https://www.dolcera.com/wiki/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Dolcera&feedformat=atomDolceraWiki - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T09:59:37ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.24wmf12https://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=3466Main Page2007-05-01T12:07:54Z<p>Dolcera: /* Landscape reports */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
== Technology ==<br />
==== Landscape Reports ====<br />
* [[Hybrid Electric Vehicle Battery System]]<br />
* [[Supply Chain RFID Applications]]<br />
* [[Insurance sector]]<br />
* [[Quality of Service on CDMA platforms]]<br />
<br />
==== Innovation Explorer ====<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/innovation_explorer/innovation_explorer.html Household robotics Innovation Explorer]<br />
<br />
==== Dashboard ====<br />
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dash_auto/dashboard.html Automotive dashboard] <font color="red">'''New!'''</font><br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/rfid_model.swf RFID dashboard]<br />
<br />
==== IPMaps ====<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/satellite_antenna/ipmap.html Satellite Antenna IPMap]<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/rfid/ipmap.html RFID IPMap]<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/multimodal_apps/ipmap.html Multimodal Applications IPMap]<br />
<br />
== Life sciences and Chemistry ==<br />
==== Landscape reports ====<br />
* [[Alopecia - Hair Loss]]<br />
* [[Diabetes products and services]]<br />
* [[Inflammation and cardiovascular drugs]]<br />
* [[Non-wovens]]<br />
<br />
==== Dashboard ====<br />
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfilegroup_id=10 Alopecia areata dashboard] <font color="red">'''New!'''</font><br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/stent_model.swf Stent dashboard]<br />
<br />
==== IPMap ====<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/multimodal_apps/ipmap.html Alopecia/Hair loss IPMap]<br />
<br />
== Finance ==<br />
* [[Innovative personal finance products]]<br />
<br />
== Dolcera Offerings summary ==<br />
* [[Dolcera Offerings|Dolcera offerings summary]]<br />
<br />
== Dolcera Training ==<br />
* [[Training Manual]]</div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Hybrid_Electric_Vehicle_Battery_System&diff=3465Hybrid Electric Vehicle Battery System2007-04-23T23:31:52Z<p>Dolcera: /* Nissan Motors */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCrightEx}}<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
[[image:globalwarming.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Global warming emissions by sector]]<br />
<br />
* Automobiles are a source of considerable pollution at the global level, including a significant fraction of the total greenhouse gas emissions. <br />
* On July 22, 2002 California Governor Gray Davis signed into law AB 1493 (commonly known as the "Pavley law") — precedent-setting legislation to reduce global warming pollution from motor vehicles.<br />
* This bill directs the California Air Resources Board (CARB) to develop and adopt regulations that achieve the maximum feasible and cost-effective reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) from passenger cars and light trucks sold in California.<br />
<br />
== New Developments ==<br />
<br />
'''Sample visual interactive model:'''<br />
<gflash>545 375 http://www.dolcera.com/HEV_model.swf</gflash><br />
<br />
The new millennium is bringing a millennial change to the family car. A few years back, the key concerns were:<br />
* Pollution, <br />
* Nagging worries about global warming, and<br />
* Oil shortages.<br />
These concerns led to the development of Electric Vehicle (EV’s) powered by batteries. But current battery technology does not provide EV's with a range that is acceptable to consumers. <br />
<br />
'''Limitations of EV’s''':<br />
* An average commute to work is around 40 miles. <br />
* EV's have a range of 80-100 miles using advanced battery technology.<br />
* While batteries need frequent recharging, they are not the only way to power an electric car.<br />
<br />
== Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) ==<br />
The Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) is just the first step in reducing the environmental impacts of automobile use without losing comfort, performance, storage room and extended driving range. <br />
<br />
'''Advantages of HEV’s''':<br />
* The HEV contains parts of both gasoline and electric vehicles in an attempt to get the best of both worlds.<br />
* It is able to operate nearly twice as efficiently as traditional internal combustion vehicles.<br />
* It has equivalent power, range, cost and safety of a conventional vehicle while reducing fuel costs and harmful emissions.<br />
* The battery is continuously recharged by a motor/generator driven by the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) or by regenerative braking.<br />
<br />
== Components of the HEV Battery System ==<br />
The battery in an HEV is the energy storage device for the electric motor. Unlike the gasoline in the fuel tank, which can only power the gasoline engine, the electric motor in a hybrid car can put energy into the battery as well as draw energy from it. <br />
<br />
* '''Battery''': Two or more electrochemical energy cells connected together to provide electrical energy.<br />
* '''Generator''': The generator is similar to an electric motor, but it acts only to produce electrical power.<br />
* '''Electric motor''': Advanced electronics allow it to act as a motor as well as a generator. For example, when it needs to, it can draw energy from the batteries to accelerate the car. But acting as a generator, it can slow the car down and return energy to the batteries. <br />
* '''SOC''': The State of Charge of a battery is its available capacity expressed as a percentage of its rated capacity<br />
<br />
[[Image:Hev layout.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Components of the HEV Battery System]]<br />
<br />
== HEV battery system design parameters ==<br />
<br />
Factors affecting battery performance:<br />
* Temperature: Battery performance is highly dependent on temperature. Each type of battery works best within a limited range of temperatures.<br />
* Battery age/Shelf life: Corrosion is the main culprit behind decreased performance in lead acid type batteries with age.<br />
* Depth of discharge: Batteries are able to maintain their performance longer when they are not deeply discharged regularly.<br />
<br />
Design parameters:<br />
* How much space is available for the batteries?<br />
* How much can they weigh? <br />
* What is the desired range? <br />
* What is the weight of the vehicle? <br />
* What is the targeted vehicle cost? <br />
* How will the batteries be recharged and <br />
* What kind of drive system requirements is needed? <br />
<br />
These questions are necessary because of the variety of battery types available and the differences between them. The chart below lists the characteristics of the most common types of batteries. (Source [http://www.atti-info.org/technology/ev_tech.html])<br />
<br />
[[Image:batterytypes.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Battery types by descending order of popularity]]<br />
<br />
== Comparison of top 3 batteries used in HEVs ==<br />
During recharging, it is important to maintain the balance of battery. The balance of battery is maintained by controlling battery from overcharging and over discharging.<br />
<br />
The battery is controlled by defining State of Charge (SOC) of the battery:<br />
* Upper limit value – overcharge and <br />
* Lower limit value – over discharge<br />
<br />
When overcharge is detected, power generation is controlled/cut-off and when over discharge is detected, power supply to electric motor is stopped. Detection is achieved by appropriate sensors.<br />
'''''This report investigates various procedures available/adopted by various assignees in order to maintain balanced battery pack by avoiding overcharge and/or over discharge.<br />
'''''<br />
<br />
<blockquote style="background: white; border: 2px solid black; padding: 1em;"><br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! Lead Acid !! Advanced Lead Acid !! Nickel-Metal Hydride<br />
|-<br />
| Low cost || Longer lifecycle than conventional lead acid || High cost<br />
|-<br />
| Low energy density || Valve regulated lead/acid (VRLA) batteries showing promise || Higher energy density than lead acid; not as susceptible to heat<br />
|-<br />
| Longer recharging time (6-8 hours) || || Shorter recharging time<br />
|-<br />
| Only fair cycle life || || <br />
|-<br />
| Can be ruined by completely discharging them || || <br />
|}<br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
== HEV battery system concerns ==<br />
The ultimate goal of HEV can only be achieved with the balance battery pack since the main source of energy is batteries and recharging is carried out on board. <br />
<br />
'''Advantages of balance battery pack''':<br />
* Balancing of battery SOC’s increases battery life<br />
* Automated balancing circuitry will decrease overcharging (and gassing) and decrease manual maintenance.<br />
<br />
This, in turn, provides:<br />
* Equivalent power range at low cost as conventional vehicle while reducing fuel costs and harmful emissions. <br />
* Twice the travel distance of a conventional vehicle on the same amount of energy.<br />
<br />
== Goal ==<br />
This report attempts to summarize various approaches involved in maintaining battery balance. We have selected a few patents, and will show:<br />
* IP activity over the years<br />
* Competitors<br />
* Competitor and Market Landscape<br />
* Technology map<br />
* Technology approaches<br />
<br />
=== IP activity over the years ===<br />
[[Image:patentsoveryears.jpg|thumb|center|500px|IP activity over the years]]<br />
<br />
=== Assignee wise IP activity ===<br />
Companies with many patents of HEV battery are arranged in decreasing order in the graph given below. Top three players are Nissan motors with (5) patent records to its credit, followed by Toyota with (4) and Acqueous (3). <br />
[[Image:Assignee wise IP.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Assignee wise IP activity]] <br />
<br />
=== Competitor and Market Landscape ===<br />
<br />
The left graph given below displays the assignee wise IP activity over years, according to the present data the very first patent pertaining to HEV battery charging system was filed by HYBRICON in 1978 but is not in the race anymore. Though NISSAN, AQUEOUS and TOYOTA seems to be ahead in acquiring max. number of patent to their credits, but not active since 2000. GM and HONDA have bagged single-single patent of same age in 2003. <br />
<br />
The right graph given below displays the market (countries) eyed by various competitors. The hot market place for most competitors is Japan (17) followed by United States (11) and Germany (04). According to the present data, Nissan seems to be having strong presence in Japan market that rests with 5 patents protected, followed by Aqueous and Toyota.<br />
<br />
We will look into their technologies in competitor approaches section latter in the report.<br />
[[Image:Competitor.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Competitor and Market Landscape]]<br />
<br />
=== Distribution of patents based on Technology focus ===<br />
[[Image:Distribution.jpg|thumb|right|500px|Distribution of patents based on Technology focus]]<br />
<br />
The above pie chart displaying various factors has effect on battery charge and discharge. The numbers indicating the distribution of patents in that area are from selected list of patents. The distribution of patents is based on technology focused in the patent.<br />
<br />
* '''Power generation''': Technologies disclosed in patents for modes of power generation in HEV for charging the battery and ways of handling them.<br />
<br />
* '''Power management''': Technologies disclosed in patents for managing the battery balance during power generating and/or consuming.<br />
<br />
* '''Fluctuating HEV operating mode''': Technologies disclosed in patents for managing battery balance during fluctuating operating modes, especially in composite HEV.<br />
<br />
* '''Power supply''': Technology disclosed in patent for starting engine with auxiliary battery current when main battery current is not sufficient to start engine<br />
<br />
=== IPMap ===<br />
[[Image:hev_ipmap.jpg|800px]]<br />
<br />
== Clustering - Technology focus ==<br />
[[Image:Cluster.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Clustering - Technology focus]]<br />
<br />
== Technology approach ==<br />
<br />
=== Major Players ===<br />
In technology approach patent and non-patent literature is used to extract information about the technology profile of various assignees such as<br />
<br />
* Years in this activity<br />
<br />
* Type of batteries used<br />
<br />
* Battery charging system<br />
<br />
* Types of HEV (Series (SHV)/Parallel (PHV)/Composite (SPHVS))<br />
<br />
* Technological strength based on citation analysis<br />
<br />
* Product Vs patent identification<br />
<br />
* Battery management solutions proposed (i.e. current control/cut-off system and SOC detection <br />
technique)<br />
<br />
* Scientific literature and technology news to strengthen the report, since patent activity is a slow process.<br />
<br />
=== Toyota Motors ===<br />
<br />
* '''Battery type''': Lead-Acid battery<br />
<br />
* '''Battery charging system''': The charge to the DC-battery is provided from the power generated by the generator and the regeneration power from the drive motor at the time of braking.<br />
<br />
* '''First approach:'''<br />
[[Image:Toyota.jpg]]<br />
<br />
* '''Second approach:'''<br />
[[Image:Toyota2.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Toyota Motors - Technology Approach2]]<br />
<br />
* '''Findings:'''<br />
[[Image:Toyotafindings.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Findings]]<br />
<br />
=== Nissan Motors ===<br />
<br />
* '''Battery type:-''' Lead-acid and/or Nickel-Hydrogen battery<br />
<br />
* '''Battery charging system:-'''<br />
The battery is charged from the power generated by the generator and regeneration power from a motor.Electric motor functions as a generator to charge the battery when a hybrid vehicle is restarted after an idling stop released.<br />
<br />
* '''First approach:'''<br />
[[Image:Nissan1.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Nissan Motors - Technology Approach1]]<br />
<br />
* '''Second approach:'''<br />
[[Image:Nissan2.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Nissan Motors - Technology Approach2]]<br />
<br />
* '''Findings:'''<br />
<br />
* JP10295045 (1997):- Battery management system, received 21 forward citations from all big names in a span of 5 years and self- cited twice the same technology indicating strong technology strength and building on its own technology.<br />
<br />
* Patent and non-patent information indicate that Nissan has focused much on circuit arrangements for charging or depolarizing batteries or for supplying loads from batteries (H02J 7/00).<br />
<br />
* Jointly worked with Sony corp. (1998) developing high power density Li-ion battery for parallel HEV.<br />
<br />
* Proposed a novel charge/discharge control system based on car navigation information.<br />
<br />
{{btot}}</div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Hybrid_Electric_Vehicle_Battery_System&diff=3464Hybrid Electric Vehicle Battery System2007-04-23T23:31:30Z<p>Dolcera: /* Toyota Motors */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCrightEx}}<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
[[image:globalwarming.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Global warming emissions by sector]]<br />
<br />
* Automobiles are a source of considerable pollution at the global level, including a significant fraction of the total greenhouse gas emissions. <br />
* On July 22, 2002 California Governor Gray Davis signed into law AB 1493 (commonly known as the "Pavley law") — precedent-setting legislation to reduce global warming pollution from motor vehicles.<br />
* This bill directs the California Air Resources Board (CARB) to develop and adopt regulations that achieve the maximum feasible and cost-effective reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) from passenger cars and light trucks sold in California.<br />
<br />
== New Developments ==<br />
<br />
'''Sample visual interactive model:'''<br />
<gflash>545 375 http://www.dolcera.com/HEV_model.swf</gflash><br />
<br />
The new millennium is bringing a millennial change to the family car. A few years back, the key concerns were:<br />
* Pollution, <br />
* Nagging worries about global warming, and<br />
* Oil shortages.<br />
These concerns led to the development of Electric Vehicle (EV’s) powered by batteries. But current battery technology does not provide EV's with a range that is acceptable to consumers. <br />
<br />
'''Limitations of EV’s''':<br />
* An average commute to work is around 40 miles. <br />
* EV's have a range of 80-100 miles using advanced battery technology.<br />
* While batteries need frequent recharging, they are not the only way to power an electric car.<br />
<br />
== Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) ==<br />
The Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) is just the first step in reducing the environmental impacts of automobile use without losing comfort, performance, storage room and extended driving range. <br />
<br />
'''Advantages of HEV’s''':<br />
* The HEV contains parts of both gasoline and electric vehicles in an attempt to get the best of both worlds.<br />
* It is able to operate nearly twice as efficiently as traditional internal combustion vehicles.<br />
* It has equivalent power, range, cost and safety of a conventional vehicle while reducing fuel costs and harmful emissions.<br />
* The battery is continuously recharged by a motor/generator driven by the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) or by regenerative braking.<br />
<br />
== Components of the HEV Battery System ==<br />
The battery in an HEV is the energy storage device for the electric motor. Unlike the gasoline in the fuel tank, which can only power the gasoline engine, the electric motor in a hybrid car can put energy into the battery as well as draw energy from it. <br />
<br />
* '''Battery''': Two or more electrochemical energy cells connected together to provide electrical energy.<br />
* '''Generator''': The generator is similar to an electric motor, but it acts only to produce electrical power.<br />
* '''Electric motor''': Advanced electronics allow it to act as a motor as well as a generator. For example, when it needs to, it can draw energy from the batteries to accelerate the car. But acting as a generator, it can slow the car down and return energy to the batteries. <br />
* '''SOC''': The State of Charge of a battery is its available capacity expressed as a percentage of its rated capacity<br />
<br />
[[Image:Hev layout.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Components of the HEV Battery System]]<br />
<br />
== HEV battery system design parameters ==<br />
<br />
Factors affecting battery performance:<br />
* Temperature: Battery performance is highly dependent on temperature. Each type of battery works best within a limited range of temperatures.<br />
* Battery age/Shelf life: Corrosion is the main culprit behind decreased performance in lead acid type batteries with age.<br />
* Depth of discharge: Batteries are able to maintain their performance longer when they are not deeply discharged regularly.<br />
<br />
Design parameters:<br />
* How much space is available for the batteries?<br />
* How much can they weigh? <br />
* What is the desired range? <br />
* What is the weight of the vehicle? <br />
* What is the targeted vehicle cost? <br />
* How will the batteries be recharged and <br />
* What kind of drive system requirements is needed? <br />
<br />
These questions are necessary because of the variety of battery types available and the differences between them. The chart below lists the characteristics of the most common types of batteries. (Source [http://www.atti-info.org/technology/ev_tech.html])<br />
<br />
[[Image:batterytypes.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Battery types by descending order of popularity]]<br />
<br />
== Comparison of top 3 batteries used in HEVs ==<br />
During recharging, it is important to maintain the balance of battery. The balance of battery is maintained by controlling battery from overcharging and over discharging.<br />
<br />
The battery is controlled by defining State of Charge (SOC) of the battery:<br />
* Upper limit value – overcharge and <br />
* Lower limit value – over discharge<br />
<br />
When overcharge is detected, power generation is controlled/cut-off and when over discharge is detected, power supply to electric motor is stopped. Detection is achieved by appropriate sensors.<br />
'''''This report investigates various procedures available/adopted by various assignees in order to maintain balanced battery pack by avoiding overcharge and/or over discharge.<br />
'''''<br />
<br />
<blockquote style="background: white; border: 2px solid black; padding: 1em;"><br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! Lead Acid !! Advanced Lead Acid !! Nickel-Metal Hydride<br />
|-<br />
| Low cost || Longer lifecycle than conventional lead acid || High cost<br />
|-<br />
| Low energy density || Valve regulated lead/acid (VRLA) batteries showing promise || Higher energy density than lead acid; not as susceptible to heat<br />
|-<br />
| Longer recharging time (6-8 hours) || || Shorter recharging time<br />
|-<br />
| Only fair cycle life || || <br />
|-<br />
| Can be ruined by completely discharging them || || <br />
|}<br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
== HEV battery system concerns ==<br />
The ultimate goal of HEV can only be achieved with the balance battery pack since the main source of energy is batteries and recharging is carried out on board. <br />
<br />
'''Advantages of balance battery pack''':<br />
* Balancing of battery SOC’s increases battery life<br />
* Automated balancing circuitry will decrease overcharging (and gassing) and decrease manual maintenance.<br />
<br />
This, in turn, provides:<br />
* Equivalent power range at low cost as conventional vehicle while reducing fuel costs and harmful emissions. <br />
* Twice the travel distance of a conventional vehicle on the same amount of energy.<br />
<br />
== Goal ==<br />
This report attempts to summarize various approaches involved in maintaining battery balance. We have selected a few patents, and will show:<br />
* IP activity over the years<br />
* Competitors<br />
* Competitor and Market Landscape<br />
* Technology map<br />
* Technology approaches<br />
<br />
=== IP activity over the years ===<br />
[[Image:patentsoveryears.jpg|thumb|center|500px|IP activity over the years]]<br />
<br />
=== Assignee wise IP activity ===<br />
Companies with many patents of HEV battery are arranged in decreasing order in the graph given below. Top three players are Nissan motors with (5) patent records to its credit, followed by Toyota with (4) and Acqueous (3). <br />
[[Image:Assignee wise IP.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Assignee wise IP activity]] <br />
<br />
=== Competitor and Market Landscape ===<br />
<br />
The left graph given below displays the assignee wise IP activity over years, according to the present data the very first patent pertaining to HEV battery charging system was filed by HYBRICON in 1978 but is not in the race anymore. Though NISSAN, AQUEOUS and TOYOTA seems to be ahead in acquiring max. number of patent to their credits, but not active since 2000. GM and HONDA have bagged single-single patent of same age in 2003. <br />
<br />
The right graph given below displays the market (countries) eyed by various competitors. The hot market place for most competitors is Japan (17) followed by United States (11) and Germany (04). According to the present data, Nissan seems to be having strong presence in Japan market that rests with 5 patents protected, followed by Aqueous and Toyota.<br />
<br />
We will look into their technologies in competitor approaches section latter in the report.<br />
[[Image:Competitor.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Competitor and Market Landscape]]<br />
<br />
=== Distribution of patents based on Technology focus ===<br />
[[Image:Distribution.jpg|thumb|right|500px|Distribution of patents based on Technology focus]]<br />
<br />
The above pie chart displaying various factors has effect on battery charge and discharge. The numbers indicating the distribution of patents in that area are from selected list of patents. The distribution of patents is based on technology focused in the patent.<br />
<br />
* '''Power generation''': Technologies disclosed in patents for modes of power generation in HEV for charging the battery and ways of handling them.<br />
<br />
* '''Power management''': Technologies disclosed in patents for managing the battery balance during power generating and/or consuming.<br />
<br />
* '''Fluctuating HEV operating mode''': Technologies disclosed in patents for managing battery balance during fluctuating operating modes, especially in composite HEV.<br />
<br />
* '''Power supply''': Technology disclosed in patent for starting engine with auxiliary battery current when main battery current is not sufficient to start engine<br />
<br />
=== IPMap ===<br />
[[Image:hev_ipmap.jpg|800px]]<br />
<br />
== Clustering - Technology focus ==<br />
[[Image:Cluster.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Clustering - Technology focus]]<br />
<br />
== Technology approach ==<br />
<br />
=== Major Players ===<br />
In technology approach patent and non-patent literature is used to extract information about the technology profile of various assignees such as<br />
<br />
* Years in this activity<br />
<br />
* Type of batteries used<br />
<br />
* Battery charging system<br />
<br />
* Types of HEV (Series (SHV)/Parallel (PHV)/Composite (SPHVS))<br />
<br />
* Technological strength based on citation analysis<br />
<br />
* Product Vs patent identification<br />
<br />
* Battery management solutions proposed (i.e. current control/cut-off system and SOC detection <br />
technique)<br />
<br />
* Scientific literature and technology news to strengthen the report, since patent activity is a slow process.<br />
<br />
=== Toyota Motors ===<br />
<br />
* '''Battery type''': Lead-Acid battery<br />
<br />
* '''Battery charging system''': The charge to the DC-battery is provided from the power generated by the generator and the regeneration power from the drive motor at the time of braking.<br />
<br />
* '''First approach:'''<br />
[[Image:Toyota.jpg]]<br />
<br />
* '''Second approach:'''<br />
[[Image:Toyota2.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Toyota Motors - Technology Approach2]]<br />
<br />
* '''Findings:'''<br />
[[Image:Toyotafindings.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Findings]]<br />
<br />
=== Nissan Motors ===<br />
<br />
* '''Battery type:-''' Lead-acid and/or Nickel-Hydrogen battery<br />
<br />
* '''Battery charging system:-'''<br />
The battery is charged from the power generated by the generator and regeneration power from a motor.Electric motor functions as a generator to charge the battery when a hybrid vehicle is restarted after an idling stop released.<br />
<br />
* '''Approach1:'''<br />
[[Image:Nissan1.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Nissan Motors - Technology Approach1]]<br />
<br />
* '''Approach2:'''<br />
[[Image:Nissan2.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Nissan Motors - Technology Approach2]]<br />
<br />
* '''Findings:'''<br />
<br />
* JP10295045 (1997):- Battery management system, received 21 forward citations from all big names in a span of 5 years and self- cited twice the same technology indicating strong technology strength and building on its own technology.<br />
<br />
* Patent and non-patent information indicate that Nissan has focused much on circuit arrangements for charging or depolarizing batteries or for supplying loads from batteries (H02J 7/00).<br />
<br />
* Jointly worked with Sony corp. (1998) developing high power density Li-ion battery for parallel HEV.<br />
<br />
* Proposed a novel charge/discharge control system based on car navigation information.<br />
<br />
{{btot}}</div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Hybrid_Electric_Vehicle_Battery_System&diff=3463Hybrid Electric Vehicle Battery System2007-04-23T23:30:53Z<p>Dolcera: /* Competitor's */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCrightEx}}<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
[[image:globalwarming.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Global warming emissions by sector]]<br />
<br />
* Automobiles are a source of considerable pollution at the global level, including a significant fraction of the total greenhouse gas emissions. <br />
* On July 22, 2002 California Governor Gray Davis signed into law AB 1493 (commonly known as the "Pavley law") — precedent-setting legislation to reduce global warming pollution from motor vehicles.<br />
* This bill directs the California Air Resources Board (CARB) to develop and adopt regulations that achieve the maximum feasible and cost-effective reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) from passenger cars and light trucks sold in California.<br />
<br />
== New Developments ==<br />
<br />
'''Sample visual interactive model:'''<br />
<gflash>545 375 http://www.dolcera.com/HEV_model.swf</gflash><br />
<br />
The new millennium is bringing a millennial change to the family car. A few years back, the key concerns were:<br />
* Pollution, <br />
* Nagging worries about global warming, and<br />
* Oil shortages.<br />
These concerns led to the development of Electric Vehicle (EV’s) powered by batteries. But current battery technology does not provide EV's with a range that is acceptable to consumers. <br />
<br />
'''Limitations of EV’s''':<br />
* An average commute to work is around 40 miles. <br />
* EV's have a range of 80-100 miles using advanced battery technology.<br />
* While batteries need frequent recharging, they are not the only way to power an electric car.<br />
<br />
== Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) ==<br />
The Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) is just the first step in reducing the environmental impacts of automobile use without losing comfort, performance, storage room and extended driving range. <br />
<br />
'''Advantages of HEV’s''':<br />
* The HEV contains parts of both gasoline and electric vehicles in an attempt to get the best of both worlds.<br />
* It is able to operate nearly twice as efficiently as traditional internal combustion vehicles.<br />
* It has equivalent power, range, cost and safety of a conventional vehicle while reducing fuel costs and harmful emissions.<br />
* The battery is continuously recharged by a motor/generator driven by the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) or by regenerative braking.<br />
<br />
== Components of the HEV Battery System ==<br />
The battery in an HEV is the energy storage device for the electric motor. Unlike the gasoline in the fuel tank, which can only power the gasoline engine, the electric motor in a hybrid car can put energy into the battery as well as draw energy from it. <br />
<br />
* '''Battery''': Two or more electrochemical energy cells connected together to provide electrical energy.<br />
* '''Generator''': The generator is similar to an electric motor, but it acts only to produce electrical power.<br />
* '''Electric motor''': Advanced electronics allow it to act as a motor as well as a generator. For example, when it needs to, it can draw energy from the batteries to accelerate the car. But acting as a generator, it can slow the car down and return energy to the batteries. <br />
* '''SOC''': The State of Charge of a battery is its available capacity expressed as a percentage of its rated capacity<br />
<br />
[[Image:Hev layout.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Components of the HEV Battery System]]<br />
<br />
== HEV battery system design parameters ==<br />
<br />
Factors affecting battery performance:<br />
* Temperature: Battery performance is highly dependent on temperature. Each type of battery works best within a limited range of temperatures.<br />
* Battery age/Shelf life: Corrosion is the main culprit behind decreased performance in lead acid type batteries with age.<br />
* Depth of discharge: Batteries are able to maintain their performance longer when they are not deeply discharged regularly.<br />
<br />
Design parameters:<br />
* How much space is available for the batteries?<br />
* How much can they weigh? <br />
* What is the desired range? <br />
* What is the weight of the vehicle? <br />
* What is the targeted vehicle cost? <br />
* How will the batteries be recharged and <br />
* What kind of drive system requirements is needed? <br />
<br />
These questions are necessary because of the variety of battery types available and the differences between them. The chart below lists the characteristics of the most common types of batteries. (Source [http://www.atti-info.org/technology/ev_tech.html])<br />
<br />
[[Image:batterytypes.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Battery types by descending order of popularity]]<br />
<br />
== Comparison of top 3 batteries used in HEVs ==<br />
During recharging, it is important to maintain the balance of battery. The balance of battery is maintained by controlling battery from overcharging and over discharging.<br />
<br />
The battery is controlled by defining State of Charge (SOC) of the battery:<br />
* Upper limit value – overcharge and <br />
* Lower limit value – over discharge<br />
<br />
When overcharge is detected, power generation is controlled/cut-off and when over discharge is detected, power supply to electric motor is stopped. Detection is achieved by appropriate sensors.<br />
'''''This report investigates various procedures available/adopted by various assignees in order to maintain balanced battery pack by avoiding overcharge and/or over discharge.<br />
'''''<br />
<br />
<blockquote style="background: white; border: 2px solid black; padding: 1em;"><br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! Lead Acid !! Advanced Lead Acid !! Nickel-Metal Hydride<br />
|-<br />
| Low cost || Longer lifecycle than conventional lead acid || High cost<br />
|-<br />
| Low energy density || Valve regulated lead/acid (VRLA) batteries showing promise || Higher energy density than lead acid; not as susceptible to heat<br />
|-<br />
| Longer recharging time (6-8 hours) || || Shorter recharging time<br />
|-<br />
| Only fair cycle life || || <br />
|-<br />
| Can be ruined by completely discharging them || || <br />
|}<br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
== HEV battery system concerns ==<br />
The ultimate goal of HEV can only be achieved with the balance battery pack since the main source of energy is batteries and recharging is carried out on board. <br />
<br />
'''Advantages of balance battery pack''':<br />
* Balancing of battery SOC’s increases battery life<br />
* Automated balancing circuitry will decrease overcharging (and gassing) and decrease manual maintenance.<br />
<br />
This, in turn, provides:<br />
* Equivalent power range at low cost as conventional vehicle while reducing fuel costs and harmful emissions. <br />
* Twice the travel distance of a conventional vehicle on the same amount of energy.<br />
<br />
== Goal ==<br />
This report attempts to summarize various approaches involved in maintaining battery balance. We have selected a few patents, and will show:<br />
* IP activity over the years<br />
* Competitors<br />
* Competitor and Market Landscape<br />
* Technology map<br />
* Technology approaches<br />
<br />
=== IP activity over the years ===<br />
[[Image:patentsoveryears.jpg|thumb|center|500px|IP activity over the years]]<br />
<br />
=== Assignee wise IP activity ===<br />
Companies with many patents of HEV battery are arranged in decreasing order in the graph given below. Top three players are Nissan motors with (5) patent records to its credit, followed by Toyota with (4) and Acqueous (3). <br />
[[Image:Assignee wise IP.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Assignee wise IP activity]] <br />
<br />
=== Competitor and Market Landscape ===<br />
<br />
The left graph given below displays the assignee wise IP activity over years, according to the present data the very first patent pertaining to HEV battery charging system was filed by HYBRICON in 1978 but is not in the race anymore. Though NISSAN, AQUEOUS and TOYOTA seems to be ahead in acquiring max. number of patent to their credits, but not active since 2000. GM and HONDA have bagged single-single patent of same age in 2003. <br />
<br />
The right graph given below displays the market (countries) eyed by various competitors. The hot market place for most competitors is Japan (17) followed by United States (11) and Germany (04). According to the present data, Nissan seems to be having strong presence in Japan market that rests with 5 patents protected, followed by Aqueous and Toyota.<br />
<br />
We will look into their technologies in competitor approaches section latter in the report.<br />
[[Image:Competitor.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Competitor and Market Landscape]]<br />
<br />
=== Distribution of patents based on Technology focus ===<br />
[[Image:Distribution.jpg|thumb|right|500px|Distribution of patents based on Technology focus]]<br />
<br />
