0 and Adobe Flash Player to view the Dashboard.

Please download [http://www.microsoft.com/windows/internet-explorer/default.aspx '''Internet Explorer 8.0'''] and [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/?promoid=DRHWS '''Adobe Flash player''']

==Objective==

'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.'''

To achieve our objective we performed following steps:

*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment

*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.

*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.

*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records

*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries

*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.

==Overview==

===Interferon===

[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]

Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source]

Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]

===Melanoma===

Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]

===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===

Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas.

A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})

While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]

==Interactive Taxonomy==
<mm>[[Interferon_For_the_treatment_Of_Melanoma.mm]]</mm>

==Concept Table==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Skin Cancer</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanocyte</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|
|}
===French Keywords Concept table===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>mélanome</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interféron*</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peau Cancer </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinome </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumeur </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Mélanocyte </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|}

===German Keywords Concept Table===

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Haut Krebs </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Karzinoma </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Krebsgeschwür </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Geschwulst </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanozyten </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|}

===Class codes identified for searches===

* '''Relevant IPC classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|A61P003500
|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|}

* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21A
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21B
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21C
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''
|align = "center"|C07K014715G
|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|}

* '''Relevant US classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|4240854
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|4242811
|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|42400141
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|514889
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|530351
|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|930142
|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|4240851
|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|4240855
|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|4240856
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|4240857
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.
|-
|}

==Intellectual property==

===Search strategy and concept===

Date of Search: 1836 to Feb 3rd, 2011
Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches

===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|576
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|756
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|1019 records '''571 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''3422 hits (2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|174
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|484
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|102
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|9
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''
|align = "center"|587 hits '''232 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|4 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR Interféron<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interféron OR huIFN) AND (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|25 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''29 hits'''
|-
|}

===Search in Japanese database===

Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan

Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2009/10/26

'''Total patents: 846 (Relevancy ~10%)'''

* '''F-Terms and theme used in search'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''
|align = "center"|'''4H045'''
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA15
|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA16
|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA17
|align = "center"|Beta-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA18
|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons
|-
|}

===Scientific Literature Search===

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Database</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Query</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Limits by Date</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>No.Of Hits</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pubmed</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>20000101-20110221</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>28402</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Scirus</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>24835</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Google Scholar</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>21100</center>

|}

==Sample patents==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Patent/Publication No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Date Of Publication'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Assignee'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Title'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Abstract'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Problem'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Solution'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>01/27/2009</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma therapy </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Methods for treating treatment-naive as well as treatment-experienced patients having melanoma to increase the progression-free survival time involving administering a therapeutically effective amount of pegylated interferon-alpha, e.g., preferably pegylated interferon alpha-2b, as adjuvant therapy to definitive surgery are disclosed.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is with the treatment methods that are employed with previously employed dose regimens for treating Melanoma after definitive surgical removal of the lesions.This led to the occurance of hematologic, neurologic and constitutional toxicities.Subject compliance with the dosage and dosage regimen during both phases is considered to be important to achieve maximum clinical benefit. </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The higher patience compliance is achieved with the improved methods of treatment of melanoma.A therapeutically effective dose of pegylated interferon alpha for a time period sufficient to increase the progression-free survival time was administered to the patient.The treatment regimen includes a first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of PEG.sub.12000 interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of PEG.sub.12000 interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period. </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>12/7/1999</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>A method for treating neoplastic disease in a mammal via administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon via oromucosal contact. The amount of interferon administered is less than an amount which induces a pathological response when administered parenterally.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is with the method employed for the treatment of neoplastic diseases.The administration of low doses of interferon as a nasal spray or as an oral liquid formulation in the treatment of the neoplastic diseases is not effective in the previous patents.There is no experimental evidence regarding the administration mode of the interferon,though it was anticipated that administrations through other modes is possible to deliver effectively and treating the same conditions.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution to the problem is solved by first controlled study in an animal model of the efficacy of oromucosally administered interferon for the treatment of neoplastic diseases.The administration is done oromucosally in asingle dose by almost all forms of Interferons .the amount administered is from about 1500 IU to about 20.times.10.sup.6 IU for a 70 kg man per day.This amount is less than the amount that induces a pathological response in the mammal when administered parenterally.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/26/1988</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>This invention relates to the improvement of the polyamine depletion effects of ornithine decarboxylase inhibitors, the improvement being effected by the use of Interferon and Dacarbazine in conjunctive therapy with said inhibitors.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem in this patent is associated with the methods and drugs that are used for treating the pathological disease conditions such as cancer.Polyamines mechanism is not known and there are some evidences that ODC inhibitors may exert their therapeutic effect by blocking the formation of the polyamines and thereby slowing, interrupting, or arresting the proliferation and metastases of the tumor tissue. So certain methods are explored to find out the same kind of effect on treating cancers.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution was found to be the improved methods in treating the cancer with the use of Interferon and Dacarbazine when these disease states are treated with irreversible inhibitors of ornithine decarboxylase.This includes a pharmaceutical product containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine as a combined preparation for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease states. Even the methods for the formulation are disussed in this patent.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/14/1987</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Anti-tumor activity in humans can be augmented by administering to the human patient and effective amount of IFN-β and IL-2 in combination. The composition of IFN-β and IL-2 may be prepared invitro or administered separately to the patient. The composition is useful for prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of such cancers as melanoma, colon cancer lung cancer and breast cancer.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem in this patent is about the use of interferons seperately in treating the cancers.When administered seperately they were found to induce a response that was good.So an approach was thought of where the combination therapy was given to produce better results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The concern of the prior art was addressed with the successful administration of a combination therapy with Interferon beta and interleukin-2 as an anti-tumor therapeutic or prophylactic agent. It was made suitable for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer comprising formulating together, whether by mixing or providing separate doses.The administration is done parenterally.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4/8/2010</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>NOVARTIS AG</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Methods of treating melanoma include administering a compound of Structure I, a tautomer of the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or the tautomer, or a mixture thereof to a subject. The compound, tautomer, salt of the compound, salt of the tautomer, or mixture thereof may be used to prepare medicaments for treating metastatic cancer. The variable A has the values defined herein.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem is that though there are many methods of treating cancer , still there is a need for the advancements in the technologies to be adopted to arrive at better results.The compounds such as quinoline derivatives were used and were disclosed in the prior art for the treatment of Melanoma.The compounds that were used previously were found to be associated with the side effects.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center><nowiki>The solution was found to be finding of compounds that can effectively administered for treating Melanoma.It relates to the use of compounds such as 4-amino-5-fluoro-3-[6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]quino- lin-2(1H)-one and tautomers, salts, and mixtures thereof in treating melanoma and preparing medicaments for treating melanoma. The therapeutically effective amount of the compound can range from about 0.25 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg body weight of the subject.</nowiki></center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7/11/1989</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of cancer with interferon and radiotherapy </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Radiation sensitive human cancers are treated with combined interferon and radiation therapy.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Radiation therapy emerged some years back for the treatment of cancers.It was observed that the results are good.But there was a need felt to effectively increase the efficacy of radiation treatment.So to develop radiation sensitizers or potentiators which enable the radiation to cause increased tumor destruction. Despite numerous laboratory and clinical studies, no single agent has, to date, emerged as the optimal radiation sensitizer. </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The problem could be addressed by an effective treatment means using administering subcutaneously to such patients between 2.0.times.10.sup.6 IU/m.sup.2 and 5.0.times.10.sup.6 IU/m.sup.2 of recombinant DNA-alpha-2-interferon .This is done three days a week at a time on those days prior to radiation therapy.The doses are from 15 to 35 Gy are administered five days a week including those days on which interferon is administered.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''7'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10/20/1998</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The Texas A&M University System</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of neoplastic disease with oral interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Neoplastic diseases are treated by the administration of human interferon, particularly IFN-α, at a dosage of from about 0.01 to about 5 IU/lb./day such that the interferon is held in contact with the patient's oral and pharyngeal mucosae. The interferon is administered in a solid dosage from, e.g., a saliva-dissolvable lozenge.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Though the research is intensive in the field of interferons,there exists a substantial lack of uniformity in such matters as classification of interferon types. There are also numerous, sometimes contradictory, theories concerning the mode of action of interferon in producing clinical effects.It became apparent that exogenous interferon was sometimes capable of effecting regression or remission of various metastatic diseases. so different studies are conducted to know the clinical agent of choice for the prevention of cancers.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The present invention is based on applicant's discovery that interferon can be used as a consistently effective therapeutic agent for treatment of diseases having an immunopathologic basis--characterized by inadequate immune response and persistence of the disease.The interferon is administered in an amount of about 0.01 to about 5 IU/lb of patient body weight per day. Multiple dose daily regimen is given to the patients.They aid in the better treatment of cancers.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''8'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8/8/2002</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>None</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>METHOD FOR TREATING MELANOMA </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The present invention discloses a method for treating patients having melanoma or melanoma associated symptoms by parenterally administering Product R, a peptide-nucleic acid preparation.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanomas are usually treated by surgical excision, while patients with thick melanomas and those with regional or distant metastasis may benefit from other forms of therapy.Cytokines have been tested in the treatment of different skin cancers during the last decade, and treatment schedules have been established or proposed for several malignant skin tumors. Preferentially, the interferons and interleukin-2 were found to be effective in treating skin cancers including melanoma.But they were needed to be checked in combination with other products as they were anticipated to yield better results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The new method of treatment using the product R in combination with interferons not only sounded effectively but also proved to be an effective means .The administration is done in an sterile injectible form.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''9'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8/9/1988</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schwimmer, Adolf W. | Schwartz, Irwin Steven | Rubin, David</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer therapy with interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The effectiveness of interferon for treatment against cancer may be increased by first administering an agent for inhibiting tyrosinase. In this manner the tyrosinase which is known to be produced by malignancies, and which may cause inactivation of the interferon, will be substantially inactivated prior to the interferon administration.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Some of the the prior art patents doesn't trust on the use of interferons for treating all types of malignancies.The reason being the interferons are easily denatured in the enzymatic processes.So attempts were made out initially to find out the reasons for the denaturation even at high doses.Efforts were made to improve methods of cancer therapy using interferon.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution has come out in the form of improved treatment method for treating cancer by the efforts of the present inventor.As the reason for the denaturation was found to be tyrosinase,attempts were made seriously to supress this tyrosinase.A composition was made finally with D-penicillamine that can suppress tyrosinase.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''10'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3/2/1993</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Treatment of certain leukemias with a combination of gamma interferon and alpha interferon </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Human leukemia T-cells and B-cells are inhibited from proliferating by treatment with a combination of recombinant human alpha and gamma interferons, either simultaneously or sequentially, and the alpha interferon is preferably recombinant human alfa-2b interferon.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The patent in the prior art posed a lot of problems with the use of gamma interferons alone in terms of the purity as the preparations previously were found to be contaminated.When used singly for the treatment of lekimias they were found to yield ineffective results.</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The solution was found to administer alpha and gamma interferons for the treatment of leukemias.It could inhibit the proliferation of susceptible leukemia cells with a cell proliferation inhibiting amount of a combination of both of the interferons.They are adminstered sequentially and simultaneously too to give good results.</center>

|}

==Taxonomy==

[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]

== Sample Analysis==
* '''Patents:''' The above sample patents were analysed according to the taxonomy.
[[Media:Sample analysis of Treating of melanoma.xls| '''Click here to download Sample analysis sheet on Interferon for treatment of Melanomas''']]

* '''Scientific Literature:'''* [[Media:Article Analysis Of Melanoma.xls |'''Click here to download Melanoma Treatment Using IFN: sample articles]]

==Patent Ranking==
10 Sample Patents were ranked according to the patent focus.
*Patent Ranking Details
1 : Granted Patent & Focus in Independent Claim 
2 : Granted Patent & Focus in Dependent Claim 
3 : Published Patent & Focus in independent Claim 
4 : Published Patent & Focus in Dependent claim 

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Type</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent Ranking</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>5</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Dependent</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Independent</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>9</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|}

==Clinical Trials==
*'''Database:''' [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ '''Clinical trials''']
*'''Searched on:''' Feb 25th, 2011

*[[Media:clinical trials treatment of melanoma.xls |'''Please click here to download the clinical trial excel sheet''']]

==IP Activity Graphs Of Sample Patents==
===IP activity based on priority years===

* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on priority years.
[[Image:IP act PS priority year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on priority years]]

===IP activity based on publication years===

* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on publication years.
[[Image:IP act PS publication year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on publication years]]

===Geographical Distribution based on family members===

* The geographical distribution is based on 10 sample patent numbers along with all their family members.
[[Image:Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma 1.jpg|center|thumb|500 px| Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma]]

