Difference between pages "Wind Energy" and "Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma"

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−	=Introduction=	+	==Dashboard==
−	* Humans have been using wind power for at least 5000 BC to propel sailboats and sailing ships, and architects have used wind-driven natural ventilation in buildings since similarly ancient times. The use of wind to provide mechanical power came later.	+
−	* Harnessing renewable alternative energy is the ideal way to tackle the energy crisis, with due consideration given to environmental pollution, that looms large over the world.	+
−	* Renewable energy is also called "clean energy" or "green power" because it doesn’t pollute the air or the water. Wind energy is one such renewable energy source that harnesses natural wind power.	+	* Click here to view '''[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=890 Sample Dashboard]'''
−	==Brief History of Wind Energy==	+	NOTE: You need to install Internet Explorer 8.0 and Adobe Flash Player to view the Dashboard.
−	Although the use of wind power started around 5000 BC, but electric power generation through wind energy started in 18th century and increasing drastically in 19th and 20th centuries. A brief view on developments on wind power sector are listed below.	+
−	[[Image:totalcapacityworld2009.JPEG|thumb|right|400px|Fig 1 [http://www.wwindea.org/home/index.php Development of wind power worldwide]]]	+
−	* [http://www.brighthub.com/environment/renewable-energy/articles/71440.aspx 1887]        :  Prof. James Blyth of Scotland used windmills for generating electricity.	+
−	* [http://www.brighthub.com/environment/renewable-energy/articles/71440.aspx 1888]      :  Charles Brush developed the first wind-powered turbine that generated electricity in the United States based on emulated James Blyth work.	+
−	* [http://www.brighthub.com/environment/renewable-energy/articles/71440.aspx 1927]      :  Joe Jacobs and Marcellus Jacobs improved the wind turbine generator for use in farms.	+
−	* [http://www.brighthub.com/environment/renewable-energy/articles/71440.aspx 1931] : development of Darrieus wind turbine. It is a vertical axis turbine that rotates with wind from any direction.	+
−	* 1941: Largest mega watt range wind turbine was connected to the local electrical distribution system on the mountain known as Grandpa's Knob in Castleton, Vermont, USA.	+
−	* 1971: Denmark installed the first offshore wind farms	+
−	* 1990s: More than 2200 MW capacity of wind turbines are installed in california.	+
−	* 2003: the largest offshore wind farm North Hoyle  was built in  the United Kingdom.	+
−	* 2003-2010: Research is going is on wind turbines in blades structures, generators, operation and protection, efficiency of wind turbines.	+
−	Source:[[Media:windenergy.pdf| Wind Energy]]<br>	+
−	The total installed wind power capacity from 2001 to 2010 is shown in fig. 1.  All wind turbines installed by the end of year 2009 worldwide are generating 340 TWh per annum.	+
−	The country wise share of wind energy by the end of year 2009 is shown in fig. 2.	+
−	[[Image:countryshare.JPEG|thumb|center|350px|Fig 2 [http://www.wwindea.org/home/index.php  Country share of total capacity]]]	+	Please download [http://www.microsoft.com/windows/internet-explorer/default.aspx '''Internet Explorer 8.0'''] and [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/?promoid=DRHWS '''Adobe Flash player''']
−	Source:[http://www.wwindea.org/home/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=266&Itemid=43 World Wind Energy Report 2009]	+	==Objective==
−	==Working Principle of Wind Turbine ==	+	'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.'''
−	Wind is air in motion. It is a form of solar energy. Solar radiation heats every part of the Earth’s surface unevenly due to irregularities and rotation of earth. The flow of wind patterns are modified by the earth's terrain, bodies of water, and vegetative cover. When air moves, causing wind, it has kinetic energy. The kinetic energy of wind can be captured by a wind turbine and converted to other forms of energy such as electricity or mechanical power.	+
−	[[Image:windprinciple.png|center|550px|thumb|Fig 3 [http://www.atlantissolar.com/wind_story.html Wind turbine principle]]]	+	To achieve our objective we performed following steps:
−	Sources:[http://windeis.anl.gov/guide/basics/index.cfm Wind Energy Basics],[http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind_how.html#inside How Wind Turbines Work]	+	*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment
−	==Horizontal Axis and Vertical Axis Wind Turbines ==	+	*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.
−	Wind turbines are mainly classified into two types based on the axis in which turbine rotates. They are Horizontal axis wind turbine and vertical axis wind turbine.	+
−	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"	+	*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.
−	| align = "center" bgcolor = "#83caff"|'''Horizontal axis wind turbines'''	+
−	| align = "center" bgcolor = "#83caff"|'''Vertical axis wind turbines'''	+
−	|-	+
−	|	+
−	* It is mounted on top of a tower ,requires huge towers leads to complex in operation, maintanace and high intial costs.	+
−	* It operates only with upstream or down stream wind directions.	+
−	* It can be constructed in offshores.	+
−	* It produces large amount of electricity with high efficiency.	+
−	[[Image:Horizontal.jpg|center|thumb|Fig 4(a) [http://www.windturbinesnow.com/horizontalaxis-windturbines.htm Horizontal axis wind turbine]]]	+
−	|	+
−	* These are easy to build and maintain, safer, easier to transport and they can be mounted close to the ground.	+
−	* These can handle much turblence in wind than horizontal wind turbines.	+
−	* Mostly it can be constructed with two blades	+
−	* It operates with any direction of wind	+
−	* Production of electricity is less due to low wind speeds near to ground	+
−	[[Image:vertical.jpg|center|thumb|Fig 4(b)[http://www.solarpowerwindenergy.org/2009/12/25/types-of-wind-turbines/ Vertical axis wind turbine]]]	+
−	|}	+
−	Source:[http://www.windpowertv.com/forum/index.php?topic=18.0 Different types of wind turbines]	+	*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records
−	=Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines=	+	*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries
−	== Onshore and Offshore Wind Turbines ==	+
−	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"	+
−	| align = "center" bgcolor = "#83caff"| '''Onshore wind turbines'''	+
−	| align = "center" bgcolor = "#83caff"| '''Offshore wind turbines'''	+
−	|-	+	*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.
−	| Advantages	+
−	* It requires cheaper foundations	+	==Overview==
−	* Easily intergrated with the electrical- grid network	+
−	* cheaper Installation and access during the construction phase.	+
−	* It can be operated and maintained easily and cheaply	+
−	Source:[http://www.house-energy.com/Wind/Offshore-Onshore.htm Onshore Vs Offshore Wind Turbines]	+
−	| These are two types, namely Near shore and Off shore.	+	===Interferon===
−	Advantages:	+	[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]
−	* The roughness of the water surface is very low Wind and obstacles to the wind are less.	+	Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source]
−	so, large turbines can be installed	+
−	* Noise pollution is also not a factor because these are too far from shores	+
−	* Less affected to turbulance in wind and low wind shear<br/>	+
−	|-	+
−	|  Disadvantages	+
−	* Neagtive visual impact or noise.	+
−	* Limted avaliability of lands	+
−	* Restrictions asscociated with obstructions like buildings, mountains, etc.	+
−	* Noise pollution	+
−	* Afftected to more turbulance	+
−	Sources:[http://library.thinkquest.org/06aug/01335/wind%20Power.htm Wind Power],[http://www.ehow.com/list_5938067_types-wind-farms-there_.html Types of Wind Farms]	+
−	| Disadvantages:	+
−	* Installing offshore windturbines is much more complex and costly	+
−	* Connection to the utility grid is also much more complex and expensive	+
−	* Operation and maintanances is also a complex task with off shore wind turbines	+
−	Source:[http://www.offshorewindenergy.org/ca-owee/indexpages/Offshore_technology.php?file=offtech_p2.php Offshore Technology]	+
−	|-	+
−	| align = "center"|[[Image:Onshore.jpeg|center|thumb|Fig 5(a) [http://www.eco-trees.org/europes-biggest-onshore-wind-farm-goes-online/ Onshore Wind turbines]]]	+
−	| align = "center"|[[Image:offshore.jpeg|center|thumb|Fig5(b) [http://www.house-energy.com/Wind/Offshore-Onshore.htm Offshore wind turbines]]]	+
−	|}	+
−	==Parts of a Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine==	+	Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]
		+	===Melanoma===
−	The basic parts of a horizontal axis wind turbine(HAWT) is foundation, tower, nacelle, Generator, Rotor Blades.	+	Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]
−	[[Image:partss.jpeg|center|300px|thumb|Fig 6 [http://www.solarpowerwindenergy.org/2010/04/02/parts-of-a-wind-turbine/ Wind turbine parts]]]	+	===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===
−	'''Foundation''': A very good foundation is required to support the tower and various parts of a wind turbine	+	Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas.
−	which weighs in tonnes.	+
−	===Tower===	+	A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})
−	A tower that supports the nacelle and rotor hub at its top. These are made from tubular steel, concrete, or steel lattice. Height of the tower is an important in design of HWAT. Because wind speed increases with height, taller towers enable turbines to capture more energy and generate more electricity. Generally output power of the wind system increase with increase in height and also reduces the turbulance in wind. The theoritical view of tower height versus power out is shown in figure 7 .	+	While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]
−	click on the link to get more about towers [[Wind Turbine Towers]]	+
−	[[Image:height.jpeg|center|300px|thumb| Fig 7 [http://www.windsolarenergy.org/map-of-best-locations-for-wind-power.htm Tower height Vs Power output]]]	+
−	Source:[http://windsine.org/?act=spage&f=wind The Fundamentals of Wind Energy]	+
−	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
−	| align = "center" bgcolor = "#83caff"|'''Different types of wind turbine towers'''
−	| align = "center" bgcolor = "#83caff"|'''Structure'''
−	|-
−	|'''Tubular Tower: '''They are constructed from rolled steel plates welded together with flanges top and bottom, being sprayed with several coats of gray weatherproof paint at the construction yard. They have doors top and bottom allowing entrance to the vertical ladders inside used to access the power cables and the yaw mechanism. There are also a set of vertical ladders on the outside of the tower accessing the nacelle for maintenance and other checks.
−	|[[Image:turbular.jpeg|200px|center|thumb|Fig 8(a) [http://americanrenewableenergycorp.com/towers Tubular tower]]]
−	|-
−	|  '''Lattice tower''': A Lattice tower can be constructed with perfectly shapped steel rods that are put together to form a lattice. These towers are very strong and inexpensive to manufacture and easy to transport and erect.
−	|[[Image:lattices.jpeg|center|200px|thumb|Fig 8(b) [http://www.mywindpowersystem.com/2010/03/wind-power-stats-quiet-critics/ Lattice tower]]]
−	|-
−	| '''Guyed wind tower''': These are very strong and most economical when properly installed. But it requires more space around the tower for guy wires
−	|[[Image:guyed.jpeg|center|200px|thumb|Fig 8(c) [http://itgiproducts.com/energy/windTowers.asp Guy tower]]]
−	|-
−	| '''Tilt up wind towers:'''These type of towers are used for consumer wind energy. These turbines have locking system, while working the turbine is locked. It can easily ulocked and lowered to ground to perform repairs.
−	| [[Image:tiltup.jpeg|center|200px|thumb|Fig 8(d) [http://itgiproducts.com/energy/windTowers.asp Tiltup tower]]]
−	|-
−	| '''Free standing tower:'''These can be used for small wind turbines with cautions.
−	| [[Image:free.jpeg |center|thumb|Fig 8(e) [http://itgiproducts.com/energy/windTowers.asp Free stand tower]]]
−	|}
−	Sources:[http://windertower.com/ Winder Tower],[http://www.thesolarguide.com/wind-power/wind-towers.aspx Wind Towers]
−	=== Blades===	+	==Interactive Taxonomy==
−	Wind turbine blades are used to extract the kinetic energy of wind and convert to mechanical energy. These blades are made up of fiber glass-reinforced polyester or wood-epoxy. Wind turbines have one or two or three or multiple blades based up on the construction. Most of the HAWT have three blades. These are connected to rotor hub. Multiple blade concept is used in earlier days for pumping water and grinding etc.	+	<mm>[[Interferon_For_the_treatment_Of_Melanoma.mm]]</mm>
−	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"	+	==Concept Table==
−	| align = "center" bgcolor = "#99ccff"|'''Single blade HAWT'''	+
−	| align = "center" bgcolor = "#99ccff"|'''Two blade HAWT'''	+
−	| align = "center" bgcolor = "#99ccff"|'''Three blade HAWT'''	+
−	|-	+
−	| It reduces the cost and weight of the turbine. These are rarely used due to tower shadow effects, needs counter weights on the other side of the blade, less stability.	+
−	[[Image:single.jpeg|center|200px|thumb|Fig 9(a) [http://www.wind-energy-the-facts.org/en/part-i-technology/chapter-3-wind-turbine-technology/evolution-of-commercial-wind-turbine-technology/design-styles.html Single blade turbine]]]	+
−	| It requires more complex design due to sustain of wind shocks. It is also less stable. It saves the cost and weight of one rotor blade.	+	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