The above pie chart displaying various factors has effect on battery charge and discharge. The numbers indicating the distribution of patents in that area are from selected list of patents. The distribution of patents is based on technology focused in the patent.<br />
<br />
* '''Power generation''': Technologies disclosed in patents for modes of power generation in HEV for charging the battery and ways of handling them.<br />
<br />
* '''Power management''': Technologies disclosed in patents for managing the battery balance during power generating and/or consuming.<br />
<br />
* '''Fluctuating HEV operating mode''': Technologies disclosed in patents for managing battery balance during fluctuating operating modes, especially in composite HEV.<br />
<br />
* '''Power supply''': Technology disclosed in patent for starting engine with auxiliary battery current when main battery current is not sufficient to start engine<br />
<br />
=== IPMap ===<br />
[[Image:hev_ipmap.jpg|800px]]<br />
<br />
== Clustering - Technology focus ==<br />
[[Image:Cluster.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Clustering - Technology focus]]<br />
<br />
== Technology approach ==<br />
<br />
=== Major Players ===<br />
In technology approach patent and non-patent literature is used to extract information about the technology profile of various assignees such as<br />
<br />
* Years in this activity<br />
<br />
* Type of batteries used<br />
<br />
* Battery charging system<br />
<br />
* Types of HEV (Series (SHV)/Parallel (PHV)/Composite (SPHVS))<br />
<br />
* Technological strength based on citation analysis<br />
<br />
* Product Vs patent identification<br />
<br />
* Battery management solutions proposed (i.e. current control/cut-off system and SOC detection <br />
technique)<br />
<br />
* Scientific literature and technology news to strengthen the report, since patent activity is a slow process.<br />
<br />
=== Toyota Motors ===<br />
<br />
* '''Battery type''': Lead-Acid battery<br />
<br />
* '''Battery charging system''': The charge to the DC-battery is provided from the power generated by the generator and the regeneration power from the drive motor at the time of braking.<br />
<br />
* '''Approach1:'''<br />
[[Image:Toyota.jpg]]<br />
<br />
* '''Approach2:'''<br />
[[Image:Toyota2.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Toyota Motors - Technology Approach2]]<br />
<br />
* '''Findings:'''<br />
[[Image:Toyotafindings.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Findings]]<br />
<br />
=== Nissan Motors ===<br />
<br />
* '''Battery type:-''' Lead-acid and/or Nickel-Hydrogen battery<br />
<br />
* '''Battery charging system:-'''<br />
The battery is charged from the power generated by the generator and regeneration power from a motor.Electric motor functions as a generator to charge the battery when a hybrid vehicle is restarted after an idling stop released.<br />
<br />
* '''Approach1:'''<br />
[[Image:Nissan1.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Nissan Motors - Technology Approach1]]<br />
<br />
* '''Approach2:'''<br />
[[Image:Nissan2.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Nissan Motors - Technology Approach2]]<br />
<br />
* '''Findings:'''<br />
<br />
* JP10295045 (1997):- Battery management system, received 21 forward citations from all big names in a span of 5 years and self- cited twice the same technology indicating strong technology strength and building on its own technology.<br />
<br />
* Patent and non-patent information indicate that Nissan has focused much on circuit arrangements for charging or depolarizing batteries or for supplying loads from batteries (H02J 7/00).<br />
<br />
* Jointly worked with Sony corp. (1998) developing high power density Li-ion battery for parallel HEV.<br />
<br />
* Proposed a novel charge/discharge control system based on car navigation information.<br />
<br />
{{btot}}</div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=3462Main Page2007-04-23T15:15:21Z<p>Dolcera: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
== Technology ==<br />
==== Landscape Reports ====<br />
* [[Hybrid Electric Vehicle Battery System]]<br />
* [[Supply Chain RFID Applications]]<br />
* [[Insurance sector]]<br />
* [[Quality of Service on CDMA platforms]]<br />
<br />
==== Innovation Explorer ====<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/innovation_explorer/innovation_explorer.html Household robotics Innovation Explorer]<br />
<br />
==== Dashboard ====<br />
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dash_auto/dashboard.html Automotive dashboard] <font color="red">'''New!'''</font><br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/rfid_model.swf RFID dashboard]<br />
<br />
==== IPMaps ====<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/satellite_antenna/ipmap.html Satellite Antenna IPMap]<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/rfid/ipmap.html RFID IPMap]<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/multimodal_apps/ipmap.html Multimodal Applications IPMap]<br />
<br />
== Life sciences and Chemistry ==<br />
==== Landscape reports ====<br />
* [[Alopecia - Hair Loss]]<br />
* [[Diabetes products and services]]<br />
* [[Inflammation and cardiovascular drugs]]<br />
* [[Non-wovens]]<br />
* [[Life Science Demo]]<br />
<br />
==== Dashboard ====<br />
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfilegroup_id=10 Alopecia areata dashboard] <font color="red">'''New!'''</font><br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/stent_model.swf Stent dashboard]<br />
<br />
==== IPMap ====<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/multimodal_apps/ipmap.html Alopecia/Hair loss IPMap]<br />
<br />
== Finance ==<br />
* [[Innovative personal finance products]]<br />
<br />
== Dolcera Offerings summary ==<br />
* [[Dolcera Offerings|Dolcera offerings summary]]<br />
<br />
== Dolcera Training ==<br />
* [[Training Manual]]</div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=File:Analysis_sheet_ver3.xls&diff=3461File:Analysis sheet ver3.xls2007-04-09T07:23:18Z<p>Dolcera: </p>
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<div></div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Life_Science_Demo&diff=3460Life Science Demo2007-04-09T07:22:37Z<p>Dolcera: /* Patent Search Strategy */</p>
<hr />
<div>Alopecia areata - Patent and Technology Mapping<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[image: alopecia1.jpeg|500 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata (‘baldness in spots') is a form of hair loss, usually from the scalp, although it can affect other areas of the body. The hair loss mostly remains limited to the scalp but in certain cases it can extend to eyebrows, eyelashes, facial hair (beard, moustache), nasal hair and give rise to bald spots anywhere in the body.<br />
<br />
Alopecia can affect both men and women and it is not uncommon to see children affected with this disorder. Approximately 2% of the general population worldwide suffers from alopecia areata.<br />
<br />
'''Understanding alopecia areata:'''<br />
The hair is made up of a protein called keratin which is also the main constituent of nails. A specialised structure inside the skin called ‘Papilla' produces the hair as shown in the figure. The papilla is surrounded by a sac-like structure called the ‘Hair follicle' which also surrounds rest of the hair root within the skin. The part of the hair outside the skin surface is called as shaft. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/what.htm Source]<br />
<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria and viruses) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area.<br />
<br />
The commonest presentation of alopecia areata is appearance of bald patches on the scalp. In most cases, hair falls out in small, round patches about the size of a small coin. The patient may have single or multiple such patches. In some cases these patches may remain static, whereas in some cases the patches may spread to involve larger areas of the scalp. In some cases, hair loss is more extensive. Although it is not very common, the disease can progress to cause total loss of hair on the head (alopecia areata totalis) or complete loss of hair on the head, face, and rest of the body (alopecia areata universalis).<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Causes===<br />
[[image: Couses.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria, viruses, allergens, etc.) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area. This abnormal behavior of the immune system is understood to be guided, influenced and triggered by multiple factors.<br />
<br />
The exact cause, why hair follicles undergo this kind of destruction, is not known but a genetic component to this is suspected. Family history of alopecia areata or any of the other auto-immune diseases (such as hypothyroid, diabetes, cancer, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) is often seen in many cases, suggesting a role of genetic element. In addition to the genetic predisposition, certain triggering factors may bring on the onset of this condition. Prolonged underlying stress often predisposes some patients to develop auto-immune process leading to alopecia areata. However, stress may not be the cause in every case.<br />
<br />
Some other common causative factors that can contribute to the development of alopecia areata have been mentioned below:<br />
[[image: Brain.gif|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
One or more of the following factors may be found responsible in cases of alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* Hormonal cause: High levels of the male hormones (in men as well as in women) can trigger the onset of alopecia<br />
* Thyroid disorders<br />
* Drugs and medications:<br />
** Commonest is this group are chemotherapy drugs, certain medicines used for gout, arthritis, depression, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, etc<br />
** Large doses of Vitamin A can also trigger alopecia<br />
** Oral contraceptive pills<br />
* Chemical treatment of hair, exposure of hair to excessive heat<br />
* Low levels of iron<br />
* Poor protein intake<br />
* Physical stress: After undergoing some major surgery, or due to some chronic illness, rapid weight loss due to dieting<br />
* SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus)<br />
* Fungal infection of the scalp<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Types of Alopecia areata===<br />
<br />
* Alopecia areata monolocularis : In this condition there is a single bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata multilocularis: In this condition there are multiple bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata totalis : In this condition, the patient loses all the hair on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata universalis : In this condition, all body hair, including pubic hair, is lost.<br />
* Alopecia areata barbae : In this condition, the disease is limited only to the beard region.<br />
* Traction alopecia : In this condition, alopecia develops along the frontal margins and temporal margins of the scalp due to constant tension on the hair from being tied very tightly.<br />
<br />
[[image: Types of alopecia areate.jpeg|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
==Molecular Mechanism==<br />
Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disease in which cells of the anagen hair bulb are attacked by T lymphocytes. In a process resembling chemotherapy-induced hair loss, lymphocyte infiltration of the growing hair bulb forces the anagen follicles into dystrophic catagen, causing the hair shaft to break off. Possible targets of autoimmune attack in alopecia areata include matrix keratinocytes, dermal papilla cells, and melanocytes. Linkage analyses indicate that this disease has a genetic component, though the range of associated genes, including the major histocompatibility complex, cytokine and immunoglobulin genes.<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Market Information==<br />
===Epidemiological aspects===<br />
* The disease can begin at any time of life, but with a peak incidence between 20 and 50 years of age, and other articles affirm 60% of the patients present the first episode of the disease before 20 years of age.<br />
* Alopecia areata accounts for 2% of the first dermatological consultations in the United Kingdom and United States.<br />
* The prevalence of AA in the United States, between 1971 and 1974, varied from 0.1% to 0.2% of the population.9 Some works have estimated that about 1.7% of the population presents at least one episode of AA during their life. [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abd/v80n1/en_v80n01a09.pdf Source]<br />
<br />
==Clinical and Drug trials==<br />
===Clinical Trials===<br />
The format for each of the following is:<br />
* The name of the trial,<br />
* followed by whether the trial is recruiting patients,<br />
** The trial may not have started and not yet recruiting, or the trial may have started and do not need any more recruitements, or the trial may be completed.<br />
**Note**: Please follow the link to determine the current trial status.<br />
* followed by a list of drug/s, if any, used in the trial<br />
<br />
'''ClinicalTrials.gov has listed the following trials for Alopecia Areata:'''<br />
<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00069589 Alopecia Areata Registry] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00167102 Alefacept in Patients With Severe Scalp Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Alefacept<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Latanoprost (Xalatan),Bimatoprost (Lumigan)<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176982 Plaquenil for Alopecia Areata, Alopecia Totalis] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Hydroxychloroquine<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063076 Phase II Randomized Bilateral Comparison of Topical Targretin Gel 1% in Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Targretin Gel 1%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176943 Characteristics of T Cells From Alopecia Areata Scalp Skin Before and After Treatment With Aldara 5%] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Aldara Cream 5%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176969 Response of Topical Capsaicin in Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Capsaicin<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177021 Aldara for the Treatment of Extensive Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Aldara Cream 5%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177073 Alopecia Areata Registry and Immunogenetic Mechanisms] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Drug Trials===<br />
<br />
The format for each of the following is:<br />
* The drug,<br />
* followed by the name of the trial,<br />
* followed by whether the trial is recruiting patients,<br />
** The trial may not have started and not yet recruiting, or the trial may have started and do not need any more recruitements, or the trial may be completed.<br />
** Note**: Please follow the link to determine the current trial status.<br />
<br />
'''ClinicalTrials.gov has listed the following drugs in trials for Alopecia Areata:'''<br />
<br />
* Aldara Cream 5% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177021 Aldara for the Treatment of Extensive Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Aldara Cream 5% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176943 Characteristics of T Cells From Alopecia Areata Scalp Skin Before and After Treatment With Aldara 5%] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Alefacept - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00167102 Alefacept in Patients With Severe Scalp Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Bimatoprost (Lumigan) - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Capsaicin - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176969 Response of Topical Capsaicin in Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Hydroxychloroquine - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176982 Plaquenil for Alopecia Areata, Alopecia Totalis] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Latanoprost (Xalatan) - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Targretin Gel 1% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063076 Phase II Randomized Bilateral Comparison of Topical Targretin Gel 1% in Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Treatment Approaches==<br />
<br />
The following are some of the common treatments used for alopecia areata in conventional medical practice. These treatments may promote hair growth but none of them prevent new patches from appearing or actually cure the underlying disease; thus they are nothing more than temporary measures for treating alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* '''Corticosteroids''': These drugs have strong anti-inflammatory action and they suppress the immune system if given orally so they are often used in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases, including alopecia areata. Corticosteroids may be administered in three ways for alopecia areata:<br />
** As local injections in the affected area<br />
** As oral medication<br />
** As topical ointments<br />
* '''Minoxidil''': Topical application of minoxidil solution is one of the commonest prescriptions for alopecia areata. Minoxidil is said to promote hair growth in several conditions in which the hair follicle is small and not growing to its full potential.<br />
* '''Anthralin:''' Anthralin, a synthetic tar-like substance that is commonly used to treat alopecia areata. It is often used in combination with other treatments, such as corticosteroid injections or minoxidil.<br />
* '''Oral cyclosporine:''' An immuno-suppressor drug, Cyclosporine is used in some cases of alopecia areata though it must be kept in mind that its side-effects include risk of serious infection and possibly skin cancer. It must be noted that the dangers of this drug outweigh its benefits for alopecia areata.<br />
* '''Sulfasalazine''': Sulfasalazine acts on the immune system and it is used in severe cases of alopecia areata.<br />
* '''PUVA treatment''': In PUVA (also called photochemotherapy), a drug called a psoralen is applied topically or taken orally and then the alopecia patch is exposed to an ultraviolet light source.<br />
* '''Alternative therapie'''s: Alternative therapies commonly used by patients for alopecia areata include acupuncture, aroma therapy, evening primrose oil, zinc and vitamin supplements, and Chinese herbs. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/contreat.htm Source]<br />
<br />
==Intellectual Property==<br />
===Patent Search Strategy===<br />
'''Search scope''': US Granted US Applications EP-A EP-B WO JP (bibliographic data only) DE-C,B DE-A DE-T DE-U GB-A FR-A <br><br />
'''Limitation''': Claims, Title or Abstract<br><br />
'''Years''': 1836-2007<br><br />
'''Text''': (((alopecia ADJ areata) OR (baldness ADJ spots))) AND (Minimiz* OR Promote OR inhibit* OR reduce* OR stimulat* OR treatment OR prevention) AND (hair)) <br><br />
'''Hits''': '''''100 Unique patent families'''''<br><br />
'''Date of Search''': 5th April 2007<br><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Media: Analysis sheet_ver3.xls| Analysis sheet]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Taxonomy===<br />
<br />
[[image:Taxonomy_ver2.jpeg|800 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Key Competitors==<br />
* Merck is the key players with 19 patents, followed by Abbott with 2 patents.<br />
==Dashboard==<br />
[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=12 Dash Board]</div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Life_Science_Demo&diff=3459Life Science Demo2007-04-09T07:21:24Z<p>Dolcera: </p>
<hr />
<div>Alopecia areata - Patent and Technology Mapping<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[image: alopecia1.jpeg|500 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata (‘baldness in spots') is a form of hair loss, usually from the scalp, although it can affect other areas of the body. The hair loss mostly remains limited to the scalp but in certain cases it can extend to eyebrows, eyelashes, facial hair (beard, moustache), nasal hair and give rise to bald spots anywhere in the body.<br />
<br />
Alopecia can affect both men and women and it is not uncommon to see children affected with this disorder. Approximately 2% of the general population worldwide suffers from alopecia areata.<br />
<br />
'''Understanding alopecia areata:'''<br />
The hair is made up of a protein called keratin which is also the main constituent of nails. A specialised structure inside the skin called ‘Papilla' produces the hair as shown in the figure. The papilla is surrounded by a sac-like structure called the ‘Hair follicle' which also surrounds rest of the hair root within the skin. The part of the hair outside the skin surface is called as shaft. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/what.htm Source]<br />
<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria and viruses) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area.<br />
<br />
The commonest presentation of alopecia areata is appearance of bald patches on the scalp. In most cases, hair falls out in small, round patches about the size of a small coin. The patient may have single or multiple such patches. In some cases these patches may remain static, whereas in some cases the patches may spread to involve larger areas of the scalp. In some cases, hair loss is more extensive. Although it is not very common, the disease can progress to cause total loss of hair on the head (alopecia areata totalis) or complete loss of hair on the head, face, and rest of the body (alopecia areata universalis).<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Causes===<br />
[[image: Couses.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria, viruses, allergens, etc.) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area. This abnormal behavior of the immune system is understood to be guided, influenced and triggered by multiple factors.<br />
<br />
The exact cause, why hair follicles undergo this kind of destruction, is not known but a genetic component to this is suspected. Family history of alopecia areata or any of the other auto-immune diseases (such as hypothyroid, diabetes, cancer, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) is often seen in many cases, suggesting a role of genetic element. In addition to the genetic predisposition, certain triggering factors may bring on the onset of this condition. Prolonged underlying stress often predisposes some patients to develop auto-immune process leading to alopecia areata. However, stress may not be the cause in every case.<br />
<br />
Some other common causative factors that can contribute to the development of alopecia areata have been mentioned below:<br />
[[image: Brain.gif|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
One or more of the following factors may be found responsible in cases of alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* Hormonal cause: High levels of the male hormones (in men as well as in women) can trigger the onset of alopecia<br />
* Thyroid disorders<br />
* Drugs and medications:<br />
** Commonest is this group are chemotherapy drugs, certain medicines used for gout, arthritis, depression, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, etc<br />
** Large doses of Vitamin A can also trigger alopecia<br />
** Oral contraceptive pills<br />
* Chemical treatment of hair, exposure of hair to excessive heat<br />
* Low levels of iron<br />
* Poor protein intake<br />
* Physical stress: After undergoing some major surgery, or due to some chronic illness, rapid weight loss due to dieting<br />
* SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus)<br />
* Fungal infection of the scalp<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Types of Alopecia areata===<br />
<br />
* Alopecia areata monolocularis : In this condition there is a single bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata multilocularis: In this condition there are multiple bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata totalis : In this condition, the patient loses all the hair on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata universalis : In this condition, all body hair, including pubic hair, is lost.<br />
* Alopecia areata barbae : In this condition, the disease is limited only to the beard region.<br />
* Traction alopecia : In this condition, alopecia develops along the frontal margins and temporal margins of the scalp due to constant tension on the hair from being tied very tightly.<br />
<br />
[[image: Types of alopecia areate.jpeg|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
==Molecular Mechanism==<br />
Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disease in which cells of the anagen hair bulb are attacked by T lymphocytes. In a process resembling chemotherapy-induced hair loss, lymphocyte infiltration of the growing hair bulb forces the anagen follicles into dystrophic catagen, causing the hair shaft to break off. Possible targets of autoimmune attack in alopecia areata include matrix keratinocytes, dermal papilla cells, and melanocytes. Linkage analyses indicate that this disease has a genetic component, though the range of associated genes, including the major histocompatibility complex, cytokine and immunoglobulin genes.<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Market Information==<br />
===Epidemiological aspects===<br />
* The disease can begin at any time of life, but with a peak incidence between 20 and 50 years of age, and other articles affirm 60% of the patients present the first episode of the disease before 20 years of age.<br />
* Alopecia areata accounts for 2% of the first dermatological consultations in the United Kingdom and United States.<br />
* The prevalence of AA in the United States, between 1971 and 1974, varied from 0.1% to 0.2% of the population.9 Some works have estimated that about 1.7% of the population presents at least one episode of AA during their life. [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abd/v80n1/en_v80n01a09.pdf Source]<br />
<br />
==Clinical and Drug trials==<br />
===Clinical Trials===<br />
The format for each of the following is:<br />
* The name of the trial,<br />
* followed by whether the trial is recruiting patients,<br />
** The trial may not have started and not yet recruiting, or the trial may have started and do not need any more recruitements, or the trial may be completed.<br />
**Note**: Please follow the link to determine the current trial status.<br />
* followed by a list of drug/s, if any, used in the trial<br />
<br />
'''ClinicalTrials.gov has listed the following trials for Alopecia Areata:'''<br />
<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00069589 Alopecia Areata Registry] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00167102 Alefacept in Patients With Severe Scalp Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Alefacept<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Latanoprost (Xalatan),Bimatoprost (Lumigan)<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176982 Plaquenil for Alopecia Areata, Alopecia Totalis] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Hydroxychloroquine<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063076 Phase II Randomized Bilateral Comparison of Topical Targretin Gel 1% in Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Targretin Gel 1%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176943 Characteristics of T Cells From Alopecia Areata Scalp Skin Before and After Treatment With Aldara 5%] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Aldara Cream 5%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176969 Response of Topical Capsaicin in Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Capsaicin<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177021 Aldara for the Treatment of Extensive Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Aldara Cream 5%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177073 Alopecia Areata Registry and Immunogenetic Mechanisms] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Drug Trials===<br />
<br />
The format for each of the following is:<br />
* The drug,<br />
* followed by the name of the trial,<br />
* followed by whether the trial is recruiting patients,<br />
** The trial may not have started and not yet recruiting, or the trial may have started and do not need any more recruitements, or the trial may be completed.<br />
** Note**: Please follow the link to determine the current trial status.<br />
<br />
'''ClinicalTrials.gov has listed the following drugs in trials for Alopecia Areata:'''<br />
<br />
* Aldara Cream 5% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177021 Aldara for the Treatment of Extensive Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Aldara Cream 5% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176943 Characteristics of T Cells From Alopecia Areata Scalp Skin Before and After Treatment With Aldara 5%] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Alefacept - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00167102 Alefacept in Patients With Severe Scalp Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Bimatoprost (Lumigan) - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Capsaicin - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176969 Response of Topical Capsaicin in Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Hydroxychloroquine - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176982 Plaquenil for Alopecia Areata, Alopecia Totalis] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Latanoprost (Xalatan) - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Targretin Gel 1% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063076 Phase II Randomized Bilateral Comparison of Topical Targretin Gel 1% in Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Treatment Approaches==<br />
<br />
The following are some of the common treatments used for alopecia areata in conventional medical practice. These treatments may promote hair growth but none of them prevent new patches from appearing or actually cure the underlying disease; thus they are nothing more than temporary measures for treating alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* '''Corticosteroids''': These drugs have strong anti-inflammatory action and they suppress the immune system if given orally so they are often used in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases, including alopecia areata. Corticosteroids may be administered in three ways for alopecia areata:<br />
** As local injections in the affected area<br />
** As oral medication<br />
** As topical ointments<br />
* '''Minoxidil''': Topical application of minoxidil solution is one of the commonest prescriptions for alopecia areata. Minoxidil is said to promote hair growth in several conditions in which the hair follicle is small and not growing to its full potential.<br />
* '''Anthralin:''' Anthralin, a synthetic tar-like substance that is commonly used to treat alopecia areata. It is often used in combination with other treatments, such as corticosteroid injections or minoxidil.<br />
* '''Oral cyclosporine:''' An immuno-suppressor drug, Cyclosporine is used in some cases of alopecia areata though it must be kept in mind that its side-effects include risk of serious infection and possibly skin cancer. It must be noted that the dangers of this drug outweigh its benefits for alopecia areata.<br />
* '''Sulfasalazine''': Sulfasalazine acts on the immune system and it is used in severe cases of alopecia areata.<br />
* '''PUVA treatment''': In PUVA (also called photochemotherapy), a drug called a psoralen is applied topically or taken orally and then the alopecia patch is exposed to an ultraviolet light source.<br />
* '''Alternative therapie'''s: Alternative therapies commonly used by patients for alopecia areata include acupuncture, aroma therapy, evening primrose oil, zinc and vitamin supplements, and Chinese herbs. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/contreat.htm Source]<br />
<br />
==Intellectual Property==<br />
===Patent Search Strategy===<br />
'''Search scope''': US Granted US Applications EP-A EP-B WO JP (bibliographic data only) DE-C,B DE-A DE-T DE-U GB-A FR-A <br><br />
'''Limitation''': Claims, Title or Abstract<br><br />
'''Years''': 1836-2007<br><br />
'''Text''': (((alopecia ADJ areata) OR (baldness ADJ spots))) AND (Minimiz* OR Promote OR inhibit* OR reduce* OR stimulat* OR treatment OR prevention) AND (hair)) <br><br />
'''Hits''': '''''100 Unique patent families'''''<br><br />
'''Date of Search''': 5th April 2007<br><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Media: Analysis sheet_ver2.xls| Analysis sheet]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Taxonomy===<br />
<br />
[[image:Taxonomy_ver2.jpeg|800 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Key Competitors==<br />
* Merck is the key players with 19 patents, followed by Abbott with 2 patents.<br />
==Dashboard==<br />
[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=12 Dash Board]</div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Life_Science_Demo&diff=3458Life Science Demo2007-04-09T07:07:39Z<p>Dolcera: /* Conclusion */</p>
<hr />
<div>Alopecia areata - Patent and Technology Mapping<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[image: alopecia1.jpeg|500 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata (‘baldness in spots') is a form of hair loss, usually from the scalp, although it can affect other areas of the body. The hair loss mostly remains limited to the scalp but in certain cases it can extend to eyebrows, eyelashes, facial hair (beard, moustache), nasal hair and give rise to bald spots anywhere in the body.<br />
<br />
Alopecia can affect both men and women and it is not uncommon to see children affected with this disorder. Approximately 2% of the general population worldwide suffers from alopecia areata.<br />
<br />
'''Understanding alopecia areata:'''<br />
The hair is made up of a protein called keratin which is also the main constituent of nails. A specialised structure inside the skin called ‘Papilla' produces the hair as shown in the figure. The papilla is surrounded by a sac-like structure called the ‘Hair follicle' which also surrounds rest of the hair root within the skin. The part of the hair outside the skin surface is called as shaft. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/what.htm Source]<br />
<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria and viruses) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area.<br />
<br />
The commonest presentation of alopecia areata is appearance of bald patches on the scalp. In most cases, hair falls out in small, round patches about the size of a small coin. The patient may have single or multiple such patches. In some cases these patches may remain static, whereas in some cases the patches may spread to involve larger areas of the scalp. In some cases, hair loss is more extensive. Although it is not very common, the disease can progress to cause total loss of hair on the head (alopecia areata totalis) or complete loss of hair on the head, face, and rest of the body (alopecia areata universalis).<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Causes===<br />
[[image: Couses.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria, viruses, allergens, etc.) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area. This abnormal behavior of the immune system is understood to be guided, influenced and triggered by multiple factors.<br />
<br />
The exact cause, why hair follicles undergo this kind of destruction, is not known but a genetic component to this is suspected. Family history of alopecia areata or any of the other auto-immune diseases (such as hypothyroid, diabetes, cancer, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) is often seen in many cases, suggesting a role of genetic element. In addition to the genetic predisposition, certain triggering factors may bring on the onset of this condition. Prolonged underlying stress often predisposes some patients to develop auto-immune process leading to alopecia areata. However, stress may not be the cause in every case.<br />
<br />
Some other common causative factors that can contribute to the development of alopecia areata have been mentioned below:<br />
[[image: Brain.gif|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
One or more of the following factors may be found responsible in cases of alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* Hormonal cause: High levels of the male hormones (in men as well as in women) can trigger the onset of alopecia<br />
* Thyroid disorders<br />
* Drugs and medications:<br />
** Commonest is this group are chemotherapy drugs, certain medicines used for gout, arthritis, depression, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, etc<br />
** Large doses of Vitamin A can also trigger alopecia<br />
** Oral contraceptive pills<br />
* Chemical treatment of hair, exposure of hair to excessive heat<br />
* Low levels of iron<br />
* Poor protein intake<br />
* Physical stress: After undergoing some major surgery, or due to some chronic illness, rapid weight loss due to dieting<br />
* SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus)<br />
* Fungal infection of the scalp<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Types of Alopecia areata===<br />
<br />
* Alopecia areata monolocularis : In this condition there is a single bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata multilocularis: In this condition there are multiple bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata totalis : In this condition, the patient loses all the hair on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata universalis : In this condition, all body hair, including pubic hair, is lost.<br />