==Market Report==
===Interferon types & Their Compositions===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Generic Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Brand Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Composition'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Alpha IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Interferon alfa-2aInactive Ingredients- sodium chloride, ammonium acetate, polysorbate 80, glycine, sodium phosphate dibasic,sodium phosphate monobasic, human albumin, preservative: benzyl alcohol.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Beta IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Beta interferon,Inactive Ingredients-65 to 90 wt % of polyol,and a p-hydroxybenzoate,carboxymethyl cellulose,human serum albumin</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Gamma IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-interferon gamma-1b.,Inactive Ingredients-Polyethylene Glycol,dextran ,hydroxyethylstarch </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pegylated IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active ingredient-peginterferon alfa-2b,Inactive ingredients: dibasic sodium phosphate anhydrous, monobasicsodium phosphate dihydrate, sucrose, polysorbate 80.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Recombinant IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Ribavirin,Inactive Ingredients-microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium,sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate monobasic as buffering agents;human albumin as a stabilizer.</center>

|}

===Interferon Types & Description Of Products===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Description'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Source'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron A is an interferon, a group of naturally occurring proteins that were first discovered as a result of their ability to prevent viral replication. Intron A is marketed in 72 countries worldwide for as many as 16 indications.In the United States it has been cleared for use by the FDA for chronic viral hepatitis B, chronic viral hepatitis C, malignant melanoma, hairy cell leukemia, AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma and condylomata acuminata (venereal warts).INTRON A recombinant for Injection has been classified as an alpha interfero nand is a water-soluble protein with a molecular weight of 19,271 daltons produced by recombinant DNA techniques. It is obtained from the bacterial fermentation of a strain of Escherichia coli bearing a genetically engineered plasmid containing an interferon alfa- 2b gene from human leukocytes. The fermentation is carried out in a defined nutrient medium containing the antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride at a concentration of 5 to 10 mg/L; the presence of this antibiotic is not detectable in the final product. The specific activity of interferon alfa-2b, recombinant is approximately 2.6 x 108 IU/mg protein as measured by the HPLC assay.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex, manufactured by Biogen, is a form of beta interferon (interferon beta, IFN-b) used to modify the course of multiple sclerosis. While not a cure, Avonex has been shown in clinical trials to reduce the average relapse rate in people with the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis form of the disease. It is identical to the naturally occurring protein found in the human body. It is manufactured by extracting the drug from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Avonex is the same substance as Rebif but administered differently (30 mcg, intra-muscularly, once a week as against 22 mcg or 44 mcg, sub-cutaneously, 3 times a week for Rebif). Avonex is usually given in the large muscles of the thigh, upper arm, or hip.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune(R) is a synthesized version of interferon gamma, a naturally occurring protein believed to stimulate the immune system. InterMune markets Actimmune(R) for the treatment of two life-threatening congenital diseases: chronic granulomatous disease and severe, malignant osteopetrosis. The most common side effects are flu-like symptoms, including headache, fatigue, fever, chills, and rash. InterMune was granted two composition-of-matter patents related to interferon gamma-1b in the United States, extending its patent protection until 2022.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.actimmune.com/ http://www.actimmune.com/]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg-Intron (peginterferon alfa-2b) Powder for Injection has been approved by the FDA.Peg-Intron is a longer-acting formulation of Schering-Plough's Intron A, which is a recombinant version of a naturally occurring alpha interferon. In contrast to Intron A, which is administered three times weekly, Peg-Intron is administered subcutaneously once a week. This reduced frequency of administration may increase patient compliance.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.pegintron.com/index.html http://www.pegintron.com/index.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>REBETOL is a medicine used with either interferon alfa-2b (Intron A) or peginterferon alfa-2b (PegIntron) to treat chronic (lasting a long time) hepatitis C infection in people 3 years and older with liver disease.REBETOL Capsules consist of a white powder in a white, opaque, gelatin capsule. Each capsule contains 200 mg ribavirin and the inactive ingredients microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate. The capsule shell consists of gelatin, sodium lauryl sulfate, silicon dioxide, and titanium dioxide. The capsule is printed with edible blue pharmaceutical ink which is made of shellac, anhydrous ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, propylene glycol, ammonium hydroxide, and FD&C Blue #2 aluminum lake.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.merck.com/product/home.html http://www.merck.com/product/home.html]</center>

|}

===Global Revenue Data Of products===

<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">S.No</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Generic Name</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Brand Name</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Company</td>
<td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Global revenue ($ Million )</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2008</td>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2009</td>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2010</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">1</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Alpha IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intron®,Roferon®-A</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="bottom">38.4</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Beta IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Avonex</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Biogen IDEC</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2518.4</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2322.9</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2202.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">3</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Gamma IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Actimmune®</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intermune</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">29880</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">25428</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">4</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Pegylated IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Peg Intron</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Schering-Plough</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">148.7</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">5</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Recombinant IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">36.1</td>
<td style="border-width: thin thick thick thin; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
</table>

==Biosimilars Of Interferons==

Biosimilar interferons are the major drug class in the recombinant non-glycosylated proteins market due to their extensive use in the treatment of various genetic and environmental disorders. The overall biosimilar market for interferons is categorized into the submarkets for alpha, beta, and gamma interferons, all of which are used extensively in the treatment of various conditions such as lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, and multiple sclerosis.

While the interferon market growth may be inhibited by the side effects of each of its three drug categories, the market presents many opportunities to new entrants as only a few players currently operate in this relatively unfragmented market.

The global recombinant interferon market stood at $75.3 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $3.9 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 82.9% from 2009 to 2014. The American biosimilar interferons market is expected to attain a market worth $1.5 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 91.5%.[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html Biosimilars ; Global Market]

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Global market For Biosimilars'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon Alfa</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global market for biosimilar interferon Alfa was $36.7 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $1.5 billion in 2014 at a CAGR of 76.5% from 2009 to 2014. While Asian market for biosimilar Alfa interferons commanded the highest share in 2008 with $17.5 million, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 88.3% from 2009 to 2014.The world's top two branded Interferon products generated sales of $1,510 million and $910 million each in 2008. The blockbuster sales of innovative Interferon Alfa products thus present encouragement for biosimilar Interferon Alfa manufacturers[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon beta</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon beta-1a market is estimated to grow from $36.3 million in 2008 to $2.2 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 87.8% from 2009 to 2014. However, the U.S. and Europe sales of branded interferon-betas are expected to fall from $4.6 billion in 2010 to $2.4 billion in 2017. The soaring cost of clinical development, the conservative prescribing habits of neurologists, and the expected decline in the use of interferon-betas may induce biosimilar developers to explore other classes of biologics to invest their R&D funds[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon gamma</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon gamma market was $2.2 million 2008 and is expected to reach $141.5 million in 2014 at a CAGR of 94.2% from 2009 to 2014. While the Asian market accounted for the highest share of $0.5 million in 2008, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 107.6% from 2009 to 2014[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|}

Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma

2011-02-28T07:24:05Z

Lakshmikantg: /* Sample patents */

==Dashboard==

* Click here to view '''[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=890 Sample Dashboard]'''

NOTE: You need to install Internet Explorer 8.0 and Adobe Flash Player to view the Dashboard.

Please download [http://www.microsoft.com/windows/internet-explorer/default.aspx '''Internet Explorer 8.0'''] and [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/?promoid=DRHWS '''Adobe Flash player''']

==Objective==

'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.'''

To achieve our objective we performed following steps:

*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment

*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.

*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.

*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records

*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries

*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.

==Overview==

===Interferon===

[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]

Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source]

Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]

===Melanoma===

Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]

===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===

Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas.

A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})

While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]

==Interactive Taxonomy==
<mm>[[Interferon_For_the_treatment_Of_Melanoma.mm]]</mm>

==Concept Table==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Skin Cancer</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanocyte</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|
|}
===French Keywords Concept table===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>mélanome</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interféron*</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peau Cancer </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinome </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumeur </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Mélanocyte </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|}

===German Keywords Concept Table===

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Haut Krebs </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Karzinoma </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Krebsgeschwür </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Geschwulst </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanozyten </center>
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|

|}

===Class codes identified for searches===

* '''Relevant IPC classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|A61P003500
|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|}

* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21A
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21B
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21C
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''
|align = "center"|C07K014715G
|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|}

* '''Relevant US classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|4240854
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|4242811
|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|42400141
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|514889
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|530351
|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|930142
|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|4240851
|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|4240855
|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|4240856
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|4240857
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.
|-
|}

==Intellectual property==

===Search strategy and concept===

Date of Search: 1836 to Feb 3rd, 2011
Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches

===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|576
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|756
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|1019 records '''571 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''3422 hits (2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|174
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|484
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|102
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|9
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''
|align = "center"|587 hits '''232 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|4 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR Interféron<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interféron OR huIFN) AND (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|25 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''29 hits'''
|-
|}

===Search in Japanese database===

Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan

Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2009/10/26

'''Total patents: 846 (Relevancy ~10%)'''

* '''F-Terms and theme used in search'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''
|align = "center"|'''4H045'''
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA15
|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA16
|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA17
|align = "center"|Beta-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA18
|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons
|-
|}

===Scientific Literature Search===

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Database</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Query</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Limits by Date</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>No.Of Hits</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pubmed</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>20000101-20110221</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>28402</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Scirus</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>24835</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Google Scholar</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>21100</center>

|}

==Sample patents==

==Taxonomy==

[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]

== Sample Analysis==
* '''Patents:''' The above sample patents were analysed according to the taxonomy.
[[Media:Sample analysis of Treating of melanoma.xls| '''Click here to download Sample analysis sheet on Interferon for treatment of Melanomas''']]

* '''Scientific Literature:'''* [[Media:Article Analysis Of Melanoma.xls |'''Click here to download Melanoma Treatment Using IFN: sample articles]]

==Patent Ranking==
10 Sample Patents were ranked according to the patent focus.
*Patent Ranking Details
1 : Granted Patent & Focus in Independent Claim 
2 : Granted Patent & Focus in Dependent Claim 
3 : Published Patent & Focus in independent Claim 
4 : Published Patent & Focus in Dependent claim 

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Type</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent Ranking</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>5</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Dependent</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Independent</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>9</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>

|}

==Clinical Trials==
*'''Database:''' [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ '''Clinical trials''']
*'''Searched on:''' Feb 25th, 2011

*[[Media:clinical trials treatment of melanoma.xls |'''Please click here to download the clinical trial excel sheet''']]

==IP Activity Graphs Of Sample Patents==
===IP activity based on priority years===

* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on priority years.
[[Image:IP act PS priority year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on priority years]]

===IP activity based on publication years===

* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on publication years.
[[Image:IP act PS publication year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on publication years]]

===Geographical Distribution based on family members===

* The geographical distribution is based on 10 sample patent numbers along with all their family members.
[[Image:Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma 1.jpg|center|thumb|500 px| Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma]]

==Market Report==
===Interferon types & Their Compositions===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Generic Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Brand Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Composition'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Alpha IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Interferon alfa-2aInactive Ingredients- sodium chloride, ammonium acetate, polysorbate 80, glycine, sodium phosphate dibasic,sodium phosphate monobasic, human albumin, preservative: benzyl alcohol.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Beta IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Beta interferon,Inactive Ingredients-65 to 90 wt % of polyol,and a p-hydroxybenzoate,carboxymethyl cellulose,human serum albumin</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Gamma IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-interferon gamma-1b.,Inactive Ingredients-Polyethylene Glycol,dextran ,hydroxyethylstarch </center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pegylated IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active ingredient-peginterferon alfa-2b,Inactive ingredients: dibasic sodium phosphate anhydrous, monobasicsodium phosphate dihydrate, sucrose, polysorbate 80.</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Recombinant IFN</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Ribavirin,Inactive Ingredients-microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium,sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate monobasic as buffering agents;human albumin as a stabilizer.</center>

|}

===Interferon Types & Description Of Products===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Description'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Source'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron A is an interferon, a group of naturally occurring proteins that were first discovered as a result of their ability to prevent viral replication. Intron A is marketed in 72 countries worldwide for as many as 16 indications.In the United States it has been cleared for use by the FDA for chronic viral hepatitis B, chronic viral hepatitis C, malignant melanoma, hairy cell leukemia, AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma and condylomata acuminata (venereal warts).INTRON A recombinant for Injection has been classified as an alpha interfero nand is a water-soluble protein with a molecular weight of 19,271 daltons produced by recombinant DNA techniques. It is obtained from the bacterial fermentation of a strain of Escherichia coli bearing a genetically engineered plasmid containing an interferon alfa- 2b gene from human leukocytes. The fermentation is carried out in a defined nutrient medium containing the antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride at a concentration of 5 to 10 mg/L; the presence of this antibiotic is not detectable in the final product. The specific activity of interferon alfa-2b, recombinant is approximately 2.6 x 108 IU/mg protein as measured by the HPLC assay.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex, manufactured by Biogen, is a form of beta interferon (interferon beta, IFN-b) used to modify the course of multiple sclerosis. While not a cure, Avonex has been shown in clinical trials to reduce the average relapse rate in people with the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis form of the disease. It is identical to the naturally occurring protein found in the human body. It is manufactured by extracting the drug from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Avonex is the same substance as Rebif but administered differently (30 mcg, intra-muscularly, once a week as against 22 mcg or 44 mcg, sub-cutaneously, 3 times a week for Rebif). Avonex is usually given in the large muscles of the thigh, upper arm, or hip.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune(R) is a synthesized version of interferon gamma, a naturally occurring protein believed to stimulate the immune system. InterMune markets Actimmune(R) for the treatment of two life-threatening congenital diseases: chronic granulomatous disease and severe, malignant osteopetrosis. The most common side effects are flu-like symptoms, including headache, fatigue, fever, chills, and rash. InterMune was granted two composition-of-matter patents related to interferon gamma-1b in the United States, extending its patent protection until 2022.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.actimmune.com/ http://www.actimmune.com/]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg-Intron (peginterferon alfa-2b) Powder for Injection has been approved by the FDA.Peg-Intron is a longer-acting formulation of Schering-Plough's Intron A, which is a recombinant version of a naturally occurring alpha interferon. In contrast to Intron A, which is administered three times weekly, Peg-Intron is administered subcutaneously once a week. This reduced frequency of administration may increase patient compliance.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.pegintron.com/index.html http://www.pegintron.com/index.html]</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>REBETOL is a medicine used with either interferon alfa-2b (Intron A) or peginterferon alfa-2b (PegIntron) to treat chronic (lasting a long time) hepatitis C infection in people 3 years and older with liver disease.REBETOL Capsules consist of a white powder in a white, opaque, gelatin capsule. Each capsule contains 200 mg ribavirin and the inactive ingredients microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate. The capsule shell consists of gelatin, sodium lauryl sulfate, silicon dioxide, and titanium dioxide. The capsule is printed with edible blue pharmaceutical ink which is made of shellac, anhydrous ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, propylene glycol, ammonium hydroxide, and FD&C Blue #2 aluminum lake.</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.merck.com/product/home.html http://www.merck.com/product/home.html]</center>

|}

===Global Revenue Data Of products===

<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">S.No</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Generic Name</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Brand Name</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Company</td>
<td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">Global revenue ($ Million )</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2008</td>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2009</td>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2010</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">1</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Alpha IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intron®,Roferon®-A</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="bottom">38.4</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">2</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Beta IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Avonex</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Biogen IDEC</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2518.4</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2322.9</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2202.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">3</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Gamma IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Actimmune®</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intermune</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">29880</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">25428</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">4</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Pegylated IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Peg Intron</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Schering-Plough</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">148.7</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center">5</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Recombinant IFN</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td>
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">36.1</td>
<td style="border-width: thin thick thick thin; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
</tr>
</table>

==Biosimilars Of Interferons==

Biosimilar interferons are the major drug class in the recombinant non-glycosylated proteins market due to their extensive use in the treatment of various genetic and environmental disorders. The overall biosimilar market for interferons is categorized into the submarkets for alpha, beta, and gamma interferons, all of which are used extensively in the treatment of various conditions such as lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, and multiple sclerosis.