−	[[Image:two.jpeg|center|300px|thumb|Fig 9(b) [http://www.trendir.com/green/?start=15 Two blade turbine]]]	+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
−	|Modern wind trubines uses three blade concept. Because this structure have hight strength to withstand heavy wind stroms. Less effect due to towe shadow. Produces high output	+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
−	[[Image:three.jpeg|center| 200px|thumb|Fig 9(c) [http://www.china-windturbine.com/wind-turbines-blades.htm Three blade turbine]]]	+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>
−	|}	+
−	Sources:[http://guidedtour.windpower.org/en/tour/design/concepts.htm Wind Turbine Blades],[http://www.wind-energy-the-facts.org/en/part-i-technology/chapter-3-wind-turbine-technology/evolution-of-commercial-wind-turbine-technology/design-styles.html Wind Turbine Design Styles]	+
−	===Nacelle===	+	|-
−	A housing which contains all the components which is essential to operate the turbine efficiently is called a nacelle. It is fitted at the top of a tower and includes the gear box, low- and high-speed shafts, generator, controller, and brakes. A wind speed anemometer and a wind vane are mounted on the nacelle.	+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
		+	| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center>
		+	| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center>
−	[[Image:nacell.png |center|400px|thumb|Fig 10 [http://windturbinesforthehome.com/ Internal nacelle structure]]]	+	|-
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
		+	| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer</center>
		+	| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN</center>
−	'''Hub'''	+	|-
−	A rotor hub is provided for coupling a wind turbine rotor blade and a shaft. The hub assembly consists of hub, bolts, blade bearings, pitch system and internals	+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
−	. Rotor hubs are made with welded sheet steel, cast iron, fored steel. The types of rotor hubs are	+	| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Skin Cancer</center>
−	* Hingeless hub	+	| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN</center>
−	* Teetering hub	+
−	[[Image:rotorhub.jpg |center|thumb|Fig 11 [http://syigroup.en.made-in-china.com/product/dbTQyzJOHYRi/China-Iron-Casting-Wind-Mill-Tower-Rotor-Hub.html Rotor hub]]]	+	|-
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
		+	| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinoma</center>
		+	| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|
		+	|-
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
		+	| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor</center>
		+	| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|
−	'''Drive shaft'''	+	|-
−	Drive shafts are a hollow or solid steel hardened shaft under very high stresses and considerable torque. Drive shafts are used to transfer rotational mechanical energy from blade hub to the generator to produce electricity. A wind turbine normally consists two shafts .	+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center>
		+	| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanocyte</center>
		+	| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|
		+	|}
		+	===French Keywords Concept table===
		+	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>
−	'''''Main shaft''''': It is connected between blade hub and input to the gear box. It rotates at low speeds. So It is also called as 'low speed shaft'.	+	|-
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
		+	| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>mélanome</center>
		+	| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interféron*</center>
−	'''''Generator shaft''''': It connects the gear box output to the generator input. It rotates at very high speed equals to the rating of the generator. It is also called 'high speed shaft'.	+	|-
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
		+	| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peau Cancer </center>
		+	| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center>
−	[[Image:mainshaft.jpg|center|200px||thumb|Fig 12 [http://jiangyinzkforging.en.made-in-china.com/product/hewxIQjbgTpr/China-Wind-Turbine-Shaft-For-Wind-Power-Generator-ALIM2143-.html Shaft system]]]	+	|-
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
		+	| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinome </center>
		+	| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center>
−	'''Gear box'''	+	|-
−	Gear box used in wind energy systems to change low speed  high toque power coming from a rotor blade to high speed low torque power which is used for generator. It is connected in between main shaft and generator shaft to increase rotational speeds from about 30 to 60 rotations per minute (rpm) to about 1000 to 1800 rpm.	+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
−	Gearboxes used for wind turbine  are made from superior quality aluminum alloys, stainless steel, cast iron etc.	+	| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumeur </center>
		+	| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|
−	The various gear boxes used in wind turbines are	+	|-
−	# Planetary Gearbox	+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
−	# Helical Gearbox	+	| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Mélanocyte </center>
−	# Worm Gearbox	+	| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|
−	[[Image:Gearra.jpg |center|250px|thumb|Fig13 [http://machinedesign.com/article/green-technology-inside-an-advanced-wind-turbine-0605 Gear box]]]	+	|}
−	'''Generator'''	+	===German Keywords Concept Table===
−	The output rotational mechanical energy of the gear box is connected to the generator through generator shaft. It works on the principle of 'Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction". It converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.	+	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center>
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center>
−	Sources:[http://windturbinesforthehome.com/ Wind Power Turbines], [http://www.awewind.com/Products/TurbineConstruction/MainAssembly/RotorHub/tabid/81/Default.aspx Rotor Hub Assembly],[http://www.gears-gearbox.com/wind-turbines.html Gearbox for Wind Turbines], [http://www.top-alternative-energy-sources.com/inside-a-wind-turbine.html A Wind Turbine],[http://guidedtour.windpower.org/en/tour/wtrb/yaw.htm The Wind Turbine Yaw Mechanism]	+	|-
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
		+	| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center>
		+	| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center>
−	===Anemometers===	+	|-
−	Wind speed is the most important factor for determing the power content in the wind. The power content in the wind is directly proportional to cube of the wind velocity. Measuring wind speed is important for site selection. The device which is used for measuring wind speed is called anemometer. These are usally located on top of the nacelle.	+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
		+	| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Haut Krebs </center>
		+	| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center>
−	[[Image:windvane.png|center|300px|thumb|Fig 14 [http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind_how.html Anemometer & Wind vane]]]	+	|-
−	Source:[http://blog.mapawatt.com/2009/07/06/make-sure-you-have-wind-speed/ Anemometer]	+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
−		+	| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Karzinoma </center>
−	'''Types of anemometers'''	+	| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center>
−	The various types of anemometers are used in measuring wind speed is shown in flow  chart below.	+
−		+
−	[[Image:anemometers.png|center|600px]]	+
−		+
−	Source:[[Media:wind_power_energy.pdf| Wind Power Energy]]	+
−		+
−	'''Wind vane'''	+
−	Wind vanes are used to measure the wind directions and communicates with the yaw system to orient the turbine properly with respective to wind directions, to extract maximum amount of power from wind. Wind turbines are oriented to upstream wind or down stream wind.	+
−		+
−	Source:[http://www.top-alternative-energy-sources.com/inside-a-wind-turbine.html A Wind Turbine]	+
−		+
−	===Yaw Mechanism===	+
−	yaw mechanism turns the rotor into the upwind direction as the wind direction changes. Electric motors and gear boxes are used to keep the turbine yawed against wind. This can be also used as controlling mechanism during high wind speeds.	+
−	[[Image:yawsystem.png|center|350px|thumb|Fig 15 Yaw structure]]	+
−	Source:[http://guidedtour.windpower.org/en/tour/wtrb/yaw.htm The Wind Turbine Yaw Mechanism]	+
−		+
−	=Electrical Generating Systems=	+
−		+
−	The various types of electrical generators are used in wind energy systems are shown in figure.	+
−	[[Image:generator.png|center|600px]]	+
−		+
−	Source:[[Media:windturbinegenerators.pdf|Wind Turbine Generators]]	+
−		+
−	The most commonly used generator systems applied in wind turbines are are explained below.	+
−		+
−	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"	+
−	| align = "center" bgcolor = "#83caff"|	+
−	| align = "center" bgcolor = "#83caff"|'''Fixed speed generating systems'''	+
−	| align = "center" bgcolor = "#83caff"|'''Variable speed generating systems'''	+
−	| align = "center" bgcolor = "#83caff"|'''Doubly fed induction generator'''	+
	|-		|-
−	| Structure	+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
−	| [[Image:fixed.png|center|250px]]	+	| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Krebsgeschwür </center>
−	| [[Image:variable.png|center|250px]]	+	| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|
−	| [[Image:dfigg.png|center|250px]]	+
	|-		|-
−	| Machines	+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
−	| SQIG	+	| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor </center>
−	| PMSG/WRSG/WRIG	+	| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|
−	| DFIG	+
	|-		|-
−	| Advantages	+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
−	| <nowiki>* Simple and low cost </nowiki>	+	| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Geschwulst </center>
−	<nowiki>* Low maintanace  </nowiki>	+	| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|
−	| <nowiki>* Complete control of real and reactive powers</nowiki>	+
−		+
−	<nowiki>* High energy efficiency </nowiki>	+
−	| <nowiki>* Reduced capacity converter</nowiki>	+
−		+
−	<nowiki>* Decoupled control of active and reactive power flow</nowiki>	+
−		+
−	<nowiki>* Smooth grid connection</nowiki>	+
	|-		|-
−	| Drawbacks	+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>
−	| <nowiki>* </nowiki>No control on real and reactive power	+	| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanozyten </center>
		+	| style=";padding:0.079cm;"|
−	<nowiki>* Less optimum power extraction capability</nowiki>	+	|}
−	<nowiki>* Poor power factor</nowiki>
−	<nowiki>* High mechanical stress on turbine mechanical components</nowiki>	+	===Class codes identified for searches===
−	|  <nowiki>* Additional cost of power electronics</nowiki>	+
−	<nowiki>* Limited fault ride through capability</nowiki>	+	* '''Relevant IPC classes'''
−	| <nowiki>* Regular maintenance of slip ring and gearbox</nowiki>	+
−		+
−	<nowiki>* Limited fault ride-through capability</nowiki>	+
		+	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
		+	|align = "center"|A61K003819
		+	|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
		+	|align = "center"|Broad
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
		+	|align = "center"|A61K003821
		+	|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon
		+	|align = "center"|Specific
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
		+	|align = "center"|C07K001452
		+	|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
		+	|align = "center"|Broad
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
		+	|align = "center"|C07K014555
		+	|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
		+	|align = "center"|Specific
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
		+	|align = "center"|C07K001456
		+	|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
		+	|align = "center"|Specific
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
		+	|align = "center"|C07K014565
		+	|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
		+	|align = "center"|Specific
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
		+	|align = "center"|C07K001457
		+	|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
		+	|align = "center"|Specific
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
		+	|align = "center"|A61P003500
		+	|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents
		+	|align = "center"|Broad
		+	|-
	|}		|}
−	Source:[http://www.uni-hildesheim.de/~irwin/inside_wind_turbines.html Inside wind turbines]
−	=Wind Turbine Control Systems=	+	* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''
−	As the wind turbines increases in size and power, control systems plays a major role to operate wind turbines in safe region and also to improve efficiency and quality of power conversion. The main objectives of wind turbine control systems is	+
−	*''Energy capture'' : Operating the wind turbine to extract maximum amount of energy considering safe restrictions like rated power, rated speed, cut-out wind speed etc.,	+
−	* ''Mechanical loads'': protecting the systems from transient loads.	+
−	* ''Power quality'': Conditioning the generated power with grid interconnection standards.	+
−	The various control techniques used in wind turbines are shown in table below	+
−		+	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
−		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''
−		+
−	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"	+
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#83caff"|'''Control System'''	+