* Alopecia areata barbae : In this condition, the disease is limited only to the beard region.<br />
* Traction alopecia : In this condition, alopecia develops along the frontal margins and temporal margins of the scalp due to constant tension on the hair from being tied very tightly.<br />
<br />
[[image: Types of alopecia areate.jpeg|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
==Molecular Mechanism==<br />
Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disease in which cells of the anagen hair bulb are attacked by T lymphocytes. In a process resembling chemotherapy-induced hair loss, lymphocyte infiltration of the growing hair bulb forces the anagen follicles into dystrophic catagen, causing the hair shaft to break off. Possible targets of autoimmune attack in alopecia areata include matrix keratinocytes, dermal papilla cells, and melanocytes. Linkage analyses indicate that this disease has a genetic component, though the range of associated genes, including the major histocompatibility complex, cytokine and immunoglobulin genes.<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Market Information==<br />
===Epidemiological aspects===<br />
* The disease can begin at any time of life, but with a peak incidence between 20 and 50 years of age, and other articles affirm 60% of the patients present the first episode of the disease before 20 years of age.<br />
* Alopecia areata accounts for 2% of the first dermatological consultations in the United Kingdom and United States.<br />
* The prevalence of AA in the United States, between 1971 and 1974, varied from 0.1% to 0.2% of the population.9 Some works have estimated that about 1.7% of the population presents at least one episode of AA during their life. [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abd/v80n1/en_v80n01a09.pdf Source]<br />
<br />
==Clinical and Drug trials==<br />
===Clinical Trials===<br />
The format for each of the following is:<br />
* The name of the trial,<br />
* followed by whether the trial is recruiting patients,<br />
** The trial may not have started and not yet recruiting, or the trial may have started and do not need any more recruitements, or the trial may be completed.<br />
**Note**: Please follow the link to determine the current trial status.<br />
* followed by a list of drug/s, if any, used in the trial<br />
<br />
'''ClinicalTrials.gov has listed the following trials for Alopecia Areata:'''<br />
<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00069589 Alopecia Areata Registry] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00167102 Alefacept in Patients With Severe Scalp Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Alefacept<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Latanoprost (Xalatan),Bimatoprost (Lumigan)<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176982 Plaquenil for Alopecia Areata, Alopecia Totalis] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Hydroxychloroquine<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063076 Phase II Randomized Bilateral Comparison of Topical Targretin Gel 1% in Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Targretin Gel 1%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176943 Characteristics of T Cells From Alopecia Areata Scalp Skin Before and After Treatment With Aldara 5%] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Aldara Cream 5%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176969 Response of Topical Capsaicin in Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Capsaicin<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177021 Aldara for the Treatment of Extensive Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Aldara Cream 5%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177073 Alopecia Areata Registry and Immunogenetic Mechanisms] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Drug Trials===<br />
<br />
The format for each of the following is:<br />
* The drug,<br />
* followed by the name of the trial,<br />
* followed by whether the trial is recruiting patients,<br />
** The trial may not have started and not yet recruiting, or the trial may have started and do not need any more recruitements, or the trial may be completed.<br />
** Note**: Please follow the link to determine the current trial status.<br />
<br />
'''ClinicalTrials.gov has listed the following drugs in trials for Alopecia Areata:'''<br />
<br />
* Aldara Cream 5% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177021 Aldara for the Treatment of Extensive Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Aldara Cream 5% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176943 Characteristics of T Cells From Alopecia Areata Scalp Skin Before and After Treatment With Aldara 5%] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Alefacept - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00167102 Alefacept in Patients With Severe Scalp Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Bimatoprost (Lumigan) - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Capsaicin - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176969 Response of Topical Capsaicin in Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Hydroxychloroquine - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176982 Plaquenil for Alopecia Areata, Alopecia Totalis] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Latanoprost (Xalatan) - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Targretin Gel 1% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063076 Phase II Randomized Bilateral Comparison of Topical Targretin Gel 1% in Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Treatment Approaches==<br />
<br />
The following are some of the common treatments used for alopecia areata in conventional medical practice. These treatments may promote hair growth but none of them prevent new patches from appearing or actually cure the underlying disease; thus they are nothing more than temporary measures for treating alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* '''Corticosteroids''': These drugs have strong anti-inflammatory action and they suppress the immune system if given orally so they are often used in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases, including alopecia areata. Corticosteroids may be administered in three ways for alopecia areata:<br />
** As local injections in the affected area<br />
** As oral medication<br />
** As topical ointments<br />
* '''Minoxidil''': Topical application of minoxidil solution is one of the commonest prescriptions for alopecia areata. Minoxidil is said to promote hair growth in several conditions in which the hair follicle is small and not growing to its full potential.<br />
* '''Anthralin:''' Anthralin, a synthetic tar-like substance that is commonly used to treat alopecia areata. It is often used in combination with other treatments, such as corticosteroid injections or minoxidil.<br />
* '''Oral cyclosporine:''' An immuno-suppressor drug, Cyclosporine is used in some cases of alopecia areata though it must be kept in mind that its side-effects include risk of serious infection and possibly skin cancer. It must be noted that the dangers of this drug outweigh its benefits for alopecia areata.<br />
* '''Sulfasalazine''': Sulfasalazine acts on the immune system and it is used in severe cases of alopecia areata.<br />
* '''PUVA treatment''': In PUVA (also called photochemotherapy), a drug called a psoralen is applied topically or taken orally and then the alopecia patch is exposed to an ultraviolet light source.<br />
* '''Alternative therapie'''s: Alternative therapies commonly used by patients for alopecia areata include acupuncture, aroma therapy, evening primrose oil, zinc and vitamin supplements, and Chinese herbs. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/contreat.htm Source]<br />
<br />
==Intellectual Property==<br />
===Patent Search Strategy===<br />
'''Search scope''': US Granted US Applications EP-A EP-B WO JP (bibliographic data only) DE-C,B DE-A DE-T DE-U GB-A FR-A <br><br />
'''Limitation''': Claims, Title or Abstract<br><br />
'''Years''': 1836-2007<br><br />
'''Text''': (((alopecia ADJ areata) OR (baldness ADJ spots))) AND (Minimiz* OR Promote OR inhibit* OR reduce* OR stimulat* OR treatment OR prevention) AND (hair)) <br><br />
'''Hits''': '''''100 Unique patent families'''''<br><br />
'''Date of Search''': 5th April 2007<br><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Media: Analysis sheet_ver2.xls| Analysis sheet]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Taxonomy===<br />
<br />
[[image:Taxonomy_ver2.jpeg|800 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Patent Mapping==<br />
==Competitor Mapping==<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
==Dashboard==<br />
[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=12 Dash Board]</div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=3457Main Page2007-04-08T23:10:30Z<p>Dolcera: /* Dashboard */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
== Technology ==<br />
==== Landscape Reports ====<br />
* [[Hybrid Electric Vehicle Battery System]]<br />
* [[Supply Chain RFID Applications]]<br />
* [[Insurance sector]]<br />
* [[Quality of Service on CDMA platforms]]<br />
<br />
==== Innovation Explorer ====<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/innovation_explorer/innovation_explorer.html Household robotics Innovation Explorer]<br />
<br />
==== Dashboard ====<br />
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dash_auto/dashboard.html Automotive dashboard] <font color="red">'''New!'''</font><br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/rfid_model.swf RFID dashboard]<br />
<br />
==== IPMaps ====<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/satellite_antenna/ipmap.html Satellite Antenna IPMap]<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/rfid/ipmap.html RFID IPMap]<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/multimodal_apps/ipmap.html Multimodal Applications IPMap]<br />
<br />
== Life sciences and Chemistry ==<br />
==== Landscape reports ====<br />
* [[Alopecia - Hair Loss]]<br />
* [[Diabetes products and services]]<br />
* [[Inflammation and cardiovascular drugs]]<br />
* [[Non-wovens]]<br />
* [[Life Science Demo]]<br />
<br />
==== Dashboard ====<br />
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfilegroup_id=10 Alopecia areata dashboard]<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/stent_model.swf Stent dashboard]<br />
<br />
==== IPMap ====<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/multimodal_apps/ipmap.html Alopecia/Hair loss IPMap]<br />
<br />
== Finance ==<br />
* [[Innovative personal finance products]]<br />
<br />
== Dolcera Offerings summary ==<br />
* [[Dolcera Offerings|Dolcera offerings summary]]<br />
<br />
== Dolcera Training ==<br />
* [[Training Manual]]</div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=3456Main Page2007-04-08T23:10:18Z<p>Dolcera: /* Dashboard */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
== Technology ==<br />
==== Landscape Reports ====<br />
* [[Hybrid Electric Vehicle Battery System]]<br />
* [[Supply Chain RFID Applications]]<br />
* [[Insurance sector]]<br />
* [[Quality of Service on CDMA platforms]]<br />
<br />
==== Innovation Explorer ====<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/innovation_explorer/innovation_explorer.html Household robotics Innovation Explorer]<br />
<br />
==== Dashboard ====<br />
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dash_auto/dashboard.html Automotive dashboard] <font color="red">'''New!'''</font><br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/rfid_model.swf RFID dashboard]<br />
<br />
==== IPMaps ====<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/satellite_antenna/ipmap.html Satellite Antenna IPMap]<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/rfid/ipmap.html RFID IPMap]<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/multimodal_apps/ipmap.html Multimodal Applications IPMap]<br />
<br />
== Life sciences and Chemistry ==<br />
==== Landscape reports ====<br />
* [[Alopecia - Hair Loss]]<br />
* [[Diabetes products and services]]<br />
* [[Inflammation and cardiovascular drugs]]<br />
* [[Non-wovens]]<br />
* [[Life Science Demo]]<br />
<br />
==== Dashboard ====<br />
* [* [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfilegroup_id=10 Alopecia areata dashboard]<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/stent_model.swf Stent dashboard]<br />
<br />
==== IPMap ====<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/multimodal_apps/ipmap.html Alopecia/Hair loss IPMap]<br />
<br />
== Finance ==<br />
* [[Innovative personal finance products]]<br />
<br />
== Dolcera Offerings summary ==<br />
* [[Dolcera Offerings|Dolcera offerings summary]]<br />
<br />
== Dolcera Training ==<br />
* [[Training Manual]]</div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Life_Science_Demo&diff=3455Life Science Demo2007-04-08T14:04:44Z<p>Dolcera: /* Types of Alopecia areata */</p>
<hr />
<div>Alopecia areata - Patent and Technology Mapping<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[image: alopecia1.jpeg|500 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata (‘baldness in spots') is a form of hair loss, usually from the scalp, although it can affect other areas of the body. The hair loss mostly remains limited to the scalp but in certain cases it can extend to eyebrows, eyelashes, facial hair (beard, moustache), nasal hair and give rise to bald spots anywhere in the body.<br />
<br />
Alopecia can affect both men and women and it is not uncommon to see children affected with this disorder. Approximately 2% of the general population worldwide suffers from alopecia areata.<br />
<br />
'''Understanding alopecia areata:'''<br />
The hair is made up of a protein called keratin which is also the main constituent of nails. A specialised structure inside the skin called ‘Papilla' produces the hair as shown in the figure. The papilla is surrounded by a sac-like structure called the ‘Hair follicle' which also surrounds rest of the hair root within the skin. The part of the hair outside the skin surface is called as shaft. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/what.htm Source]<br />
<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria and viruses) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area.<br />
<br />
The commonest presentation of alopecia areata is appearance of bald patches on the scalp. In most cases, hair falls out in small, round patches about the size of a small coin. The patient may have single or multiple such patches. In some cases these patches may remain static, whereas in some cases the patches may spread to involve larger areas of the scalp. In some cases, hair loss is more extensive. Although it is not very common, the disease can progress to cause total loss of hair on the head (alopecia areata totalis) or complete loss of hair on the head, face, and rest of the body (alopecia areata universalis).<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Causes===<br />
[[image: Couses.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria, viruses, allergens, etc.) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area. This abnormal behavior of the immune system is understood to be guided, influenced and triggered by multiple factors.<br />
<br />
The exact cause, why hair follicles undergo this kind of destruction, is not known but a genetic component to this is suspected. Family history of alopecia areata or any of the other auto-immune diseases (such as hypothyroid, diabetes, cancer, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) is often seen in many cases, suggesting a role of genetic element. In addition to the genetic predisposition, certain triggering factors may bring on the onset of this condition. Prolonged underlying stress often predisposes some patients to develop auto-immune process leading to alopecia areata. However, stress may not be the cause in every case.<br />
<br />
Some other common causative factors that can contribute to the development of alopecia areata have been mentioned below:<br />
[[image: Brain.gif|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
One or more of the following factors may be found responsible in cases of alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* Hormonal cause: High levels of the male hormones (in men as well as in women) can trigger the onset of alopecia<br />
* Thyroid disorders<br />
* Drugs and medications:<br />
** Commonest is this group are chemotherapy drugs, certain medicines used for gout, arthritis, depression, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, etc<br />
** Large doses of Vitamin A can also trigger alopecia<br />
** Oral contraceptive pills<br />
* Chemical treatment of hair, exposure of hair to excessive heat<br />
* Low levels of iron<br />
* Poor protein intake<br />
* Physical stress: After undergoing some major surgery, or due to some chronic illness, rapid weight loss due to dieting<br />
* SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus)<br />
* Fungal infection of the scalp<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Types of Alopecia areata===<br />
<br />
* Alopecia areata monolocularis : In this condition there is a single bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata multilocularis: In this condition there are multiple bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata totalis : In this condition, the patient loses all the hair on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata universalis : In this condition, all body hair, including pubic hair, is lost.<br />
* Alopecia areata barbae : In this condition, the disease is limited only to the beard region.<br />
* Traction alopecia : In this condition, alopecia develops along the frontal margins and temporal margins of the scalp due to constant tension on the hair from being tied very tightly.<br />
<br />
[[image: Types of alopecia areate.jpeg|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
==Molecular Mechanism==<br />
Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disease in which cells of the anagen hair bulb are attacked by T lymphocytes. In a process resembling chemotherapy-induced hair loss, lymphocyte infiltration of the growing hair bulb forces the anagen follicles into dystrophic catagen, causing the hair shaft to break off. Possible targets of autoimmune attack in alopecia areata include matrix keratinocytes, dermal papilla cells, and melanocytes. Linkage analyses indicate that this disease has a genetic component, though the range of associated genes, including the major histocompatibility complex, cytokine and immunoglobulin genes.<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Market Information==<br />
===Epidemiological aspects===<br />
* The disease can begin at any time of life, but with a peak incidence between 20 and 50 years of age, and other articles affirm 60% of the patients present the first episode of the disease before 20 years of age.<br />
* Alopecia areata accounts for 2% of the first dermatological consultations in the United Kingdom and United States.<br />
* The prevalence of AA in the United States, between 1971 and 1974, varied from 0.1% to 0.2% of the population.9 Some works have estimated that about 1.7% of the population presents at least one episode of AA during their life. [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abd/v80n1/en_v80n01a09.pdf Source]<br />
<br />
==Clinical and Drug trials==<br />
===Clinical Trials===<br />
The format for each of the following is:<br />
* The name of the trial,<br />
* followed by whether the trial is recruiting patients,<br />
** The trial may not have started and not yet recruiting, or the trial may have started and do not need any more recruitements, or the trial may be completed.<br />
**Note**: Please follow the link to determine the current trial status.<br />
* followed by a list of drug/s, if any, used in the trial<br />
<br />
'''ClinicalTrials.gov has listed the following trials for Alopecia Areata:'''<br />
<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00069589 Alopecia Areata Registry] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00167102 Alefacept in Patients With Severe Scalp Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Alefacept<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Latanoprost (Xalatan),Bimatoprost (Lumigan)<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176982 Plaquenil for Alopecia Areata, Alopecia Totalis] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Hydroxychloroquine<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063076 Phase II Randomized Bilateral Comparison of Topical Targretin Gel 1% in Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Targretin Gel 1%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176943 Characteristics of T Cells From Alopecia Areata Scalp Skin Before and After Treatment With Aldara 5%] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Aldara Cream 5%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176969 Response of Topical Capsaicin in Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Capsaicin<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177021 Aldara for the Treatment of Extensive Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Aldara Cream 5%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177073 Alopecia Areata Registry and Immunogenetic Mechanisms] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Drug Trials===<br />
<br />
The format for each of the following is:<br />
* The drug,<br />
* followed by the name of the trial,<br />
* followed by whether the trial is recruiting patients,<br />
** The trial may not have started and not yet recruiting, or the trial may have started and do not need any more recruitements, or the trial may be completed.<br />
** Note**: Please follow the link to determine the current trial status.<br />
<br />
'''ClinicalTrials.gov has listed the following drugs in trials for Alopecia Areata:'''<br />
<br />
* Aldara Cream 5% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177021 Aldara for the Treatment of Extensive Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Aldara Cream 5% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176943 Characteristics of T Cells From Alopecia Areata Scalp Skin Before and After Treatment With Aldara 5%] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Alefacept - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00167102 Alefacept in Patients With Severe Scalp Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Bimatoprost (Lumigan) - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Capsaicin - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176969 Response of Topical Capsaicin in Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Hydroxychloroquine - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176982 Plaquenil for Alopecia Areata, Alopecia Totalis] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Latanoprost (Xalatan) - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Targretin Gel 1% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063076 Phase II Randomized Bilateral Comparison of Topical Targretin Gel 1% in Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Treatment Approaches==<br />
<br />
The following are some of the common treatments used for alopecia areata in conventional medical practice. These treatments may promote hair growth but none of them prevent new patches from appearing or actually cure the underlying disease; thus they are nothing more than temporary measures for treating alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* '''Corticosteroids''': These drugs have strong anti-inflammatory action and they suppress the immune system if given orally so they are often used in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases, including alopecia areata. Corticosteroids may be administered in three ways for alopecia areata:<br />
** As local injections in the affected area<br />
** As oral medication<br />
** As topical ointments<br />
* '''Minoxidil''': Topical application of minoxidil solution is one of the commonest prescriptions for alopecia areata. Minoxidil is said to promote hair growth in several conditions in which the hair follicle is small and not growing to its full potential.<br />
* '''Anthralin:''' Anthralin, a synthetic tar-like substance that is commonly used to treat alopecia areata. It is often used in combination with other treatments, such as corticosteroid injections or minoxidil.<br />
* '''Oral cyclosporine:''' An immuno-suppressor drug, Cyclosporine is used in some cases of alopecia areata though it must be kept in mind that its side-effects include risk of serious infection and possibly skin cancer. It must be noted that the dangers of this drug outweigh its benefits for alopecia areata.<br />
* '''Sulfasalazine''': Sulfasalazine acts on the immune system and it is used in severe cases of alopecia areata.<br />
* '''PUVA treatment''': In PUVA (also called photochemotherapy), a drug called a psoralen is applied topically or taken orally and then the alopecia patch is exposed to an ultraviolet light source.<br />
* '''Alternative therapie'''s: Alternative therapies commonly used by patients for alopecia areata include acupuncture, aroma therapy, evening primrose oil, zinc and vitamin supplements, and Chinese herbs. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/contreat.htm Source]<br />
<br />
==Intellectual Property==<br />
===Patent Search Strategy===<br />
'''Search scope''': US Granted US Applications EP-A EP-B WO JP (bibliographic data only) DE-C,B DE-A DE-T DE-U GB-A FR-A <br><br />
'''Limitation''': Claims, Title or Abstract<br><br />
'''Years''': 1836-2007<br><br />
'''Text''': (((alopecia ADJ areata) OR (baldness ADJ spots))) AND (Minimiz* OR Promote OR inhibit* OR reduce* OR stimulat* OR treatment OR prevention) AND (hair)) <br><br />
'''Hits''': '''''100 Unique patent families'''''<br><br />
'''Date of Search''': 5th April 2007<br><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Media: Analysis sheet_ver2.xls| Analysis sheet]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Taxonomy===<br />
<br />
[[image:Taxonomy_ver2.jpeg|800 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Patent Mapping==<br />
==Competitor Mapping==<br />
==Conclusion==</div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Life_Science_Demo&diff=3454Life Science Demo2007-04-07T08:43:40Z<p>Dolcera: /* Causes */</p>
<hr />
<div>Alopecia areata - Patent and Technology Mapping<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[image: alopecia1.jpeg|500 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata (‘baldness in spots') is a form of hair loss, usually from the scalp, although it can affect other areas of the body. The hair loss mostly remains limited to the scalp but in certain cases it can extend to eyebrows, eyelashes, facial hair (beard, moustache), nasal hair and give rise to bald spots anywhere in the body.<br />
<br />
Alopecia can affect both men and women and it is not uncommon to see children affected with this disorder. Approximately 2% of the general population worldwide suffers from alopecia areata.<br />
<br />
'''Understanding alopecia areata:'''<br />
The hair is made up of a protein called keratin which is also the main constituent of nails. A specialised structure inside the skin called ‘Papilla' produces the hair as shown in the figure. The papilla is surrounded by a sac-like structure called the ‘Hair follicle' which also surrounds rest of the hair root within the skin. The part of the hair outside the skin surface is called as shaft. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/what.htm Source]<br />
<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria and viruses) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area.<br />
<br />
The commonest presentation of alopecia areata is appearance of bald patches on the scalp. In most cases, hair falls out in small, round patches about the size of a small coin. The patient may have single or multiple such patches. In some cases these patches may remain static, whereas in some cases the patches may spread to involve larger areas of the scalp. In some cases, hair loss is more extensive. Although it is not very common, the disease can progress to cause total loss of hair on the head (alopecia areata totalis) or complete loss of hair on the head, face, and rest of the body (alopecia areata universalis).<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Causes===<br />
[[image: Couses.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria, viruses, allergens, etc.) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area. This abnormal behavior of the immune system is understood to be guided, influenced and triggered by multiple factors.<br />
<br />
The exact cause, why hair follicles undergo this kind of destruction, is not known but a genetic component to this is suspected. Family history of alopecia areata or any of the other auto-immune diseases (such as hypothyroid, diabetes, cancer, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) is often seen in many cases, suggesting a role of genetic element. In addition to the genetic predisposition, certain triggering factors may bring on the onset of this condition. Prolonged underlying stress often predisposes some patients to develop auto-immune process leading to alopecia areata. However, stress may not be the cause in every case.<br />
<br />
Some other common causative factors that can contribute to the development of alopecia areata have been mentioned below:<br />
[[image: Brain.gif|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
One or more of the following factors may be found responsible in cases of alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* Hormonal cause: High levels of the male hormones (in men as well as in women) can trigger the onset of alopecia<br />
* Thyroid disorders<br />
* Drugs and medications:<br />
** Commonest is this group are chemotherapy drugs, certain medicines used for gout, arthritis, depression, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, etc<br />
** Large doses of Vitamin A can also trigger alopecia<br />
** Oral contraceptive pills<br />
* Chemical treatment of hair, exposure of hair to excessive heat<br />
* Low levels of iron<br />
* Poor protein intake<br />
* Physical stress: After undergoing some major surgery, or due to some chronic illness, rapid weight loss due to dieting<br />
* SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus)<br />
* Fungal infection of the scalp<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Types of Alopecia areata===<br />
<br />
* Alopecia areata monolocularis : In this condition there is a single bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata multilocularis: In this condition there are multiple bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata totalis : In this condition, the patient loses all the hair on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata universalis : In this condition, all body hair, including pubic hair, is lost.<br />
* Alopecia areata barbae : In this condition, the disease is limited only to the beard region.<br />
* Traction alopecia : In this condition, alopecia develops along the frontal margins and temporal margins of the scalp due to constant tension on the hair from being tied very tightly.<br />
<br />
[[image: Types of alopecia areate.jpeg|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Market Information==<br />
===Epidemiological aspects===<br />
* The disease can begin at any time of life, but with a peak incidence between 20 and 50 years of age, and other articles affirm 60% of the patients present the first episode of the disease before 20 years of age.<br />
* Alopecia areata accounts for 2% of the first dermatological consultations in the United Kingdom and United States.<br />
* The prevalence of AA in the United States, between 1971 and 1974, varied from 0.1% to 0.2% of the population.9 Some works have estimated that about 1.7% of the population presents at least one episode of AA during their life. [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abd/v80n1/en_v80n01a09.pdf Source]<br />
<br />
==Clinical and Drug trials==<br />
===Clinical Trials===<br />
The format for each of the following is:<br />
* The name of the trial,<br />
* followed by whether the trial is recruiting patients,<br />
** The trial may not have started and not yet recruiting, or the trial may have started and do not need any more recruitements, or the trial may be completed.<br />
**Note**: Please follow the link to determine the current trial status.<br />
* followed by a list of drug/s, if any, used in the trial<br />
<br />
'''ClinicalTrials.gov has listed the following trials for Alopecia Areata:'''<br />
<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00069589 Alopecia Areata Registry] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00167102 Alefacept in Patients With Severe Scalp Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Alefacept<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Latanoprost (Xalatan),Bimatoprost (Lumigan)<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176982 Plaquenil for Alopecia Areata, Alopecia Totalis] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Hydroxychloroquine<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063076 Phase II Randomized Bilateral Comparison of Topical Targretin Gel 1% in Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Targretin Gel 1%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176943 Characteristics of T Cells From Alopecia Areata Scalp Skin Before and After Treatment With Aldara 5%] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Aldara Cream 5%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176969 Response of Topical Capsaicin in Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Capsaicin<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177021 Aldara for the Treatment of Extensive Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Aldara Cream 5%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177073 Alopecia Areata Registry and Immunogenetic Mechanisms] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Drug Trials===<br />
<br />
The format for each of the following is:<br />
* The drug,<br />
* followed by the name of the trial,<br />
* followed by whether the trial is recruiting patients,<br />
** The trial may not have started and not yet recruiting, or the trial may have started and do not need any more recruitements, or the trial may be completed.<br />
** Note**: Please follow the link to determine the current trial status.<br />
<br />
'''ClinicalTrials.gov has listed the following drugs in trials for Alopecia Areata:'''<br />
<br />
* Aldara Cream 5% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177021 Aldara for the Treatment of Extensive Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Aldara Cream 5% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176943 Characteristics of T Cells From Alopecia Areata Scalp Skin Before and After Treatment With Aldara 5%] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Alefacept - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00167102 Alefacept in Patients With Severe Scalp Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Bimatoprost (Lumigan) - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Capsaicin - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176969 Response of Topical Capsaicin in Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Hydroxychloroquine - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176982 Plaquenil for Alopecia Areata, Alopecia Totalis] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Latanoprost (Xalatan) - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Targretin Gel 1% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063076 Phase II Randomized Bilateral Comparison of Topical Targretin Gel 1% in Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Treatment Approaches==<br />
<br />
The following are some of the common treatments used for alopecia areata in conventional medical practice. These treatments may promote hair growth but none of them prevent new patches from appearing or actually cure the underlying disease; thus they are nothing more than temporary measures for treating alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* '''Corticosteroids''': These drugs have strong anti-inflammatory action and they suppress the immune system if given orally so they are often used in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases, including alopecia areata. Corticosteroids may be administered in three ways for alopecia areata:<br />
** As local injections in the affected area<br />
** As oral medication<br />
** As topical ointments<br />
* '''Minoxidil''': Topical application of minoxidil solution is one of the commonest prescriptions for alopecia areata. Minoxidil is said to promote hair growth in several conditions in which the hair follicle is small and not growing to its full potential.<br />
* '''Anthralin:''' Anthralin, a synthetic tar-like substance that is commonly used to treat alopecia areata. It is often used in combination with other treatments, such as corticosteroid injections or minoxidil.<br />
* '''Oral cyclosporine:''' An immuno-suppressor drug, Cyclosporine is used in some cases of alopecia areata though it must be kept in mind that its side-effects include risk of serious infection and possibly skin cancer. It must be noted that the dangers of this drug outweigh its benefits for alopecia areata.<br />
* '''Sulfasalazine''': Sulfasalazine acts on the immune system and it is used in severe cases of alopecia areata.<br />
* '''PUVA treatment''': In PUVA (also called photochemotherapy), a drug called a psoralen is applied topically or taken orally and then the alopecia patch is exposed to an ultraviolet light source.<br />