While the interferon market growth may be inhibited by the side effects of each of its three drug categories, the market presents many opportunities to new entrants as only a few players currently operate in this relatively unfragmented market.

The global recombinant interferon market stood at $75.3 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $3.9 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 82.9% from 2009 to 2014. The American biosimilar interferons market is expected to attain a market worth $1.5 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 91.5%.[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html Biosimilars ; Global Market]

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center>
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Global market For Biosimilars'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon Alfa</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global market for biosimilar interferon Alfa was $36.7 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $1.5 billion in 2014 at a CAGR of 76.5% from 2009 to 2014. While Asian market for biosimilar Alfa interferons commanded the highest share in 2008 with $17.5 million, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 88.3% from 2009 to 2014.The world's top two branded Interferon products generated sales of $1,510 million and $910 million each in 2008. The blockbuster sales of innovative Interferon Alfa products thus present encouragement for biosimilar Interferon Alfa manufacturers[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon beta</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon beta-1a market is estimated to grow from $36.3 million in 2008 to $2.2 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 87.8% from 2009 to 2014. However, the U.S. and Europe sales of branded interferon-betas are expected to fall from $4.6 billion in 2010 to $2.4 billion in 2017. The soaring cost of clinical development, the conservative prescribing habits of neurologists, and the expected decline in the use of interferon-betas may induce biosimilar developers to explore other classes of biologics to invest their R&D funds[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon gamma</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon gamma market was $2.2 million 2008 and is expected to reach $141.5 million in 2014 at a CAGR of 94.2% from 2009 to 2014. While the Asian market accounted for the highest share of $0.5 million in 2008, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 107.6% from 2009 to 2014[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>

|}

File:Shipment.JPG

2010-06-22T12:23:23Z

Lakshmikantg:

File:Fig 2-1.jpg

2010-06-22T12:22:49Z

Lakshmikantg:

Patent Valuation

2010-06-22T12:21:02Z

Lakshmikantg: /* Patent valuation for a COmmunication firm */

==Patent valuation for a Communication firm==

==10/801,472==
The major claim of 10/801,472 is that of a multimode communication device -- It is a device that allows a phone or device to have more than one network e.g. Apple i-Phone has both Wi-Fi & Mobile capabilities. Similarly some new phones even claim both GSM & CDMA capabilties.

The Application is a continuity of Patent No. 6850510 which essential talks about supporting voice communication via packet network.

The Patent is in turn a continuity of Patent No. 6389010 which covers communication network system which supports the transmission of both voice and Data.

The patent is in turn a continuity of Patent No. 5726984 which in essence is a wireless communication network supporting the trasmission of voice and Data inside a premises.

The filing date of Patent No 5726984 is Oct 5th 1995, that means that if granted 10/801,472 will have a period till Oct 5th 2015. [[http://portal.uspto.gov/external/portal/!ut/p/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLN4gPMATJgFieAfqRqCLGpugijnABX4_83FT9IKBEpDlQxNDCRz8qJzU9MblSP1jfWz9AvyA3NDSi3NsRAHxEBJg!/delta/base64xml/L0lJSk03dWlDU1lKSi9vQXd3QUFNWWdBQ0VJUWhDRUVJaEZLQSEvNEZHZ2RZbktKMEZSb1hmckNIZGgvN18wXzE4TC8yNC9zYS5nZXRCaWI!#7_0_18L USPTO PAIR]]

'''*UPDATE - The USPTO has granted the application with a project patent No. 7715375 to be issued on 11th May 2010, and they have issued an extension of 1686 Days (4 yr and 225 Days) i.e. till 12th May 2020 (est.)
'''

==Fixed Mobile Convergence==
Fixed Mobile Convergence is a service in which the same handset has access to services through a fixed network in addition to a wireless network. The same handset can be used in the home and office and also send and receive cellular calls when traveling in the wider world.

FMC suffered early on from too many technical approaches and too few standards. A number of operators conducted trials but hesitated to commit to full deployment. Fortunately, that period is behind us. Standards have been established and the industry seems to have coalesced around the dual mode WiFi/cellular approach. Operator trials have been replaced by new product announcements and large scale deployments have begun—at least in the consumer segment.

FMC can be accomplished in a variety of ways. Figure I-1 compares three of the most common FMC configurations in consumer homes with the existing scenario: Wireless substitution, Voice over Wireless Local Area Network (VoWLAN), and Fixed Cellular.[[http://www.insight-corp.com/reports/fmc07.asp Insight Research]]

[[Image:Fig_2-1.jpg]]

Dual-mode FMC: This form of fixed mobile convergence relies upon dual-mode phones (i.e., mobile cellular and Wi-Fi) and phone-based clients to enable users to seamlessly roam between a wireless LAN (WLAN) and a cellular network. Examples include Agito's RoamAnywhere, and DiVitas' Mobile Unified Communication [[http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/tip/The-benefits-of-dual-mode-fixed-mobile-convergence Search Mobile Computing]]

==Dual Mode Phones==
A dual-mode phone is a telephone which uses more than one technique for sending and receiving voice and data. This could be for wireless mobile phones or for wired phones.

There are three types of dual mode phones:
1. Network Compatibility : Mobile phones containing two types of cellular radios for voice and data. These phones include combination of GSM and CDMA technology

2. Cellular and Non-cellular Radios : Mobile phones containing both cellular and non-cellular radios used for voice and data communication.

3. Wired Phones : Wired phones with VoIP and POTS technology. These phones can be used for making VoIP calls and also used for phones on the circuit switch network [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_mode_mobile Wikipedia - Article on Dual Mode Mobile]]

We will limit our analyses to the second type,

===Why add Wi-Fi to cell phones?===
*Carriers:
***Network offload
***Increase coverage without build-out
*Businesses:
***Reduce bills
***Increase reach of corporate phone system
***Bring cellular devices under control of IT dept.
*Consumers:
***Usable browser
***Better coverage at home
***More service options [[http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&source=web&ct=res&cd=1&ved=0CAgQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.tmcnet.com%2Fexpo%2Fcomm-dev07%2Fpresentations%2Fwm02-standford-wirevolution.ppt&ei=ipbWS_jWDIri7API98SJAw&usg=AFQjCNEzCI-IYW95QsDoU0zeVnWdhYLKGQ&sig2=nitCSctxI4g0Perzv2DI_g Stanford, Michael's presentation on Application Development for Dual Mode Phones]]

===Market===
*Market size estimates vary – roughly 200 million Wi-Fi enabled phones to be sold in 2010.
***Mainly smartphones
***Dwarfs estimates for Wi-Fi only phones

====Shipment of Dual Mode Phones Worldwide====
[[Image:Shipment.JPG]]

* Figures in Millions[[http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&source=web&ct=res&cd=1&ved=0CAgQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.tmcnet.com%2Fexpo%2Fcomm-dev07%2Fpresentations%2Fwm02-standford-wirevolution.ppt&ei=ipbWS_jWDIri7API98SJAw&usg=AFQjCNEzCI-IYW95QsDoU0zeVnWdhYLKGQ&sig2=nitCSctxI4g0Perzv2DI_g Stanford, Michael's presentation on Application Development for Dual Mode Phones]]

===Analysis===
As indicated by [[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&at=31&locale=en_EP&FT=D&CC=US&NR=2005008002A1&KC=A1 Espacenet]] all the forms in which the patent has been published are restricted to US, thus for the same reason, we shall restrict our analysis to the US too.

===Forecast for US Market===

Assumptions (Possible Points of Failures)
* The rate growth of the growth of Dual Mode market remains same for 2014
* The forecasts made by [[http://gorumors.com/crunchies/wi-fi-mobile-phones-as-percentage-of-total-mobile-handsets/ Techcrunchies]] are fit.
'''* UPDATE: The patent is now valid till 12th May 2020 (extension by USPTO) thus these valuations need to be extended till 2020.'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="78%"
|align = "center"|'''Year'''
|align = "center"|'''% of Wifi Enabled Phones'''
|align = "center"|'''Number of Mobile Phone Subscribers (In Millions)'''
|align = "center"|'''Number of Wifi Enabled Phones (In Millions)'''
|align = "center"|'''Growth Rate'''
|align = "center"|'''Growth in Growth Rate'''
|-
|align = "center"|2008
|align = "center"|8.20%
|align = "center"|228.2
|align = "center"|18.7124
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|-
|align = "center"|2009
|align = "center"|11.50%
|align = "center"|235
|align = "center"|27.025
|align = "center"|44.42295
|align = "center"| 
|-
|align = "center"|2010
|align = "center"|16%
|align = "center"|242
|align = "center"|38.72
|align = "center"|43.27475
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>2.58471
|-
|align = "center"|2011
|align = "center"|21.30%
|align = "center"|247.4
|align = "center"|52.6962
|align = "center"|36.09556
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>16.5898
|-
|align = "center"|2012
|align = "center"|25.90%
|align = "center"|251.5
|align = "center"|65.1385
|align = "center"|23.61138
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>34.5865
|-
|align = "center"|2013
|align = "center"|29%
|align = "center"|255.4
|align = "center"|74.066
|align = "center"|13.70541
|align = "center"|-41.9542
|-
|align = "center"|2014
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|84.21705068
|align = "center"|7.955415
|align = "center"|-41.9542
|-
|align = "center"|2015
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|90.91686658
|align = "center"|4.617784
|align = "center"| 
|-
|}

===Calculation of Value of IP===
Assumptions
* Discount Rate taken as 10% as given by [[http://www.editgrid.com/user/wikiwealth/Wiki_Wealth_Data-WACC-Discount-Rate Wikihealth]] for xxxx
* The diffusion of innovation is independent of the price of the multimode IC

Case I:
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="69%"
|align = "center"|'''Year'''
|align = "center"|'''Number of Wifi Enabled Phones (In Millions)'''
|align = "center"|'''Price of Device'''
|align = "center"|'''Market Size (In Millions)'''
|align = "center"|'''Discounted Present Values (USD Mn)'''
|-
|align = "center"|2010
|align = "center"|38.72
|align = "center"|10
|align = "center"|387.2
|align = "center"|387.2
|-
|align = "center"|2011
|align = "center"|52.6962
|align = "center"|10
|align = "center"|526.962
|align = "center"|479.0563636
|-
|align = "center"|2012
|align = "center"|65.1385
|align = "center"|10
|align = "center"|651.385
|align = "center"|538.3347107
|-
|align = "center"|2013
|align = "center"|74.066
|align = "center"|10
|align = "center"|740.66
|align = "center"|556.4688204
|-
|align = "center"|2014
|align = "center"|84.21705068
|align = "center"|10
|align = "center"|842.1705068
|align = "center"|575.2137879
|-
|align = "center"|2015
|align = "center"|90.91686658
|align = "center"|10
|align = "center"|909.1686658
|align = "center"|564.5222109
|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|PV of Revenues
|align = "center"|3100.795894
|-
|}

Case II:
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="66%"
|align = "center"|'''Year'''
|align = "center"|'''Number of Wifi Enabled Phones (In Millions)'''
|align = "center"|'''Price of Device'''
|align = "center"|'''Market Size (In Millions)'''
|align = "center"|'''Discounted Present Values (USD Mn)'''
|-
|align = "center"|2010
|align = "center"|38.72
|align = "center"|15
|align = "center"|580.8
|align = "center"|580.8
|-
|align = "center"|2011
|align = "center"|52.6962
|align = "center"|15
|align = "center"|790.443
|align = "center"|718.5845455
|-
|align = "center"|2012
|align = "center"|65.1385
|align = "center"|15
|align = "center"|977.0775
|align = "center"|807.5020661
|-
|align = "center"|2013
|align = "center"|74.066
|align = "center"|15
|align = "center"|1110.99
|align = "center"|834.7032307
|-
|align = "center"|2014
|align = "center"|84.21705068
|align = "center"|15
|align = "center"|1263.25576
|align = "center"|862.8206818
|-
|align = "center"|2015
|align = "center"|90.91686658
|align = "center"|15
|align = "center"|1363.752999
|align = "center"|846.7833163
|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|PV of Revenues
|align = "center"|4651.19384
|-
|}