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#83caff"|'''Pitch contol'''	+
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#83caff"|'''Yaw control'''	+
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#83caff"|'''Stall control'''	+
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#83caff"|'''Generator torque control'''	+
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#83caff"|'''Description'''	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
−	| A method of controlling the speed of a wind turbine by varying the orientation, or pitch, of the blades, and thereby altering its aerodynamics and efficiency.	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
−	[[Image:pitch.jpg|thumb|center|175px|Fig 16(a) [http://zone.ni.com/devzone/cda/tut/p/id/8189 Pitch control]]]	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
−	Source:[http://www.moog.com/markets/energy/wind-turbines/blade-pitch-control/ Blade Pitch Control]	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''
−	| The rotation of horizontal axis wind turbine around its tower to orient the turbine in upwind or down wind direction.	+	|-
−	[[Image:Yaw.jpg|thumb|center|175px||Fig 16(b) [http://zone.ni.com/devzone/cda/tut/p/id/8189 Yaw control]]]	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
−	Source:[http://zone.ni.com/devzone/cda/tut/p/id/8189 Wind Turbine Control Methods]	+	|align = "center"|A61K003819
−	|Stall control works by increasing the angle at which the relative wind strikes the blades (angle of attack). As the wind speed increases drag force on the blade increase and lift force gets reduces, thus finally reduces the speed of turbine.A fully stalled turbine blade, when stopped, has the flat side of the blade facing directly into the wind. Compare with furling.	+	|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
−	Source:[http://www.windmeup.org/2008/03/stall-control-basics.html Stall-control basics]	+	|align = "center"|Broad
−	|As the aerodynamic torque control changes, rotor speed changes. it changes the output power frequency. A frequency converter is connected in between generator and the network to maintain generator power constant.	+	|-
−	Source[[Media:windenergycontrol.pdf|Wind Energy Control]]	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
		+	|align = "center"|A61K003821
		+	|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing  Interferon
		+	|align = "center"|Specific
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
		+	|align = "center"|A61K38/21A
		+	|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing  IFN-alpha
		+	|align = "center"|Specific
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
		+	|align = "center"|A61K38/21B
		+	|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing  IFN-beta
		+	|align = "center"|Specific
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
		+	|align = "center"|A61K38/21C
		+	|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing  IFN-gamma
		+	|align = "center"|Specific
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
		+	|align = "center"|C07K001452
		+	|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
		+	|align = "center"|Broad
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
		+	|align = "center"|C07K014555
		+	|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon
		+	|align = "center"|Specific
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
		+	|align = "center"|C07K001456
		+	|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha
		+	|align = "center"|Specific
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
		+	|align = "center"|C07K014565
		+	|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta
		+	|align = "center"|Specific
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
		+	|align = "center"|C07K001457
		+	|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma
		+	|align = "center"|Specific
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''
		+	|align = "center"|C07K014715G
		+	|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -
		+	|align = "center"|Specific
	|-		|-
	|}		|}
−	=Taxonomy for Wind Turbines=	+	* '''Relevant US classes'''
−	[[Image:windTurbines12.jpeg|center|1000px]]	+
−	==Major IPC classes==	+	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
−	A majority of patents describing wind turbines or wind energy are classified in the following IPC classifications.	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''
−	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"	+
−	| align = "center" bgcolor = "#99ccff"|'''S.NO'''	+
−	| align = "center" bgcolor = "#99ccff"|'''IPC Classification'''	+
−	| align = "center" bgcolor = "#99ccff"|'''Description'''	+
	|-		|-
−	| align = "center" bgcolor = "#99ccff"|1	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
−	| align = "center"|F03D	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''
−	| WIND MOTORS	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''
	|-		|-
−	| align = "center" bgcolor = "#99ccff"|2	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
−	| align = "center"|F16C	+	|align = "center"|4240854
−	| SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OF CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS	+	|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible
	|-		|-
−	| align = "center" bgcolor = "#99ccff"|3	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
−	| align = "center"|F16H	+	|align = "center"|4242811
−	| GEARING	+	|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)
	|-		|-
−	| align = "center" bgcolor = "#99ccff"|4	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
−	| align = "center"|F03B	+	|align = "center"|42400141
−	| MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS	+	|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99ccff"|5	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
−	|align = "center"|H02K	+	|align = "center"|514889
−	|DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES	+	|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER
	|-		|-
−	| align = "center" bgcolor = "#99ccff"|6	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
−	| align = "center"|H02P	+	|align = "center"|530351
−	| CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, GENERATORS, OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS	+	|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.
	|-		|-
−	| align = "center" bgcolor = "#99ccff"|7	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''
−	| align = "center"|H02M	+	|align = "center"|930142
−	| APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION	+	|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon
	|-		|-
−	| align = "center" bgcolor = "#99ccff"|8	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''
−	| align = "center"|H02J	+	|align = "center"|4240851
−	| CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY	+	|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)
	|-		|-
−	| align = "center" bgcolor = "#99ccff"|9	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''
−	| align = "center"|G06F	+	|align = "center"|4240855
−	| ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING	+	|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4.  Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.
	|-		|-
−	| align = "center" bgcolor = "#99ccff"|10	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''
−	| align = "center"|G05F	+	|align = "center"|4240856
−	| SYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES	+	|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''
		+	|align = "center"|4240857
		+	|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.
	|-		|-
−	| align = "center" bgcolor = "#99ccff"|11
−	| align = "center"|H02H
−	| EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
	|}		|}
−	== Major Players==	+	==Intellectual property==
−	Major players in the Wind Energy sector include: General Electric, Vestas Wind Systems, Siemens AG, Mitsubishi Ltd, REPower Systems AG, Gamesa Innovation & Technology, Enercon, Nordex, Suzlon and Sinovel Wind Group Co. Ltd.	+
−	=<span style="color:#C41E3A">Like this report?</span>=	+	===Search strategy and concept===
−	<p align="center"> '''This is only a sample report with brief analysis''' <br>	+
−	'''Dolcera can provide a comprehensive report customized to your needs'''</p>	+	Date of Search: 1836 to Feb 3rd, 2011
−	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center" "	+	Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches
−	|style="background:lightgrey" align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''[mailto:info@dolcera.com <span style="color:#0047AB">Buy the customized report from Dolcera</span>]'''	+
		+	===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===
		+
		+	Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.
		+
		+	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
	|-		|-
−	| align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/ip-patent-analytics-services Patent Analytics Services]	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
−	|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/business-research-services Market Research Services]	+	|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
−	|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/tools/patent-dashboard Purchase Patent Dashboard]	+	|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
		+	|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
		+	|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142
		+	|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
		+	|align = "center"|576
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/ip-patent-analytics-services/patent-search/patent-landscapes Patent Landscape Services]	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
−	|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/research-processes Dolcera Processes]	+	|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
−	|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/industries Industry Focus]	+	|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims
		+	|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
		+	|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500
		+	|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
		+	|align = "center"|756
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/ip-patent-analytics-services/patent-search/patent-landscapes Patent Search Services]	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
−	|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/ip-patent-analytics-services/alerts-and-updates Patent Alerting Services]	+	|align = "center"|'''Final query'''
−	|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/tools Dolcera Tools]	+	|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''
		+	|align = "center"|1019 records<br>'''571 unique records'''
	|-		|-
	|}		|}
−	<br>
−	= Doubly-fed Induction Generator=	+	===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===
−	The present study on the IP activity in the area of horizontal axis wind turbines with focus on '''''Doubly-fed Induction Generator (DFIG)''''' is based on a search conducted on Thomson Innovation.	+
−	==Control patents==	+
−	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" width="100%"
−	|bgcolor = "#99ccff"| <center>'''S No'''</center>
−	|bgcolor = "#99ccff"| <center>'''Patent / Publication No.'''</center>
−	|bgcolor = "#99ccff"| <center>'''Publication Date'''</center>
−	|bgcolor = "#99ccff"| <center>'''Assignee / Applicant'''</center>
−	|bgcolor = "#99ccff"| <center>'''Title'''</center>
−	|-	+	Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.
−	| style="background-color:#99ccff"| <center>'''1'''</center>	+
−	|  <center>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6278211.PN.&OS=PN/6278211&RS=PN/6278211 US6278211B1]</center>	+
−	|  <center>02/08/01</center>	+
−	|  <center>SWEO EDWIN A</center>	+
−	|  Brushless doubly-fed induction machines employing dual cage rotors	+
		+	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
	|-		|-
−	| style="background-color:#99ccff"| <center>'''2'''</center>	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
−	| <center>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6954004.PN.&OS=PN/6954004&RS=PN/6954004 US6954004B2]</center>	+	|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
−	| <center>11/10/05</center>	+	|align = "center"|'''French'''
−	| <center>SPELLMAN HIGH VOLTAGE ELECTRON</center>	+	|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
−	| Doubly fed induction machine	+	|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
−		+	|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G
		+	|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
		+	|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits
	|-		|-
−	| style="background-color:#99ccff"| <center>'''3'''</center>	+	|align = "center"|'''German'''
−	| <center>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7411309.PN.&OS=PN/7411309&RS=PN/7411309 US7411309B2]</center>	+	|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
−	| <center>12/08/08</center>	+
−	|  <center>XANTREX TECHNOLOGY INC</center>	+
−	|  Control system for doubly fed induction generator	+
−		+
	|-		|-
−	| style="background-color:#99ccff"| <center>'''4'''</center>	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
−	| <center>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7485980.PN.&OS=PN/7485980&RS=PN/7485980 US7485980B2]</center>	+	|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
−	| <center>03/02/09</center>	+	|align = "center"|'''French'''
−	|  <center>HITACHI LTD</center>	+	|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims
−	| Power converter for doubly-fed power generator system	+	|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords
−		+	|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500
		+	|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