* '''Alternative therapie'''s: Alternative therapies commonly used by patients for alopecia areata include acupuncture, aroma therapy, evening primrose oil, zinc and vitamin supplements, and Chinese herbs. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/contreat.htm Source]<br />
<br />
==Intellectual Property==<br />
===Patent Search Strategy===<br />
'''Search scope''': US Granted US Applications EP-A EP-B WO JP (bibliographic data only) DE-C,B DE-A DE-T DE-U GB-A FR-A <br><br />
'''Limitation''': Claims, Title or Abstract<br><br />
'''Years''': 1836-2007<br><br />
'''Text''': (((alopecia ADJ areata) OR (baldness ADJ spots))) AND (Minimiz* OR Promote OR inhibit* OR reduce* OR stimulat* OR treatment OR prevention) AND (hair)) <br><br />
'''Hits''': '''''100 Unique patent families'''''<br><br />
'''Date of Search''': 5th April 2007<br><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Media: Analysis sheet_ver2.xls| Analysis sheet]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Taxonomy===<br />
<br />
[[image:Taxonomy_ver2.jpeg|800 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Patent Mapping==<br />
==Competitor Mapping==<br />
==Conclusion==</div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Life_Science_Demo&diff=3453Life Science Demo2007-04-06T14:41:01Z<p>Dolcera: </p>
<hr />
<div>Alopecia areata - Patent and Technology Mapping<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[image: alopecia1.jpeg|500 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata (‘baldness in spots') is a form of hair loss, usually from the scalp, although it can affect other areas of the body. The hair loss mostly remains limited to the scalp but in certain cases it can extend to eyebrows, eyelashes, facial hair (beard, moustache), nasal hair and give rise to bald spots anywhere in the body.<br />
<br />
Alopecia can affect both men and women and it is not uncommon to see children affected with this disorder. Approximately 2% of the general population worldwide suffers from alopecia areata.<br />
<br />
'''Understanding alopecia areata:'''<br />
The hair is made up of a protein called keratin which is also the main constituent of nails. A specialised structure inside the skin called ‘Papilla' produces the hair as shown in the figure. The papilla is surrounded by a sac-like structure called the ‘Hair follicle' which also surrounds rest of the hair root within the skin. The part of the hair outside the skin surface is called as shaft. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/what.htm Source]<br />
<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria and viruses) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area.<br />
<br />
The commonest presentation of alopecia areata is appearance of bald patches on the scalp. In most cases, hair falls out in small, round patches about the size of a small coin. The patient may have single or multiple such patches. In some cases these patches may remain static, whereas in some cases the patches may spread to involve larger areas of the scalp. In some cases, hair loss is more extensive. Although it is not very common, the disease can progress to cause total loss of hair on the head (alopecia areata totalis) or complete loss of hair on the head, face, and rest of the body (alopecia areata universalis).<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Causes===<br />
[[image: Couses.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria, viruses, allergens, etc.) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area. This abnormal behavior of the immune system is understood to be guided, influenced and triggered by multiple factors.<br />
<br />
The exact cause, why hair follicles undergo this kind of destruction, is not known but a genetic component to this is suspected. Family history of alopecia areata or any of the other auto-immune diseases (such as hypothyroid, diabetes, cancer, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) is often seen in many cases, suggesting a role of genetic element. In addition to the genetic predisposition, certain triggering factors may bring on the onset of this condition. Prolonged underlying stress often predisposes some patients to develop auto-immune process leading to alopecia areata. However, stress may not be the cause in every case.<br />
<br />
Some other common causative factors that can contribute to the development of alopecia areata have been mentioned below:<br />
[[image: Brain.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
<br />
One or more of the following factors may be found responsible in cases of alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* Hormonal cause: High levels of the male hormones (in men as well as in women) can trigger the onset of alopecia<br />
* Thyroid disorders<br />
* Drugs and medications:<br />
** Commonest is this group are chemotherapy drugs, certain medicines used for gout, arthritis, depression, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, etc<br />
** Large doses of Vitamin A can also trigger alopecia<br />
** Oral contraceptive pills<br />
* Chemical treatment of hair, exposure of hair to excessive heat<br />
* Low levels of iron<br />
* Poor protein intake<br />
* Physical stress: After undergoing some major surgery, or due to some chronic illness, rapid weight loss due to dieting<br />
* SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus)<br />
* Fungal infection of the scalp<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Types of Alopecia areata===<br />
<br />
* Alopecia areata monolocularis : In this condition there is a single bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata multilocularis: In this condition there are multiple bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata totalis : In this condition, the patient loses all the hair on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata universalis : In this condition, all body hair, including pubic hair, is lost.<br />
* Alopecia areata barbae : In this condition, the disease is limited only to the beard region.<br />
* Traction alopecia : In this condition, alopecia develops along the frontal margins and temporal margins of the scalp due to constant tension on the hair from being tied very tightly.<br />
<br />
[[image: Types of alopecia areate.jpeg|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Market Information==<br />
===Epidemiological aspects===<br />
* The disease can begin at any time of life, but with a peak incidence between 20 and 50 years of age, and other articles affirm 60% of the patients present the first episode of the disease before 20 years of age.<br />
* Alopecia areata accounts for 2% of the first dermatological consultations in the United Kingdom and United States.<br />
* The prevalence of AA in the United States, between 1971 and 1974, varied from 0.1% to 0.2% of the population.9 Some works have estimated that about 1.7% of the population presents at least one episode of AA during their life. [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abd/v80n1/en_v80n01a09.pdf Source]<br />
<br />
==Clinical and Drug trials==<br />
===Clinical Trials===<br />
The format for each of the following is:<br />
* The name of the trial,<br />
* followed by whether the trial is recruiting patients,<br />
** The trial may not have started and not yet recruiting, or the trial may have started and do not need any more recruitements, or the trial may be completed.<br />
**Note**: Please follow the link to determine the current trial status.<br />
* followed by a list of drug/s, if any, used in the trial<br />
<br />
'''ClinicalTrials.gov has listed the following trials for Alopecia Areata:'''<br />
<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00069589 Alopecia Areata Registry] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00167102 Alefacept in Patients With Severe Scalp Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Alefacept<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Latanoprost (Xalatan),Bimatoprost (Lumigan)<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176982 Plaquenil for Alopecia Areata, Alopecia Totalis] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Hydroxychloroquine<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063076 Phase II Randomized Bilateral Comparison of Topical Targretin Gel 1% in Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Targretin Gel 1%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176943 Characteristics of T Cells From Alopecia Areata Scalp Skin Before and After Treatment With Aldara 5%] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Aldara Cream 5%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176969 Response of Topical Capsaicin in Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Capsaicin<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177021 Aldara for the Treatment of Extensive Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Aldara Cream 5%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177073 Alopecia Areata Registry and Immunogenetic Mechanisms] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Drug Trials===<br />
<br />
The format for each of the following is:<br />
* The drug,<br />
* followed by the name of the trial,<br />
* followed by whether the trial is recruiting patients,<br />
** The trial may not have started and not yet recruiting, or the trial may have started and do not need any more recruitements, or the trial may be completed.<br />
** Note**: Please follow the link to determine the current trial status.<br />
<br />
'''ClinicalTrials.gov has listed the following drugs in trials for Alopecia Areata:'''<br />
<br />
* Aldara Cream 5% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177021 Aldara for the Treatment of Extensive Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Aldara Cream 5% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176943 Characteristics of T Cells From Alopecia Areata Scalp Skin Before and After Treatment With Aldara 5%] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Alefacept - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00167102 Alefacept in Patients With Severe Scalp Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Bimatoprost (Lumigan) - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Capsaicin - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176969 Response of Topical Capsaicin in Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Hydroxychloroquine - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176982 Plaquenil for Alopecia Areata, Alopecia Totalis] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Latanoprost (Xalatan) - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Targretin Gel 1% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063076 Phase II Randomized Bilateral Comparison of Topical Targretin Gel 1% in Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Treatment Approaches==<br />
<br />
The following are some of the common treatments used for alopecia areata in conventional medical practice. These treatments may promote hair growth but none of them prevent new patches from appearing or actually cure the underlying disease; thus they are nothing more than temporary measures for treating alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* '''Corticosteroids''': These drugs have strong anti-inflammatory action and they suppress the immune system if given orally so they are often used in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases, including alopecia areata. Corticosteroids may be administered in three ways for alopecia areata:<br />
** As local injections in the affected area<br />
** As oral medication<br />
** As topical ointments<br />
* '''Minoxidil''': Topical application of minoxidil solution is one of the commonest prescriptions for alopecia areata. Minoxidil is said to promote hair growth in several conditions in which the hair follicle is small and not growing to its full potential.<br />
* '''Anthralin:''' Anthralin, a synthetic tar-like substance that is commonly used to treat alopecia areata. It is often used in combination with other treatments, such as corticosteroid injections or minoxidil.<br />
* '''Oral cyclosporine:''' An immuno-suppressor drug, Cyclosporine is used in some cases of alopecia areata though it must be kept in mind that its side-effects include risk of serious infection and possibly skin cancer. It must be noted that the dangers of this drug outweigh its benefits for alopecia areata.<br />
* '''Sulfasalazine''': Sulfasalazine acts on the immune system and it is used in severe cases of alopecia areata.<br />
* '''PUVA treatment''': In PUVA (also called photochemotherapy), a drug called a psoralen is applied topically or taken orally and then the alopecia patch is exposed to an ultraviolet light source.<br />
* '''Alternative therapie'''s: Alternative therapies commonly used by patients for alopecia areata include acupuncture, aroma therapy, evening primrose oil, zinc and vitamin supplements, and Chinese herbs. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/contreat.htm Source]<br />
<br />
==Intellectual Property==<br />
===Patent Search Strategy===<br />
'''Search scope''': US Granted US Applications EP-A EP-B WO JP (bibliographic data only) DE-C,B DE-A DE-T DE-U GB-A FR-A <br><br />
'''Limitation''': Claims, Title or Abstract<br><br />
'''Years''': 1836-2007<br><br />
'''Text''': (((alopecia ADJ areata) OR (baldness ADJ spots))) AND (Minimiz* OR Promote OR inhibit* OR reduce* OR stimulat* OR treatment OR prevention) AND (hair)) <br><br />
'''Hits''': '''''100 Unique patent families'''''<br><br />
'''Date of Search''': 5th April 2007<br><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Media: Analysis sheet_ver2.xls| Analysis sheet]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Taxonomy===<br />
<br />
[[image:Taxonomy_ver2.jpeg|800 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Patent Mapping==<br />
==Competitor Mapping==<br />
==Conclusion==</div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Life_Science_Demo&diff=3452Life Science Demo2007-04-06T14:34:22Z<p>Dolcera: /* Taxonomy */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[image: alopecia1.jpeg|500 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata (‘baldness in spots') is a form of hair loss, usually from the scalp, although it can affect other areas of the body. The hair loss mostly remains limited to the scalp but in certain cases it can extend to eyebrows, eyelashes, facial hair (beard, moustache), nasal hair and give rise to bald spots anywhere in the body.<br />
<br />
Alopecia can affect both men and women and it is not uncommon to see children affected with this disorder. Approximately 2% of the general population worldwide suffers from alopecia areata.<br />
<br />
'''Understanding alopecia areata:'''<br />
The hair is made up of a protein called keratin which is also the main constituent of nails. A specialised structure inside the skin called ‘Papilla' produces the hair as shown in the figure. The papilla is surrounded by a sac-like structure called the ‘Hair follicle' which also surrounds rest of the hair root within the skin. The part of the hair outside the skin surface is called as shaft. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/what.htm Source]<br />
<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria and viruses) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area.<br />
<br />
The commonest presentation of alopecia areata is appearance of bald patches on the scalp. In most cases, hair falls out in small, round patches about the size of a small coin. The patient may have single or multiple such patches. In some cases these patches may remain static, whereas in some cases the patches may spread to involve larger areas of the scalp. In some cases, hair loss is more extensive. Although it is not very common, the disease can progress to cause total loss of hair on the head (alopecia areata totalis) or complete loss of hair on the head, face, and rest of the body (alopecia areata universalis).<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Causes===<br />
[[image: Couses.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria, viruses, allergens, etc.) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area. This abnormal behavior of the immune system is understood to be guided, influenced and triggered by multiple factors.<br />
<br />
The exact cause, why hair follicles undergo this kind of destruction, is not known but a genetic component to this is suspected. Family history of alopecia areata or any of the other auto-immune diseases (such as hypothyroid, diabetes, cancer, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) is often seen in many cases, suggesting a role of genetic element. In addition to the genetic predisposition, certain triggering factors may bring on the onset of this condition. Prolonged underlying stress often predisposes some patients to develop auto-immune process leading to alopecia areata. However, stress may not be the cause in every case.<br />
<br />
Some other common causative factors that can contribute to the development of alopecia areata have been mentioned below:<br />
[[image: Brain.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
<br />
One or more of the following factors may be found responsible in cases of alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* Hormonal cause: High levels of the male hormones (in men as well as in women) can trigger the onset of alopecia<br />
* Thyroid disorders<br />
* Drugs and medications:<br />
** Commonest is this group are chemotherapy drugs, certain medicines used for gout, arthritis, depression, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, etc<br />
** Large doses of Vitamin A can also trigger alopecia<br />
** Oral contraceptive pills<br />
* Chemical treatment of hair, exposure of hair to excessive heat<br />
* Low levels of iron<br />
* Poor protein intake<br />
* Physical stress: After undergoing some major surgery, or due to some chronic illness, rapid weight loss due to dieting<br />
* SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus)<br />
* Fungal infection of the scalp<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Types of Alopecia areata===<br />
<br />
* Alopecia areata monolocularis : In this condition there is a single bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata multilocularis: In this condition there are multiple bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata totalis : In this condition, the patient loses all the hair on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata universalis : In this condition, all body hair, including pubic hair, is lost.<br />
* Alopecia areata barbae : In this condition, the disease is limited only to the beard region.<br />
* Traction alopecia : In this condition, alopecia develops along the frontal margins and temporal margins of the scalp due to constant tension on the hair from being tied very tightly.<br />
<br />
[[image: Types of alopecia areate.jpeg|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Market Information==<br />
===Epidemiological aspects===<br />
* The disease can begin at any time of life, but with a peak incidence between 20 and 50 years of age, and other articles affirm 60% of the patients present the first episode of the disease before 20 years of age.<br />
* Alopecia areata accounts for 2% of the first dermatological consultations in the United Kingdom and United States.<br />
* The prevalence of AA in the United States, between 1971 and 1974, varied from 0.1% to 0.2% of the population.9 Some works have estimated that about 1.7% of the population presents at least one episode of AA during their life. [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abd/v80n1/en_v80n01a09.pdf Source]<br />
<br />
==Clinical and Drug trials==<br />
===Clinical Trials===<br />
The format for each of the following is:<br />
* The name of the trial,<br />
* followed by whether the trial is recruiting patients,<br />
** The trial may not have started and not yet recruiting, or the trial may have started and do not need any more recruitements, or the trial may be completed.<br />
**Note**: Please follow the link to determine the current trial status.<br />
* followed by a list of drug/s, if any, used in the trial<br />
<br />
'''ClinicalTrials.gov has listed the following trials for Alopecia Areata:'''<br />
<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00069589 Alopecia Areata Registry] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00167102 Alefacept in Patients With Severe Scalp Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Alefacept<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Latanoprost (Xalatan),Bimatoprost (Lumigan)<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176982 Plaquenil for Alopecia Areata, Alopecia Totalis] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Hydroxychloroquine<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063076 Phase II Randomized Bilateral Comparison of Topical Targretin Gel 1% in Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Targretin Gel 1%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176943 Characteristics of T Cells From Alopecia Areata Scalp Skin Before and After Treatment With Aldara 5%] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Aldara Cream 5%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176969 Response of Topical Capsaicin in Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Capsaicin<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177021 Aldara for the Treatment of Extensive Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Aldara Cream 5%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177073 Alopecia Areata Registry and Immunogenetic Mechanisms] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Drug Trials===<br />
<br />
The format for each of the following is:<br />
* The drug,<br />
* followed by the name of the trial,<br />
* followed by whether the trial is recruiting patients,<br />
** The trial may not have started and not yet recruiting, or the trial may have started and do not need any more recruitements, or the trial may be completed.<br />
** Note**: Please follow the link to determine the current trial status.<br />
<br />
'''ClinicalTrials.gov has listed the following drugs in trials for Alopecia Areata:'''<br />
<br />
* Aldara Cream 5% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177021 Aldara for the Treatment of Extensive Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Aldara Cream 5% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176943 Characteristics of T Cells From Alopecia Areata Scalp Skin Before and After Treatment With Aldara 5%] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Alefacept - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00167102 Alefacept in Patients With Severe Scalp Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Bimatoprost (Lumigan) - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Capsaicin - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176969 Response of Topical Capsaicin in Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Hydroxychloroquine - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176982 Plaquenil for Alopecia Areata, Alopecia Totalis] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Latanoprost (Xalatan) - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Targretin Gel 1% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063076 Phase II Randomized Bilateral Comparison of Topical Targretin Gel 1% in Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Treatment Approaches==<br />
<br />
The following are some of the common treatments used for alopecia areata in conventional medical practice. These treatments may promote hair growth but none of them prevent new patches from appearing or actually cure the underlying disease; thus they are nothing more than temporary measures for treating alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* '''Corticosteroids''': These drugs have strong anti-inflammatory action and they suppress the immune system if given orally so they are often used in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases, including alopecia areata. Corticosteroids may be administered in three ways for alopecia areata:<br />
** As local injections in the affected area<br />
** As oral medication<br />
** As topical ointments<br />
* '''Minoxidil''': Topical application of minoxidil solution is one of the commonest prescriptions for alopecia areata. Minoxidil is said to promote hair growth in several conditions in which the hair follicle is small and not growing to its full potential.<br />
* '''Anthralin:''' Anthralin, a synthetic tar-like substance that is commonly used to treat alopecia areata. It is often used in combination with other treatments, such as corticosteroid injections or minoxidil.<br />
* '''Oral cyclosporine:''' An immuno-suppressor drug, Cyclosporine is used in some cases of alopecia areata though it must be kept in mind that its side-effects include risk of serious infection and possibly skin cancer. It must be noted that the dangers of this drug outweigh its benefits for alopecia areata.<br />
* '''Sulfasalazine''': Sulfasalazine acts on the immune system and it is used in severe cases of alopecia areata.<br />
* '''PUVA treatment''': In PUVA (also called photochemotherapy), a drug called a psoralen is applied topically or taken orally and then the alopecia patch is exposed to an ultraviolet light source.<br />
* '''Alternative therapie'''s: Alternative therapies commonly used by patients for alopecia areata include acupuncture, aroma therapy, evening primrose oil, zinc and vitamin supplements, and Chinese herbs. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/contreat.htm Source]<br />
<br />
==Intellectual Property==<br />
===Patent Search Strategy===<br />
'''Search scope''': US Granted US Applications EP-A EP-B WO JP (bibliographic data only) DE-C,B DE-A DE-T DE-U GB-A FR-A <br><br />
'''Limitation''': Claims, Title or Abstract<br><br />
'''Years''': 1836-2007<br><br />
'''Text''': (((alopecia ADJ areata) OR (baldness ADJ spots))) AND (Minimiz* OR Promote OR inhibit* OR reduce* OR stimulat* OR treatment OR prevention) AND (hair)) <br><br />
'''Hits''': '''''100 Unique patent families'''''<br><br />
'''Date of Search''': 5th April 2007<br><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Media: Analysis sheet_ver2.xls| Analysis sheet]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Taxonomy===<br />
<br />
[[image:Taxonomy_ver2.jpeg|800 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Patent Mapping==<br />
==Competitor Mapping==<br />
==Conclusion==</div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=File:Analysis_sheet_ver2.xls&diff=3451File:Analysis sheet ver2.xls2007-04-06T14:33:40Z<p>Dolcera: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Life_Science_Demo&diff=3450Life Science Demo2007-04-06T14:33:25Z<p>Dolcera: /* Patent Search Strategy */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[image: alopecia1.jpeg|500 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata (‘baldness in spots') is a form of hair loss, usually from the scalp, although it can affect other areas of the body. The hair loss mostly remains limited to the scalp but in certain cases it can extend to eyebrows, eyelashes, facial hair (beard, moustache), nasal hair and give rise to bald spots anywhere in the body.<br />
<br />
Alopecia can affect both men and women and it is not uncommon to see children affected with this disorder. Approximately 2% of the general population worldwide suffers from alopecia areata.<br />
<br />
'''Understanding alopecia areata:'''<br />
The hair is made up of a protein called keratin which is also the main constituent of nails. A specialised structure inside the skin called ‘Papilla' produces the hair as shown in the figure. The papilla is surrounded by a sac-like structure called the ‘Hair follicle' which also surrounds rest of the hair root within the skin. The part of the hair outside the skin surface is called as shaft. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/what.htm Source]<br />
<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria and viruses) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area.<br />
<br />
The commonest presentation of alopecia areata is appearance of bald patches on the scalp. In most cases, hair falls out in small, round patches about the size of a small coin. The patient may have single or multiple such patches. In some cases these patches may remain static, whereas in some cases the patches may spread to involve larger areas of the scalp. In some cases, hair loss is more extensive. Although it is not very common, the disease can progress to cause total loss of hair on the head (alopecia areata totalis) or complete loss of hair on the head, face, and rest of the body (alopecia areata universalis).<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Causes===<br />
[[image: Couses.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria, viruses, allergens, etc.) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area. This abnormal behavior of the immune system is understood to be guided, influenced and triggered by multiple factors.<br />
<br />
The exact cause, why hair follicles undergo this kind of destruction, is not known but a genetic component to this is suspected. Family history of alopecia areata or any of the other auto-immune diseases (such as hypothyroid, diabetes, cancer, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) is often seen in many cases, suggesting a role of genetic element. In addition to the genetic predisposition, certain triggering factors may bring on the onset of this condition. Prolonged underlying stress often predisposes some patients to develop auto-immune process leading to alopecia areata. However, stress may not be the cause in every case.<br />
<br />
Some other common causative factors that can contribute to the development of alopecia areata have been mentioned below:<br />
[[image: Brain.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
<br />
One or more of the following factors may be found responsible in cases of alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* Hormonal cause: High levels of the male hormones (in men as well as in women) can trigger the onset of alopecia<br />
* Thyroid disorders<br />
* Drugs and medications:<br />
** Commonest is this group are chemotherapy drugs, certain medicines used for gout, arthritis, depression, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, etc<br />
** Large doses of Vitamin A can also trigger alopecia<br />
** Oral contraceptive pills<br />
* Chemical treatment of hair, exposure of hair to excessive heat<br />
* Low levels of iron<br />
* Poor protein intake<br />
* Physical stress: After undergoing some major surgery, or due to some chronic illness, rapid weight loss due to dieting<br />
* SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus)<br />
* Fungal infection of the scalp<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Types of Alopecia areata===<br />
<br />
* Alopecia areata monolocularis : In this condition there is a single bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata multilocularis: In this condition there are multiple bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata totalis : In this condition, the patient loses all the hair on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata universalis : In this condition, all body hair, including pubic hair, is lost.<br />
* Alopecia areata barbae : In this condition, the disease is limited only to the beard region.<br />
* Traction alopecia : In this condition, alopecia develops along the frontal margins and temporal margins of the scalp due to constant tension on the hair from being tied very tightly.<br />
<br />
[[image: Types of alopecia areate.jpeg|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Market Information==<br />
===Epidemiological aspects===<br />
* The disease can begin at any time of life, but with a peak incidence between 20 and 50 years of age, and other articles affirm 60% of the patients present the first episode of the disease before 20 years of age.<br />
* Alopecia areata accounts for 2% of the first dermatological consultations in the United Kingdom and United States.<br />
* The prevalence of AA in the United States, between 1971 and 1974, varied from 0.1% to 0.2% of the population.9 Some works have estimated that about 1.7% of the population presents at least one episode of AA during their life. [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abd/v80n1/en_v80n01a09.pdf Source]<br />
<br />
==Clinical and Drug trials==<br />
===Clinical Trials===<br />
The format for each of the following is:<br />
* The name of the trial,<br />
* followed by whether the trial is recruiting patients,<br />
** The trial may not have started and not yet recruiting, or the trial may have started and do not need any more recruitements, or the trial may be completed.<br />
**Note**: Please follow the link to determine the current trial status.<br />
* followed by a list of drug/s, if any, used in the trial<br />
<br />
'''ClinicalTrials.gov has listed the following trials for Alopecia Areata:'''<br />
<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00069589 Alopecia Areata Registry] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00167102 Alefacept in Patients With Severe Scalp Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Alefacept<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Latanoprost (Xalatan),Bimatoprost (Lumigan)<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176982 Plaquenil for Alopecia Areata, Alopecia Totalis] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Hydroxychloroquine<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063076 Phase II Randomized Bilateral Comparison of Topical Targretin Gel 1% in Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Targretin Gel 1%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176943 Characteristics of T Cells From Alopecia Areata Scalp Skin Before and After Treatment With Aldara 5%] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Aldara Cream 5%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176969 Response of Topical Capsaicin in Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Capsaicin<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177021 Aldara for the Treatment of Extensive Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Aldara Cream 5%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177073 Alopecia Areata Registry and Immunogenetic Mechanisms] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Drug Trials===<br />
<br />
The format for each of the following is:<br />
* The drug,<br />
* followed by the name of the trial,<br />
* followed by whether the trial is recruiting patients,<br />
** The trial may not have started and not yet recruiting, or the trial may have started and do not need any more recruitements, or the trial may be completed.<br />
** Note**: Please follow the link to determine the current trial status.<br />
<br />
'''ClinicalTrials.gov has listed the following drugs in trials for Alopecia Areata:'''<br />
<br />
* Aldara Cream 5% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177021 Aldara for the Treatment of Extensive Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Aldara Cream 5% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176943 Characteristics of T Cells From Alopecia Areata Scalp Skin Before and After Treatment With Aldara 5%] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Alefacept - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00167102 Alefacept in Patients With Severe Scalp Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Bimatoprost (Lumigan) - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Capsaicin - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176969 Response of Topical Capsaicin in Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Hydroxychloroquine - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176982 Plaquenil for Alopecia Areata, Alopecia Totalis] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Latanoprost (Xalatan) - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Targretin Gel 1% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063076 Phase II Randomized Bilateral Comparison of Topical Targretin Gel 1% in Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Treatment Approaches==<br />
<br />
The following are some of the common treatments used for alopecia areata in conventional medical practice. These treatments may promote hair growth but none of them prevent new patches from appearing or actually cure the underlying disease; thus they are nothing more than temporary measures for treating alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* '''Corticosteroids''': These drugs have strong anti-inflammatory action and they suppress the immune system if given orally so they are often used in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases, including alopecia areata. Corticosteroids may be administered in three ways for alopecia areata:<br />
** As local injections in the affected area<br />
** As oral medication<br />
** As topical ointments<br />
* '''Minoxidil''': Topical application of minoxidil solution is one of the commonest prescriptions for alopecia areata. Minoxidil is said to promote hair growth in several conditions in which the hair follicle is small and not growing to its full potential.<br />
* '''Anthralin:''' Anthralin, a synthetic tar-like substance that is commonly used to treat alopecia areata. It is often used in combination with other treatments, such as corticosteroid injections or minoxidil.<br />
* '''Oral cyclosporine:''' An immuno-suppressor drug, Cyclosporine is used in some cases of alopecia areata though it must be kept in mind that its side-effects include risk of serious infection and possibly skin cancer. It must be noted that the dangers of this drug outweigh its benefits for alopecia areata.<br />