Case III:
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="66%"
|align = "center"|'''Year'''
|align = "center"|'''Number of Wifi Enabled Phones (In Millions)'''
|align = "center"|'''Price of Device'''
|align = "center"|'''Market Size (In Millions)'''
|align = "center"|'''Discounted Present Values (USD Mn)'''
|-
|align = "center"|2010
|align = "center"|38.72
|align = "center"|20
|align = "center"|774.4
|align = "center"|774.4
|-
|align = "center"|2011
|align = "center"|52.6962
|align = "center"|20
|align = "center"|1053.924
|align = "center"|958.1127273
|-
|align = "center"|2012
|align = "center"|65.1385
|align = "center"|20
|align = "center"|1302.77
|align = "center"|1076.669421
|-
|align = "center"|2013
|align = "center"|74.066
|align = "center"|20
|align = "center"|1481.32
|align = "center"|1112.937641
|-
|align = "center"|2014
|align = "center"|84.21705068
|align = "center"|20
|align = "center"|1684.341014
|align = "center"|1150.427576
|-
|align = "center"|2015
|align = "center"|90.91686658
|align = "center"|20
|align = "center"|1818.337332
|align = "center"|1129.044422
|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|PV of Revenues
|align = "center"|6201.591787
|-
|}

Logic for Pricing
The device claims include
* a first receiver and transmitter for communicating via a first wireless communication network;
* a second receiver and transmitter for communicating via a second wireless communication network; and
* at least one processor communicatively coupled to the first receiver and transmitter and the second receiver and transmitter, [[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/claims?DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20050113&CC=US&NR=2005008002A1&KC=A1&tree=true Espacenet]]

And taking Iphone 3GS's components' pricing, the device can replace following
* Samsung Application Processor (Price: $14.46)
* Infineon Baseband Processor (Price: $13.00) (Not sure if this is replaceable)
* Broadcom Bluetooth/FM/WLAN (Price: $5.95)
* Infineon RF Transreceiver (Price: $2.25) [[http://www.isuppli.com/News/Pages/iPhone-3G-S-Carries-178-96-BOM-and-Manufacturing-Cost-iSuppli-Teardown-Reveals.aspx iSuppli]]

Royalty Rate: 7% (Telecom) [[http://www.royaltysource.com/news/Becker%20and%20Lu%20Royalty%20Rate-Market%20Structure%20Paper.pdf Royalty Rate Market Structure]]

IP Valuation
Case I: $217 Mn (Approx.)
Case II: $325.5 Mn (Approx.)
Case III: $434 Mn (Approx)

If Priced as $40 (when it can replace base band processor too and performs better) then the valuation = $838 Mn

Net Present Value of IP = Value - Licensing & Other Costs
'''
* UPDATE: The patent is now valid till 12th May 2020 (extension by USPTO) thus these valuations need to be extended till 2020. The same applies for all family members of the patent.'''

Patent Valuation

2010-06-22T12:20:38Z

Lakshmikantg:

==Patent valuation for a COmmunication firm==

==10/801,472==
The major claim of 10/801,472 is that of a multimode communication device -- It is a device that allows a phone or device to have more than one network e.g. Apple i-Phone has both Wi-Fi & Mobile capabilities. Similarly some new phones even claim both GSM & CDMA capabilties.

The Application is a continuity of Patent No. 6850510 which essential talks about supporting voice communication via packet network.

The Patent is in turn a continuity of Patent No. 6389010 which covers communication network system which supports the transmission of both voice and Data.

The patent is in turn a continuity of Patent No. 5726984 which in essence is a wireless communication network supporting the trasmission of voice and Data inside a premises.

The filing date of Patent No 5726984 is Oct 5th 1995, that means that if granted 10/801,472 will have a period till Oct 5th 2015. [[http://portal.uspto.gov/external/portal/!ut/p/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLN4gPMATJgFieAfqRqCLGpugijnABX4_83FT9IKBEpDlQxNDCRz8qJzU9MblSP1jfWz9AvyA3NDSi3NsRAHxEBJg!/delta/base64xml/L0lJSk03dWlDU1lKSi9vQXd3QUFNWWdBQ0VJUWhDRUVJaEZLQSEvNEZHZ2RZbktKMEZSb1hmckNIZGgvN18wXzE4TC8yNC9zYS5nZXRCaWI!#7_0_18L USPTO PAIR]]

'''*UPDATE - The USPTO has granted the application with a project patent No. 7715375 to be issued on 11th May 2010, and they have issued an extension of 1686 Days (4 yr and 225 Days) i.e. till 12th May 2020 (est.)
'''

==Fixed Mobile Convergence==
Fixed Mobile Convergence is a service in which the same handset has access to services through a fixed network in addition to a wireless network. The same handset can be used in the home and office and also send and receive cellular calls when traveling in the wider world.

FMC suffered early on from too many technical approaches and too few standards. A number of operators conducted trials but hesitated to commit to full deployment. Fortunately, that period is behind us. Standards have been established and the industry seems to have coalesced around the dual mode WiFi/cellular approach. Operator trials have been replaced by new product announcements and large scale deployments have begun—at least in the consumer segment.

FMC can be accomplished in a variety of ways. Figure I-1 compares three of the most common FMC configurations in consumer homes with the existing scenario: Wireless substitution, Voice over Wireless Local Area Network (VoWLAN), and Fixed Cellular.[[http://www.insight-corp.com/reports/fmc07.asp Insight Research]]

[[Image:Fig_2-1.jpg]]

Dual-mode FMC: This form of fixed mobile convergence relies upon dual-mode phones (i.e., mobile cellular and Wi-Fi) and phone-based clients to enable users to seamlessly roam between a wireless LAN (WLAN) and a cellular network. Examples include Agito's RoamAnywhere, and DiVitas' Mobile Unified Communication [[http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/tip/The-benefits-of-dual-mode-fixed-mobile-convergence Search Mobile Computing]]

==Dual Mode Phones==
A dual-mode phone is a telephone which uses more than one technique for sending and receiving voice and data. This could be for wireless mobile phones or for wired phones.

There are three types of dual mode phones:
1. Network Compatibility : Mobile phones containing two types of cellular radios for voice and data. These phones include combination of GSM and CDMA technology

2. Cellular and Non-cellular Radios : Mobile phones containing both cellular and non-cellular radios used for voice and data communication.

3. Wired Phones : Wired phones with VoIP and POTS technology. These phones can be used for making VoIP calls and also used for phones on the circuit switch network [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_mode_mobile Wikipedia - Article on Dual Mode Mobile]]

We will limit our analyses to the second type,

===Why add Wi-Fi to cell phones?===
*Carriers:
***Network offload
***Increase coverage without build-out
*Businesses:
***Reduce bills
***Increase reach of corporate phone system
***Bring cellular devices under control of IT dept.
*Consumers:
***Usable browser
***Better coverage at home
***More service options [[http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&source=web&ct=res&cd=1&ved=0CAgQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.tmcnet.com%2Fexpo%2Fcomm-dev07%2Fpresentations%2Fwm02-standford-wirevolution.ppt&ei=ipbWS_jWDIri7API98SJAw&usg=AFQjCNEzCI-IYW95QsDoU0zeVnWdhYLKGQ&sig2=nitCSctxI4g0Perzv2DI_g Stanford, Michael's presentation on Application Development for Dual Mode Phones]]

===Market===
*Market size estimates vary – roughly 200 million Wi-Fi enabled phones to be sold in 2010.
***Mainly smartphones
***Dwarfs estimates for Wi-Fi only phones

====Shipment of Dual Mode Phones Worldwide====
[[Image:Shipment.JPG]]

* Figures in Millions[[http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&source=web&ct=res&cd=1&ved=0CAgQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.tmcnet.com%2Fexpo%2Fcomm-dev07%2Fpresentations%2Fwm02-standford-wirevolution.ppt&ei=ipbWS_jWDIri7API98SJAw&usg=AFQjCNEzCI-IYW95QsDoU0zeVnWdhYLKGQ&sig2=nitCSctxI4g0Perzv2DI_g Stanford, Michael's presentation on Application Development for Dual Mode Phones]]

===Analysis===
As indicated by [[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&at=31&locale=en_EP&FT=D&CC=US&NR=2005008002A1&KC=A1 Espacenet]] all the forms in which the patent has been published are restricted to US, thus for the same reason, we shall restrict our analysis to the US too.

===Forecast for US Market===

Assumptions (Possible Points of Failures)
* The rate growth of the growth of Dual Mode market remains same for 2014
* The forecasts made by [[http://gorumors.com/crunchies/wi-fi-mobile-phones-as-percentage-of-total-mobile-handsets/ Techcrunchies]] are fit.
'''* UPDATE: The patent is now valid till 12th May 2020 (extension by USPTO) thus these valuations need to be extended till 2020.'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="78%"
|align = "center"|'''Year'''
|align = "center"|'''% of Wifi Enabled Phones'''
|align = "center"|'''Number of Mobile Phone Subscribers (In Millions)'''
|align = "center"|'''Number of Wifi Enabled Phones (In Millions)'''
|align = "center"|'''Growth Rate'''
|align = "center"|'''Growth in Growth Rate'''
|-
|align = "center"|2008
|align = "center"|8.20%
|align = "center"|228.2
|align = "center"|18.7124
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|-
|align = "center"|2009
|align = "center"|11.50%
|align = "center"|235
|align = "center"|27.025
|align = "center"|44.42295
|align = "center"| 
|-
|align = "center"|2010
|align = "center"|16%
|align = "center"|242
|align = "center"|38.72
|align = "center"|43.27475
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>2.58471
|-
|align = "center"|2011
|align = "center"|21.30%
|align = "center"|247.4
|align = "center"|52.6962
|align = "center"|36.09556
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>16.5898
|-
|align = "center"|2012
|align = "center"|25.90%
|align = "center"|251.5
|align = "center"|65.1385
|align = "center"|23.61138
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>34.5865
|-
|align = "center"|2013
|align = "center"|29%
|align = "center"|255.4
|align = "center"|74.066
|align = "center"|13.70541
|align = "center"|-41.9542
|-
|align = "center"|2014
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|84.21705068
|align = "center"|7.955415
|align = "center"|-41.9542
|-
|align = "center"|2015
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|90.91686658
|align = "center"|4.617784
|align = "center"| 
|-
|}

===Calculation of Value of IP===
Assumptions
* Discount Rate taken as 10% as given by [[http://www.editgrid.com/user/wikiwealth/Wiki_Wealth_Data-WACC-Discount-Rate Wikihealth]] for xxxx
* The diffusion of innovation is independent of the price of the multimode IC

Case I:
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="69%"
|align = "center"|'''Year'''
|align = "center"|'''Number of Wifi Enabled Phones (In Millions)'''
|align = "center"|'''Price of Device'''
|align = "center"|'''Market Size (In Millions)'''
|align = "center"|'''Discounted Present Values (USD Mn)'''
|-
|align = "center"|2010
|align = "center"|38.72
|align = "center"|10
|align = "center"|387.2
|align = "center"|387.2
|-
|align = "center"|2011
|align = "center"|52.6962
|align = "center"|10
|align = "center"|526.962
|align = "center"|479.0563636
|-
|align = "center"|2012
|align = "center"|65.1385
|align = "center"|10
|align = "center"|651.385
|align = "center"|538.3347107
|-
|align = "center"|2013
|align = "center"|74.066
|align = "center"|10
|align = "center"|740.66
|align = "center"|556.4688204
|-
|align = "center"|2014
|align = "center"|84.21705068
|align = "center"|10
|align = "center"|842.1705068
|align = "center"|575.2137879
|-
|align = "center"|2015
|align = "center"|90.91686658
|align = "center"|10
|align = "center"|909.1686658
|align = "center"|564.5222109
|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|PV of Revenues
|align = "center"|3100.795894
|-
|}

Case II:
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="66%"
|align = "center"|'''Year'''
|align = "center"|'''Number of Wifi Enabled Phones (In Millions)'''
|align = "center"|'''Price of Device'''
|align = "center"|'''Market Size (In Millions)'''
|align = "center"|'''Discounted Present Values (USD Mn)'''
|-
|align = "center"|2010
|align = "center"|38.72
|align = "center"|15
|align = "center"|580.8
|align = "center"|580.8
|-
|align = "center"|2011
|align = "center"|52.6962
|align = "center"|15
|align = "center"|790.443
|align = "center"|718.5845455
|-
|align = "center"|2012
|align = "center"|65.1385
|align = "center"|15
|align = "center"|977.0775
|align = "center"|807.5020661
|-
|align = "center"|2013
|align = "center"|74.066
|align = "center"|15
|align = "center"|1110.99
|align = "center"|834.7032307
|-
|align = "center"|2014
|align = "center"|84.21705068
|align = "center"|15
|align = "center"|1263.25576
|align = "center"|862.8206818
|-
|align = "center"|2015
|align = "center"|90.91686658
|align = "center"|15
|align = "center"|1363.752999
|align = "center"|846.7833163
|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|PV of Revenues
|align = "center"|4651.19384
|-
|}