		+	|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits
	|-		|-
−	| style="background-color:#99ccff"| <center>'''5'''</center>	+	|align = "center"|'''German'''
−	| <center>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7800243.PN.&OS=PN/7800243&RS=PN/7800243 US7800243B2]</center>	+	|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
−	| <center>21/09/10</center>	+	|-
−	| <center>VESTAS WIND SYS AS</center>	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
−	|  Variable speed wind turbine with doubly-fed induction generator compensated for varying rotor speed	+	|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
−		+	|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
		+	|align = "center"|'''3422 hits<br>(2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''
	|-		|-
−	| style="background-color:#99ccff"| <center>'''6'''</center>
−	|  <center>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7830127.PN.&OS=PN/7830127&RS=PN/7830127 US7830127B2]</center>
−	|  <center>09/11/10</center>
−	|  <center>WIND TO POWER SYSTEM S L</center>
−	|  Doubly-controlled asynchronous generator
	|}		|}
−	==Thomson Innovation Search==
−	A search is carried out using a combination of keywords and classifications in Thomson Innovation.
−	The Classifications identified relevant to the scope of the search are:
−	===IPC/ ECLA Classes===	+	===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===
		+
		+	Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.
	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"		{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99ccff"|'''IPC/ ECLA Class'''	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99ccff"|'''Definition'''	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center"| F03D9/00	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
−	|Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combinations of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby (aspects predominantly concerning driven apparatus)	+	|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
		+	|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
		+	|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
		+	|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
		+	|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
		+	|align = "center"|174
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center"| F03D9/00C	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
−	|Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combinations of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby (aspects predominantly concerning driven apparatus)/ the apparatus being an electrical generator	+	|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
		+	|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
		+	|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
		+	|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
		+	|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
		+	|align = "center"|484
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center"| H02J3/38	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
−	|Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks/ Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers	+	|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
		+	|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
		+	|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
		+	|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G
		+	|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
		+	|align = "center"|102
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center"| H02K17/42	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
−	|DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES/ Asynchronous induction motors; Asynchronous induction generators/ Asynchronous induction generators	+	|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
		+	|align = "center"|Title and Abstract
		+	|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
		+	|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
		+	|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))
		+	|align = "center"|9
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center"| H02P9/00	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''
−	|CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, GENERATORS, OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS / Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output	+	|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''
		+	|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''
		+	|align = "center"|587 hits<br>'''232 unique records'''
	|-		|-
	|}		|}
−	===US Classes===	+	===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===
		+
		+	Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.
	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"		{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99ccff"|'''US Class'''	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99ccff"|'''Definition'''	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center"|290/044	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''
−	|PRIME-MOVER DYNAMO PLANTS/ ELECTRIC CONTROL/ Fluid-current motors / Wind	+	|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
		+	|align = "center"|'''French'''
		+	|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
		+	|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords
		+	|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457
		+	|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
		+	|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|4 hits
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center"|290/055	+	|align = "center"|'''German'''
−	|PRIME-MOVER DYNAMO PLANTS/ FLUID-CURRENT MOTORS/ Wind	+	|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center"|318/727	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
−	|ELECTRICITY: MOTIVE POWER SYSTEMS/ INDUCTION MOTOR SYSTEMS	+	|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma
		+	|align = "center"|'''French'''
		+	|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract
		+	|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords
		+	|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500
		+	|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR Interféron<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interféron OR huIFN) AND  (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))
		+	|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|25 hits
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center"|322/047	+	|align = "center"|'''German'''
−	|ELECTRICITY: SINGLE GENERATOR SYSTEMS/ GENERATOR CONTROL/ Induction generator	+	|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''
		+	|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''
		+	|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''
		+	|align = "center"|'''29 hits'''
	|-		|-
	|}		|}
		+	===Search in Japanese database===
		+	Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan
−	===Concept Table===	+	Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2009/10/26
−	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"	+
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99ccff"|'''S.No'''	+	'''Total patents: 846 (Relevancy ~10%)'''
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99ccff"|'''Concept1'''	+
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99ccff"|'''Concept1'''	+	* '''F-Terms and theme used in search'''
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99ccff"|'''Concept1'''	+
		+	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center"|1	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''
−	|Doubly fed	+	|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''
−	|Induction	+	|align = "center"|'''4H045'''
−	|Generator	+	|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center"|2	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
−	|Double output	+	|align = "center"|F-term
−	|Asynchronous	+	|align = "center"|DA15
−	|Machines	+	|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center"|3	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
−	|Dual fed	+	|align = "center"|F-term
−	|	+	|align = "center"|DA16
−	|Systems	+	|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center"|4	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
−	|Dual feed	+	|align = "center"|F-term
−	|	+	|align = "center"|DA17
−	|	+	|align = "center"|Beta-interferons
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center"|5	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
−	|Dual output	+	|align = "center"|F-term
−	|	+	|align = "center"|DA18
−	|	+	|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons
	|-		|-
	|}		|}
−	===Search Strategy===	+	===Scientific Literature Search===
−	The databases covered in the search include: US Grant, GB App, US App, FR App, WO App, DE Util, EP Grant, DE Grant, EP App, DE App, JP Util, JP Grant, JP App, CN Util, CN App, KR Util , KR Grant, KR App, Other, DWPI	+	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center>
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Database</center>
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Query</center>
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Limits by Date</center>
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>No.Of Hits</center>
		+	|-
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pubmed</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>20000101-20110221</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>28402</center>
−	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99ccff"|'''S.No'''
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99ccff"|'''No. of Hits'''
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99ccff"|'''Remarks'''
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99ccff"|'''Search String'''
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center"|1	+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
−	|align = "center"|795 hits	+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Scirus</center>
−	|Doubly fed induction generator keywords	+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
−	|CTB=(((((Doubl*3 or dual*3 or two) adj3 (power*2 or output*4 or control*4 or fed or feed*3)) near5 (induction or asynchronous)) near5 (generat*3 or machine*1 or dynamo*1)) OR DFIG);	+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>24835</center>
		+
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center"|2	+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
−	|align = "center"|93 hits	+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Google Scholar</center>
−	|Induction motor classes AND Doubly fed generator keywords	+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center>
−	|(UC=(318/727 OR 322/047) OR AIOE=(H02K001742)) AND ALL=(((((Doubl*3 or dual*3 or two) adj3 (power*2 or output*1 or control*4 or fed or feed*3)) near5 (generat*3 or machine*1 or dynamo*1))) OR DFIG);	+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>21100</center>
		+
		+	|}
		+
		+	==Sample patents==
		+
		+	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''S.No.'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Date of Publication'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Inventor(s)'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Title'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Dolcera Summary'''
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center"|3	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''
−	|align = "center"|675 hits	+	|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20051027&CC=US&NR=2005238621A1&KC=A1 US7482014B2]</u></font>
−	|Broad classes of generators AND Doubly fed induction generator keywords	+	|align = "center"|1/27/2009
−	|(UC=(290/044 OR 290/055) OR AIOE=(F03D000900C OR H02J000338 OR F03D0009* OR H02P0009*)) AND ALL=(((((Doubl*2 or dual*3 or two) adj3 (power*2 or output*1 or control*3 or fed or feed*3)) near5 (induction or asynchronous)) near5 (generat*3 or machine*1 or dynamo*1)) or DFIG);	+	|align = "center"|Schering Corporation
		+	|align = "center"|Rybak, Mary Ellen and Rose, Esther Helen
		+	|align = "center"|Melanoma therapy
		+	|align = "center"|The invention relates to a method of treating a patient having Stage IIB or Stage III melanoma which has been surgically removed. A first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of pegylated  interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period.
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center"|4	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''
−	|align = "center"|240 hits	+	|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19991207&CC=US&NR=5997858A&KC=A US5997858A]</u></font>
−	|French keywords	+	|align = "center"|12/7/1999
−	| CTB=((((Doubl*3 or dual*3or ADJ two or deux) near4 (nourris or feed*3 or puissance or sortie*1 or contrôle*1)) near4 (induction or asynchrone*1) near4 (générateur*1 or generator*1 or machine*1 or dynamo*1)) or DFIG);	+	|align = "center"|Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.
		+	|align = "center"|Tovey, Michael Gerard and Kaido, Thomas James
		+	|align = "center"|Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors
		+	|align = "center"|A method for treating multiple myeloma, hairy cell leukemia, malignant melanoma, brain tumors etc. by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon (1500 IU to about 20×10<sup>6</sup> IU for a 70 kg man per day) via oromucosal contact.
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center"|5	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''
−	|align = "center"|282 hits	+	|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19881026&CC=EP&NR=0288055A1&KC=A1 EP288055A1]</u></font>
−	|German keywords	+	|align = "center"|10/26/1988