* '''Sulfasalazine''': Sulfasalazine acts on the immune system and it is used in severe cases of alopecia areata.<br />
* '''PUVA treatment''': In PUVA (also called photochemotherapy), a drug called a psoralen is applied topically or taken orally and then the alopecia patch is exposed to an ultraviolet light source.<br />
* '''Alternative therapie'''s: Alternative therapies commonly used by patients for alopecia areata include acupuncture, aroma therapy, evening primrose oil, zinc and vitamin supplements, and Chinese herbs. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/contreat.htm Source]<br />
<br />
==Intellectual Property==<br />
===Patent Search Strategy===<br />
'''Search scope''': US Granted US Applications EP-A EP-B WO JP (bibliographic data only) DE-C,B DE-A DE-T DE-U GB-A FR-A <br><br />
'''Limitation''': Claims, Title or Abstract<br><br />
'''Years''': 1836-2007<br><br />
'''Text''': (((alopecia ADJ areata) OR (baldness ADJ spots))) AND (Minimiz* OR Promote OR inhibit* OR reduce* OR stimulat* OR treatment OR prevention) AND (hair)) <br><br />
'''Hits''': '''''100 Unique patent families'''''<br><br />
'''Date of Search''': 5th April 2007<br><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Media: Analysis sheet_ver2.xls| Analysis sheet]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Taxonomy===<br />
<br />
[[image:Taxonomy_ver2.jpeg|900 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Patent Mapping==<br />
==Competitor Mapping==<br />
==Conclusion==</div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Life_Science_Demo&diff=3449Life Science Demo2007-04-06T14:32:33Z<p>Dolcera: /* Patent Search Strategy */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[image: alopecia1.jpeg|500 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata (‘baldness in spots') is a form of hair loss, usually from the scalp, although it can affect other areas of the body. The hair loss mostly remains limited to the scalp but in certain cases it can extend to eyebrows, eyelashes, facial hair (beard, moustache), nasal hair and give rise to bald spots anywhere in the body.<br />
<br />
Alopecia can affect both men and women and it is not uncommon to see children affected with this disorder. Approximately 2% of the general population worldwide suffers from alopecia areata.<br />
<br />
'''Understanding alopecia areata:'''<br />
The hair is made up of a protein called keratin which is also the main constituent of nails. A specialised structure inside the skin called ‘Papilla' produces the hair as shown in the figure. The papilla is surrounded by a sac-like structure called the ‘Hair follicle' which also surrounds rest of the hair root within the skin. The part of the hair outside the skin surface is called as shaft. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/what.htm Source]<br />
<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria and viruses) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area.<br />
<br />
The commonest presentation of alopecia areata is appearance of bald patches on the scalp. In most cases, hair falls out in small, round patches about the size of a small coin. The patient may have single or multiple such patches. In some cases these patches may remain static, whereas in some cases the patches may spread to involve larger areas of the scalp. In some cases, hair loss is more extensive. Although it is not very common, the disease can progress to cause total loss of hair on the head (alopecia areata totalis) or complete loss of hair on the head, face, and rest of the body (alopecia areata universalis).<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Causes===<br />
[[image: Couses.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria, viruses, allergens, etc.) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area. This abnormal behavior of the immune system is understood to be guided, influenced and triggered by multiple factors.<br />
<br />
The exact cause, why hair follicles undergo this kind of destruction, is not known but a genetic component to this is suspected. Family history of alopecia areata or any of the other auto-immune diseases (such as hypothyroid, diabetes, cancer, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) is often seen in many cases, suggesting a role of genetic element. In addition to the genetic predisposition, certain triggering factors may bring on the onset of this condition. Prolonged underlying stress often predisposes some patients to develop auto-immune process leading to alopecia areata. However, stress may not be the cause in every case.<br />
<br />
Some other common causative factors that can contribute to the development of alopecia areata have been mentioned below:<br />
[[image: Brain.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
<br />
One or more of the following factors may be found responsible in cases of alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* Hormonal cause: High levels of the male hormones (in men as well as in women) can trigger the onset of alopecia<br />
* Thyroid disorders<br />
* Drugs and medications:<br />
** Commonest is this group are chemotherapy drugs, certain medicines used for gout, arthritis, depression, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, etc<br />
** Large doses of Vitamin A can also trigger alopecia<br />
** Oral contraceptive pills<br />
* Chemical treatment of hair, exposure of hair to excessive heat<br />
* Low levels of iron<br />
* Poor protein intake<br />
* Physical stress: After undergoing some major surgery, or due to some chronic illness, rapid weight loss due to dieting<br />
* SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus)<br />
* Fungal infection of the scalp<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Types of Alopecia areata===<br />
<br />
* Alopecia areata monolocularis : In this condition there is a single bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata multilocularis: In this condition there are multiple bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata totalis : In this condition, the patient loses all the hair on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata universalis : In this condition, all body hair, including pubic hair, is lost.<br />
* Alopecia areata barbae : In this condition, the disease is limited only to the beard region.<br />
* Traction alopecia : In this condition, alopecia develops along the frontal margins and temporal margins of the scalp due to constant tension on the hair from being tied very tightly.<br />
<br />
[[image: Types of alopecia areate.jpeg|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Market Information==<br />
===Epidemiological aspects===<br />
* The disease can begin at any time of life, but with a peak incidence between 20 and 50 years of age, and other articles affirm 60% of the patients present the first episode of the disease before 20 years of age.<br />
* Alopecia areata accounts for 2% of the first dermatological consultations in the United Kingdom and United States.<br />
* The prevalence of AA in the United States, between 1971 and 1974, varied from 0.1% to 0.2% of the population.9 Some works have estimated that about 1.7% of the population presents at least one episode of AA during their life. [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abd/v80n1/en_v80n01a09.pdf Source]<br />
<br />
==Clinical and Drug trials==<br />
===Clinical Trials===<br />
The format for each of the following is:<br />
* The name of the trial,<br />
* followed by whether the trial is recruiting patients,<br />
** The trial may not have started and not yet recruiting, or the trial may have started and do not need any more recruitements, or the trial may be completed.<br />
**Note**: Please follow the link to determine the current trial status.<br />
* followed by a list of drug/s, if any, used in the trial<br />
<br />
'''ClinicalTrials.gov has listed the following trials for Alopecia Areata:'''<br />
<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00069589 Alopecia Areata Registry] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00167102 Alefacept in Patients With Severe Scalp Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Alefacept<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Latanoprost (Xalatan),Bimatoprost (Lumigan)<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176982 Plaquenil for Alopecia Areata, Alopecia Totalis] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Hydroxychloroquine<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063076 Phase II Randomized Bilateral Comparison of Topical Targretin Gel 1% in Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Targretin Gel 1%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176943 Characteristics of T Cells From Alopecia Areata Scalp Skin Before and After Treatment With Aldara 5%] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Aldara Cream 5%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176969 Response of Topical Capsaicin in Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Capsaicin<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177021 Aldara for the Treatment of Extensive Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Aldara Cream 5%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177073 Alopecia Areata Registry and Immunogenetic Mechanisms] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Drug Trials===<br />
<br />
The format for each of the following is:<br />
* The drug,<br />
* followed by the name of the trial,<br />
* followed by whether the trial is recruiting patients,<br />
** The trial may not have started and not yet recruiting, or the trial may have started and do not need any more recruitements, or the trial may be completed.<br />
** Note**: Please follow the link to determine the current trial status.<br />
<br />
'''ClinicalTrials.gov has listed the following drugs in trials for Alopecia Areata:'''<br />
<br />
* Aldara Cream 5% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177021 Aldara for the Treatment of Extensive Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Aldara Cream 5% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176943 Characteristics of T Cells From Alopecia Areata Scalp Skin Before and After Treatment With Aldara 5%] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Alefacept - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00167102 Alefacept in Patients With Severe Scalp Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Bimatoprost (Lumigan) - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Capsaicin - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176969 Response of Topical Capsaicin in Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Hydroxychloroquine - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176982 Plaquenil for Alopecia Areata, Alopecia Totalis] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Latanoprost (Xalatan) - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Targretin Gel 1% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063076 Phase II Randomized Bilateral Comparison of Topical Targretin Gel 1% in Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Treatment Approaches==<br />
<br />
The following are some of the common treatments used for alopecia areata in conventional medical practice. These treatments may promote hair growth but none of them prevent new patches from appearing or actually cure the underlying disease; thus they are nothing more than temporary measures for treating alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* '''Corticosteroids''': These drugs have strong anti-inflammatory action and they suppress the immune system if given orally so they are often used in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases, including alopecia areata. Corticosteroids may be administered in three ways for alopecia areata:<br />
** As local injections in the affected area<br />
** As oral medication<br />
** As topical ointments<br />
* '''Minoxidil''': Topical application of minoxidil solution is one of the commonest prescriptions for alopecia areata. Minoxidil is said to promote hair growth in several conditions in which the hair follicle is small and not growing to its full potential.<br />
* '''Anthralin:''' Anthralin, a synthetic tar-like substance that is commonly used to treat alopecia areata. It is often used in combination with other treatments, such as corticosteroid injections or minoxidil.<br />
* '''Oral cyclosporine:''' An immuno-suppressor drug, Cyclosporine is used in some cases of alopecia areata though it must be kept in mind that its side-effects include risk of serious infection and possibly skin cancer. It must be noted that the dangers of this drug outweigh its benefits for alopecia areata.<br />
* '''Sulfasalazine''': Sulfasalazine acts on the immune system and it is used in severe cases of alopecia areata.<br />
* '''PUVA treatment''': In PUVA (also called photochemotherapy), a drug called a psoralen is applied topically or taken orally and then the alopecia patch is exposed to an ultraviolet light source.<br />
* '''Alternative therapie'''s: Alternative therapies commonly used by patients for alopecia areata include acupuncture, aroma therapy, evening primrose oil, zinc and vitamin supplements, and Chinese herbs. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/contreat.htm Source]<br />
<br />
==Intellectual Property==<br />
===Patent Search Strategy===<br />
'''Search scope''': US Granted US Applications EP-A EP-B WO JP (bibliographic data only) DE-C,B DE-A DE-T DE-U GB-A FR-A <br><br />
'''Limitation''': Claims, Title or Abstract<br><br />
'''Years''': 1836-2007<br><br />
'''Text''': (((alopecia ADJ areata) OR (baldness ADJ spots))) AND (Minimiz* OR Promote OR inhibit* OR reduce* OR stimulat* OR treatment OR prevention) AND (hair)) <br><br />
'''Hits''': '''''100 Unique patent families'''''<br><br />
'''Date of Search''': 5th April 2007<br><br />
[[Media: Analysis sheet_ver2.xls| Spreadsheet of patent search results]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Taxonomy===<br />
<br />
[[image:Taxonomy_ver2.jpeg|900 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Patent Mapping==<br />
==Competitor Mapping==<br />
==Conclusion==</div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Life_Science_Demo&diff=3448Life Science Demo2007-04-06T14:32:21Z<p>Dolcera: /* Taxonomy */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[image: alopecia1.jpeg|500 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata (‘baldness in spots') is a form of hair loss, usually from the scalp, although it can affect other areas of the body. The hair loss mostly remains limited to the scalp but in certain cases it can extend to eyebrows, eyelashes, facial hair (beard, moustache), nasal hair and give rise to bald spots anywhere in the body.<br />
<br />
Alopecia can affect both men and women and it is not uncommon to see children affected with this disorder. Approximately 2% of the general population worldwide suffers from alopecia areata.<br />
<br />
'''Understanding alopecia areata:'''<br />
The hair is made up of a protein called keratin which is also the main constituent of nails. A specialised structure inside the skin called ‘Papilla' produces the hair as shown in the figure. The papilla is surrounded by a sac-like structure called the ‘Hair follicle' which also surrounds rest of the hair root within the skin. The part of the hair outside the skin surface is called as shaft. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/what.htm Source]<br />
<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria and viruses) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area.<br />
<br />
The commonest presentation of alopecia areata is appearance of bald patches on the scalp. In most cases, hair falls out in small, round patches about the size of a small coin. The patient may have single or multiple such patches. In some cases these patches may remain static, whereas in some cases the patches may spread to involve larger areas of the scalp. In some cases, hair loss is more extensive. Although it is not very common, the disease can progress to cause total loss of hair on the head (alopecia areata totalis) or complete loss of hair on the head, face, and rest of the body (alopecia areata universalis).<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Causes===<br />
[[image: Couses.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria, viruses, allergens, etc.) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area. This abnormal behavior of the immune system is understood to be guided, influenced and triggered by multiple factors.<br />
<br />
The exact cause, why hair follicles undergo this kind of destruction, is not known but a genetic component to this is suspected. Family history of alopecia areata or any of the other auto-immune diseases (such as hypothyroid, diabetes, cancer, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) is often seen in many cases, suggesting a role of genetic element. In addition to the genetic predisposition, certain triggering factors may bring on the onset of this condition. Prolonged underlying stress often predisposes some patients to develop auto-immune process leading to alopecia areata. However, stress may not be the cause in every case.<br />
<br />
Some other common causative factors that can contribute to the development of alopecia areata have been mentioned below:<br />
[[image: Brain.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
<br />
One or more of the following factors may be found responsible in cases of alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* Hormonal cause: High levels of the male hormones (in men as well as in women) can trigger the onset of alopecia<br />
* Thyroid disorders<br />
* Drugs and medications:<br />
** Commonest is this group are chemotherapy drugs, certain medicines used for gout, arthritis, depression, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, etc<br />
** Large doses of Vitamin A can also trigger alopecia<br />
** Oral contraceptive pills<br />
* Chemical treatment of hair, exposure of hair to excessive heat<br />
* Low levels of iron<br />
* Poor protein intake<br />
* Physical stress: After undergoing some major surgery, or due to some chronic illness, rapid weight loss due to dieting<br />
* SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus)<br />
* Fungal infection of the scalp<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Types of Alopecia areata===<br />
<br />
* Alopecia areata monolocularis : In this condition there is a single bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata multilocularis: In this condition there are multiple bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata totalis : In this condition, the patient loses all the hair on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata universalis : In this condition, all body hair, including pubic hair, is lost.<br />
* Alopecia areata barbae : In this condition, the disease is limited only to the beard region.<br />
* Traction alopecia : In this condition, alopecia develops along the frontal margins and temporal margins of the scalp due to constant tension on the hair from being tied very tightly.<br />
<br />
[[image: Types of alopecia areate.jpeg|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Market Information==<br />
===Epidemiological aspects===<br />
* The disease can begin at any time of life, but with a peak incidence between 20 and 50 years of age, and other articles affirm 60% of the patients present the first episode of the disease before 20 years of age.<br />
* Alopecia areata accounts for 2% of the first dermatological consultations in the United Kingdom and United States.<br />
* The prevalence of AA in the United States, between 1971 and 1974, varied from 0.1% to 0.2% of the population.9 Some works have estimated that about 1.7% of the population presents at least one episode of AA during their life. [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abd/v80n1/en_v80n01a09.pdf Source]<br />
<br />
==Clinical and Drug trials==<br />
===Clinical Trials===<br />
The format for each of the following is:<br />
* The name of the trial,<br />
* followed by whether the trial is recruiting patients,<br />
** The trial may not have started and not yet recruiting, or the trial may have started and do not need any more recruitements, or the trial may be completed.<br />
**Note**: Please follow the link to determine the current trial status.<br />
* followed by a list of drug/s, if any, used in the trial<br />
<br />
'''ClinicalTrials.gov has listed the following trials for Alopecia Areata:'''<br />
<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00069589 Alopecia Areata Registry] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00167102 Alefacept in Patients With Severe Scalp Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Alefacept<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Latanoprost (Xalatan),Bimatoprost (Lumigan)<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176982 Plaquenil for Alopecia Areata, Alopecia Totalis] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Hydroxychloroquine<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063076 Phase II Randomized Bilateral Comparison of Topical Targretin Gel 1% in Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Targretin Gel 1%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176943 Characteristics of T Cells From Alopecia Areata Scalp Skin Before and After Treatment With Aldara 5%] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Aldara Cream 5%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176969 Response of Topical Capsaicin in Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Capsaicin<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177021 Aldara for the Treatment of Extensive Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Aldara Cream 5%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177073 Alopecia Areata Registry and Immunogenetic Mechanisms] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Drug Trials===<br />
<br />
The format for each of the following is:<br />
* The drug,<br />
* followed by the name of the trial,<br />
* followed by whether the trial is recruiting patients,<br />
** The trial may not have started and not yet recruiting, or the trial may have started and do not need any more recruitements, or the trial may be completed.<br />
** Note**: Please follow the link to determine the current trial status.<br />
<br />
'''ClinicalTrials.gov has listed the following drugs in trials for Alopecia Areata:'''<br />
<br />
* Aldara Cream 5% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177021 Aldara for the Treatment of Extensive Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Aldara Cream 5% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176943 Characteristics of T Cells From Alopecia Areata Scalp Skin Before and After Treatment With Aldara 5%] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Alefacept - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00167102 Alefacept in Patients With Severe Scalp Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Bimatoprost (Lumigan) - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Capsaicin - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176969 Response of Topical Capsaicin in Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Hydroxychloroquine - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176982 Plaquenil for Alopecia Areata, Alopecia Totalis] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Latanoprost (Xalatan) - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Targretin Gel 1% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063076 Phase II Randomized Bilateral Comparison of Topical Targretin Gel 1% in Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Treatment Approaches==<br />
<br />
The following are some of the common treatments used for alopecia areata in conventional medical practice. These treatments may promote hair growth but none of them prevent new patches from appearing or actually cure the underlying disease; thus they are nothing more than temporary measures for treating alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* '''Corticosteroids''': These drugs have strong anti-inflammatory action and they suppress the immune system if given orally so they are often used in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases, including alopecia areata. Corticosteroids may be administered in three ways for alopecia areata:<br />
** As local injections in the affected area<br />
** As oral medication<br />
** As topical ointments<br />
* '''Minoxidil''': Topical application of minoxidil solution is one of the commonest prescriptions for alopecia areata. Minoxidil is said to promote hair growth in several conditions in which the hair follicle is small and not growing to its full potential.<br />
* '''Anthralin:''' Anthralin, a synthetic tar-like substance that is commonly used to treat alopecia areata. It is often used in combination with other treatments, such as corticosteroid injections or minoxidil.<br />
* '''Oral cyclosporine:''' An immuno-suppressor drug, Cyclosporine is used in some cases of alopecia areata though it must be kept in mind that its side-effects include risk of serious infection and possibly skin cancer. It must be noted that the dangers of this drug outweigh its benefits for alopecia areata.<br />
* '''Sulfasalazine''': Sulfasalazine acts on the immune system and it is used in severe cases of alopecia areata.<br />
* '''PUVA treatment''': In PUVA (also called photochemotherapy), a drug called a psoralen is applied topically or taken orally and then the alopecia patch is exposed to an ultraviolet light source.<br />
* '''Alternative therapie'''s: Alternative therapies commonly used by patients for alopecia areata include acupuncture, aroma therapy, evening primrose oil, zinc and vitamin supplements, and Chinese herbs. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/contreat.htm Source]<br />
<br />
==Intellectual Property==<br />
===Patent Search Strategy===<br />
'''Search scope''': US Granted US Applications EP-A EP-B WO JP (bibliographic data only) DE-C,B DE-A DE-T DE-U GB-A FR-A <br><br />
'''Limitation''': Claims, Title or Abstract<br><br />
'''Years''': 1836-2007<br><br />
'''Text''': (((alopecia ADJ areata) OR (baldness ADJ spots))) AND (Minimiz* OR Promote OR inhibit* OR reduce* OR stimulat* OR treatment OR prevention) AND (hair)) <br><br />
'''Hits''': '''''100 Unique patent families'''''<br><br />
'''Date of Search''': 5th April 2007<br><br />
[[Media: Analysis sheet_ver1.xls| Spreadsheet of patent search results]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Taxonomy===<br />
<br />
[[image:Taxonomy_ver2.jpeg|900 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Patent Mapping==<br />
==Competitor Mapping==<br />
==Conclusion==</div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=File:Taxonomy_ver2.jpeg&diff=3447File:Taxonomy ver2.jpeg2007-04-06T14:31:59Z<p>Dolcera: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Life_Science_Demo&diff=3446Life Science Demo2007-04-06T14:31:32Z<p>Dolcera: /* Taxonomy */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[image: alopecia1.jpeg|500 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata (‘baldness in spots') is a form of hair loss, usually from the scalp, although it can affect other areas of the body. The hair loss mostly remains limited to the scalp but in certain cases it can extend to eyebrows, eyelashes, facial hair (beard, moustache), nasal hair and give rise to bald spots anywhere in the body.<br />
<br />
Alopecia can affect both men and women and it is not uncommon to see children affected with this disorder. Approximately 2% of the general population worldwide suffers from alopecia areata.<br />
<br />
'''Understanding alopecia areata:'''<br />
The hair is made up of a protein called keratin which is also the main constituent of nails. A specialised structure inside the skin called ‘Papilla' produces the hair as shown in the figure. The papilla is surrounded by a sac-like structure called the ‘Hair follicle' which also surrounds rest of the hair root within the skin. The part of the hair outside the skin surface is called as shaft. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/what.htm Source]<br />
<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria and viruses) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area.<br />
<br />
The commonest presentation of alopecia areata is appearance of bald patches on the scalp. In most cases, hair falls out in small, round patches about the size of a small coin. The patient may have single or multiple such patches. In some cases these patches may remain static, whereas in some cases the patches may spread to involve larger areas of the scalp. In some cases, hair loss is more extensive. Although it is not very common, the disease can progress to cause total loss of hair on the head (alopecia areata totalis) or complete loss of hair on the head, face, and rest of the body (alopecia areata universalis).<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Causes===<br />
[[image: Couses.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria, viruses, allergens, etc.) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area. This abnormal behavior of the immune system is understood to be guided, influenced and triggered by multiple factors.<br />
<br />
The exact cause, why hair follicles undergo this kind of destruction, is not known but a genetic component to this is suspected. Family history of alopecia areata or any of the other auto-immune diseases (such as hypothyroid, diabetes, cancer, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) is often seen in many cases, suggesting a role of genetic element. In addition to the genetic predisposition, certain triggering factors may bring on the onset of this condition. Prolonged underlying stress often predisposes some patients to develop auto-immune process leading to alopecia areata. However, stress may not be the cause in every case.<br />
<br />
Some other common causative factors that can contribute to the development of alopecia areata have been mentioned below:<br />
[[image: Brain.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
<br />
One or more of the following factors may be found responsible in cases of alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* Hormonal cause: High levels of the male hormones (in men as well as in women) can trigger the onset of alopecia<br />
* Thyroid disorders<br />
* Drugs and medications:<br />
** Commonest is this group are chemotherapy drugs, certain medicines used for gout, arthritis, depression, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, etc<br />
** Large doses of Vitamin A can also trigger alopecia<br />
** Oral contraceptive pills<br />
* Chemical treatment of hair, exposure of hair to excessive heat<br />
* Low levels of iron<br />
* Poor protein intake<br />
* Physical stress: After undergoing some major surgery, or due to some chronic illness, rapid weight loss due to dieting<br />
* SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus)<br />
* Fungal infection of the scalp<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Types of Alopecia areata===<br />
<br />
* Alopecia areata monolocularis : In this condition there is a single bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata multilocularis: In this condition there are multiple bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata totalis : In this condition, the patient loses all the hair on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata universalis : In this condition, all body hair, including pubic hair, is lost.<br />
* Alopecia areata barbae : In this condition, the disease is limited only to the beard region.<br />
* Traction alopecia : In this condition, alopecia develops along the frontal margins and temporal margins of the scalp due to constant tension on the hair from being tied very tightly.<br />
<br />
[[image: Types of alopecia areate.jpeg|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Market Information==<br />
===Epidemiological aspects===<br />
* The disease can begin at any time of life, but with a peak incidence between 20 and 50 years of age, and other articles affirm 60% of the patients present the first episode of the disease before 20 years of age.<br />
* Alopecia areata accounts for 2% of the first dermatological consultations in the United Kingdom and United States.<br />
* The prevalence of AA in the United States, between 1971 and 1974, varied from 0.1% to 0.2% of the population.9 Some works have estimated that about 1.7% of the population presents at least one episode of AA during their life. [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abd/v80n1/en_v80n01a09.pdf Source]<br />
<br />
==Clinical and Drug trials==<br />
===Clinical Trials===<br />
The format for each of the following is:<br />
* The name of the trial,<br />
* followed by whether the trial is recruiting patients,<br />
** The trial may not have started and not yet recruiting, or the trial may have started and do not need any more recruitements, or the trial may be completed.<br />
**Note**: Please follow the link to determine the current trial status.<br />
* followed by a list of drug/s, if any, used in the trial<br />
<br />
'''ClinicalTrials.gov has listed the following trials for Alopecia Areata:'''<br />
<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00069589 Alopecia Areata Registry] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00167102 Alefacept in Patients With Severe Scalp Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Alefacept<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Latanoprost (Xalatan),Bimatoprost (Lumigan)<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176982 Plaquenil for Alopecia Areata, Alopecia Totalis] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Hydroxychloroquine<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063076 Phase II Randomized Bilateral Comparison of Topical Targretin Gel 1% in Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Targretin Gel 1%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176943 Characteristics of T Cells From Alopecia Areata Scalp Skin Before and After Treatment With Aldara 5%] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Aldara Cream 5%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176969 Response of Topical Capsaicin in Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Capsaicin<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177021 Aldara for the Treatment of Extensive Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Aldara Cream 5%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177073 Alopecia Areata Registry and Immunogenetic Mechanisms] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Drug Trials===<br />
<br />
The format for each of the following is:<br />
* The drug,<br />
* followed by the name of the trial,<br />
* followed by whether the trial is recruiting patients,<br />
** The trial may not have started and not yet recruiting, or the trial may have started and do not need any more recruitements, or the trial may be completed.<br />
** Note**: Please follow the link to determine the current trial status.<br />
<br />
'''ClinicalTrials.gov has listed the following drugs in trials for Alopecia Areata:'''<br />
<br />
* Aldara Cream 5% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177021 Aldara for the Treatment of Extensive Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Aldara Cream 5% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176943 Characteristics of T Cells From Alopecia Areata Scalp Skin Before and After Treatment With Aldara 5%] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Alefacept - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00167102 Alefacept in Patients With Severe Scalp Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Bimatoprost (Lumigan) - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Capsaicin - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176969 Response of Topical Capsaicin in Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Hydroxychloroquine - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176982 Plaquenil for Alopecia Areata, Alopecia Totalis] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Latanoprost (Xalatan) - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Targretin Gel 1% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063076 Phase II Randomized Bilateral Comparison of Topical Targretin Gel 1% in Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Treatment Approaches==<br />
<br />
The following are some of the common treatments used for alopecia areata in conventional medical practice. These treatments may promote hair growth but none of them prevent new patches from appearing or actually cure the underlying disease; thus they are nothing more than temporary measures for treating alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* '''Corticosteroids''': These drugs have strong anti-inflammatory action and they suppress the immune system if given orally so they are often used in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases, including alopecia areata. Corticosteroids may be administered in three ways for alopecia areata:<br />
** As local injections in the affected area<br />
** As oral medication<br />
** As topical ointments<br />
* '''Minoxidil''': Topical application of minoxidil solution is one of the commonest prescriptions for alopecia areata. Minoxidil is said to promote hair growth in several conditions in which the hair follicle is small and not growing to its full potential.<br />
* '''Anthralin:''' Anthralin, a synthetic tar-like substance that is commonly used to treat alopecia areata. It is often used in combination with other treatments, such as corticosteroid injections or minoxidil.<br />