Case III:
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="66%"
|align = "center"|'''Year'''
|align = "center"|'''Number of Wifi Enabled Phones (In Millions)'''
|align = "center"|'''Price of Device'''
|align = "center"|'''Market Size (In Millions)'''
|align = "center"|'''Discounted Present Values (USD Mn)'''
|-
|align = "center"|2010
|align = "center"|38.72
|align = "center"|20
|align = "center"|774.4
|align = "center"|774.4
|-
|align = "center"|2011
|align = "center"|52.6962
|align = "center"|20
|align = "center"|1053.924
|align = "center"|958.1127273
|-
|align = "center"|2012
|align = "center"|65.1385
|align = "center"|20
|align = "center"|1302.77
|align = "center"|1076.669421
|-
|align = "center"|2013
|align = "center"|74.066
|align = "center"|20
|align = "center"|1481.32
|align = "center"|1112.937641
|-
|align = "center"|2014
|align = "center"|84.21705068
|align = "center"|20
|align = "center"|1684.341014
|align = "center"|1150.427576
|-
|align = "center"|2015
|align = "center"|90.91686658
|align = "center"|20
|align = "center"|1818.337332
|align = "center"|1129.044422
|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|PV of Revenues
|align = "center"|6201.591787
|-
|}

Logic for Pricing
The device claims include
* a first receiver and transmitter for communicating via a first wireless communication network;
* a second receiver and transmitter for communicating via a second wireless communication network; and
* at least one processor communicatively coupled to the first receiver and transmitter and the second receiver and transmitter, [[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/claims?DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20050113&CC=US&NR=2005008002A1&KC=A1&tree=true Espacenet]]

And taking Iphone 3GS's components' pricing, the device can replace following
* Samsung Application Processor (Price: $14.46)
* Infineon Baseband Processor (Price: $13.00) (Not sure if this is replaceable)
* Broadcom Bluetooth/FM/WLAN (Price: $5.95)
* Infineon RF Transreceiver (Price: $2.25) [[http://www.isuppli.com/News/Pages/iPhone-3G-S-Carries-178-96-BOM-and-Manufacturing-Cost-iSuppli-Teardown-Reveals.aspx iSuppli]]

Royalty Rate: 7% (Telecom) [[http://www.royaltysource.com/news/Becker%20and%20Lu%20Royalty%20Rate-Market%20Structure%20Paper.pdf Royalty Rate Market Structure]]

IP Valuation
Case I: $217 Mn (Approx.)
Case II: $325.5 Mn (Approx.)
Case III: $434 Mn (Approx)

If Priced as $40 (when it can replace base band processor too and performs better) then the valuation = $838 Mn

Net Present Value of IP = Value - Licensing & Other Costs
'''
* UPDATE: The patent is now valid till 12th May 2020 (extension by USPTO) thus these valuations need to be extended till 2020. The same applies for all family members of the patent.'''

Main Page

2010-06-22T12:18:09Z

Lakshmikantg:

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Main Page

2010-03-22T08:08:30Z

Lakshmikantg: /* IP Valuation */

__NOTOC__
===[[#Intellectual Property (IP) Services|Intellectual Property(IP) Services]]===
===[[#Business & Information Research Services|Business and Information Research Services]]===
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== Intellectual Property (IP) Services ==
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=== Landscape reports ===
* [[Alopecia - Hair Loss]] | ([http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAIoyKuKQ6o Video])
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* [[RNAi Database sample wiki]]
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* [[Pinene: An off flavor in mango juice]]
| valign = "top" |

=== Landscape Reports ===
* [[Hybrid Electric Vehicle Battery System]]
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* [[Golf Club Head Landscape]]
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|-
| valign = "top" |

===STN Search Reports===
* [[Markush Search Report]]

=== Dashboard ===
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfilegroup_id=10 Alopecia areata dashboard - live]
** ([[Alopecia Areata Dashboard Screenshots|Screenshots only]])
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/stent_model.swf Stent dashboard]
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| valign = "top" |

=== Dashboard ===
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfilegroup_id=27 Automotive dashboard - live]
** [[Automotive Dashboard Screenshots|Screenshots only]]
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** [[WiMAX Dashboard Screenshots|Screenshots only]]
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*[[Holographic Image Display]]
|-
| valign = "top" |

=== Prior Art / Invalidation / FTO Search ===
* [http://dolcera.com/client/d8r3/hairloss_map.htm Alopecia/Hair loss IPMap]
* [[Markush Structure Search Sample]]
==== Study: In re Bilski Impact ====
* [[In re Bilski Impact assessed from US PAIR Information]]
| valign = "top" |

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* [[Prior Art Search Process]]
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/satellite_antenna/ipmap.html Satellite Antenna IPMap]
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|-
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{| style="border:1px solid #AAA; background:#E9E9E9;width:100%" align="center"
|-
! style="background:lightgrey" valign=top width=50%|
===Life Sciences and Chemistry===
! style="background:lightgrey" valign=top width=50%|
===Technology===
|-
| valign=top |
* [[Diabetes products and services]]
* [[Drug Metabolism]]
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| valign=top |
* [[4G wireless technology developments]]
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* [[Estimation of liquid carrying vehicles in USA]]
* [[A market study on Hybrid vehicles and the concept of V2G]]
|-
! style="background:lightgrey" valign=top colspan=2 |

===Finance===
|-
| valign=top colspan=2 |
* [[Innovative personal finance products]]
* [[Life Insurance Industry in US]]
|}

== Dolcera Technology Platforms ==
{| style="border:1px solid #AAA; background:#E9E9E9;width:100%" align="center"
|-
| align = "top" |

==== Dashboard 1.1 ====
* [http://www.dolcera.com/auth/dashboarddemo/dashboard.php?workfilegroup_id=154 Demo Dashboard (Alopecia)]
* [[Sample list of patent numbers]]

==== [[Workflow for creating a Dashboard]] ====

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* [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfilegroup_id=10 Alopecia areata dashboard]
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/stent_model.swf Stent dashboard]
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==== Patent-pathway mapping ====
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* [http://www.dolcera.com/website/demos/dna/main.html Sequence dashboard]

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|-
|}

=== Dolcera Offerings summary ===
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=== [[Technology Support]] ===

==Like any of these sample reports?==
 '''These are sample reports with brief analysis''' 
'''Dolcera can provide a comprehensive report customized to your needs'''
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center" "
|style="background:lightgrey" align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''[mailto:info@dolcera.com Buy the customized report from Dolcera]'''
|-
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|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/ip-patent-analytics-services/patent-search/patent-landscapes Patent Landscape Services]
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|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/tools Dolcera Tools]
|-
|}
 

----
{| style="border:1px solid #AAA; background:#E9E9E9" align="center"
|-
! style="background:lightgrey" | Contact Dolcera
|-
! style="background:lightgrey" | Samir Raiyani
|-
| '''Email''': [mailto:info@dolcera.com info@dolcera.com]
|-
| '''Phone''': +1-650-269-7952, +91-40-2355-3493
|}

File:DCF.xls

2010-03-22T07:18:45Z

Lakshmikantg:

File:Top players.jpg

2010-03-22T05:39:05Z

Lakshmikantg:

File:Dual mode.jpg

2010-03-22T05:38:57Z

Lakshmikantg:

Broadcom - IP Valuation

2010-03-22T05:37:30Z

Lakshmikantg:

==Overview of valuation==

IP valuation is a complex procedure taking into account economic, technology-related as well as juridical factors. The heterogeneity of the factors concerned and the specific purposes addressed in every valuation do not allow adopting one generally-accepted standardized IP valuation model, but there are a variety of different models and tools comprising different approaches. The main approaches are:

:* '''Cost based method''' - This method is based on the analysis of costs necessary to replace the IP concerned, as well as on costs that have been invested for the development, application, maintenance and commercialization

:* '''Income based method''' - The value derived by this method is based on the expected income attributable to the asset during its remaining economic life. The fair value of asset can be expressed as the present value of the future stream of the economic benefits that are derived from the ownership of the property.

:* '''Market based method''' - This method assesses the market value by reference to comparable market transactions. The method basically consists of assessing prices and/or profits achieved by third parties in comparable market transactions, such as mergers and acquisitions, sales or the grant of licenses etc.
 
===Why Income method ?===

We have used the '''Discounted Cash Flow''' (income based method) due to following reasons:

:* It is a fundamental valuation method
:* The value is based on the ability of the asset to generate future positive cash flows
:* When appropriately discounted, this method gives the net present value of all the future cash flows
:* Future business and market dynamics are considered while calculating future cash flows
:* Easy to interpret and understand
 

==Objective==

* To estimate the market for an IP
* To estimate revenue generated from a particular IP
* To identify the main players
* To identify the importance of the product to the market
* To identify the importance of the patent to the product market
 

==Methodology==

The generic methodology for IP revenue estimation is given below
*To forecast the market of VoIP and segregate the markets based on the categories listed below
**Wireless Dual Mode VoIP phones
*:Cellular and Wi-Fi
*:Landline & VoIP
**3G Wireless Router
**Wi-Fi VoIP
**Wireless VoIP
**Receiver Circuitry
*:VoIP All Phones
*:VoIP Wireless Phones
*:Adaptive Rate/Redundancy
*:Echo Cancellation
**VoIP Phone w/prioritization
**Hybrid VoIP network (Wired & Wireless)
 
*Determine the complete VoIP market
*Determine the market for each category listed above
*Identify the top players in each category
*Identify the importance of the product to the market based on the revenue, market share and acceptability
*Analyzing the importance of IP to the product market
*Determine the revenues for that particular IP

 

==Analysis for 10/801,472 application number==

The application number 10/801,472 comes under the category of '''Dual mode cellular/Wi-Fi'''. The analysis for this application number is illustrated below.
 
===Dual mode mobile market===

In order to assess the dual mode mobile market, the following steps were performed

* Total mobile handset market is estimated using various market research reports
* Wi-Fi handsets as a percentage of the total handsets is estimated
* Dual mode mobile units is then estimated as a percentage of the total wi-fi handsets

For this calculation, we have assumed

* Dual mode mobiles are Wi-Fi/cellular mobile phones
* 2012 mobile handsets data based on the average growth rate from 2009 to 2011
 

The growth of dual mode mobile handset units and the market share of leading Wi-Fi handset vendors is shown below:
 

[[Image:Dual mode.jpg|left|550 px|border|thumb|[http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1256113 Source: Gartner], [http://techcrunchies.com/wi-fi-mobile-phones-as-percentage-of-total-mobile-handsets/ Techcrunchies], [http://www.abiresearch.com/press/1593-Mobile+Handset+Demand+Fuels+336.5+Million+Shipments Abiresearch]]] [[Image:Top players.jpg|center|535 px|border|thumb|[http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-10390525-1.html Source: CNET]]]
 
* The following table displays the estimated dual mode mobile market till 2024
 
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="85%"
|align = "center"|'''Year'''
|align = "center"|'''Total mobile units (billion)'''
|align = "center"|'''Total Wi-Fi units (million)'''
|align = "center"|'''Dual mode mobile units (million)'''
|-
|align = "center"|2007
|align = "center"|1.15
|align = "center"|35.65
|align = "center"|25.31
|-
|align = "center"|2008
|align = "center"|1.19
|align = "center"|97.58
|align = "center"|69.28
|-
|align = "center"|2009
|align = "center"|1.15
|align = "center"|132.25
|align = "center"|93.90
|-
|align = "center"|2010
|align = "center"|1.20
|align = "center"|192.00
|align = "center"|136.32
|-
|align = "center"|2011
|align = "center"|1.25
|align = "center"|266.25
|align = "center"|189.04
|-
|align = "center"|2012
|align = "center"|1.78
|align = "center"|459.73
|align = "center"|326.40
|-
|align = "center"|2013
|align = "center"|2.06
|align = "center"|555.93
|align = "center"|400.27
|-
|align = "center"|2014
|align = "center"|2.37
|align = "center"|663.00
|align = "center"|483.99
|-
|align = "center"|2015
|align = "center"|2.71
|align = "center"|786.24
|align = "center"|581.82
|-
|align = "center"|2016
|align = "center"|3.09
|align = "center"|927.23
|align = "center"|695.42
|-
|align = "center"|2017
|align = "center"|3.49
|align = "center"|1082.69
|align = "center"|822.85
|-
|align = "center"|2018
|align = "center"|3.95
|align = "center"|1262.91
|align = "center"|972.44
|-
|align = "center"|2019
|align = "center"|4.42
|align = "center"|1458.66
|align = "center"|1137.75
|-
|align = "center"|2020
|align = "center"|4.95
|align = "center"|1658.45
|align = "center"|1310.18
|-
|align = "center"|2021
|align = "center"|5.50
|align = "center"|1868.35
|align = "center"|1485.34
|-
|align = "center"|2022
|align = "center"|6.04
|align = "center"|2085.41
|align = "center"|1668.33
|-
|align = "center"|2023
|align = "center"|6.59
|align = "center"|2306.04
|align = "center"|1844.84
|-
|align = "center"|2024
|align = "center"|7.12
|align = "center"|2490.53
|align = "center"|1992.42
|-
|}
 

[http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1256113 Source: Gartner], [http://techcrunchies.com/wi-fi-mobile-phones-as-percentage-of-total-mobile-handsets/ Techcrunchies], [http://www.abiresearch.com/press/1593-Mobile+Handset+Demand+Fuels+336.5+Million+Shipments Abiresearch]
 
===Importance of dual mode mobile phones===

* Mobile voice-over-IP applications will reach 278 million users, generating $32.2 billion in annual revenues by 2013, a third of that going to reluctant cellular operators