−	|CTB=(((((doppel*1 or dual or two or zwei) adj3 (Ausgang or Ausgänge or Kontroll* or control*4 or gesteuert or Macht or feed*1 or gefüttert or gespeiste*1)) or (doppeltgefüttert or DOPPELTGESPEISTE*1)) near4 (((Induktion or asynchronen) near4 (generator*2 or Maschine*1 or dynamo*1)) or (INDUKTION?MASCHINEN or INDUKTION?generatoren or Asynchronmaschine or Asynchrongenerator))) or DFIG);	+	|align = "center"|MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.
		+	|align = "center"|Sunkara, Sai P.
		+	|align = "center"|Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma
		+	|align = "center"|A combinational therapy containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease such as melanoma.
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center"|6	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''
−	|align = "center"|920 hits	+	|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19871014&CC=EP&NR=0241242A1&KC=A1 EP241242A1]</u></font>
−	|	+	|align = "center"|10/14/1987
−	|ALL=(((((((Doubl*3 or dual*3) adj3 (power*2 or output*4 or control*4 or fed or feed*3))) near5 (generat*3 or machine*1 or dynamo*1))) same wind) or (DFIG same wind)) AND DP>=(18360101);	+	|align = "center"|CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION
−	|-	+	|align = "center"|Rudolph, Alfred
−	|align = "center"|7	+	|align = "center"|The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor
−	|align = "center"|'''1434 hits (702 INPADOC Families)'''	+	|align = "center"|A composition comprising of a mixture of lFN- beta and IL-2 for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer such as colon cancer, melanoma, renal cell cancer, lung cancer.
−	|Combined Query	+
−	|1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6	+
	|-		|-
	|}		|}
	==Taxonomy==		==Taxonomy==
−	<mm>[[mmap825(1.1)_1.mm|Interactive Mindmap|center|title Doubly-fed Induction Generator]]</mm>
−	==Sample Analysis==	+	[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]
−	A sample of 139 patents from the search are analysed based on the taxonomy.	+
−	Provided a link below for sample spread sheet analysis for doubly-fed induction generators.<br>	+
−	* [[Media:Doublyfed_induction_generator1.xls| Sample analysis on Doubly-Fed Induction Generator-Patent Literature]]<br>	+	== Sample Analysis==
−	* [[Media:Doublyfed_induction_generators1.xls| Sample analysis on Doubly-Fed Induction Generator-Non Patent Literature]]	+	* '''Patents:''' The above sample patents were analysed according to the taxonomy.
		+	[[Media:Sample analysis of Treating of melanoma.xls| '''Click here to download Sample analysis sheet on Interferon for treatment of Melanomas''']]
−	==IP Trend Analysis==	+	* '''Scientific Literature:'''* [[Media:Article Analysis Of Melanoma.xls |'''Click here to download Melanoma Treatment Using IFN: sample articles]]
−	Patenting activity has seen high growth rate in the last two years.	+
−	[[Image:ipublication trends.png|center|750px]]	+
−	Vestas Wind Systems and General Electric are the major players in this technology field.	+
−	[[Image:Major Players.png|center|750px]]	+
−	==Dashboard==	+	==Patent Ranking==
−	[[Image:Dashboard12.jpg|center|750px|]]	+	10 Sample Patents were ranked according to the patent focus.
		+	*Patent Ranking Details
		+	1 : Granted Patent & Focus in Independent Claim <br>
		+	2 : Granted Patent & Focus in Dependent Claim <br>
		+	3 : Published Patent & Focus in independent Claim <br>
		+	4 : Published Patent & Focus in Dependent claim <br>
−	'''Dashboard Link'''<br>	+	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
−	[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=825 Dashboard for doubly fed induction generator]	+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center>
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent</center>
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Type</center>
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent Ranking</center>
−	*Flash Player is essential to view the Dashboard	+	|-
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
−	=Market Research=
−	==Major Players==
−	Vestas Wind Systems, General Electric and Gamesa Innovation & Technology are the top players in terms of installed power capacity in the year 2007.
−	{| border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"
−	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
−	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company'''</center>
−	| colspan="2"  style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Installed Capacity'''</center>
	|-		|-
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>		| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
−	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Vestas (Denmark)</center>	+
−	| colspan="2"  style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4,500 MW</center>	+
	|-		|-
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
		+
		+	|-
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>		| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
−	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>GE Energy (United States)</center>	+
−	| colspan="2"  style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3,300 MW</center>	+
−	|-	+
−	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>	+
−	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Gamesa (Spain)</center>	+
−	| colspan="2"  style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3,050 MW</center>	+
	|-		|-
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>5</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518 </center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Dependent</center>
	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>		| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>
−	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Enercon (Germany)</center>	+
−	| colspan="2"  style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2,700 MW</center>	+
	|-		|-
−	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>5</center>	+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
−	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Suzlon (India)</center>	+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782 </center>
−	| colspan="2" style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2,000 MW</center>	+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
		+
	|-		|-
−	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>	+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>
−	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Siemens (Denmark / Germany)</center>	+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center>
−	| colspan="2" style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1,400 MW</center>	+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
		+
	|-		|-
−	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>	+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8</center>
−	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Acciona (Spain)</center>	+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center>
−	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>870 MW</center>	+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Independent</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
		+
	|-		|-
−	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8</center>	+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>9</center>
−	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Goldwind (China - PRC)</center>	+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center>
−	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>830 MW</center>	+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
		+
	|-		|-
−	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>9</center>	+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10</center>
−	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Nordex (Germany)</center>	+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center>
−	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>670 MW</center>	+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center>
−	|-	+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
−	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10</center>	+
−	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Sinovel (China - PRC)</center>	+
−	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>670 MW</center>	+
	|}		|}
−	Source:[http://www.mywindpowersystem.com/2009/04/the-10-major-wind-power-companies-in-the-world/ Wind power companies]	+	==Clinical Trials==
		+	*'''Database:''' [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ '''Clinical trials''']
		+	*'''Searched on:''' Feb 21st, 2011
		+
		+	*[[Media:clinical trials treatment of melanoma.xls |'''Please click here to download the clinical trial excel sheet''']]
−	==Market Overview==
		+	==IP Activity Graphs Of Sample Patents==
		+	===IP activity based on priority years===
−	* The world's wind industry defied the economic downturn in 2008 and by he end of the year 2009, the sector saw its annual market grow by 41.5% over 2008, and total global wind power capacity increased by 31.7% to 158GW in 2009	+	* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on priority years.
−	* US, China and Germany together hold more than 50% of the global wind power capacity	+	[[Image:IP act PS priority year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on priority years]]
−	* Asia and North America have seen tremendous growth in the installed wind power capacity over the last 6 years	+
−	* Asia was the world's largest regional market for wind energy with capacity additions amounting to 15.4GW. China was the world's largest market in 2009, more than doubling its capacity from 12.1GW in 2008 to 25.8GW, adding a staggering 13.8GW of capacity	+	===IP activity based on publication years===
−	* China and the US account for more than 60% of the new installed capacity of 38.3GW in 2009. India's total installed capacity increased to 10.9GW with 1.3GW of new installed capacity in 2009	+
−	* The 2009 market for turbine installations was worth about 45 bn € or 63 bn US$ and about half a million people are now employed by the wind industry around  the world	+	* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on publication years.
−	[[Image:Installed capacity 2009.png|600px|center|thumb|Top 10 Cumulative Installed Capacity 2009]]	+	[[Image:IP act PS publication year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on publication years]]
−	[[Image:New capacity.png|600px|center|thumb|Top 10 New Installed Capacity 2009]]	+
−	[[Image:Region Capacities.png|600px|center|thumb|Annual Installed Capacity by Region 2003-2009]]	+
		+	===Geographical Distribution based on family members===
		+
		+	* The geographical distribution is based on 10 sample  patent numbers along with all their family members.
		+	[[Image:Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma 1.jpg|center|thumb|500 px| Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma]]
		+
		+	==Market Report==
		+	===Interferon types & Their Compositions===
		+	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Generic Name'''</center>
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Brand Name'''</center>
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center>
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Composition'''</center>
−	==Market Forecast==
−	* Global wind power capacity could reach 2,300 GW by 2030, providing up to 22% of the world's electricity needs, from the existing 2.2% in 2010.
−	* Global wind capacity will stand at 409GW up from 158GW at the end of 2008. During 2014, 62.5 GW of new capacity will be added to the global total, compared to 38.3 GW in 2009
−	* The annual growth rates during this period will average 20.9% in terms of total installed capacity, and 10.3% for annual market growth
−	* Three regions will continue to drive the expansion of wind energy capacity: Asia, North America and Europe
−	* Asia will remain the fastest growing market in the world, driven primarily by China, which is set to continue the rapid upscaling of its wind capacity and hold its position as the world’s largest annual market. Annual additions are expected to be well over 20 GW in China by 2014
−	* Sustained growth is also expected in India, which will increase its capacity steadily by 2 GW every year, and be
−	complemented by growth in other Asian markets, including Japan, Taiwan, South Korea and the Philippines, and potentially some others
−	* By 2014, the annual market will reach 14.5 GW, and a total of 60 GW will be installed in Europe over this five year period
−	[[Image:Market forecast.png|800px|center|thumb|ANNUAL MARKET FORECAST BY REGION 2009-2013]]
−	<br>
−	Source:[http://www.gwec.net/index.php?id=167 GWEC's Global Wind Report 2009]
−	=<span style="color:#C41E3A">Like this report?</span>=
−	<p align="center"> '''This is only a sample report with brief analysis''' <br>
−	'''Dolcera can provide a comprehensive report customized to your needs'''</p>
−	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center" "
−	|style="background:lightgrey" align = "center"  colspan = "3"|'''[mailto:info@dolcera.com <span style="color:#0047AB">Buy the customized report from Dolcera</span>]'''
	|-		|-
−	| align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/ip-patent-analytics-services Patent Analytics Services]	+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
−	|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/business-research-services Market Research Services]	+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Alpha IFN</center>
−	|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/tools/patent-dashboard Purchase Patent Dashboard]	+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Interferon alfa-2aInactive Ingredients- sodium chloride, ammonium acetate, polysorbate 80, glycine, sodium phosphate dibasic,sodium phosphate monobasic, human albumin, preservative: benzyl alcohol.</center>