* '''Oral cyclosporine:''' An immuno-suppressor drug, Cyclosporine is used in some cases of alopecia areata though it must be kept in mind that its side-effects include risk of serious infection and possibly skin cancer. It must be noted that the dangers of this drug outweigh its benefits for alopecia areata.<br />
* '''Sulfasalazine''': Sulfasalazine acts on the immune system and it is used in severe cases of alopecia areata.<br />
* '''PUVA treatment''': In PUVA (also called photochemotherapy), a drug called a psoralen is applied topically or taken orally and then the alopecia patch is exposed to an ultraviolet light source.<br />
* '''Alternative therapie'''s: Alternative therapies commonly used by patients for alopecia areata include acupuncture, aroma therapy, evening primrose oil, zinc and vitamin supplements, and Chinese herbs. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/contreat.htm Source]<br />
<br />
==Intellectual Property==<br />
===Patent Search Strategy===<br />
'''Search scope''': US Granted US Applications EP-A EP-B WO JP (bibliographic data only) DE-C,B DE-A DE-T DE-U GB-A FR-A <br><br />
'''Limitation''': Claims, Title or Abstract<br><br />
'''Years''': 1836-2007<br><br />
'''Text''': (((alopecia ADJ areata) OR (baldness ADJ spots))) AND (Minimiz* OR Promote OR inhibit* OR reduce* OR stimulat* OR treatment OR prevention) AND (hair)) <br><br />
'''Hits''': '''''100 Unique patent families'''''<br><br />
'''Date of Search''': 5th April 2007<br><br />
[[Media: Analysis sheet_ver1.xls| Spreadsheet of patent search results]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Taxonomy===<br />
<br />
[[image:Taxonomy_ver2.jpeg|800 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Patent Mapping==<br />
==Competitor Mapping==<br />
==Conclusion==</div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=File:Analysis_sheet_ver1.xls&diff=3445File:Analysis sheet ver1.xls2007-04-06T14:07:40Z<p>Dolcera: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Life_Science_Demo&diff=3444Life Science Demo2007-04-06T14:07:20Z<p>Dolcera: /* Patent Search Strategy */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[image: alopecia1.jpeg|500 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata (‘baldness in spots') is a form of hair loss, usually from the scalp, although it can affect other areas of the body. The hair loss mostly remains limited to the scalp but in certain cases it can extend to eyebrows, eyelashes, facial hair (beard, moustache), nasal hair and give rise to bald spots anywhere in the body.<br />
<br />
Alopecia can affect both men and women and it is not uncommon to see children affected with this disorder. Approximately 2% of the general population worldwide suffers from alopecia areata.<br />
<br />
'''Understanding alopecia areata:'''<br />
The hair is made up of a protein called keratin which is also the main constituent of nails. A specialised structure inside the skin called ‘Papilla' produces the hair as shown in the figure. The papilla is surrounded by a sac-like structure called the ‘Hair follicle' which also surrounds rest of the hair root within the skin. The part of the hair outside the skin surface is called as shaft. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/what.htm Source]<br />
<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria and viruses) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area.<br />
<br />
The commonest presentation of alopecia areata is appearance of bald patches on the scalp. In most cases, hair falls out in small, round patches about the size of a small coin. The patient may have single or multiple such patches. In some cases these patches may remain static, whereas in some cases the patches may spread to involve larger areas of the scalp. In some cases, hair loss is more extensive. Although it is not very common, the disease can progress to cause total loss of hair on the head (alopecia areata totalis) or complete loss of hair on the head, face, and rest of the body (alopecia areata universalis).<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Causes===<br />
[[image: Couses.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria, viruses, allergens, etc.) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area. This abnormal behavior of the immune system is understood to be guided, influenced and triggered by multiple factors.<br />
<br />
The exact cause, why hair follicles undergo this kind of destruction, is not known but a genetic component to this is suspected. Family history of alopecia areata or any of the other auto-immune diseases (such as hypothyroid, diabetes, cancer, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) is often seen in many cases, suggesting a role of genetic element. In addition to the genetic predisposition, certain triggering factors may bring on the onset of this condition. Prolonged underlying stress often predisposes some patients to develop auto-immune process leading to alopecia areata. However, stress may not be the cause in every case.<br />
<br />
Some other common causative factors that can contribute to the development of alopecia areata have been mentioned below:<br />
[[image: Brain.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
<br />
One or more of the following factors may be found responsible in cases of alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* Hormonal cause: High levels of the male hormones (in men as well as in women) can trigger the onset of alopecia<br />
* Thyroid disorders<br />
* Drugs and medications:<br />
** Commonest is this group are chemotherapy drugs, certain medicines used for gout, arthritis, depression, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, etc<br />
** Large doses of Vitamin A can also trigger alopecia<br />
** Oral contraceptive pills<br />
* Chemical treatment of hair, exposure of hair to excessive heat<br />
* Low levels of iron<br />
* Poor protein intake<br />
* Physical stress: After undergoing some major surgery, or due to some chronic illness, rapid weight loss due to dieting<br />
* SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus)<br />
* Fungal infection of the scalp<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Types of Alopecia areata===<br />
<br />
* Alopecia areata monolocularis : In this condition there is a single bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata multilocularis: In this condition there are multiple bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata totalis : In this condition, the patient loses all the hair on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata universalis : In this condition, all body hair, including pubic hair, is lost.<br />
* Alopecia areata barbae : In this condition, the disease is limited only to the beard region.<br />
* Traction alopecia : In this condition, alopecia develops along the frontal margins and temporal margins of the scalp due to constant tension on the hair from being tied very tightly.<br />
<br />
[[image: Types of alopecia areate.jpeg|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Market Information==<br />
===Epidemiological aspects===<br />
* The disease can begin at any time of life, but with a peak incidence between 20 and 50 years of age, and other articles affirm 60% of the patients present the first episode of the disease before 20 years of age.<br />
* Alopecia areata accounts for 2% of the first dermatological consultations in the United Kingdom and United States.<br />
* The prevalence of AA in the United States, between 1971 and 1974, varied from 0.1% to 0.2% of the population.9 Some works have estimated that about 1.7% of the population presents at least one episode of AA during their life. [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abd/v80n1/en_v80n01a09.pdf Source]<br />
<br />
==Clinical and Drug trials==<br />
===Clinical Trials===<br />
The format for each of the following is:<br />
* The name of the trial,<br />
* followed by whether the trial is recruiting patients,<br />
** The trial may not have started and not yet recruiting, or the trial may have started and do not need any more recruitements, or the trial may be completed.<br />
**Note**: Please follow the link to determine the current trial status.<br />
* followed by a list of drug/s, if any, used in the trial<br />
<br />
'''ClinicalTrials.gov has listed the following trials for Alopecia Areata:'''<br />
<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00069589 Alopecia Areata Registry] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00167102 Alefacept in Patients With Severe Scalp Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Alefacept<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Latanoprost (Xalatan),Bimatoprost (Lumigan)<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176982 Plaquenil for Alopecia Areata, Alopecia Totalis] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Hydroxychloroquine<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063076 Phase II Randomized Bilateral Comparison of Topical Targretin Gel 1% in Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Targretin Gel 1%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176943 Characteristics of T Cells From Alopecia Areata Scalp Skin Before and After Treatment With Aldara 5%] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Aldara Cream 5%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176969 Response of Topical Capsaicin in Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Capsaicin<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177021 Aldara for the Treatment of Extensive Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Aldara Cream 5%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177073 Alopecia Areata Registry and Immunogenetic Mechanisms] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Drug Trials===<br />
<br />
The format for each of the following is:<br />
* The drug,<br />
* followed by the name of the trial,<br />
* followed by whether the trial is recruiting patients,<br />
** The trial may not have started and not yet recruiting, or the trial may have started and do not need any more recruitements, or the trial may be completed.<br />
** Note**: Please follow the link to determine the current trial status.<br />
<br />
'''ClinicalTrials.gov has listed the following drugs in trials for Alopecia Areata:'''<br />
<br />
* Aldara Cream 5% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177021 Aldara for the Treatment of Extensive Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Aldara Cream 5% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176943 Characteristics of T Cells From Alopecia Areata Scalp Skin Before and After Treatment With Aldara 5%] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Alefacept - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00167102 Alefacept in Patients With Severe Scalp Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Bimatoprost (Lumigan) - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Capsaicin - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176969 Response of Topical Capsaicin in Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Hydroxychloroquine - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176982 Plaquenil for Alopecia Areata, Alopecia Totalis] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Latanoprost (Xalatan) - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Targretin Gel 1% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063076 Phase II Randomized Bilateral Comparison of Topical Targretin Gel 1% in Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Treatment Approaches==<br />
<br />
The following are some of the common treatments used for alopecia areata in conventional medical practice. These treatments may promote hair growth but none of them prevent new patches from appearing or actually cure the underlying disease; thus they are nothing more than temporary measures for treating alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* '''Corticosteroids''': These drugs have strong anti-inflammatory action and they suppress the immune system if given orally so they are often used in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases, including alopecia areata. Corticosteroids may be administered in three ways for alopecia areata:<br />
** As local injections in the affected area<br />
** As oral medication<br />
** As topical ointments<br />
* '''Minoxidil''': Topical application of minoxidil solution is one of the commonest prescriptions for alopecia areata. Minoxidil is said to promote hair growth in several conditions in which the hair follicle is small and not growing to its full potential.<br />
* '''Anthralin:''' Anthralin, a synthetic tar-like substance that is commonly used to treat alopecia areata. It is often used in combination with other treatments, such as corticosteroid injections or minoxidil.<br />
* '''Oral cyclosporine:''' An immuno-suppressor drug, Cyclosporine is used in some cases of alopecia areata though it must be kept in mind that its side-effects include risk of serious infection and possibly skin cancer. It must be noted that the dangers of this drug outweigh its benefits for alopecia areata.<br />
* '''Sulfasalazine''': Sulfasalazine acts on the immune system and it is used in severe cases of alopecia areata.<br />
* '''PUVA treatment''': In PUVA (also called photochemotherapy), a drug called a psoralen is applied topically or taken orally and then the alopecia patch is exposed to an ultraviolet light source.<br />
* '''Alternative therapie'''s: Alternative therapies commonly used by patients for alopecia areata include acupuncture, aroma therapy, evening primrose oil, zinc and vitamin supplements, and Chinese herbs. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/contreat.htm Source]<br />
<br />
==Intellectual Property==<br />
===Patent Search Strategy===<br />
'''Search scope''': US Granted US Applications EP-A EP-B WO JP (bibliographic data only) DE-C,B DE-A DE-T DE-U GB-A FR-A <br><br />
'''Limitation''': Claims, Title or Abstract<br><br />
'''Years''': 1836-2007<br><br />
'''Text''': (((alopecia ADJ areata) OR (baldness ADJ spots))) AND (Minimiz* OR Promote OR inhibit* OR reduce* OR stimulat* OR treatment OR prevention) AND (hair)) <br><br />
'''Hits''': '''''100 Unique patent families'''''<br><br />
'''Date of Search''': 5th April 2007<br><br />
[[Media: Analysis sheet_ver1.xls| Spreadsheet of patent search results]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Taxonomy===<br />
<br />
[[image:Taxonomy.jpeg|800 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Patent Mapping==<br />
==Competitor Mapping==<br />
==Conclusion==</div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Life_Science_Demo&diff=3443Life Science Demo2007-04-06T07:15:26Z<p>Dolcera: /* =Clinical Trials */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[image: alopecia1.jpeg|500 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata (‘baldness in spots') is a form of hair loss, usually from the scalp, although it can affect other areas of the body. The hair loss mostly remains limited to the scalp but in certain cases it can extend to eyebrows, eyelashes, facial hair (beard, moustache), nasal hair and give rise to bald spots anywhere in the body.<br />
<br />
Alopecia can affect both men and women and it is not uncommon to see children affected with this disorder. Approximately 2% of the general population worldwide suffers from alopecia areata.<br />
<br />
'''Understanding alopecia areata:'''<br />
The hair is made up of a protein called keratin which is also the main constituent of nails. A specialised structure inside the skin called ‘Papilla' produces the hair as shown in the figure. The papilla is surrounded by a sac-like structure called the ‘Hair follicle' which also surrounds rest of the hair root within the skin. The part of the hair outside the skin surface is called as shaft. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/what.htm Source]<br />
<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria and viruses) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area.<br />
<br />
The commonest presentation of alopecia areata is appearance of bald patches on the scalp. In most cases, hair falls out in small, round patches about the size of a small coin. The patient may have single or multiple such patches. In some cases these patches may remain static, whereas in some cases the patches may spread to involve larger areas of the scalp. In some cases, hair loss is more extensive. Although it is not very common, the disease can progress to cause total loss of hair on the head (alopecia areata totalis) or complete loss of hair on the head, face, and rest of the body (alopecia areata universalis).<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Causes===<br />
[[image: Couses.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria, viruses, allergens, etc.) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area. This abnormal behavior of the immune system is understood to be guided, influenced and triggered by multiple factors.<br />
<br />
The exact cause, why hair follicles undergo this kind of destruction, is not known but a genetic component to this is suspected. Family history of alopecia areata or any of the other auto-immune diseases (such as hypothyroid, diabetes, cancer, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) is often seen in many cases, suggesting a role of genetic element. In addition to the genetic predisposition, certain triggering factors may bring on the onset of this condition. Prolonged underlying stress often predisposes some patients to develop auto-immune process leading to alopecia areata. However, stress may not be the cause in every case.<br />
<br />
Some other common causative factors that can contribute to the development of alopecia areata have been mentioned below:<br />
[[image: Brain.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
<br />
One or more of the following factors may be found responsible in cases of alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* Hormonal cause: High levels of the male hormones (in men as well as in women) can trigger the onset of alopecia<br />
* Thyroid disorders<br />
* Drugs and medications:<br />
** Commonest is this group are chemotherapy drugs, certain medicines used for gout, arthritis, depression, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, etc<br />
** Large doses of Vitamin A can also trigger alopecia<br />
** Oral contraceptive pills<br />
* Chemical treatment of hair, exposure of hair to excessive heat<br />
* Low levels of iron<br />
* Poor protein intake<br />
* Physical stress: After undergoing some major surgery, or due to some chronic illness, rapid weight loss due to dieting<br />
* SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus)<br />
* Fungal infection of the scalp<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Types of Alopecia areata===<br />
<br />
* Alopecia areata monolocularis : In this condition there is a single bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata multilocularis: In this condition there are multiple bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata totalis : In this condition, the patient loses all the hair on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata universalis : In this condition, all body hair, including pubic hair, is lost.<br />
* Alopecia areata barbae : In this condition, the disease is limited only to the beard region.<br />
* Traction alopecia : In this condition, alopecia develops along the frontal margins and temporal margins of the scalp due to constant tension on the hair from being tied very tightly.<br />
<br />
[[image: Types of alopecia areate.jpeg|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Market Information==<br />
===Epidemiological aspects===<br />
* The disease can begin at any time of life, but with a peak incidence between 20 and 50 years of age, and other articles affirm 60% of the patients present the first episode of the disease before 20 years of age.<br />
* Alopecia areata accounts for 2% of the first dermatological consultations in the United Kingdom and United States.<br />
* The prevalence of AA in the United States, between 1971 and 1974, varied from 0.1% to 0.2% of the population.9 Some works have estimated that about 1.7% of the population presents at least one episode of AA during their life. [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abd/v80n1/en_v80n01a09.pdf Source]<br />
<br />
==Clinical and Drug trials==<br />
===Clinical Trials===<br />
The format for each of the following is:<br />
* The name of the trial,<br />
* followed by whether the trial is recruiting patients,<br />
** The trial may not have started and not yet recruiting, or the trial may have started and do not need any more recruitements, or the trial may be completed.<br />
**Note**: Please follow the link to determine the current trial status.<br />
* followed by a list of drug/s, if any, used in the trial<br />
<br />
'''ClinicalTrials.gov has listed the following trials for Alopecia Areata:'''<br />
<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00069589 Alopecia Areata Registry] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00167102 Alefacept in Patients With Severe Scalp Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Alefacept<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Latanoprost (Xalatan),Bimatoprost (Lumigan)<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176982 Plaquenil for Alopecia Areata, Alopecia Totalis] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Hydroxychloroquine<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063076 Phase II Randomized Bilateral Comparison of Topical Targretin Gel 1% in Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Targretin Gel 1%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176943 Characteristics of T Cells From Alopecia Areata Scalp Skin Before and After Treatment With Aldara 5%] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Aldara Cream 5%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176969 Response of Topical Capsaicin in Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Capsaicin<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177021 Aldara for the Treatment of Extensive Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Aldara Cream 5%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177073 Alopecia Areata Registry and Immunogenetic Mechanisms] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Drug Trials===<br />
<br />
The format for each of the following is:<br />
* The drug,<br />
* followed by the name of the trial,<br />
* followed by whether the trial is recruiting patients,<br />
** The trial may not have started and not yet recruiting, or the trial may have started and do not need any more recruitements, or the trial may be completed.<br />
** Note**: Please follow the link to determine the current trial status.<br />
<br />
'''ClinicalTrials.gov has listed the following drugs in trials for Alopecia Areata:'''<br />
<br />
* Aldara Cream 5% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177021 Aldara for the Treatment of Extensive Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Aldara Cream 5% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176943 Characteristics of T Cells From Alopecia Areata Scalp Skin Before and After Treatment With Aldara 5%] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Alefacept - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00167102 Alefacept in Patients With Severe Scalp Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Bimatoprost (Lumigan) - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Capsaicin - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176969 Response of Topical Capsaicin in Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Hydroxychloroquine - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176982 Plaquenil for Alopecia Areata, Alopecia Totalis] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Latanoprost (Xalatan) - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Targretin Gel 1% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063076 Phase II Randomized Bilateral Comparison of Topical Targretin Gel 1% in Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Treatment Approaches==<br />
<br />
The following are some of the common treatments used for alopecia areata in conventional medical practice. These treatments may promote hair growth but none of them prevent new patches from appearing or actually cure the underlying disease; thus they are nothing more than temporary measures for treating alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* '''Corticosteroids''': These drugs have strong anti-inflammatory action and they suppress the immune system if given orally so they are often used in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases, including alopecia areata. Corticosteroids may be administered in three ways for alopecia areata:<br />
** As local injections in the affected area<br />
** As oral medication<br />
** As topical ointments<br />
* '''Minoxidil''': Topical application of minoxidil solution is one of the commonest prescriptions for alopecia areata. Minoxidil is said to promote hair growth in several conditions in which the hair follicle is small and not growing to its full potential.<br />
* '''Anthralin:''' Anthralin, a synthetic tar-like substance that is commonly used to treat alopecia areata. It is often used in combination with other treatments, such as corticosteroid injections or minoxidil.<br />
* '''Oral cyclosporine:''' An immuno-suppressor drug, Cyclosporine is used in some cases of alopecia areata though it must be kept in mind that its side-effects include risk of serious infection and possibly skin cancer. It must be noted that the dangers of this drug outweigh its benefits for alopecia areata.<br />
* '''Sulfasalazine''': Sulfasalazine acts on the immune system and it is used in severe cases of alopecia areata.<br />
* '''PUVA treatment''': In PUVA (also called photochemotherapy), a drug called a psoralen is applied topically or taken orally and then the alopecia patch is exposed to an ultraviolet light source.<br />
* '''Alternative therapie'''s: Alternative therapies commonly used by patients for alopecia areata include acupuncture, aroma therapy, evening primrose oil, zinc and vitamin supplements, and Chinese herbs. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/contreat.htm Source]<br />
<br />
==Intellectual Property==<br />
===Patent Search Strategy===<br />
'''Search scope''': US Granted US Applications EP-A EP-B WO JP (bibliographic data only) DE-C,B DE-A DE-T DE-U GB-A FR-A <br><br />
'''Limitation''': Claims, Title or Abstract<br><br />
'''Years''': 1836-2007<br><br />
'''Text''': (((alopecia ADJ areata) OR (baldness NEAR3 spots) OR (hair WITH loss WITH scalp)) AND (Minimiz* OR Promote OR inhibit* OR reduce* OR stimulat* OR treatment OR prevention) AND (hair)) <br><br />
'''Hits''': '''''423 patents (270 Unique patent families)'''''<br><br />
'''Date of Search''': 5th April 2007<br><br />
[[Media: Analysis sheet.xls| Spreadsheet of patent search results]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Taxonomy===<br />
<br />
[[image:Taxonomy.jpeg|800 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Patent Mapping==<br />
==Competitor Mapping==<br />
==Conclusion==</div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Life_Science_Demo&diff=3442Life Science Demo2007-04-06T07:15:12Z<p>Dolcera: /* =Clinical Trials */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[image: alopecia1.jpeg|500 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata (‘baldness in spots') is a form of hair loss, usually from the scalp, although it can affect other areas of the body. The hair loss mostly remains limited to the scalp but in certain cases it can extend to eyebrows, eyelashes, facial hair (beard, moustache), nasal hair and give rise to bald spots anywhere in the body.<br />
<br />
Alopecia can affect both men and women and it is not uncommon to see children affected with this disorder. Approximately 2% of the general population worldwide suffers from alopecia areata.<br />
<br />
'''Understanding alopecia areata:'''<br />
The hair is made up of a protein called keratin which is also the main constituent of nails. A specialised structure inside the skin called ‘Papilla' produces the hair as shown in the figure. The papilla is surrounded by a sac-like structure called the ‘Hair follicle' which also surrounds rest of the hair root within the skin. The part of the hair outside the skin surface is called as shaft. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/what.htm Source]<br />
<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria and viruses) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area.<br />
<br />
The commonest presentation of alopecia areata is appearance of bald patches on the scalp. In most cases, hair falls out in small, round patches about the size of a small coin. The patient may have single or multiple such patches. In some cases these patches may remain static, whereas in some cases the patches may spread to involve larger areas of the scalp. In some cases, hair loss is more extensive. Although it is not very common, the disease can progress to cause total loss of hair on the head (alopecia areata totalis) or complete loss of hair on the head, face, and rest of the body (alopecia areata universalis).<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Causes===<br />
[[image: Couses.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria, viruses, allergens, etc.) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area. This abnormal behavior of the immune system is understood to be guided, influenced and triggered by multiple factors.<br />
<br />
The exact cause, why hair follicles undergo this kind of destruction, is not known but a genetic component to this is suspected. Family history of alopecia areata or any of the other auto-immune diseases (such as hypothyroid, diabetes, cancer, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) is often seen in many cases, suggesting a role of genetic element. In addition to the genetic predisposition, certain triggering factors may bring on the onset of this condition. Prolonged underlying stress often predisposes some patients to develop auto-immune process leading to alopecia areata. However, stress may not be the cause in every case.<br />
<br />
Some other common causative factors that can contribute to the development of alopecia areata have been mentioned below:<br />
[[image: Brain.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
<br />
One or more of the following factors may be found responsible in cases of alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* Hormonal cause: High levels of the male hormones (in men as well as in women) can trigger the onset of alopecia<br />
* Thyroid disorders<br />
* Drugs and medications:<br />
** Commonest is this group are chemotherapy drugs, certain medicines used for gout, arthritis, depression, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, etc<br />
** Large doses of Vitamin A can also trigger alopecia<br />
** Oral contraceptive pills<br />
* Chemical treatment of hair, exposure of hair to excessive heat<br />
* Low levels of iron<br />
* Poor protein intake<br />
* Physical stress: After undergoing some major surgery, or due to some chronic illness, rapid weight loss due to dieting<br />
* SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus)<br />
* Fungal infection of the scalp<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Types of Alopecia areata===<br />
<br />
* Alopecia areata monolocularis : In this condition there is a single bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata multilocularis: In this condition there are multiple bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata totalis : In this condition, the patient loses all the hair on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata universalis : In this condition, all body hair, including pubic hair, is lost.<br />
* Alopecia areata barbae : In this condition, the disease is limited only to the beard region.<br />
* Traction alopecia : In this condition, alopecia develops along the frontal margins and temporal margins of the scalp due to constant tension on the hair from being tied very tightly.<br />
<br />
[[image: Types of alopecia areate.jpeg|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Market Information==<br />
===Epidemiological aspects===<br />
* The disease can begin at any time of life, but with a peak incidence between 20 and 50 years of age, and other articles affirm 60% of the patients present the first episode of the disease before 20 years of age.<br />
* Alopecia areata accounts for 2% of the first dermatological consultations in the United Kingdom and United States.<br />
* The prevalence of AA in the United States, between 1971 and 1974, varied from 0.1% to 0.2% of the population.9 Some works have estimated that about 1.7% of the population presents at least one episode of AA during their life. [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abd/v80n1/en_v80n01a09.pdf Source]<br />
<br />
==Clinical and Drug trials==<br />
===Clinical Trials==<br />
The format for each of the following is:<br />
* The name of the trial,<br />
* followed by whether the trial is recruiting patients,<br />
** The trial may not have started and not yet recruiting, or the trial may have started and do not need any more recruitements, or the trial may be completed.<br />
**Note**: Please follow the link to determine the current trial status.<br />
* followed by a list of drug/s, if any, used in the trial<br />
<br />
'''ClinicalTrials.gov has listed the following trials for Alopecia Areata:'''<br />
<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00069589 Alopecia Areata Registry] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00167102 Alefacept in Patients With Severe Scalp Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Alefacept<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Latanoprost (Xalatan),Bimatoprost (Lumigan)<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176982 Plaquenil for Alopecia Areata, Alopecia Totalis] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Hydroxychloroquine<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063076 Phase II Randomized Bilateral Comparison of Topical Targretin Gel 1% in Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Targretin Gel 1%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176943 Characteristics of T Cells From Alopecia Areata Scalp Skin Before and After Treatment With Aldara 5%] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Aldara Cream 5%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176969 Response of Topical Capsaicin in Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Capsaicin<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177021 Aldara for the Treatment of Extensive Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Aldara Cream 5%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177073 Alopecia Areata Registry and Immunogenetic Mechanisms] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Drug Trials===<br />
<br />
The format for each of the following is:<br />
* The drug,<br />
* followed by the name of the trial,<br />
* followed by whether the trial is recruiting patients,<br />
** The trial may not have started and not yet recruiting, or the trial may have started and do not need any more recruitements, or the trial may be completed.<br />
** Note**: Please follow the link to determine the current trial status.<br />
<br />
'''ClinicalTrials.gov has listed the following drugs in trials for Alopecia Areata:'''<br />
<br />
* Aldara Cream 5% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177021 Aldara for the Treatment of Extensive Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Aldara Cream 5% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176943 Characteristics of T Cells From Alopecia Areata Scalp Skin Before and After Treatment With Aldara 5%] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Alefacept - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00167102 Alefacept in Patients With Severe Scalp Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Bimatoprost (Lumigan) - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Capsaicin - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176969 Response of Topical Capsaicin in Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Hydroxychloroquine - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176982 Plaquenil for Alopecia Areata, Alopecia Totalis] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Latanoprost (Xalatan) - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Targretin Gel 1% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063076 Phase II Randomized Bilateral Comparison of Topical Targretin Gel 1% in Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Treatment Approaches==<br />
<br />
The following are some of the common treatments used for alopecia areata in conventional medical practice. These treatments may promote hair growth but none of them prevent new patches from appearing or actually cure the underlying disease; thus they are nothing more than temporary measures for treating alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* '''Corticosteroids''': These drugs have strong anti-inflammatory action and they suppress the immune system if given orally so they are often used in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases, including alopecia areata. Corticosteroids may be administered in three ways for alopecia areata:<br />
** As local injections in the affected area<br />
** As oral medication<br />
** As topical ointments<br />
* '''Minoxidil''': Topical application of minoxidil solution is one of the commonest prescriptions for alopecia areata. Minoxidil is said to promote hair growth in several conditions in which the hair follicle is small and not growing to its full potential.<br />