* "The participants include a broad spectrum of mobile VoIP industry participants, including start-ups, online VoIP providers, mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs), and mobile virtual network enablers (MVNEs)—and the mobile operators themselves; all of whom are leveraging, or will leverage, very different opportunities associated with mobile VoIP," says Frank Dickson, analyst with Arizona-based research firm In-Stat

* "Sooner or later, mobile operators will be forced to deploy their own VoIP services, since next-generation networks, such as Long Term Evolution and WiMAX are all-IP and don’t support circuit voice," explained John Blau, a German-based research associate with Unstrung Insider

* By 2019, half of all mobile calls will be over all-IP networks, according to reports published earlier this year

[http://www.wi-fiplanet.com/columns/article.php/3840816 Source: Wi-Fi Planet], [http://www.voipmonitor.net/CategoryView,category,VoIP%2BReports.aspx VOIP Monitor]
 

===Importance of IP to the product market===

Application Number - 10/801,472 (US20050008002)

===='''Focus of the patent'''====
Multi-mode communication device and method of its operation
 
===='''Device specification'''====
* Device capable of working on two communication network interfaces i.e. cellular & WLAN or Wi-Fi
* Device having transceivers for communication with respective communication networks & processor for routing the calls to any one of the communication networks based on the mode of communication and cost of use of communication network
* Transceiver of the device which communicates via WLAN network, communicates at app. 2.4 gigahertz using spread spectrum technique i.e. frequency hopping spread spectrum technique
* One of the transceivers is disposed on a user removable circuit card which is compliant with a Personal Computer Memory Card Interface Association (PCMCIA)

===='''Method of communication'''====
* Detecting an action (one of voice, a key press, and handwritten) by a user
* Determining a type of call (voice call, a data call, and a voice and data call) based upon the user action
* Selecting (based on evaluating a cost of use of a communication network) at least one wireless communication interface from the plurality of wireless communication interfaces based upon the type of call (voice call, a data call, and a voice and data call)
* Establishing call communication via the at least one wireless communication interface; and exchanging information (representative of voice or others) via the at least one wireless communication interface
 

===Valuation for 10/801,472 application number===

====Steps of valuation====

* Discounted cash flow method of valuation has been used
* Estimating total number of dual mode handsets
* Determine the revenue generated by multiplying the unit cost of processor and total number of dual mode handsets
* Estimate the average royalty rate
* Estimate the revenue generated
* Determine the discount rate and realistic growth rates
* Estimating future cash flows based on discount and growth rates
* Estimating the cost of obtaining a patent
* Calculating the maintenance fees of patents from USPTO and EPO
* Estimating the licensing and administrative costs
* Calculating the NPV (net present value) by discounting the future cash flows to the present
 

====The working sheet====
 
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|Cost of processor per unit ($)
|align = "right"|0.025
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|No. of dual mode mobile units
|align = "right"|136,320,000
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Expected revenue ($)
|align = "right"|3,408,000
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Average royalty rate
|align = "right"|7%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Expected revenue from royalty ($)
|align = "right"|238,560
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Discount rate
|align = "right"|10%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''Time frame (2010-2024)'''
|align = "center"|'''Year 0'''
|align = "center"|'''Year 1'''
|align = "center"|'''Year 2'''
|align = "center"|'''Year 3'''
|align = "center"|'''Year 4'''
|align = "center"|'''Year 5'''
|align = "center"|'''Year 6'''
|align = "center"|'''Year 7'''
|align = "center"|'''Year 8'''
|align = "center"|'''Year 9'''
|align = "center"|'''Year 10'''
|align = "center"|'''Year 11'''
|align = "center"|'''Year 12'''
|align = "center"|'''Year 13'''
|align = "center"|'''Year 14'''
|-
|'''Cost incurred'''
|align = "center"|''' '''
|align = "center"|''' '''
|align = "center"|''' '''
|align = "center"|''' '''
|align = "center"|''' '''
|align = "center"|''' '''
|align = "center"|''' '''
|align = "center"|''' '''
|align = "center"|''' '''
|align = "center"|''' '''
|align = "center"|''' '''
|align = "center"|''' '''
|align = "center"|''' '''
|
|
|-
|Licensing and administrative cost ($)
|align = "right"|288,000
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|
|
|-
|Cost of obtaining US patent ($)
|align = "right"|12,565
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|
|
|-
|Cost of obtaining foreign patent ($)
|align = "right"|120,000
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|
|
|-
|'''Net cost ($)'''
|align = "right"|'''420,565'''
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|
|
|-
|
|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|
|
|-
|'''Growth rate'''
|
|align = "right"|39%
|align = "right"|73%
|align = "right"|23%
|align = "right"|21%
|align = "right"|20%
|align = "right"|20%
|align = "right"|18%
|align = "right"|18%
|align = "right"|17%
|align = "right"|15%
|align = "right"|13%
|align = "right"|12%
|align = "right"|11%
|align = "right"|8%
|-
|'''Revenue stream ($)'''
|
|align = "right"|331,598
|align = "right"|573,665
|align = "right"|705,608
|align = "right"|853,786
|align = "right"|1,024,543
|align = "right"|1,229,452
|align = "right"|1,450,753
|align = "right"|1,711,889
|align = "right"|2,002,910
|align = "right"|2,303,346
|align = "right"|2,602,781
|align = "right"|2,915,115
|align = "right"|3,235,778
|align = "right"|3,494,640
|-
|'''Annual maintenance cost ($)'''
|
|align = "right"|0
|align = "right"|49
|align = "right"|174
|align = "right"|736
|align = "right"|493
|align = "right"|702
|align = "right"|994
|align = "right"|2564
|align = "right"|1588
|align = "right"|1829
|align = "right"|2236
|align = "right"|4830
|align = "right"|3198
|align = "right"|3646
|-
|'''Cash flow ($)'''
|align = "right"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>420,565
|align = "right"|331,598
|align = "right"|573,617
|align = "right"|705,435
|align = "right"|853,050
|align = "right"|1,024,050
|align = "right"|1,228,750
|align = "right"|1,449,759
|align = "right"|1,709,324
|align = "right"|2,001,322
|align = "right"|2,301,517
|align = "right"|2,600,545
|align = "right"|2,910,284
|align = "right"|3,232,579
|align = "right"|3,490,994
|-
|'''Discount factor'''
|align = "right"|1.0000
|align = "right"|0.9091
|align = "right"|0.8264
|align = "right"|0.7513
|align = "right"|0.6830
|align = "right"|0.6209
|align = "right"|0.5645
|align = "right"|0.5132
|align = "right"|0.4665
|align = "right"|0.4241
|align = "right"|0.3855
|align = "right"|0.3505
|align = "right"|0.3186
|align = "right"|0.2897
|align = "right"|0.2633
|-
|'''Present value of cash flow ($)'''
|align = "right"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>420,565
|align = "right"|301,453
|align = "right"|474,063
|align = "right"|530,003
|align = "right"|582,644
|align = "right"|635,855
|align = "right"|693,597
|align = "right"|743,956
|align = "right"|797,412
|align = "right"|848,756
|align = "right"|887,334
|align = "right"|911,475
|align = "right"|927,306
|align = "right"|936,363
|align = "right"|919,288
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|bgcolor = "#C2D69A"|'''Net present value of cash flow ($)'''
|align = "right" bgcolor = "#C2D69A"|'''9,768,942'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|}
 

*; The value for wireless dual mode VoIP phones = $9,768,942
 

[[Media:DCF.xls|''Click here'']] to view the excel sheet

 

====Assumptions====

Following assumptions were made for the IP valuation

* The patent for this application is granted in year 2010
* Since patent is not yet granted, the licensing and administration cost have been considered
* Discount rate is taken as 10% which is approximately 6% higher than the 10-year treasury bond rate in USA
* Average unit cost of TI OMAP35X processor is taken as the unit cost of processor for the valuation exercise
* Royalty rate for semiconductor and telecom industry ranges between 5% to 10%. Hence, an average rate of 7% has been considered
* Initial growth rate values are based on market research reports
* The number of dual mode handsets have been calculated as a percentage of Wi-Fi phones and assumed to be 80% of total Wi-Fi phones by 2024
* Wi-Fi phones as a percentage of total mobiles is assumed to be 35% by 2024
* Growth in total mobile phones market is assumed to decrease gradually as it will grow from larger volume in future
* The cost of the processor is assumed to be constant over the forecasted period
* Patent is applied for in USA and major European countries
* Maintenance fees include the fees in US and the European countries

[http://www.royaltysource.com/news/Becker%20and%20Lu%20Royalty%20Rate-Market%20Structure%20Paper.pdf Source: Royaltysource], [http://www.oceantomo.com/PDFs/Spring_Auction_Valuation.pdf Oceantomo], [http://www.bloomberg.com/markets/rates/index.html Bloomberg], [http://www.the-business-of-patents.com/patent-maintenance-fees.html Business of patents], [http://www.epo.org/patents/law/legal-texts/html/natlaw/en/vi/uk.htm European Patent Office], [http://home.netcom.com/~patents2/What%20Does%20It%20Cost%20Patent.htm Netcom], [http://focus.ti.com/docs/prod/folders/print/omap3503.html#pricingpackaging Texas Instruments]

Main Page

2010-03-22T05:37:11Z

Lakshmikantg: /* IP Valuation */

__NOTOC__
===[[#Intellectual Property (IP) Services|Intellectual Property(IP) Services]]===
===[[#Business & Information Research Services|Business and Information Research Services]]===
===[[#Dolcera Technology Platforms|Dolcera Technology Platform]]===

== Intellectual Property (IP) Services ==
{| style="border:1px solid #AAA; background:#E9E9E9;width:100%" align="center"
|-
! style="background:lightgrey;width:50%" valign = "top" |
===Life Sciences and Chemistry===
! style="background:lightgrey;width:50%" valign = "top" |
===Technology===
|-
| valign = "top" |
=== Landscape reports ===
* [[Alopecia - Hair Loss]] | ([http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAIoyKuKQ6o Video])
* [[Inflammation and cardiovascular drugs]]
* [[RNA Interference]]
* [[RNAi Database sample wiki]]
* [[Choline Bitartarate]]
* [[Non-wovens]]
* [[Pressure sensitive adhesives]] | ([http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=plP3TzjYsiQ Video])
* [[Ureteral Stent]]
* [[Smart miniature drug delivery systems]]
* [[Silicone Hydrogel contact lens]]
* [[Biofuels database sample wiki]]
* [[SC Johnson]]
* [[Pinene: An off flavor in mango juice]]
| valign = "top" |

=== Landscape Reports ===
* [[Hybrid Electric Vehicle Battery System]]
* [[Supply Chain RFID Applications]]
* [[Insurance sector]]
* [[CDMA Basics]]
* [[Quality of Service on CDMA platforms]]
* [[OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode]]
* [[Carbon Nanotubes (CNT)]]
* [[Metallic and Ceramic construction materials]]
* [[Transactional memory]]
* [[Invalidation Search on a patent in the semiconductors space|Invalidation Search]]
* [[Golf Club Head Landscape]]
* [[Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma]]
|-
| valign = "top" |

===STN Search Reports===
* [[Markush Search Report]]

=== Dashboard ===
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfilegroup_id=10 Alopecia areata dashboard - live]
** ([[Alopecia Areata Dashboard Screenshots|Screenshots only]])
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/stent_model.swf Stent dashboard]
* [http://www.dolcera.com/website/demos/dna/main.html Sequence dashboard]
* [[Legal Updates Demo|Legal updates dashboard]]
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=587 RNAi Dashboard]
| valign = "top" |

=== Dashboard ===
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfilegroup_id=27 Automotive dashboard - live]
** [[Automotive Dashboard Screenshots|Screenshots only]]
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=54 WiMAX dashboard - live]
** [[WiMAX Dashboard Screenshots|Screenshots only]]
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/rfid_model.swf RFID dashboard]

=== IP Valuation ===

*[[Holographic Image Display]]

*[[Broadcom - IP Valuation]]
|-
| valign = "top" |

=== Prior Art / Invalidation / FTO Search ===
* [http://dolcera.com/client/d8r3/hairloss_map.htm Alopecia/Hair loss IPMap]
* [[Markush Structure Search Sample]]
==== Study: In re Bilski Impact ====
* [[In re Bilski Impact assessed from US PAIR Information]]
| valign = "top" |

=== Prior Art / Invalidation / FTO Search ===
* [[Prior Art Search Process]]
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/satellite_antenna/ipmap.html Satellite Antenna IPMap]
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/rfid/ipmap.html RFID IPMap]
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/multimodal_apps/ipmap.html Multimodal Applications IPMap]
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/Invalidation_US4825448.htm Invalidation Claim Map Sample]
|-
|}

===Clinical Trial Database===
*[[Clinical Trial Database]]