		+
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/ip-patent-analytics-services/patent-search/patent-landscapes Patent Landscape Services]	+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
−	|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/research-processes Dolcera Processes]	+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Beta IFN</center>
−	|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/industries Industry Focus]	+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Beta interferon,Inactive Ingredients-65 to 90 wt % of polyol,and a p-hydroxybenzoate,carboxymethyl cellulose,human serum albumin</center>
		+
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/ip-patent-analytics-services/patent-search/patent-landscapes Patent Search Services]	+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
−	|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/ip-patent-analytics-services/alerts-and-updates Patent Alerting Services]	+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Gamma IFN</center>
−	|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/tools Dolcera Tools]	+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-interferon gamma-1b.,Inactive Ingredients-Polyethylene Glycol,dextran ,hydroxyethylstarch </center>
		+
	|-		|-
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pegylated IFN</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active ingredient-peginterferon alfa-2b,Inactive ingredients: dibasic sodium phosphate anhydrous, monobasicsodium phosphate dihydrate, sucrose, polysorbate 80.</center>
		+
		+	|-
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Recombinant IFN</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Ribavirin,Inactive Ingredients-microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium,sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate monobasic as buffering agents;human albumin as a stabilizer.</center>
		+
	|}		|}
−	<br>
−	=Contact Dolcera=
−	{| style="border:1px solid #AAA; background:#E9E9E9" align="center"	+	===Interferon Types & Description Of Products===
		+	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center>
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center>
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Description'''</center>
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Source'''</center>
		+
	|-		|-
−	! style="background:lightgrey" | Samir Raiyani	+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron A is an interferon, a group of naturally occurring proteins that were first discovered as a result of their ability to prevent viral replication. Intron A is marketed in 72 countries worldwide for as many as 16 indications.In the United States it has been cleared for use by the FDA for chronic viral hepatitis B, chronic viral hepatitis C, malignant melanoma, hairy cell leukemia, AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma and condylomata acuminata (venereal warts).INTRON A recombinant for Injection has been classified as an alpha interfero nand is a water-soluble protein with a molecular weight of 19,271 daltons produced by recombinant DNA techniques. It is obtained from the bacterial fermentation of a strain of Escherichia coli bearing a genetically engineered plasmid containing an interferon alfa- 2b gene from human leukocytes. The fermentation is carried out in a defined nutrient medium containing the antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride at a concentration of 5 to 10 mg/L; the presence of this antibiotic is not detectable in the final product. The specific activity of interferon alfa-2b, recombinant is approximately 2.6 x 108 IU/mg protein as measured by the HPLC assay.</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html]</center>
		+
	|-		|-
−	| '''Email''': [mailto:info@dolcera.com info@dolcera.com]	+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex, manufactured by Biogen, is a form of beta interferon (interferon beta, IFN-b) used to modify the course of multiple sclerosis. While not a cure, Avonex has been shown in clinical trials to reduce the average relapse rate in people with the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis form of the disease. It is identical to the naturally occurring protein found in the human body. It is manufactured by extracting the drug from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Avonex is the same substance as Rebif but administered differently (30 mcg, intra-muscularly, once a week as against 22 mcg or 44 mcg, sub-cutaneously, 3 times a week for Rebif). Avonex is usually given in the large muscles of the thigh, upper arm, or hip.</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html]</center>
		+
	|-		|-
−	| '''Phone''': +1-650-269-7952	+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune(R) is a synthesized version of interferon gamma, a naturally occurring protein believed to stimulate the immune system. InterMune markets Actimmune(R) for the treatment of two life-threatening congenital diseases: chronic granulomatous disease and severe, malignant osteopetrosis. The most common side effects are flu-like symptoms, including headache, fatigue, fever, chills, and rash. InterMune was granted two composition-of-matter patents related to interferon gamma-1b in the United States, extending its patent protection until 2022.</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.actimmune.com/ http://www.actimmune.com/]</center>
		+
		+	|-
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg-Intron (peginterferon alfa-2b) Powder for Injection has been approved by the FDA.Peg-Intron is a longer-acting formulation of Schering-Plough's Intron A, which is a recombinant version of a naturally occurring alpha interferon. In contrast to Intron A, which is administered three times weekly, Peg-Intron is administered subcutaneously once a week. This reduced frequency of administration may increase patient compliance.</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.pegintron.com/index.html http://www.pegintron.com/index.html]</center>
		+
		+	|-
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>REBETOL is a medicine used with either interferon alfa-2b (Intron A) or peginterferon alfa-2b (PegIntron) to treat chronic (lasting a long time) hepatitis C infection in people 3 years and older with liver disease.REBETOL Capsules consist of a white powder in a white, opaque, gelatin capsule. Each capsule contains 200 mg ribavirin and the inactive ingredients microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate. The capsule shell consists of gelatin, sodium lauryl sulfate, silicon dioxide, and titanium dioxide. The capsule is printed with edible blue pharmaceutical ink which is made of shellac, anhydrous ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, propylene glycol, ammonium hydroxide, and FD&C Blue #2 aluminum lake.</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.merck.com/product/home.html http://www.merck.com/product/home.html]</center>
		+
		+	|}
		+
		+
		+	===Global Revenue Data Of products===
		+
		+	<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
		+	<tr>
		+	<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>S.No</strong></td>
		+	<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Generic Name</strong></td>
		+	<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Brand Name</strong></td>
		+	<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Company</strong></td>
		+	<td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Global revenue ($ Million )</strong></td>
		+	</tr>
		+	<tr>
		+	<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2008</strong></td>
		+	<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2009</strong></td>
		+	<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2010</strong></td>
		+	</tr>
		+	<tr>
		+	<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>1</strong></td>
		+	<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Alpha IFN</td>
		+	<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intron®,Roferon®-A</td>
		+	<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td>
		+	<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
		+	<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="bottom">38.4</td>
		+	<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
		+	</tr>
		+	<tr>
		+	<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2</strong></td>
		+	<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Beta IFN</td>
		+	<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Avonex</td>
		+	<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Biogen IDEC</td>
		+	<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2518.4</td>
		+	<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2322.9</td>
		+	<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2202.6</td>
		+	</tr>
		+	<tr>
		+	<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>3</strong></td>
		+	<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Gamma IFN</td>
		+	<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Actimmune®</td>
		+	<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intermune</td>
		+	<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">29880</td>
		+	<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">25428</td>
		+	<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
		+	</tr>
		+	<tr>
		+	<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>4</strong></td>
		+	<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Pegylated IFN</td>
		+	<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Peg Intron</td>
		+	<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Schering-Plough</td>
		+	<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
		+	<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">148.7</td>
		+	<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
		+	</tr>
		+	<tr>
		+	<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>5</strong></td>
		+	<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Recombinant IFN</td>
		+	<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</td>
		+	<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td>
		+	<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
		+	<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">36.1</td>
		+	<td style="border-width: thin thick thick thin; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td>
		+	</tr>
		+	</table>
		+
		+	==Biosimilars Of Interferons==
		+
		+	Biosimilar interferons are the major drug class in the recombinant non-glycosylated proteins market due to their extensive use in the treatment of various genetic and environmental disorders. The overall biosimilar market for interferons is categorized into the submarkets for alpha, beta, and gamma interferons, all of which are used extensively in the treatment of various conditions such as lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, and multiple sclerosis.
		+
		+	While the interferon market growth may be inhibited by the side effects of each of its three drug categories, the market presents many opportunities to new entrants as only a few players currently operate in this relatively unfragmented market.
		+
		+	The global recombinant interferon market stood at $75.3 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $3.9 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 82.9% from 2009 to 2014. The American biosimilar interferons market is expected to attain a market worth $1.5 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 91.5%.[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html Biosimilars ; Global Market]
		+
		+
		+	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center>
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center>
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Global market For Biosimilars'''</center>
		+
		+	|-
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon Alfa</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global market for biosimilar interferon Alfa was $36.7 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $1.5 billion in 2014 at a CAGR of 76.5% from 2009 to 2014. While Asian market for biosimilar Alfa interferons commanded the highest share in 2008 with $17.5 million, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 88.3% from 2009 to 2014.The world's top two branded Interferon products generated sales of $1,510 million and $910 million each in 2008. The blockbuster sales of innovative Interferon Alfa products thus present encouragement for biosimilar Interferon Alfa manufacturers[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>
		+
		+	|-
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon beta</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon beta-1a market is estimated to grow from $36.3 million in 2008 to $2.2 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 87.8% from 2009 to 2014. However, the U.S. and Europe sales of branded interferon-betas are expected to fall from $4.6 billion in 2010 to $2.4 billion in 2017. The soaring cost of clinical development, the conservative prescribing habits of neurologists, and the expected decline in the use of interferon-betas may induce biosimilar developers to explore other classes of biologics to invest their R&D funds[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>
		+
		+	|-
		+	| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon gamma</center>
		+	| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon gamma market was $2.2 million 2008 and is expected to reach $141.5 million in 2014 at a CAGR of 94.2% from 2009 to 2014. While the Asian market accounted for the highest share of $0.5 million in 2008, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 107.6% from 2009 to 2014[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center>
		+
	|}		|}