* '''Anthralin:''' Anthralin, a synthetic tar-like substance that is commonly used to treat alopecia areata. It is often used in combination with other treatments, such as corticosteroid injections or minoxidil.<br />
* '''Oral cyclosporine:''' An immuno-suppressor drug, Cyclosporine is used in some cases of alopecia areata though it must be kept in mind that its side-effects include risk of serious infection and possibly skin cancer. It must be noted that the dangers of this drug outweigh its benefits for alopecia areata.<br />
* '''Sulfasalazine''': Sulfasalazine acts on the immune system and it is used in severe cases of alopecia areata.<br />
* '''PUVA treatment''': In PUVA (also called photochemotherapy), a drug called a psoralen is applied topically or taken orally and then the alopecia patch is exposed to an ultraviolet light source.<br />
* '''Alternative therapie'''s: Alternative therapies commonly used by patients for alopecia areata include acupuncture, aroma therapy, evening primrose oil, zinc and vitamin supplements, and Chinese herbs. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/contreat.htm Source]<br />
<br />
==Intellectual Property==<br />
===Patent Search Strategy===<br />
'''Search scope''': US Granted US Applications EP-A EP-B WO JP (bibliographic data only) DE-C,B DE-A DE-T DE-U GB-A FR-A <br><br />
'''Limitation''': Claims, Title or Abstract<br><br />
'''Years''': 1836-2007<br><br />
'''Text''': (((alopecia ADJ areata) OR (baldness NEAR3 spots) OR (hair WITH loss WITH scalp)) AND (Minimiz* OR Promote OR inhibit* OR reduce* OR stimulat* OR treatment OR prevention) AND (hair)) <br><br />
'''Hits''': '''''423 patents (270 Unique patent families)'''''<br><br />
'''Date of Search''': 5th April 2007<br><br />
[[Media: Analysis sheet.xls| Spreadsheet of patent search results]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Taxonomy===<br />
<br />
[[image:Taxonomy.jpeg|800 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Patent Mapping==<br />
==Competitor Mapping==<br />
==Conclusion==</div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Life_Science_Demo&diff=3441Life Science Demo2007-04-06T07:14:47Z<p>Dolcera: /* Drug Trials */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[image: alopecia1.jpeg|500 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata (‘baldness in spots') is a form of hair loss, usually from the scalp, although it can affect other areas of the body. The hair loss mostly remains limited to the scalp but in certain cases it can extend to eyebrows, eyelashes, facial hair (beard, moustache), nasal hair and give rise to bald spots anywhere in the body.<br />
<br />
Alopecia can affect both men and women and it is not uncommon to see children affected with this disorder. Approximately 2% of the general population worldwide suffers from alopecia areata.<br />
<br />
'''Understanding alopecia areata:'''<br />
The hair is made up of a protein called keratin which is also the main constituent of nails. A specialised structure inside the skin called ‘Papilla' produces the hair as shown in the figure. The papilla is surrounded by a sac-like structure called the ‘Hair follicle' which also surrounds rest of the hair root within the skin. The part of the hair outside the skin surface is called as shaft. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/what.htm Source]<br />
<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria and viruses) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area.<br />
<br />
The commonest presentation of alopecia areata is appearance of bald patches on the scalp. In most cases, hair falls out in small, round patches about the size of a small coin. The patient may have single or multiple such patches. In some cases these patches may remain static, whereas in some cases the patches may spread to involve larger areas of the scalp. In some cases, hair loss is more extensive. Although it is not very common, the disease can progress to cause total loss of hair on the head (alopecia areata totalis) or complete loss of hair on the head, face, and rest of the body (alopecia areata universalis).<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Causes===<br />
[[image: Couses.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria, viruses, allergens, etc.) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area. This abnormal behavior of the immune system is understood to be guided, influenced and triggered by multiple factors.<br />
<br />
The exact cause, why hair follicles undergo this kind of destruction, is not known but a genetic component to this is suspected. Family history of alopecia areata or any of the other auto-immune diseases (such as hypothyroid, diabetes, cancer, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) is often seen in many cases, suggesting a role of genetic element. In addition to the genetic predisposition, certain triggering factors may bring on the onset of this condition. Prolonged underlying stress often predisposes some patients to develop auto-immune process leading to alopecia areata. However, stress may not be the cause in every case.<br />
<br />
Some other common causative factors that can contribute to the development of alopecia areata have been mentioned below:<br />
[[image: Brain.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
<br />
One or more of the following factors may be found responsible in cases of alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* Hormonal cause: High levels of the male hormones (in men as well as in women) can trigger the onset of alopecia<br />
* Thyroid disorders<br />
* Drugs and medications:<br />
** Commonest is this group are chemotherapy drugs, certain medicines used for gout, arthritis, depression, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, etc<br />
** Large doses of Vitamin A can also trigger alopecia<br />
** Oral contraceptive pills<br />
* Chemical treatment of hair, exposure of hair to excessive heat<br />
* Low levels of iron<br />
* Poor protein intake<br />
* Physical stress: After undergoing some major surgery, or due to some chronic illness, rapid weight loss due to dieting<br />
* SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus)<br />
* Fungal infection of the scalp<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Types of Alopecia areata===<br />
<br />
* Alopecia areata monolocularis : In this condition there is a single bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata multilocularis: In this condition there are multiple bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata totalis : In this condition, the patient loses all the hair on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata universalis : In this condition, all body hair, including pubic hair, is lost.<br />
* Alopecia areata barbae : In this condition, the disease is limited only to the beard region.<br />
* Traction alopecia : In this condition, alopecia develops along the frontal margins and temporal margins of the scalp due to constant tension on the hair from being tied very tightly.<br />
<br />
[[image: Types of alopecia areate.jpeg|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Market Information==<br />
===Epidemiological aspects===<br />
* The disease can begin at any time of life, but with a peak incidence between 20 and 50 years of age, and other articles affirm 60% of the patients present the first episode of the disease before 20 years of age.<br />
* Alopecia areata accounts for 2% of the first dermatological consultations in the United Kingdom and United States.<br />
* The prevalence of AA in the United States, between 1971 and 1974, varied from 0.1% to 0.2% of the population.9 Some works have estimated that about 1.7% of the population presents at least one episode of AA during their life. [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abd/v80n1/en_v80n01a09.pdf Source]<br />
<br />
==Clinical and Drug trials==<br />
===Clinical Trials==<br />
The format for each of the following is:<br />
* The name of the trial,<br />
* followed by whether the trial is recruiting patients,<br />
** The trial may not have started and not yet recruiting, or the trial may have started and do not need any more recruitements, or the trial may be completed.<br />
**Note**: Please follow the link to determine the current trial status.<br />
* followed by a list of drug/s, if any, used in the trial<br />
<br />
<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00069589 Alopecia Areata Registry] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00167102 Alefacept in Patients With Severe Scalp Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Alefacept<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Latanoprost (Xalatan),Bimatoprost (Lumigan)<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176982 Plaquenil for Alopecia Areata, Alopecia Totalis] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Hydroxychloroquine<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063076 Phase II Randomized Bilateral Comparison of Topical Targretin Gel 1% in Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Targretin Gel 1%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176943 Characteristics of T Cells From Alopecia Areata Scalp Skin Before and After Treatment With Aldara 5%] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Aldara Cream 5%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176969 Response of Topical Capsaicin in Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Capsaicin<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177021 Aldara for the Treatment of Extensive Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Aldara Cream 5%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177073 Alopecia Areata Registry and Immunogenetic Mechanisms] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Drug Trials===<br />
<br />
The format for each of the following is:<br />
* The drug,<br />
* followed by the name of the trial,<br />
* followed by whether the trial is recruiting patients,<br />
** The trial may not have started and not yet recruiting, or the trial may have started and do not need any more recruitements, or the trial may be completed.<br />
** Note**: Please follow the link to determine the current trial status.<br />
<br />
'''ClinicalTrials.gov has listed the following drugs in trials for Alopecia Areata:'''<br />
<br />
* Aldara Cream 5% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177021 Aldara for the Treatment of Extensive Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Aldara Cream 5% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176943 Characteristics of T Cells From Alopecia Areata Scalp Skin Before and After Treatment With Aldara 5%] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Alefacept - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00167102 Alefacept in Patients With Severe Scalp Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Bimatoprost (Lumigan) - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Capsaicin - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176969 Response of Topical Capsaicin in Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Hydroxychloroquine - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176982 Plaquenil for Alopecia Areata, Alopecia Totalis] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Latanoprost (Xalatan) - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* Targretin Gel 1% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063076 Phase II Randomized Bilateral Comparison of Topical Targretin Gel 1% in Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Treatment Approaches==<br />
<br />
The following are some of the common treatments used for alopecia areata in conventional medical practice. These treatments may promote hair growth but none of them prevent new patches from appearing or actually cure the underlying disease; thus they are nothing more than temporary measures for treating alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* '''Corticosteroids''': These drugs have strong anti-inflammatory action and they suppress the immune system if given orally so they are often used in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases, including alopecia areata. Corticosteroids may be administered in three ways for alopecia areata:<br />
** As local injections in the affected area<br />
** As oral medication<br />
** As topical ointments<br />
* '''Minoxidil''': Topical application of minoxidil solution is one of the commonest prescriptions for alopecia areata. Minoxidil is said to promote hair growth in several conditions in which the hair follicle is small and not growing to its full potential.<br />
* '''Anthralin:''' Anthralin, a synthetic tar-like substance that is commonly used to treat alopecia areata. It is often used in combination with other treatments, such as corticosteroid injections or minoxidil.<br />
* '''Oral cyclosporine:''' An immuno-suppressor drug, Cyclosporine is used in some cases of alopecia areata though it must be kept in mind that its side-effects include risk of serious infection and possibly skin cancer. It must be noted that the dangers of this drug outweigh its benefits for alopecia areata.<br />
* '''Sulfasalazine''': Sulfasalazine acts on the immune system and it is used in severe cases of alopecia areata.<br />
* '''PUVA treatment''': In PUVA (also called photochemotherapy), a drug called a psoralen is applied topically or taken orally and then the alopecia patch is exposed to an ultraviolet light source.<br />
* '''Alternative therapie'''s: Alternative therapies commonly used by patients for alopecia areata include acupuncture, aroma therapy, evening primrose oil, zinc and vitamin supplements, and Chinese herbs. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/contreat.htm Source]<br />
<br />
==Intellectual Property==<br />
===Patent Search Strategy===<br />
'''Search scope''': US Granted US Applications EP-A EP-B WO JP (bibliographic data only) DE-C,B DE-A DE-T DE-U GB-A FR-A <br><br />
'''Limitation''': Claims, Title or Abstract<br><br />
'''Years''': 1836-2007<br><br />
'''Text''': (((alopecia ADJ areata) OR (baldness NEAR3 spots) OR (hair WITH loss WITH scalp)) AND (Minimiz* OR Promote OR inhibit* OR reduce* OR stimulat* OR treatment OR prevention) AND (hair)) <br><br />
'''Hits''': '''''423 patents (270 Unique patent families)'''''<br><br />
'''Date of Search''': 5th April 2007<br><br />
[[Media: Analysis sheet.xls| Spreadsheet of patent search results]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Taxonomy===<br />
<br />
[[image:Taxonomy.jpeg|800 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Patent Mapping==<br />
==Competitor Mapping==<br />
==Conclusion==</div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Life_Science_Demo&diff=3440Life Science Demo2007-04-06T07:14:04Z<p>Dolcera: /* Clinical and drug trials */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[image: alopecia1.jpeg|500 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata (‘baldness in spots') is a form of hair loss, usually from the scalp, although it can affect other areas of the body. The hair loss mostly remains limited to the scalp but in certain cases it can extend to eyebrows, eyelashes, facial hair (beard, moustache), nasal hair and give rise to bald spots anywhere in the body.<br />
<br />
Alopecia can affect both men and women and it is not uncommon to see children affected with this disorder. Approximately 2% of the general population worldwide suffers from alopecia areata.<br />
<br />
'''Understanding alopecia areata:'''<br />
The hair is made up of a protein called keratin which is also the main constituent of nails. A specialised structure inside the skin called ‘Papilla' produces the hair as shown in the figure. The papilla is surrounded by a sac-like structure called the ‘Hair follicle' which also surrounds rest of the hair root within the skin. The part of the hair outside the skin surface is called as shaft. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/what.htm Source]<br />
<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria and viruses) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area.<br />
<br />
The commonest presentation of alopecia areata is appearance of bald patches on the scalp. In most cases, hair falls out in small, round patches about the size of a small coin. The patient may have single or multiple such patches. In some cases these patches may remain static, whereas in some cases the patches may spread to involve larger areas of the scalp. In some cases, hair loss is more extensive. Although it is not very common, the disease can progress to cause total loss of hair on the head (alopecia areata totalis) or complete loss of hair on the head, face, and rest of the body (alopecia areata universalis).<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Causes===<br />
[[image: Couses.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria, viruses, allergens, etc.) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area. This abnormal behavior of the immune system is understood to be guided, influenced and triggered by multiple factors.<br />
<br />
The exact cause, why hair follicles undergo this kind of destruction, is not known but a genetic component to this is suspected. Family history of alopecia areata or any of the other auto-immune diseases (such as hypothyroid, diabetes, cancer, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) is often seen in many cases, suggesting a role of genetic element. In addition to the genetic predisposition, certain triggering factors may bring on the onset of this condition. Prolonged underlying stress often predisposes some patients to develop auto-immune process leading to alopecia areata. However, stress may not be the cause in every case.<br />
<br />
Some other common causative factors that can contribute to the development of alopecia areata have been mentioned below:<br />
[[image: Brain.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
<br />
One or more of the following factors may be found responsible in cases of alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* Hormonal cause: High levels of the male hormones (in men as well as in women) can trigger the onset of alopecia<br />
* Thyroid disorders<br />
* Drugs and medications:<br />
** Commonest is this group are chemotherapy drugs, certain medicines used for gout, arthritis, depression, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, etc<br />
** Large doses of Vitamin A can also trigger alopecia<br />
** Oral contraceptive pills<br />
* Chemical treatment of hair, exposure of hair to excessive heat<br />
* Low levels of iron<br />
* Poor protein intake<br />
* Physical stress: After undergoing some major surgery, or due to some chronic illness, rapid weight loss due to dieting<br />
* SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus)<br />
* Fungal infection of the scalp<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Types of Alopecia areata===<br />
<br />
* Alopecia areata monolocularis : In this condition there is a single bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata multilocularis: In this condition there are multiple bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata totalis : In this condition, the patient loses all the hair on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata universalis : In this condition, all body hair, including pubic hair, is lost.<br />
* Alopecia areata barbae : In this condition, the disease is limited only to the beard region.<br />
* Traction alopecia : In this condition, alopecia develops along the frontal margins and temporal margins of the scalp due to constant tension on the hair from being tied very tightly.<br />
<br />
[[image: Types of alopecia areate.jpeg|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Market Information==<br />
===Epidemiological aspects===<br />
* The disease can begin at any time of life, but with a peak incidence between 20 and 50 years of age, and other articles affirm 60% of the patients present the first episode of the disease before 20 years of age.<br />
* Alopecia areata accounts for 2% of the first dermatological consultations in the United Kingdom and United States.<br />
* The prevalence of AA in the United States, between 1971 and 1974, varied from 0.1% to 0.2% of the population.9 Some works have estimated that about 1.7% of the population presents at least one episode of AA during their life. [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abd/v80n1/en_v80n01a09.pdf Source]<br />
<br />
==Clinical and Drug trials==<br />
===Clinical Trials==<br />
The format for each of the following is:<br />
* The name of the trial,<br />
* followed by whether the trial is recruiting patients,<br />
** The trial may not have started and not yet recruiting, or the trial may have started and do not need any more recruitements, or the trial may be completed.<br />
**Note**: Please follow the link to determine the current trial status.<br />
* followed by a list of drug/s, if any, used in the trial<br />
<br />
<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00069589 Alopecia Areata Registry] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00167102 Alefacept in Patients With Severe Scalp Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Alefacept<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Latanoprost (Xalatan),Bimatoprost (Lumigan)<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176982 Plaquenil for Alopecia Areata, Alopecia Totalis] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Hydroxychloroquine<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063076 Phase II Randomized Bilateral Comparison of Topical Targretin Gel 1% in Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Targretin Gel 1%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176943 Characteristics of T Cells From Alopecia Areata Scalp Skin Before and After Treatment With Aldara 5%] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Aldara Cream 5%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176969 Response of Topical Capsaicin in Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Capsaicin<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177021 Aldara for the Treatment of Extensive Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Aldara Cream 5%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177073 Alopecia Areata Registry and Immunogenetic Mechanisms] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Drug Trials===<br />
<br />
The format for each of the following is:<br />
* The drug,<br />
* followed by the name of the trial,<br />
* followed by whether the trial is recruiting patients,<br />
** The trial may not have started and not yet recruiting, or the trial may have started and do not need any more recruitements, or the trial may be completed.<br />
** Note**: Please follow the link to determine the current trial status.<br />
<br />
'''ClinicalTrials.gov has listed the following drugs in trials for Alopecia Areata:'''<br />
<br />
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Aldara Cream 5% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177021 Aldara for the Treatment of Extensive Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
<br />
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Aldara Cream 5% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176943 Characteristics of T Cells From Alopecia Areata Scalp Skin Before and After Treatment With Aldara 5%] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
<br />
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Alefacept - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00167102 Alefacept in Patients With Severe Scalp Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
<br />
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Bimatoprost (Lumigan) - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
<br />
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Capsaicin - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176969 Response of Topical Capsaicin in Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
<br />
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Hydroxychloroquine - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176982 Plaquenil for Alopecia Areata, Alopecia Totalis] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
<br />
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Latanoprost (Xalatan) - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
<br />
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Targretin Gel 1% - [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063076 Phase II Randomized Bilateral Comparison of Topical Targretin Gel 1% in Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
<br />
==Treatment Approaches==<br />
<br />
The following are some of the common treatments used for alopecia areata in conventional medical practice. These treatments may promote hair growth but none of them prevent new patches from appearing or actually cure the underlying disease; thus they are nothing more than temporary measures for treating alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* '''Corticosteroids''': These drugs have strong anti-inflammatory action and they suppress the immune system if given orally so they are often used in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases, including alopecia areata. Corticosteroids may be administered in three ways for alopecia areata:<br />
** As local injections in the affected area<br />
** As oral medication<br />
** As topical ointments<br />
* '''Minoxidil''': Topical application of minoxidil solution is one of the commonest prescriptions for alopecia areata. Minoxidil is said to promote hair growth in several conditions in which the hair follicle is small and not growing to its full potential.<br />
* '''Anthralin:''' Anthralin, a synthetic tar-like substance that is commonly used to treat alopecia areata. It is often used in combination with other treatments, such as corticosteroid injections or minoxidil.<br />
* '''Oral cyclosporine:''' An immuno-suppressor drug, Cyclosporine is used in some cases of alopecia areata though it must be kept in mind that its side-effects include risk of serious infection and possibly skin cancer. It must be noted that the dangers of this drug outweigh its benefits for alopecia areata.<br />
* '''Sulfasalazine''': Sulfasalazine acts on the immune system and it is used in severe cases of alopecia areata.<br />
* '''PUVA treatment''': In PUVA (also called photochemotherapy), a drug called a psoralen is applied topically or taken orally and then the alopecia patch is exposed to an ultraviolet light source.<br />
* '''Alternative therapie'''s: Alternative therapies commonly used by patients for alopecia areata include acupuncture, aroma therapy, evening primrose oil, zinc and vitamin supplements, and Chinese herbs. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/contreat.htm Source]<br />
<br />
==Intellectual Property==<br />
===Patent Search Strategy===<br />
'''Search scope''': US Granted US Applications EP-A EP-B WO JP (bibliographic data only) DE-C,B DE-A DE-T DE-U GB-A FR-A <br><br />
'''Limitation''': Claims, Title or Abstract<br><br />
'''Years''': 1836-2007<br><br />
'''Text''': (((alopecia ADJ areata) OR (baldness NEAR3 spots) OR (hair WITH loss WITH scalp)) AND (Minimiz* OR Promote OR inhibit* OR reduce* OR stimulat* OR treatment OR prevention) AND (hair)) <br><br />
'''Hits''': '''''423 patents (270 Unique patent families)'''''<br><br />
'''Date of Search''': 5th April 2007<br><br />
[[Media: Analysis sheet.xls| Spreadsheet of patent search results]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Taxonomy===<br />
<br />
[[image:Taxonomy.jpeg|800 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Patent Mapping==<br />
==Competitor Mapping==<br />
==Conclusion==</div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Life_Science_Demo&diff=3439Life Science Demo2007-04-06T07:10:27Z<p>Dolcera: /* Treatment Approaches */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[image: alopecia1.jpeg|500 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata (‘baldness in spots') is a form of hair loss, usually from the scalp, although it can affect other areas of the body. The hair loss mostly remains limited to the scalp but in certain cases it can extend to eyebrows, eyelashes, facial hair (beard, moustache), nasal hair and give rise to bald spots anywhere in the body.<br />
<br />
Alopecia can affect both men and women and it is not uncommon to see children affected with this disorder. Approximately 2% of the general population worldwide suffers from alopecia areata.<br />
<br />
'''Understanding alopecia areata:'''<br />
The hair is made up of a protein called keratin which is also the main constituent of nails. A specialised structure inside the skin called ‘Papilla' produces the hair as shown in the figure. The papilla is surrounded by a sac-like structure called the ‘Hair follicle' which also surrounds rest of the hair root within the skin. The part of the hair outside the skin surface is called as shaft. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/what.htm Source]<br />
<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria and viruses) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area.<br />
<br />
The commonest presentation of alopecia areata is appearance of bald patches on the scalp. In most cases, hair falls out in small, round patches about the size of a small coin. The patient may have single or multiple such patches. In some cases these patches may remain static, whereas in some cases the patches may spread to involve larger areas of the scalp. In some cases, hair loss is more extensive. Although it is not very common, the disease can progress to cause total loss of hair on the head (alopecia areata totalis) or complete loss of hair on the head, face, and rest of the body (alopecia areata universalis).<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Causes===<br />
[[image: Couses.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria, viruses, allergens, etc.) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area. This abnormal behavior of the immune system is understood to be guided, influenced and triggered by multiple factors.<br />
<br />
The exact cause, why hair follicles undergo this kind of destruction, is not known but a genetic component to this is suspected. Family history of alopecia areata or any of the other auto-immune diseases (such as hypothyroid, diabetes, cancer, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) is often seen in many cases, suggesting a role of genetic element. In addition to the genetic predisposition, certain triggering factors may bring on the onset of this condition. Prolonged underlying stress often predisposes some patients to develop auto-immune process leading to alopecia areata. However, stress may not be the cause in every case.<br />
<br />
Some other common causative factors that can contribute to the development of alopecia areata have been mentioned below:<br />
[[image: Brain.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
<br />
One or more of the following factors may be found responsible in cases of alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* Hormonal cause: High levels of the male hormones (in men as well as in women) can trigger the onset of alopecia<br />
* Thyroid disorders<br />
* Drugs and medications:<br />
** Commonest is this group are chemotherapy drugs, certain medicines used for gout, arthritis, depression, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, etc<br />
** Large doses of Vitamin A can also trigger alopecia<br />
** Oral contraceptive pills<br />
* Chemical treatment of hair, exposure of hair to excessive heat<br />
* Low levels of iron<br />
* Poor protein intake<br />
* Physical stress: After undergoing some major surgery, or due to some chronic illness, rapid weight loss due to dieting<br />
* SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus)<br />
* Fungal infection of the scalp<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Types of Alopecia areata===<br />
<br />
* Alopecia areata monolocularis : In this condition there is a single bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata multilocularis: In this condition there are multiple bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata totalis : In this condition, the patient loses all the hair on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata universalis : In this condition, all body hair, including pubic hair, is lost.<br />
* Alopecia areata barbae : In this condition, the disease is limited only to the beard region.<br />
* Traction alopecia : In this condition, alopecia develops along the frontal margins and temporal margins of the scalp due to constant tension on the hair from being tied very tightly.<br />
<br />
[[image: Types of alopecia areate.jpeg|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Market Information==<br />
===Epidemiological aspects===<br />
* The disease can begin at any time of life, but with a peak incidence between 20 and 50 years of age, and other articles affirm 60% of the patients present the first episode of the disease before 20 years of age.<br />
* Alopecia areata accounts for 2% of the first dermatological consultations in the United Kingdom and United States.<br />
* The prevalence of AA in the United States, between 1971 and 1974, varied from 0.1% to 0.2% of the population.9 Some works have estimated that about 1.7% of the population presents at least one episode of AA during their life. [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abd/v80n1/en_v80n01a09.pdf Source]<br />
<br />
==Clinical and drug trials==<br />
<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00069589 Alopecia Areata Registry] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006)<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00167102 Alefacept in Patients With Severe Scalp Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Alefacept<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00187577 Efficacy Study of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost Solutions in Promoting Eyelash Growth in Patients With Alopecia Areata] - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Latanoprost (Xalatan),Bimatoprost (Lumigan)<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176982 Plaquenil for Alopecia Areata, Alopecia Totalis] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Hydroxychloroquine<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063076 Phase II Randomized Bilateral Comparison of Topical Targretin Gel 1% in Alopecia Areata] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Targretin Gel 1%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176943 Characteristics of T Cells From Alopecia Areata Scalp Skin Before and After Treatment With Aldara 5%] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Aldara Cream 5%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00176969 Response of Topical Capsaicin in Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Capsaicin<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177021 Aldara for the Treatment of Extensive Alopecia Areata] - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - Aldara Cream 5%<br />
* [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00177073 Alopecia Areata Registry and Immunogenetic Mechanisms] - This study is currently recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) <br />
<br />
==Treatment Approaches==<br />
<br />
The following are some of the common treatments used for alopecia areata in conventional medical practice. These treatments may promote hair growth but none of them prevent new patches from appearing or actually cure the underlying disease; thus they are nothing more than temporary measures for treating alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* '''Corticosteroids''': These drugs have strong anti-inflammatory action and they suppress the immune system if given orally so they are often used in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases, including alopecia areata. Corticosteroids may be administered in three ways for alopecia areata:<br />
** As local injections in the affected area<br />
** As oral medication<br />
** As topical ointments<br />
* '''Minoxidil''': Topical application of minoxidil solution is one of the commonest prescriptions for alopecia areata. Minoxidil is said to promote hair growth in several conditions in which the hair follicle is small and not growing to its full potential.<br />
* '''Anthralin:''' Anthralin, a synthetic tar-like substance that is commonly used to treat alopecia areata. It is often used in combination with other treatments, such as corticosteroid injections or minoxidil.<br />
* '''Oral cyclosporine:''' An immuno-suppressor drug, Cyclosporine is used in some cases of alopecia areata though it must be kept in mind that its side-effects include risk of serious infection and possibly skin cancer. It must be noted that the dangers of this drug outweigh its benefits for alopecia areata.<br />
* '''Sulfasalazine''': Sulfasalazine acts on the immune system and it is used in severe cases of alopecia areata.<br />
* '''PUVA treatment''': In PUVA (also called photochemotherapy), a drug called a psoralen is applied topically or taken orally and then the alopecia patch is exposed to an ultraviolet light source.<br />
* '''Alternative therapie'''s: Alternative therapies commonly used by patients for alopecia areata include acupuncture, aroma therapy, evening primrose oil, zinc and vitamin supplements, and Chinese herbs. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/contreat.htm Source]<br />
<br />
==Intellectual Property==<br />
===Patent Search Strategy===<br />
'''Search scope''': US Granted US Applications EP-A EP-B WO JP (bibliographic data only) DE-C,B DE-A DE-T DE-U GB-A FR-A <br><br />
'''Limitation''': Claims, Title or Abstract<br><br />
'''Years''': 1836-2007<br><br />
'''Text''': (((alopecia ADJ areata) OR (baldness NEAR3 spots) OR (hair WITH loss WITH scalp)) AND (Minimiz* OR Promote OR inhibit* OR reduce* OR stimulat* OR treatment OR prevention) AND (hair)) <br><br />