== Business & Information Research Services ==
{| style="border:1px solid #AAA; background:#E9E9E9;width:100%" align="center"
|-
! style="background:lightgrey" valign=top width=50%|
===Life Sciences and Chemistry===
! style="background:lightgrey" valign=top width=50%|
===Technology===
|-
| valign=top |
* [[Diabetes products and services]]
* [[Drug Metabolism]]
* [[Toxicology]]
* [[Osteoporosis]]
* [[Oral Diabetes Drugs]]
* [[Ureteral Stent]]
* [[Premium Coffee Consumers Market Segmentation|Premium Coffee - Market Positioning]]
* [[Dolcera's Poster on Industrial Biotechnology|Industrial biotechnology]]
* [[OTC products for acne treatment]]
* [[Botox - from Medical Procedure to Household Word]]
* [[Digestive Remedies Market in India and China]]
| valign=top |
* [[4G wireless technology developments]]
* [[HDTV in the US]]
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/innovation_explorer/innovation_explorer.html Household robotics Innovation Explorer]
* [[Web video]]
* [[OLED Mobile Phones Market Research and Analysis Report]] | ([http://www.viddler.com/explore/dolcera/videos/6/ Video])
* [[Virtualization]]
* [[Cloud Computing]]
* [[Estimation of liquid carrying vehicles in USA]]
* [[A market study on Hybrid vehicles and the concept of V2G]]
|-
! style="background:lightgrey" valign=top colspan=2 |

===Finance===
|-
| valign=top colspan=2 |
* [[Innovative personal finance products]]
* [[Life Insurance Industry in US]]
|}

== Dolcera Technology Platforms ==
{| style="border:1px solid #AAA; background:#E9E9E9;width:100%" align="center"
|-
| align = "top" |

==== Dashboard 1.1 ====
* [http://www.dolcera.com/auth/dashboarddemo/dashboard.php?workfilegroup_id=154 Demo Dashboard (Alopecia)]
* [[Sample list of patent numbers]]

==== [[Workflow for creating a Dashboard]] ====

==== IP and Products dashboard ====
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfilegroup_id=10 Alopecia areata dashboard]
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/stent_model.swf Stent dashboard]
* [[Legal Updates Demo|Legal updates dashboard]]
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=54 4G wireless product and patent dashboard]

==== Patent-pathway mapping ====
* [[Inflammation and cardiovascular drugs#Interactive signaling pathways and patents|Patent-pathway mapping]]
==== Sequence dashboard ====
* [http://www.dolcera.com/website/demos/dna/main.html Sequence dashboard]

==== Design analysis ====
* [http://www.dolcera.com/website/demos/dental/main.html Dental Implant Design Analysis]

==== Innovation explorer ====
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/innovation_explorer/innovation_explorer.html Household robotics innovation explorer]
==== KPort ====
* [http://dolcera.com/website/demos/kport/main.html Collaboration Portal]

|-
|}

=== Dolcera Offerings summary ===
* [[Dolcera Offerings|Dolcera offerings summary]]

=== [[Technology Support]] ===

==Like any of these sample reports?==
 '''These are sample reports with brief analysis''' 
'''Dolcera can provide a comprehensive report customized to your needs'''
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center" "
|style="background:lightgrey" align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''[mailto:info@dolcera.com Buy the customized report from Dolcera]'''
|-
| align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/ip-patent-analytics-services Patent Analytics Services]
|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/business-research-services Market Research Services]
|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/tools/patent-dashboard Purchase Patent Dashboard]
|-
|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/ip-patent-analytics-services/patent-search/patent-landscapes Patent Landscape Services]
|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/research-processes Dolcera Processes]
|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/industries Industry Focus]
|-
|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/ip-patent-analytics-services/patent-search/patent-landscapes Patent Search Services]
|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/ip-patent-analytics-services/alerts-and-updates Patent Alerting Services]
|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/tools Dolcera Tools]
|-
|}
 

----
{| style="border:1px solid #AAA; background:#E9E9E9" align="center"
|-
! style="background:lightgrey" | Contact Dolcera
|-
! style="background:lightgrey" | Samir Raiyani
|-
| '''Email''': [mailto:info@dolcera.com info@dolcera.com]
|-
| '''Phone''': +1-650-269-7952, +91-40-2355-3493
|}

Main Page

2010-03-22T05:36:32Z

Lakshmikantg: /* IP Valuation */

__NOTOC__
===[[#Intellectual Property (IP) Services|Intellectual Property(IP) Services]]===
===[[#Business & Information Research Services|Business and Information Research Services]]===
===[[#Dolcera Technology Platforms|Dolcera Technology Platform]]===

== Intellectual Property (IP) Services ==
{| style="border:1px solid #AAA; background:#E9E9E9;width:100%" align="center"
|-
! style="background:lightgrey;width:50%" valign = "top" |
===Life Sciences and Chemistry===
! style="background:lightgrey;width:50%" valign = "top" |
===Technology===
|-
| valign = "top" |
=== Landscape reports ===
* [[Alopecia - Hair Loss]] | ([http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAIoyKuKQ6o Video])
* [[Inflammation and cardiovascular drugs]]
* [[RNA Interference]]
* [[RNAi Database sample wiki]]
* [[Choline Bitartarate]]
* [[Non-wovens]]
* [[Pressure sensitive adhesives]] | ([http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=plP3TzjYsiQ Video])
* [[Ureteral Stent]]
* [[Smart miniature drug delivery systems]]
* [[Silicone Hydrogel contact lens]]
* [[Biofuels database sample wiki]]
* [[SC Johnson]]
* [[Pinene: An off flavor in mango juice]]
| valign = "top" |

=== Landscape Reports ===
* [[Hybrid Electric Vehicle Battery System]]
* [[Supply Chain RFID Applications]]
* [[Insurance sector]]
* [[CDMA Basics]]
* [[Quality of Service on CDMA platforms]]
* [[OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode]]
* [[Carbon Nanotubes (CNT)]]
* [[Metallic and Ceramic construction materials]]
* [[Transactional memory]]
* [[Invalidation Search on a patent in the semiconductors space|Invalidation Search]]
* [[Golf Club Head Landscape]]
* [[Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma]]
|-
| valign = "top" |

===STN Search Reports===
* [[Markush Search Report]]

=== Dashboard ===
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfilegroup_id=10 Alopecia areata dashboard - live]
** ([[Alopecia Areata Dashboard Screenshots|Screenshots only]])
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/stent_model.swf Stent dashboard]
* [http://www.dolcera.com/website/demos/dna/main.html Sequence dashboard]
* [[Legal Updates Demo|Legal updates dashboard]]
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=587 RNAi Dashboard]
| valign = "top" |

=== Dashboard ===
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfilegroup_id=27 Automotive dashboard - live]
** [[Automotive Dashboard Screenshots|Screenshots only]]
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=54 WiMAX dashboard - live]
** [[WiMAX Dashboard Screenshots|Screenshots only]]
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/rfid_model.swf RFID dashboard]

=== IP Valuation ===

[[Holographic Image Display]]
[[Broadcom - IP Valuation]]
|-
| valign = "top" |

=== Prior Art / Invalidation / FTO Search ===
* [http://dolcera.com/client/d8r3/hairloss_map.htm Alopecia/Hair loss IPMap]
* [[Markush Structure Search Sample]]
==== Study: In re Bilski Impact ====
* [[In re Bilski Impact assessed from US PAIR Information]]
| valign = "top" |

=== Prior Art / Invalidation / FTO Search ===
* [[Prior Art Search Process]]
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/satellite_antenna/ipmap.html Satellite Antenna IPMap]
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/rfid/ipmap.html RFID IPMap]
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/multimodal_apps/ipmap.html Multimodal Applications IPMap]
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/Invalidation_US4825448.htm Invalidation Claim Map Sample]
|-
|}

===Clinical Trial Database===
*[[Clinical Trial Database]]

== Business & Information Research Services ==
{| style="border:1px solid #AAA; background:#E9E9E9;width:100%" align="center"
|-
! style="background:lightgrey" valign=top width=50%|
===Life Sciences and Chemistry===
! style="background:lightgrey" valign=top width=50%|
===Technology===
|-
| valign=top |
* [[Diabetes products and services]]
* [[Drug Metabolism]]
* [[Toxicology]]
* [[Osteoporosis]]
* [[Oral Diabetes Drugs]]
* [[Ureteral Stent]]
* [[Premium Coffee Consumers Market Segmentation|Premium Coffee - Market Positioning]]
* [[Dolcera's Poster on Industrial Biotechnology|Industrial biotechnology]]
* [[OTC products for acne treatment]]
* [[Botox - from Medical Procedure to Household Word]]
* [[Digestive Remedies Market in India and China]]
| valign=top |
* [[4G wireless technology developments]]
* [[HDTV in the US]]
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/innovation_explorer/innovation_explorer.html Household robotics Innovation Explorer]
* [[Web video]]
* [[OLED Mobile Phones Market Research and Analysis Report]] | ([http://www.viddler.com/explore/dolcera/videos/6/ Video])
* [[Virtualization]]
* [[Cloud Computing]]
* [[Estimation of liquid carrying vehicles in USA]]
* [[A market study on Hybrid vehicles and the concept of V2G]]
|-
! style="background:lightgrey" valign=top colspan=2 |

===Finance===
|-
| valign=top colspan=2 |
* [[Innovative personal finance products]]
* [[Life Insurance Industry in US]]
|}

== Dolcera Technology Platforms ==
{| style="border:1px solid #AAA; background:#E9E9E9;width:100%" align="center"
|-
| align = "top" |

==== Dashboard 1.1 ====
* [http://www.dolcera.com/auth/dashboarddemo/dashboard.php?workfilegroup_id=154 Demo Dashboard (Alopecia)]
* [[Sample list of patent numbers]]

==== [[Workflow for creating a Dashboard]] ====

==== IP and Products dashboard ====
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfilegroup_id=10 Alopecia areata dashboard]
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/stent_model.swf Stent dashboard]
* [[Legal Updates Demo|Legal updates dashboard]]
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=54 4G wireless product and patent dashboard]

==== Patent-pathway mapping ====
* [[Inflammation and cardiovascular drugs#Interactive signaling pathways and patents|Patent-pathway mapping]]
==== Sequence dashboard ====
* [http://www.dolcera.com/website/demos/dna/main.html Sequence dashboard]

==== Design analysis ====
* [http://www.dolcera.com/website/demos/dental/main.html Dental Implant Design Analysis]

==== Innovation explorer ====
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/innovation_explorer/innovation_explorer.html Household robotics innovation explorer]
==== KPort ====
* [http://dolcera.com/website/demos/kport/main.html Collaboration Portal]

|-
|}

=== Dolcera Offerings summary ===
* [[Dolcera Offerings|Dolcera offerings summary]]

=== [[Technology Support]] ===

==Like any of these sample reports?==
 '''These are sample reports with brief analysis''' 
'''Dolcera can provide a comprehensive report customized to your needs'''
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center" "
|style="background:lightgrey" align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''[mailto:info@dolcera.com Buy the customized report from Dolcera]'''
|-
| align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/ip-patent-analytics-services Patent Analytics Services]
|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/business-research-services Market Research Services]
|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/tools/patent-dashboard Purchase Patent Dashboard]
|-
|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/ip-patent-analytics-services/patent-search/patent-landscapes Patent Landscape Services]
|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/research-processes Dolcera Processes]
|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/industries Industry Focus]
|-
|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/ip-patent-analytics-services/patent-search/patent-landscapes Patent Search Services]
|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/ip-patent-analytics-services/alerts-and-updates Patent Alerting Services]
|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/tools Dolcera Tools]
|-
|}
 

----
{| style="border:1px solid #AAA; background:#E9E9E9" align="center"
|-
! style="background:lightgrey" | Contact Dolcera
|-
! style="background:lightgrey" | Samir Raiyani
|-
| '''Email''': [mailto:info@dolcera.com info@dolcera.com]
|-
| '''Phone''': +1-650-269-7952, +91-40-2355-3493
|}

Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma

2010-02-24T15:22:57Z

Lakshmikantg: /* Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search */

==Objective==

'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.'''

To achieve our objective we performed following steps:

*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment

*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.

*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.

*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records

*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries

*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.

==Overview==

===Interferon===

[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]

Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source]

Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]

===Melanoma===

Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]

===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===

Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas.

A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})

While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]

===Taxonomy===

[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]

===Class codes identified for searches===

* '''Relevant IPC classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|A61P003500
|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|}

* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21A
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21B
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21C
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''
|align = "center"|C07K014715G
|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|}

* '''Relevant US classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|4240854
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|4242811
|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|42400141
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|514889
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|530351
|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|930142
|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|4240851
|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|4240855
|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|4240856
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|4240857
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.
|-
|}

==Intellectual property==

===Search strategy and concept===

Date of Search: 1836 to October 26, 2009
Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches

===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|576
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|756
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|1019 records '''571 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''3422 hits (2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|174
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|484
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|102
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|9
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''
|align = "center"|587 hits '''232 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|4 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR Interféron<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interféron OR huIFN) AND (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|25 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''29 hits'''
|-
|}

===Search in Japanese database===

Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan

Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2009/10/26

'''Total patents: 846 (Relevancy ~10%)'''

* '''F-Terms and theme used in search'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''
|align = "center"|'''4H045'''
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA15
|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA16
|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA17
|align = "center"|Beta-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA18
|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons
|-
|}

==Sample patents==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''S.No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Date of Publication'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Inventor(s)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Title'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Dolcera Summary'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20051027&CC=US&NR=2005238621A1&KC=A1 US7482014B2]
|align = "center"|1/27/2009
|align = "center"|Schering Corporation
|align = "center"|Rybak, Mary Ellen and Rose, Esther Helen
|align = "center"|Melanoma therapy
|align = "center"|The invention relates to a method of treating a patient having Stage IIB or Stage III melanoma which has been surgically removed. A first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19991207&CC=US&NR=5997858A&KC=A US5997858A]
|align = "center"|12/7/1999
|align = "center"|Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.
|align = "center"|Tovey, Michael Gerard and Kaido, Thomas James
|align = "center"|Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors
|align = "center"|A method for treating multiple myeloma, hairy cell leukemia, malignant melanoma, brain tumors etc. by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon (1500 IU to about 20×106 IU for a 70 kg man per day) via oromucosal contact.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19881026&CC=EP&NR=0288055A1&KC=A1 EP288055A1]
|align = "center"|10/26/1988
|align = "center"|MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.
|align = "center"|Sunkara, Sai P.
|align = "center"|Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma
|align = "center"|A combinational therapy containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease such as melanoma.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19871014&CC=EP&NR=0241242A1&KC=A1 EP241242A1]
|align = "center"|10/14/1987
|align = "center"|CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION
|align = "center"|Rudolph, Alfred
|align = "center"|The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor
|align = "center"|A composition comprising of a mixture of lFN- beta and IL-2 for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer such as colon cancer, melanoma, renal cell cancer, lung cancer.
|-
|}

Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma

2010-02-24T15:21:47Z

Lakshmikantg: /* Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search */

==Objective==

'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.'''