---

Revision as of 03:11, 25 February 2011

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Objective

Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.

To achieve our objective we performed following steps:

• Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment

• Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.

• Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.

• Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records

• Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries

• Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.

Overview

Interferon

Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. Source

Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. Source

Melanoma

Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. Source

Interferon for treatment of melanoma

Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas.

A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})

While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Source

Interactive Taxonomy

Concept Table

S.No	Concept-1	Concept-2
1	Melanoma	Interferon
2	Cancer	IFN
3	Skin Cancer	huIFN
4	Carcinoma
5	Tumor
6	Melanocyte

French Keywords Concept table

S.No	Concept-1	Concept-2
1	mélanome	Interféron*
2	Peau Cancer	huIFN
3	Carcinome	IFN
4	Tumeur
5	Mélanocyte

German Keywords Concept Table

S.No	Concept-1	Concept-2
1	Melanoma	Interferon
2	Haut Krebs	huIFN
3	Karzinoma	IFN
4	Krebsgeschwür
5	Tumor
6	Geschwulst
7	Melanozyten

Class codes identified for searches

• Relevant IPC classes

IPC
Sr. No.	Class Code	Class definition	Class coverage
1	A61K003819	Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons	Broad
2	A61K003821	Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon	Specific
3	C07K001452	Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons	Broad
4	C07K014555	Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon	Specific
5	C07K001456	Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha	Specific
6	C07K014565	Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta	Specific
7	C07K001457	Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma	Specific
8	A61P003500	Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents	Broad

• Relevant ECLA classes

ECLA
Sr. No.	Class Code	Class definition	Class coverage
1	A61K003819	Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons	Broad
2	A61K003821	Medicinal preparations containing Interferon	Specific
3	A61K38/21A	Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha	Specific
4	A61K38/21B	Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta	Specific
5	A61K38/21C	Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma	Specific
6	C07K001452	Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons	Broad
7	C07K014555	Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon	Specific
8	C07K001456	Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha	Specific
9	C07K014565	Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta	Specific
10	C07K001457	Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma	Specific
11	C07K014715G	Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -	Specific

• Relevant US classes

US class
Sr. No.	Class Code	Class definition
1	4240854	DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible
2	4242811	DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)
3	42400141	DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof
4	514889	DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER
5	530351	CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.
6	930142	PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon
7	4240851	LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)
8	4240855	Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.
9	4240856	Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.
10	4240857	Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.

Intellectual property

Search strategy and concept

Date of Search: 1836 to Feb 3rd, 2011 Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches

Search in Micropatent full text - English language search

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

Sr. No.	Search concept	Search Scope	Search reason	Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)	Search query	No. of hits
1	Interferon for treating Melanoma	Title, Abstract and Claims	Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords	A61K003821* OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142	(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte* NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))	576
2	Interferon for treating Melanoma	Title, Abstract and Claims	Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords	A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500	(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte* NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))	756
3	Final query	1 OR 2				1019 records 571 unique records

Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search

Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.

Sr. No.	Search concept	Language	Search Scope	Search reason	Class Code (IPC, ECLA)	Search query	No. of hits
1	Interferon for treating Melanoma	French	Title, Abstract and Claims	Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma’s foregin langugae keywords	A61K003821* OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G	(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))	184 hits
		German				(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
2	Interferon for treating Melanoma	French	Title, Abstract and Claims	Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma’s and interferon’s foregin langugae keywords	A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500	(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))	3375 hits
		German				(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
3	Final query					1 OR 2	3422 hits (2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)

Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

Sr. No.	Search concept	Search Scope	Search reason	Class search	Search query	No. of hits
1	Interferon for treating Melanoma	Title and Abstract	Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords	A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457	(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte* NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))	174
2	Interferon for treating Melanoma	Title and Abstract	Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords	A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500	(IFN* OR *IFN OR interferon* OR *interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte* NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))	484
3	Interferon for treating Melanoma	Title and Abstract	Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords	A61K03821* OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G	(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte* NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))	102
4	Interferon for treating Melanoma	Title and Abstract	Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords	A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500	(IFN* OR *IFN OR interferon* OR *interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte* NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))	9
5	Final query				1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4	587 hits 232 unique records

Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search

Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.

Sr. No.	Search concept	Language	Search Scope	Search reason	Class Code (IPC, ECLA)	Search query	No. of hits
1	Interferon for treating Melanoma	French	Title and Abstract	Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords	A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457	(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))	4 hits
		German				(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
2	Interferon for treating Melanoma	French	Title and Abstract	Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords	A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500	(IFN* OR *IFN OR Interféron* OR *Interféron OR huIFN) AND (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))	25 hits
		German				(IFN* OR *IFN OR interferon* OR *interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))
3	Final query					1 OR 2	29 hits

Search in Japanese database

Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan

Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2009/10/26

Total patents: 846 (Relevancy ~10%)

• F-Terms and theme used in search

Japanese F-term search			Definition
Sr. No.	F- Term theme	4H045	Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
1	F-term	DA15	Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons
2	F-term	DA16	Alpha-interferons
3	F-term	DA17	Beta-interferons
4	F-term	DA18	Gamma-interferons

Scientific Literature Search

S.No	Database	Query	Limits by Date	No.Of Hits
1	Pubmed	(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)	20000101-20110221	28402
2	Scirus	(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)	2000-2011	24835
3	Google Scholar	(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)	2000-2011	21100

Sample patents

S.No.	Patent/Publication No.	Date of Publication	Assignee / Applicant	Inventor(s)	Title	Dolcera Summary
1	US7482014B2	1/27/2009	Schering Corporation	Rybak, Mary Ellen and Rose, Esther Helen	Melanoma therapy	The invention relates to a method of treating a patient having Stage IIB or Stage III melanoma which has been surgically removed. A first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period.
2	US5997858A	12/7/1999	Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.	Tovey, Michael Gerard and Kaido, Thomas James	Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors	A method for treating multiple myeloma, hairy cell leukemia, malignant melanoma, brain tumors etc. by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon (1500 IU to about 20×106 IU for a 70 kg man per day) via oromucosal contact.
3	EP288055A1	10/26/1988	MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.	Sunkara, Sai P.	Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma	A combinational therapy containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease such as melanoma.
4	EP241242A1	10/14/1987	CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION	Rudolph, Alfred	The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor	A composition comprising of a mixture of lFN- beta and IL-2 for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer such as colon cancer, melanoma, renal cell cancer, lung cancer.

Taxonomy

Sample Analysis

• Patents: The above sample patents were analysed according to the taxonomy.

Click here to download Sample analysis sheet on Interferon for treatment of Melanomas

• Scientific Literature:* Click here to download Melanoma Treatment Using IFN: sample articles

Patent Ranking

10 Sample Patents were ranked according to the patent focus.

• Patent Ranking Details

1 : Granted Patent & Focus in Independent Claim
2 : Granted Patent & Focus in Dependent Claim
3 : Published Patent & Focus in independent Claim
4 : Published Patent & Focus in Dependent claim

S.No	Patent	Type	Patent Ranking
1	US7482014B2	Granted And Independent Claim	1
2	US5997858A	Granted And Independent Claim	1
3	EP288055A1	Granted And Independent Claim	1
4	EP241242A1	Granted And Dependent Claim	2
5	US20100086518	Published And Dependent	4
6	US4846782	Granted And Dependent Claim	2
7	US5824300	Granted And Dependent Claim	2
8	US20020107184	Published And Independent	3
9	US4762705	Granted And Independent Claim	1
10	US5190751	Granted And Independent Claim	1

Clinical Trials

• Database: Clinical trials
• Searched on: Feb 21st, 2011

• Please click here to download the clinical trial excel sheet

IP Activity Graphs Of Sample Patents

IP activity based on priority years

• Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on priority years.

IP activity based on publication years

• Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on publication years.

Geographical Distribution based on family members

• The geographical distribution is based on 10 sample patent numbers along with all their family members.

Market Report

Interferon types & Their Compositions

S.No	Generic Name	Brand Name	Company Name	Composition
1	Alpha IFN	Intron®,Roferon®-A	Schering Corporation	Active Ingredient-Interferon alfa-2aInactive Ingredients- sodium chloride, ammonium acetate, polysorbate 80, glycine, sodium phosphate dibasic,sodium phosphate monobasic, human albumin, preservative: benzyl alcohol.
2	Beta IFN	Avonex	Biogen IDEC	Active Ingredient-Beta interferon,Inactive Ingredients-65 to 90 wt % of polyol,and a p-hydroxybenzoate,carboxymethyl cellulose,human serum albumin
3	Gamma IFN	Actimmune®	Intermune	Active Ingredient-interferon gamma-1b.,Inactive Ingredients-Polyethylene Glycol,dextran ,hydroxyethylstarch
4	Pegylated IFN	Peg Intron	Schering-Plough	Active ingredient-peginterferon alfa-2b,Inactive ingredients: dibasic sodium phosphate anhydrous, monobasicsodium phosphate dihydrate, sucrose, polysorbate 80.
5	Recombinant IFN	(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).	Schering Corporation	Active Ingredient-Ribavirin,Inactive Ingredients-microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium,sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate monobasic as buffering agents;human albumin as a stabilizer.

Interferon Types & Description Of Products

S.No	Company Name	Product	Description	Source
1	Schering Corporation	Intron®,Roferon®-A	Intron A is an interferon, a group of naturally occurring proteins that were first discovered as a result of their ability to prevent viral replication. Intron A is marketed in 72 countries worldwide for as many as 16 indications.In the United States it has been cleared for use by the FDA for chronic viral hepatitis B, chronic viral hepatitis C, malignant melanoma, hairy cell leukemia, AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma and condylomata acuminata (venereal warts).INTRON A recombinant for Injection has been classified as an alpha interfero nand is a water-soluble protein with a molecular weight of 19,271 daltons produced by recombinant DNA techniques. It is obtained from the bacterial fermentation of a strain of Escherichia coli bearing a genetically engineered plasmid containing an interferon alfa- 2b gene from human leukocytes. The fermentation is carried out in a defined nutrient medium containing the antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride at a concentration of 5 to 10 mg/L; the presence of this antibiotic is not detectable in the final product. The specific activity of interferon alfa-2b, recombinant is approximately 2.6 x 108 IU/mg protein as measured by the HPLC assay.	http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html
2	Biogen IDEC	Avonex	Avonex, manufactured by Biogen, is a form of beta interferon (interferon beta, IFN-b) used to modify the course of multiple sclerosis. While not a cure, Avonex has been shown in clinical trials to reduce the average relapse rate in people with the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis form of the disease. It is identical to the naturally occurring protein found in the human body. It is manufactured by extracting the drug from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Avonex is the same substance as Rebif but administered differently (30 mcg, intra-muscularly, once a week as against 22 mcg or 44 mcg, sub-cutaneously, 3 times a week for Rebif). Avonex is usually given in the large muscles of the thigh, upper arm, or hip.	http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html
3	Intermune	Actimmune®	Actimmune(R) is a synthesized version of interferon gamma, a naturally occurring protein believed to stimulate the immune system. InterMune markets Actimmune(R) for the treatment of two life-threatening congenital diseases: chronic granulomatous disease and severe, malignant osteopetrosis. The most common side effects are flu-like symptoms, including headache, fatigue, fever, chills, and rash. InterMune was granted two composition-of-matter patents related to interferon gamma-1b in the United States, extending its patent protection until 2022.	http://www.actimmune.com/
4	Schering-Plough	Peg Intron	Peg-Intron (peginterferon alfa-2b) Powder for Injection has been approved by the FDA.Peg-Intron is a longer-acting formulation of Schering-Plough's Intron A, which is a recombinant version of a naturally occurring alpha interferon. In contrast to Intron A, which is administered three times weekly, Peg-Intron is administered subcutaneously once a week. This reduced frequency of administration may increase patient compliance.	http://www.pegintron.com/index.html
5	Schering Corporation	(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).	REBETOL is a medicine used with either interferon alfa-2b (Intron A) or peginterferon alfa-2b (PegIntron) to treat chronic (lasting a long time) hepatitis C infection in people 3 years and older with liver disease.REBETOL Capsules consist of a white powder in a white, opaque, gelatin capsule. Each capsule contains 200 mg ribavirin and the inactive ingredients microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate. The capsule shell consists of gelatin, sodium lauryl sulfate, silicon dioxide, and titanium dioxide. The capsule is printed with edible blue pharmaceutical ink which is made of shellac, anhydrous ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, propylene glycol, ammonium hydroxide, and FD&C Blue #2 aluminum lake.	http://www.merck.com/product/home.html

Global Revenue Data Of products

S.No	Generic Name	Brand Name	Company	Global revenue ($ Million )
				2008	2009	2010
1	Alpha IFN	Intron®,Roferon®-A	Schering Corporation		38.4
2	Beta IFN	Avonex	Biogen IDEC	2518.4	2322.9	2202.6
3	Gamma IFN	Actimmune®	Intermune	29880	25428
4	Pegylated IFN	Peg Intron	Schering-Plough		148.7
5	Recombinant IFN	(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).	Schering Corporation		36.1

Biosimilars Of Interferons

Biosimilar interferons are the major drug class in the recombinant non-glycosylated proteins market due to their extensive use in the treatment of various genetic and environmental disorders. The overall biosimilar market for interferons is categorized into the submarkets for alpha, beta, and gamma interferons, all of which are used extensively in the treatment of various conditions such as lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, and multiple sclerosis.

While the interferon market growth may be inhibited by the side effects of each of its three drug categories, the market presents many opportunities to new entrants as only a few players currently operate in this relatively unfragmented market.

The global recombinant interferon market stood at $75.3 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $3.9 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 82.9% from 2009 to 2014. The American biosimilar interferons market is expected to attain a market worth $1.5 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 91.5%.Biosimilars ; Global Market

S.No	Product	Global market For Biosimilars
1	Interferon Alfa	The global market for biosimilar interferon Alfa was $36.7 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $1.5 billion in 2014 at a CAGR of 76.5% from 2009 to 2014. While Asian market for biosimilar Alfa interferons commanded the highest share in 2008 with $17.5 million, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 88.3% from 2009 to 2014.The world's top two branded Interferon products generated sales of $1,510 million and $910 million each in 2008. The blockbuster sales of innovative Interferon Alfa products thus present encouragement for biosimilar Interferon Alfa manufacturersdata.
2	Interferon beta	The global biosimilar interferon beta-1a market is estimated to grow from $36.3 million in 2008 to $2.2 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 87.8% from 2009 to 2014. However, the U.S. and Europe sales of branded interferon-betas are expected to fall from $4.6 billion in 2010 to $2.4 billion in 2017. The soaring cost of clinical development, the conservative prescribing habits of neurologists, and the expected decline in the use of interferon-betas may induce biosimilar developers to explore other classes of biologics to invest their R&D fundsdata.
3	Interferon gamma	The global biosimilar interferon gamma market was $2.2 million 2008 and is expected to reach $141.5 million in 2014 at a CAGR of 94.2% from 2009 to 2014. While the Asian market accounted for the highest share of $0.5 million in 2008, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 107.6% from 2009 to 2014data.