To achieve our objective we performed following steps:

*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment

*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.

*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.

*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records

*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries

*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.

==Overview==

===Interferon===

[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]

Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source]

Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]

===Melanoma===

Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]

===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===

Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas.

A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})

While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]

===Taxonomy===

[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]

===Class codes identified for searches===

* '''Relevant IPC classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|A61P003500
|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|}

* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21A
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21B
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21C
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''
|align = "center"|C07K014715G
|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|}

* '''Relevant US classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|4240854
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|4242811
|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|42400141
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|514889
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|530351
|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|930142
|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|4240851
|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|4240855
|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|4240856
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|4240857
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.
|-
|}

==Intellectual property==

===Search strategy and concept===

Date of Search: 1836 to October 26, 2009
Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches

===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|576
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|756
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|1019 records '''571 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''3422 hits (2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|174
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|484
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|102
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|9
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''
|align = "center"|587 hits '''232 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|1
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|4 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR Interféron<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interféron OR huIFN) AND (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|25 hits
|-
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|3
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|1 OR 2
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|'''29 hits'''
|-
|}

===Search in Japanese database===

Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan

Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2009/10/26

'''Total patents: 846 (Relevancy ~10%)'''

* '''F-Terms and theme used in search'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''
|align = "center"|'''4H045'''
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA15
|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA16
|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA17
|align = "center"|Beta-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA18
|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons
|-
|}

==Sample patents==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''S.No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Date of Publication'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Inventor(s)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Title'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Dolcera Summary'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20051027&CC=US&NR=2005238621A1&KC=A1 US7482014B2]
|align = "center"|1/27/2009
|align = "center"|Schering Corporation
|align = "center"|Rybak, Mary Ellen and Rose, Esther Helen
|align = "center"|Melanoma therapy
|align = "center"|The invention relates to a method of treating a patient having Stage IIB or Stage III melanoma which has been surgically removed. A first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19991207&CC=US&NR=5997858A&KC=A US5997858A]
|align = "center"|12/7/1999
|align = "center"|Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.
|align = "center"|Tovey, Michael Gerard and Kaido, Thomas James
|align = "center"|Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors
|align = "center"|A method for treating multiple myeloma, hairy cell leukemia, malignant melanoma, brain tumors etc. by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon (1500 IU to about 20×106 IU for a 70 kg man per day) via oromucosal contact.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19881026&CC=EP&NR=0288055A1&KC=A1 EP288055A1]
|align = "center"|10/26/1988
|align = "center"|MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.
|align = "center"|Sunkara, Sai P.
|align = "center"|Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma
|align = "center"|A combinational therapy containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease such as melanoma.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19871014&CC=EP&NR=0241242A1&KC=A1 EP241242A1]
|align = "center"|10/14/1987
|align = "center"|CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION
|align = "center"|Rudolph, Alfred
|align = "center"|The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor
|align = "center"|A composition comprising of a mixture of lFN- beta and IL-2 for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer such as colon cancer, melanoma, renal cell cancer, lung cancer.
|-
|}

Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma

2010-02-24T15:21:19Z

Lakshmikantg: /* Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search */

==Objective==

'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.'''

To achieve our objective we performed following steps:

*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment

*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.

*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.

*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records

*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries

*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.

==Overview==

===Interferon===

[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]

Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source]

Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]

===Melanoma===

Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]

===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===

Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas.

A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})

While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]

===Taxonomy===

[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]

===Class codes identified for searches===

* '''Relevant IPC classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|A61P003500
|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|}

* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21A
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21B
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21C
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''
|align = "center"|C07K014715G
|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|}

* '''Relevant US classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|4240854
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|4242811
|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|42400141
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|514889
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|530351
|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|930142
|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|4240851
|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|4240855
|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|4240856
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|4240857
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.
|-
|}

==Intellectual property==

===Search strategy and concept===

Date of Search: 1836 to October 26, 2009
Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches

===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|576
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|756
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|1019 records '''571 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''3422 hits (2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|174
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|484
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|102
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|9
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''
|align = "center"|587 hits '''232 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|1
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|4 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR Interféron<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interféron OR huIFN) AND (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|25 hits
|-
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|3
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|Final query
|align = "center"|1 OR 2
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|'''29 hits'''
|-
|}

===Search in Japanese database===

Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan

Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2009/10/26

'''Total patents: 846 (Relevancy ~10%)'''

* '''F-Terms and theme used in search'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''
|align = "center"|'''4H045'''
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA15
|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA16
|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA17
|align = "center"|Beta-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA18
|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons
|-
|}

==Sample patents==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''S.No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Date of Publication'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Inventor(s)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Title'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Dolcera Summary'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20051027&CC=US&NR=2005238621A1&KC=A1 US7482014B2]
|align = "center"|1/27/2009
|align = "center"|Schering Corporation
|align = "center"|Rybak, Mary Ellen and Rose, Esther Helen
|align = "center"|Melanoma therapy
|align = "center"|The invention relates to a method of treating a patient having Stage IIB or Stage III melanoma which has been surgically removed. A first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19991207&CC=US&NR=5997858A&KC=A US5997858A]
|align = "center"|12/7/1999
|align = "center"|Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.
|align = "center"|Tovey, Michael Gerard and Kaido, Thomas James
|align = "center"|Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors
|align = "center"|A method for treating multiple myeloma, hairy cell leukemia, malignant melanoma, brain tumors etc. by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon (1500 IU to about 20×106 IU for a 70 kg man per day) via oromucosal contact.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19881026&CC=EP&NR=0288055A1&KC=A1 EP288055A1]
|align = "center"|10/26/1988
|align = "center"|MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.
|align = "center"|Sunkara, Sai P.
|align = "center"|Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma
|align = "center"|A combinational therapy containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease such as melanoma.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19871014&CC=EP&NR=0241242A1&KC=A1 EP241242A1]
|align = "center"|10/14/1987
|align = "center"|CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION
|align = "center"|Rudolph, Alfred
|align = "center"|The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor
|align = "center"|A composition comprising of a mixture of lFN- beta and IL-2 for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer such as colon cancer, melanoma, renal cell cancer, lung cancer.
|-
|}

Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma

2010-02-24T15:20:15Z

Lakshmikantg: /* Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search */

==Objective==

'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.'''

To achieve our objective we performed following steps:

*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment

*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.

*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.

*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records

*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries

*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.

==Overview==

===Interferon===

[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]

Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source]

Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]

===Melanoma===

Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]

===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===

Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas.

A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})

While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]

===Taxonomy===

[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]

===Class codes identified for searches===

* '''Relevant IPC classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|A61P003500
|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|}

* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21A
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21B
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21C
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''
|align = "center"|C07K014715G
|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|}

* '''Relevant US classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|4240854
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|4242811
|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|42400141
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|514889
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|530351
|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|930142
|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|4240851
|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|4240855
|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|4240856
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|4240857
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.
|-
|}

==Intellectual property==

===Search strategy and concept===

Date of Search: 1836 to October 26, 2009
Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches

===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|576
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|756
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|1019 records '''571 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''3422 hits (2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|174
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|484
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|102
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|9
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''
|align = "center"|587 hits '''232 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|1
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|French
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|4 hits
|-
|align = "center"|German
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|French
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR Interféron<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interféron OR huIFN) AND (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|25 hits
|-
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|German
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|3
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|Final query
|align = "center"|1 OR 2
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|'''29 hits'''
|-
|}

===Search in Japanese database===

Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan

Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2009/10/26

'''Total patents: 846 (Relevancy ~10%)'''

* '''F-Terms and theme used in search'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''
|align = "center"|'''4H045'''
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA15
|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA16
|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA17
|align = "center"|Beta-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA18
|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons
|-
|}

==Sample patents==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''S.No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Date of Publication'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Inventor(s)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Title'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Dolcera Summary'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20051027&CC=US&NR=2005238621A1&KC=A1 US7482014B2]
|align = "center"|1/27/2009
|align = "center"|Schering Corporation
|align = "center"|Rybak, Mary Ellen and Rose, Esther Helen
|align = "center"|Melanoma therapy
|align = "center"|The invention relates to a method of treating a patient having Stage IIB or Stage III melanoma which has been surgically removed. A first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19991207&CC=US&NR=5997858A&KC=A US5997858A]
|align = "center"|12/7/1999
|align = "center"|Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.
|align = "center"|Tovey, Michael Gerard and Kaido, Thomas James
|align = "center"|Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors
|align = "center"|A method for treating multiple myeloma, hairy cell leukemia, malignant melanoma, brain tumors etc. by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon (1500 IU to about 20×106 IU for a 70 kg man per day) via oromucosal contact.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19881026&CC=EP&NR=0288055A1&KC=A1 EP288055A1]
|align = "center"|10/26/1988
|align = "center"|MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.
|align = "center"|Sunkara, Sai P.
|align = "center"|Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma
|align = "center"|A combinational therapy containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease such as melanoma.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19871014&CC=EP&NR=0241242A1&KC=A1 EP241242A1]
|align = "center"|10/14/1987
|align = "center"|CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION
|align = "center"|Rudolph, Alfred
|align = "center"|The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor
|align = "center"|A composition comprising of a mixture of lFN- beta and IL-2 for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer such as colon cancer, melanoma, renal cell cancer, lung cancer.
|-
|}

Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma

2010-02-24T14:58:06Z

Lakshmikantg: /* Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search */

==Objective==

'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.'''

To achieve our objective we performed following steps:

*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment

*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.

*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.

*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records

*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries

*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.

==Overview==

===Interferon===

[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]

Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source]

Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]

===Melanoma===

Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]

===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===

Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas.

A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})

While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]

===Taxonomy===

[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]

===Class codes identified for searches===

* '''Relevant IPC classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|A61P003500
|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|}

* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|A61K003819
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|A61K003821
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21A
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21B
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|A61K38/21C
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|C07K001452
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
|align = "center"|Broad
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|C07K014555
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|C07K001456
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|C07K014565
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|C07K001457
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''
|align = "center"|C07K014715G
|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -
|align = "center"|Specific
|-
|}

* '''Relevant US classes'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|4240854
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|4242811
|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|42400141
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|514889
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|530351
|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|930142
|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|4240851
|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|4240855
|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|4240856
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|4240857
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.
|-
|}

==Intellectual property==

===Search strategy and concept===

Date of Search: 1836 to October 26, 2009
Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches

===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|576
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|756
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|1019 records '''571 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|'''French'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits
|-
|align = "center"|'''German'''
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
|align = "center"|'''3422 hits (2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|174
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|484
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|102
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
|align = "center"|9
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''
|align = "center"|587 hits '''232 unique records'''
|-
|}

===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

===Search in Japanese database===

Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan

Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2009/10/26

'''Total patents: 846 (Relevancy ~10%)'''

* '''F-Terms and theme used in search'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''
|align = "center"|'''4H045'''
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA15
|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA16
|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA17
|align = "center"|Beta-interferons
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|F-term
|align = "center"|DA18
|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons
|-
|}

==Sample patents==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''S.No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Date of Publication'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Inventor(s)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Title'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Dolcera Summary'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20051027&CC=US&NR=2005238621A1&KC=A1 US7482014B2]
|align = "center"|1/27/2009
|align = "center"|Schering Corporation
|align = "center"|Rybak, Mary Ellen and Rose, Esther Helen
|align = "center"|Melanoma therapy
|align = "center"|The invention relates to a method of treating a patient having Stage IIB or Stage III melanoma which has been surgically removed. A first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19991207&CC=US&NR=5997858A&KC=A US5997858A]
|align = "center"|12/7/1999
|align = "center"|Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.
|align = "center"|Tovey, Michael Gerard and Kaido, Thomas James
|align = "center"|Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors
|align = "center"|A method for treating multiple myeloma, hairy cell leukemia, malignant melanoma, brain tumors etc. by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon (1500 IU to about 20×106 IU for a 70 kg man per day) via oromucosal contact.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19881026&CC=EP&NR=0288055A1&KC=A1 EP288055A1]
|align = "center"|10/26/1988
|align = "center"|MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.
|align = "center"|Sunkara, Sai P.
|align = "center"|Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma
|align = "center"|A combinational therapy containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease such as melanoma.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19871014&CC=EP&NR=0241242A1&KC=A1 EP241242A1]
|align = "center"|10/14/1987
|align = "center"|CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION
|align = "center"|Rudolph, Alfred
|align = "center"|The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor
|align = "center"|A composition comprising of a mixture of lFN- beta and IL-2 for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer such as colon cancer, melanoma, renal cell cancer, lung cancer.
|-
|}