'''Hits''': '''''423 patents (270 Unique patent families)'''''<br><br />
'''Date of Search''': 5th April 2007<br><br />
[[Media: Analysis sheet.xls| Spreadsheet of patent search results]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Taxonomy===<br />
<br />
[[image:Taxonomy.jpeg|800 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Patent Mapping==<br />
==Competitor Mapping==<br />
==Conclusion==</div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=File:Taxonomy.jpeg&diff=3438File:Taxonomy.jpeg2007-04-06T07:02:45Z<p>Dolcera: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Life_Science_Demo&diff=3437Life Science Demo2007-04-06T07:01:49Z<p>Dolcera: /* Taxonomy */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[image: alopecia1.jpeg|500 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata (‘baldness in spots') is a form of hair loss, usually from the scalp, although it can affect other areas of the body. The hair loss mostly remains limited to the scalp but in certain cases it can extend to eyebrows, eyelashes, facial hair (beard, moustache), nasal hair and give rise to bald spots anywhere in the body.<br />
<br />
Alopecia can affect both men and women and it is not uncommon to see children affected with this disorder. Approximately 2% of the general population worldwide suffers from alopecia areata.<br />
<br />
'''Understanding alopecia areata:'''<br />
The hair is made up of a protein called keratin which is also the main constituent of nails. A specialised structure inside the skin called ‘Papilla' produces the hair as shown in the figure. The papilla is surrounded by a sac-like structure called the ‘Hair follicle' which also surrounds rest of the hair root within the skin. The part of the hair outside the skin surface is called as shaft. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/what.htm Source]<br />
<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria and viruses) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area.<br />
<br />
The commonest presentation of alopecia areata is appearance of bald patches on the scalp. In most cases, hair falls out in small, round patches about the size of a small coin. The patient may have single or multiple such patches. In some cases these patches may remain static, whereas in some cases the patches may spread to involve larger areas of the scalp. In some cases, hair loss is more extensive. Although it is not very common, the disease can progress to cause total loss of hair on the head (alopecia areata totalis) or complete loss of hair on the head, face, and rest of the body (alopecia areata universalis).<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Causes===<br />
[[image: Couses.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria, viruses, allergens, etc.) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area. This abnormal behavior of the immune system is understood to be guided, influenced and triggered by multiple factors.<br />
<br />
The exact cause, why hair follicles undergo this kind of destruction, is not known but a genetic component to this is suspected. Family history of alopecia areata or any of the other auto-immune diseases (such as hypothyroid, diabetes, cancer, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) is often seen in many cases, suggesting a role of genetic element. In addition to the genetic predisposition, certain triggering factors may bring on the onset of this condition. Prolonged underlying stress often predisposes some patients to develop auto-immune process leading to alopecia areata. However, stress may not be the cause in every case.<br />
<br />
Some other common causative factors that can contribute to the development of alopecia areata have been mentioned below:<br />
[[image: Brain.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
<br />
One or more of the following factors may be found responsible in cases of alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* Hormonal cause: High levels of the male hormones (in men as well as in women) can trigger the onset of alopecia<br />
* Thyroid disorders<br />
* Drugs and medications:<br />
** Commonest is this group are chemotherapy drugs, certain medicines used for gout, arthritis, depression, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, etc<br />
** Large doses of Vitamin A can also trigger alopecia<br />
** Oral contraceptive pills<br />
* Chemical treatment of hair, exposure of hair to excessive heat<br />
* Low levels of iron<br />
* Poor protein intake<br />
* Physical stress: After undergoing some major surgery, or due to some chronic illness, rapid weight loss due to dieting<br />
* SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus)<br />
* Fungal infection of the scalp<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Types of Alopecia areata===<br />
<br />
* Alopecia areata monolocularis : In this condition there is a single bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata multilocularis: In this condition there are multiple bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata totalis : In this condition, the patient loses all the hair on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata universalis : In this condition, all body hair, including pubic hair, is lost.<br />
* Alopecia areata barbae : In this condition, the disease is limited only to the beard region.<br />
* Traction alopecia : In this condition, alopecia develops along the frontal margins and temporal margins of the scalp due to constant tension on the hair from being tied very tightly.<br />
<br />
[[image: Types of alopecia areate.jpeg|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Market Information==<br />
===Epidemiological aspects===<br />
* The disease can begin at any time of life, but with a peak incidence between 20 and 50 years of age, and other articles affirm 60% of the patients present the first episode of the disease before 20 years of age.<br />
* Alopecia areata accounts for 2% of the first dermatological consultations in the United Kingdom and United States.<br />
* The prevalence of AA in the United States, between 1971 and 1974, varied from 0.1% to 0.2% of the population.9 Some works have estimated that about 1.7% of the population presents at least one episode of AA during their life. [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abd/v80n1/en_v80n01a09.pdf Source]<br />
<br />
==Treatment Approaches==<br />
<br />
The following are some of the common treatments used for alopecia areata in conventional medical practice. These treatments may promote hair growth but none of them prevent new patches from appearing or actually cure the underlying disease; thus they are nothing more than temporary measures for treating alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* '''Corticosteroids''': These drugs have strong anti-inflammatory action and they suppress the immune system if given orally so they are often used in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases, including alopecia areata. Corticosteroids may be administered in three ways for alopecia areata:<br />
** As local injections in the affected area<br />
** As oral medication<br />
** As topical ointments<br />
* '''Minoxidil''': Topical application of minoxidil solution is one of the commonest prescriptions for alopecia areata. Minoxidil is said to promote hair growth in several conditions in which the hair follicle is small and not growing to its full potential.<br />
* '''Anthralin:''' Anthralin, a synthetic tar-like substance that is commonly used to treat alopecia areata. It is often used in combination with other treatments, such as corticosteroid injections or minoxidil.<br />
* '''Oral cyclosporine:''' An immuno-suppressor drug, Cyclosporine is used in some cases of alopecia areata though it must be kept in mind that its side-effects include risk of serious infection and possibly skin cancer. It must be noted that the dangers of this drug outweigh its benefits for alopecia areata.<br />
* '''Sulfasalazine''': Sulfasalazine acts on the immune system and it is used in severe cases of alopecia areata.<br />
* '''PUVA treatment''': In PUVA (also called photochemotherapy), a drug called a psoralen is applied topically or taken orally and then the alopecia patch is exposed to an ultraviolet light source.<br />
* '''Alternative therapie'''s: Alternative therapies commonly used by patients for alopecia areata include acupuncture, aroma therapy, evening primrose oil, zinc and vitamin supplements, and Chinese herbs. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/contreat.htm Source]<br />
<br />
==Intellectual Property==<br />
===Patent Search Strategy===<br />
'''Search scope''': US Granted US Applications EP-A EP-B WO JP (bibliographic data only) DE-C,B DE-A DE-T DE-U GB-A FR-A <br><br />
'''Limitation''': Claims, Title or Abstract<br><br />
'''Years''': 1836-2007<br><br />
'''Text''': (((alopecia ADJ areata) OR (baldness NEAR3 spots) OR (hair WITH loss WITH scalp)) AND (Minimiz* OR Promote OR inhibit* OR reduce* OR stimulat* OR treatment OR prevention) AND (hair)) <br><br />
'''Hits''': '''''423 patents (270 Unique patent families)'''''<br><br />
'''Date of Search''': 5th April 2007<br><br />
[[Media: Analysis sheet.xls| Spreadsheet of patent search results]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Taxonomy===<br />
<br />
[[image:Taxonomy.jpeg|800 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Patent Mapping==<br />
==Competitor Mapping==<br />
==Conclusion==</div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Life_Science_Demo&diff=3436Life Science Demo2007-04-06T07:01:40Z<p>Dolcera: /* Patent Search Strategy */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[image: alopecia1.jpeg|500 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata (‘baldness in spots') is a form of hair loss, usually from the scalp, although it can affect other areas of the body. The hair loss mostly remains limited to the scalp but in certain cases it can extend to eyebrows, eyelashes, facial hair (beard, moustache), nasal hair and give rise to bald spots anywhere in the body.<br />
<br />
Alopecia can affect both men and women and it is not uncommon to see children affected with this disorder. Approximately 2% of the general population worldwide suffers from alopecia areata.<br />
<br />
'''Understanding alopecia areata:'''<br />
The hair is made up of a protein called keratin which is also the main constituent of nails. A specialised structure inside the skin called ‘Papilla' produces the hair as shown in the figure. The papilla is surrounded by a sac-like structure called the ‘Hair follicle' which also surrounds rest of the hair root within the skin. The part of the hair outside the skin surface is called as shaft. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/what.htm Source]<br />
<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria and viruses) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area.<br />
<br />
The commonest presentation of alopecia areata is appearance of bald patches on the scalp. In most cases, hair falls out in small, round patches about the size of a small coin. The patient may have single or multiple such patches. In some cases these patches may remain static, whereas in some cases the patches may spread to involve larger areas of the scalp. In some cases, hair loss is more extensive. Although it is not very common, the disease can progress to cause total loss of hair on the head (alopecia areata totalis) or complete loss of hair on the head, face, and rest of the body (alopecia areata universalis).<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Causes===<br />
[[image: Couses.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria, viruses, allergens, etc.) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area. This abnormal behavior of the immune system is understood to be guided, influenced and triggered by multiple factors.<br />
<br />
The exact cause, why hair follicles undergo this kind of destruction, is not known but a genetic component to this is suspected. Family history of alopecia areata or any of the other auto-immune diseases (such as hypothyroid, diabetes, cancer, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) is often seen in many cases, suggesting a role of genetic element. In addition to the genetic predisposition, certain triggering factors may bring on the onset of this condition. Prolonged underlying stress often predisposes some patients to develop auto-immune process leading to alopecia areata. However, stress may not be the cause in every case.<br />
<br />
Some other common causative factors that can contribute to the development of alopecia areata have been mentioned below:<br />
[[image: Brain.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
<br />
One or more of the following factors may be found responsible in cases of alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* Hormonal cause: High levels of the male hormones (in men as well as in women) can trigger the onset of alopecia<br />
* Thyroid disorders<br />
* Drugs and medications:<br />
** Commonest is this group are chemotherapy drugs, certain medicines used for gout, arthritis, depression, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, etc<br />
** Large doses of Vitamin A can also trigger alopecia<br />
** Oral contraceptive pills<br />
* Chemical treatment of hair, exposure of hair to excessive heat<br />
* Low levels of iron<br />
* Poor protein intake<br />
* Physical stress: After undergoing some major surgery, or due to some chronic illness, rapid weight loss due to dieting<br />
* SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus)<br />
* Fungal infection of the scalp<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Types of Alopecia areata===<br />
<br />
* Alopecia areata monolocularis : In this condition there is a single bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata multilocularis: In this condition there are multiple bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata totalis : In this condition, the patient loses all the hair on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata universalis : In this condition, all body hair, including pubic hair, is lost.<br />
* Alopecia areata barbae : In this condition, the disease is limited only to the beard region.<br />
* Traction alopecia : In this condition, alopecia develops along the frontal margins and temporal margins of the scalp due to constant tension on the hair from being tied very tightly.<br />
<br />
[[image: Types of alopecia areate.jpeg|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Market Information==<br />
===Epidemiological aspects===<br />
* The disease can begin at any time of life, but with a peak incidence between 20 and 50 years of age, and other articles affirm 60% of the patients present the first episode of the disease before 20 years of age.<br />
* Alopecia areata accounts for 2% of the first dermatological consultations in the United Kingdom and United States.<br />
* The prevalence of AA in the United States, between 1971 and 1974, varied from 0.1% to 0.2% of the population.9 Some works have estimated that about 1.7% of the population presents at least one episode of AA during their life. [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abd/v80n1/en_v80n01a09.pdf Source]<br />
<br />
==Treatment Approaches==<br />
<br />
The following are some of the common treatments used for alopecia areata in conventional medical practice. These treatments may promote hair growth but none of them prevent new patches from appearing or actually cure the underlying disease; thus they are nothing more than temporary measures for treating alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* '''Corticosteroids''': These drugs have strong anti-inflammatory action and they suppress the immune system if given orally so they are often used in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases, including alopecia areata. Corticosteroids may be administered in three ways for alopecia areata:<br />
** As local injections in the affected area<br />
** As oral medication<br />
** As topical ointments<br />
* '''Minoxidil''': Topical application of minoxidil solution is one of the commonest prescriptions for alopecia areata. Minoxidil is said to promote hair growth in several conditions in which the hair follicle is small and not growing to its full potential.<br />
* '''Anthralin:''' Anthralin, a synthetic tar-like substance that is commonly used to treat alopecia areata. It is often used in combination with other treatments, such as corticosteroid injections or minoxidil.<br />
* '''Oral cyclosporine:''' An immuno-suppressor drug, Cyclosporine is used in some cases of alopecia areata though it must be kept in mind that its side-effects include risk of serious infection and possibly skin cancer. It must be noted that the dangers of this drug outweigh its benefits for alopecia areata.<br />
* '''Sulfasalazine''': Sulfasalazine acts on the immune system and it is used in severe cases of alopecia areata.<br />
* '''PUVA treatment''': In PUVA (also called photochemotherapy), a drug called a psoralen is applied topically or taken orally and then the alopecia patch is exposed to an ultraviolet light source.<br />
* '''Alternative therapie'''s: Alternative therapies commonly used by patients for alopecia areata include acupuncture, aroma therapy, evening primrose oil, zinc and vitamin supplements, and Chinese herbs. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/contreat.htm Source]<br />
<br />
==Intellectual Property==<br />
===Patent Search Strategy===<br />
'''Search scope''': US Granted US Applications EP-A EP-B WO JP (bibliographic data only) DE-C,B DE-A DE-T DE-U GB-A FR-A <br><br />
'''Limitation''': Claims, Title or Abstract<br><br />
'''Years''': 1836-2007<br><br />
'''Text''': (((alopecia ADJ areata) OR (baldness NEAR3 spots) OR (hair WITH loss WITH scalp)) AND (Minimiz* OR Promote OR inhibit* OR reduce* OR stimulat* OR treatment OR prevention) AND (hair)) <br><br />
'''Hits''': '''''423 patents (270 Unique patent families)'''''<br><br />
'''Date of Search''': 5th April 2007<br><br />
[[Media: Analysis sheet.xls| Spreadsheet of patent search results]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Taxonomy===<br />
<br />
[[image:Taxonomy.jpeg|800 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
==Patent Mapping==<br />
==Competitor Mapping==<br />
==Conclusion==</div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Life_Science_Demo&diff=3435Life Science Demo2007-04-06T07:01:29Z<p>Dolcera: /* Patent Search Strategy */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[image: alopecia1.jpeg|500 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata (‘baldness in spots') is a form of hair loss, usually from the scalp, although it can affect other areas of the body. The hair loss mostly remains limited to the scalp but in certain cases it can extend to eyebrows, eyelashes, facial hair (beard, moustache), nasal hair and give rise to bald spots anywhere in the body.<br />
<br />
Alopecia can affect both men and women and it is not uncommon to see children affected with this disorder. Approximately 2% of the general population worldwide suffers from alopecia areata.<br />
<br />
'''Understanding alopecia areata:'''<br />
The hair is made up of a protein called keratin which is also the main constituent of nails. A specialised structure inside the skin called ‘Papilla' produces the hair as shown in the figure. The papilla is surrounded by a sac-like structure called the ‘Hair follicle' which also surrounds rest of the hair root within the skin. The part of the hair outside the skin surface is called as shaft. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/what.htm Source]<br />
<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria and viruses) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area.<br />
<br />
The commonest presentation of alopecia areata is appearance of bald patches on the scalp. In most cases, hair falls out in small, round patches about the size of a small coin. The patient may have single or multiple such patches. In some cases these patches may remain static, whereas in some cases the patches may spread to involve larger areas of the scalp. In some cases, hair loss is more extensive. Although it is not very common, the disease can progress to cause total loss of hair on the head (alopecia areata totalis) or complete loss of hair on the head, face, and rest of the body (alopecia areata universalis).<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Causes===<br />
[[image: Couses.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria, viruses, allergens, etc.) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area. This abnormal behavior of the immune system is understood to be guided, influenced and triggered by multiple factors.<br />
<br />
The exact cause, why hair follicles undergo this kind of destruction, is not known but a genetic component to this is suspected. Family history of alopecia areata or any of the other auto-immune diseases (such as hypothyroid, diabetes, cancer, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) is often seen in many cases, suggesting a role of genetic element. In addition to the genetic predisposition, certain triggering factors may bring on the onset of this condition. Prolonged underlying stress often predisposes some patients to develop auto-immune process leading to alopecia areata. However, stress may not be the cause in every case.<br />
<br />
Some other common causative factors that can contribute to the development of alopecia areata have been mentioned below:<br />
[[image: Brain.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
<br />
One or more of the following factors may be found responsible in cases of alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* Hormonal cause: High levels of the male hormones (in men as well as in women) can trigger the onset of alopecia<br />
* Thyroid disorders<br />
* Drugs and medications:<br />
** Commonest is this group are chemotherapy drugs, certain medicines used for gout, arthritis, depression, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, etc<br />
** Large doses of Vitamin A can also trigger alopecia<br />
** Oral contraceptive pills<br />
* Chemical treatment of hair, exposure of hair to excessive heat<br />
* Low levels of iron<br />
* Poor protein intake<br />
* Physical stress: After undergoing some major surgery, or due to some chronic illness, rapid weight loss due to dieting<br />
* SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus)<br />
* Fungal infection of the scalp<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Types of Alopecia areata===<br />
<br />
* Alopecia areata monolocularis : In this condition there is a single bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata multilocularis: In this condition there are multiple bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata totalis : In this condition, the patient loses all the hair on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata universalis : In this condition, all body hair, including pubic hair, is lost.<br />
* Alopecia areata barbae : In this condition, the disease is limited only to the beard region.<br />
* Traction alopecia : In this condition, alopecia develops along the frontal margins and temporal margins of the scalp due to constant tension on the hair from being tied very tightly.<br />
<br />
[[image: Types of alopecia areate.jpeg|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Market Information==<br />
===Epidemiological aspects===<br />
* The disease can begin at any time of life, but with a peak incidence between 20 and 50 years of age, and other articles affirm 60% of the patients present the first episode of the disease before 20 years of age.<br />
* Alopecia areata accounts for 2% of the first dermatological consultations in the United Kingdom and United States.<br />
* The prevalence of AA in the United States, between 1971 and 1974, varied from 0.1% to 0.2% of the population.9 Some works have estimated that about 1.7% of the population presents at least one episode of AA during their life. [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abd/v80n1/en_v80n01a09.pdf Source]<br />
<br />
==Treatment Approaches==<br />
<br />
The following are some of the common treatments used for alopecia areata in conventional medical practice. These treatments may promote hair growth but none of them prevent new patches from appearing or actually cure the underlying disease; thus they are nothing more than temporary measures for treating alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* '''Corticosteroids''': These drugs have strong anti-inflammatory action and they suppress the immune system if given orally so they are often used in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases, including alopecia areata. Corticosteroids may be administered in three ways for alopecia areata:<br />
** As local injections in the affected area<br />
** As oral medication<br />
** As topical ointments<br />
* '''Minoxidil''': Topical application of minoxidil solution is one of the commonest prescriptions for alopecia areata. Minoxidil is said to promote hair growth in several conditions in which the hair follicle is small and not growing to its full potential.<br />
* '''Anthralin:''' Anthralin, a synthetic tar-like substance that is commonly used to treat alopecia areata. It is often used in combination with other treatments, such as corticosteroid injections or minoxidil.<br />
* '''Oral cyclosporine:''' An immuno-suppressor drug, Cyclosporine is used in some cases of alopecia areata though it must be kept in mind that its side-effects include risk of serious infection and possibly skin cancer. It must be noted that the dangers of this drug outweigh its benefits for alopecia areata.<br />
* '''Sulfasalazine''': Sulfasalazine acts on the immune system and it is used in severe cases of alopecia areata.<br />
* '''PUVA treatment''': In PUVA (also called photochemotherapy), a drug called a psoralen is applied topically or taken orally and then the alopecia patch is exposed to an ultraviolet light source.<br />
* '''Alternative therapie'''s: Alternative therapies commonly used by patients for alopecia areata include acupuncture, aroma therapy, evening primrose oil, zinc and vitamin supplements, and Chinese herbs. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/contreat.htm Source]<br />
<br />
==Intellectual Property==<br />
===Patent Search Strategy===<br />
'''Search scope''': US Granted US Applications EP-A EP-B WO JP (bibliographic data only) DE-C,B DE-A DE-T DE-U GB-A FR-A <br><br />
'''Limitation''': Claims, Title or Abstract<br><br />
'''Years''': 1836-2007<br><br />
'''Text''': (((alopecia ADJ areata) OR (baldness NEAR3 spots) OR (hair WITH loss WITH scalp)) AND (Minimiz* OR Promote OR inhibit* OR reduce* OR stimulat* OR treatment OR prevention) AND (hair)) <br><br />
'''Hits''': '''''423 patents (270 Unique patent families)'''''<br><br />
'''Date of Search''': 5th April 2007<br><br />
[[Media: Analysis sheet.xls| Spreadsheet of patent search results]]<br />
===Taxonomy===<br />
<br />
[[image:Taxonomy.jpeg|800 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
==Patent Mapping==<br />
==Competitor Mapping==<br />
==Conclusion==</div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Life_Science_Demo&diff=3434Life Science Demo2007-04-06T06:49:43Z<p>Dolcera: /* Epidemiological aspects */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[image: alopecia1.jpeg|500 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata (‘baldness in spots') is a form of hair loss, usually from the scalp, although it can affect other areas of the body. The hair loss mostly remains limited to the scalp but in certain cases it can extend to eyebrows, eyelashes, facial hair (beard, moustache), nasal hair and give rise to bald spots anywhere in the body.<br />
<br />
Alopecia can affect both men and women and it is not uncommon to see children affected with this disorder. Approximately 2% of the general population worldwide suffers from alopecia areata.<br />
<br />
'''Understanding alopecia areata:'''<br />
The hair is made up of a protein called keratin which is also the main constituent of nails. A specialised structure inside the skin called ‘Papilla' produces the hair as shown in the figure. The papilla is surrounded by a sac-like structure called the ‘Hair follicle' which also surrounds rest of the hair root within the skin. The part of the hair outside the skin surface is called as shaft. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/what.htm Source]<br />
<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria and viruses) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area.<br />
<br />
The commonest presentation of alopecia areata is appearance of bald patches on the scalp. In most cases, hair falls out in small, round patches about the size of a small coin. The patient may have single or multiple such patches. In some cases these patches may remain static, whereas in some cases the patches may spread to involve larger areas of the scalp. In some cases, hair loss is more extensive. Although it is not very common, the disease can progress to cause total loss of hair on the head (alopecia areata totalis) or complete loss of hair on the head, face, and rest of the body (alopecia areata universalis).<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Causes===<br />
[[image: Couses.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria, viruses, allergens, etc.) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area. This abnormal behavior of the immune system is understood to be guided, influenced and triggered by multiple factors.<br />
<br />
The exact cause, why hair follicles undergo this kind of destruction, is not known but a genetic component to this is suspected. Family history of alopecia areata or any of the other auto-immune diseases (such as hypothyroid, diabetes, cancer, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) is often seen in many cases, suggesting a role of genetic element. In addition to the genetic predisposition, certain triggering factors may bring on the onset of this condition. Prolonged underlying stress often predisposes some patients to develop auto-immune process leading to alopecia areata. However, stress may not be the cause in every case.<br />
<br />
Some other common causative factors that can contribute to the development of alopecia areata have been mentioned below:<br />
[[image: Brain.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
<br />
One or more of the following factors may be found responsible in cases of alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* Hormonal cause: High levels of the male hormones (in men as well as in women) can trigger the onset of alopecia<br />
* Thyroid disorders<br />
* Drugs and medications:<br />
** Commonest is this group are chemotherapy drugs, certain medicines used for gout, arthritis, depression, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, etc<br />
** Large doses of Vitamin A can also trigger alopecia<br />
** Oral contraceptive pills<br />
* Chemical treatment of hair, exposure of hair to excessive heat<br />
* Low levels of iron<br />
* Poor protein intake<br />
* Physical stress: After undergoing some major surgery, or due to some chronic illness, rapid weight loss due to dieting<br />
* SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus)<br />
* Fungal infection of the scalp<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Types of Alopecia areata===<br />
<br />
* Alopecia areata monolocularis : In this condition there is a single bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata multilocularis: In this condition there are multiple bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata totalis : In this condition, the patient loses all the hair on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata universalis : In this condition, all body hair, including pubic hair, is lost.<br />
* Alopecia areata barbae : In this condition, the disease is limited only to the beard region.<br />
* Traction alopecia : In this condition, alopecia develops along the frontal margins and temporal margins of the scalp due to constant tension on the hair from being tied very tightly.<br />
<br />
[[image: Types of alopecia areate.jpeg|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Market Information==<br />
===Epidemiological aspects===<br />
* The disease can begin at any time of life, but with a peak incidence between 20 and 50 years of age, and other articles affirm 60% of the patients present the first episode of the disease before 20 years of age.<br />
* Alopecia areata accounts for 2% of the first dermatological consultations in the United Kingdom and United States.<br />
* The prevalence of AA in the United States, between 1971 and 1974, varied from 0.1% to 0.2% of the population.9 Some works have estimated that about 1.7% of the population presents at least one episode of AA during their life. [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abd/v80n1/en_v80n01a09.pdf Source]<br />
<br />
==Treatment Approaches==<br />
<br />
The following are some of the common treatments used for alopecia areata in conventional medical practice. These treatments may promote hair growth but none of them prevent new patches from appearing or actually cure the underlying disease; thus they are nothing more than temporary measures for treating alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* '''Corticosteroids''': These drugs have strong anti-inflammatory action and they suppress the immune system if given orally so they are often used in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases, including alopecia areata. Corticosteroids may be administered in three ways for alopecia areata:<br />
** As local injections in the affected area<br />
** As oral medication<br />
** As topical ointments<br />
* '''Minoxidil''': Topical application of minoxidil solution is one of the commonest prescriptions for alopecia areata. Minoxidil is said to promote hair growth in several conditions in which the hair follicle is small and not growing to its full potential.<br />
* '''Anthralin:''' Anthralin, a synthetic tar-like substance that is commonly used to treat alopecia areata. It is often used in combination with other treatments, such as corticosteroid injections or minoxidil.<br />
* '''Oral cyclosporine:''' An immuno-suppressor drug, Cyclosporine is used in some cases of alopecia areata though it must be kept in mind that its side-effects include risk of serious infection and possibly skin cancer. It must be noted that the dangers of this drug outweigh its benefits for alopecia areata.<br />
* '''Sulfasalazine''': Sulfasalazine acts on the immune system and it is used in severe cases of alopecia areata.<br />
* '''PUVA treatment''': In PUVA (also called photochemotherapy), a drug called a psoralen is applied topically or taken orally and then the alopecia patch is exposed to an ultraviolet light source.<br />
* '''Alternative therapie'''s: Alternative therapies commonly used by patients for alopecia areata include acupuncture, aroma therapy, evening primrose oil, zinc and vitamin supplements, and Chinese herbs. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/contreat.htm Source]<br />
<br />
==Intellectual Property==<br />
===Patent Search Strategy===<br />
'''Search scope''': US Granted US Applications EP-A EP-B WO JP (bibliographic data only) DE-C,B DE-A DE-T DE-U GB-A FR-A <br><br />
'''Limitation''': Claims, Title or Abstract<br><br />
'''Years''': 1836-2007<br><br />
'''Text''': (((alopecia ADJ areata) OR (baldness NEAR3 spots) OR (hair WITH loss WITH scalp)) AND (Minimiz* OR Promote OR inhibit* OR reduce* OR stimulat* OR treatment OR prevention) AND (hair)) <br><br />
'''Hits''': '''''423 patents (270 Unique patent families)'''''<br><br />
'''Date of Search''': 5th April 2007<br><br />
[[Media: Analysis sheet.xls| Spreadsheet of patent search results]]<br />
<br />
==Patent Mapping==<br />
==Competitor Mapping==<br />
==Conclusion==</div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Life_Science_Demo&diff=3433Life Science Demo2007-04-06T06:49:13Z<p>Dolcera: /* Market Information */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[image: alopecia1.jpeg|500 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata (‘baldness in spots') is a form of hair loss, usually from the scalp, although it can affect other areas of the body. The hair loss mostly remains limited to the scalp but in certain cases it can extend to eyebrows, eyelashes, facial hair (beard, moustache), nasal hair and give rise to bald spots anywhere in the body.<br />
<br />
Alopecia can affect both men and women and it is not uncommon to see children affected with this disorder. Approximately 2% of the general population worldwide suffers from alopecia areata.<br />
<br />
'''Understanding alopecia areata:'''<br />
The hair is made up of a protein called keratin which is also the main constituent of nails. A specialised structure inside the skin called ‘Papilla' produces the hair as shown in the figure. The papilla is surrounded by a sac-like structure called the ‘Hair follicle' which also surrounds rest of the hair root within the skin. The part of the hair outside the skin surface is called as shaft. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/what.htm Source]<br />
<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria and viruses) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area.<br />
<br />
The commonest presentation of alopecia areata is appearance of bald patches on the scalp. In most cases, hair falls out in small, round patches about the size of a small coin. The patient may have single or multiple such patches. In some cases these patches may remain static, whereas in some cases the patches may spread to involve larger areas of the scalp. In some cases, hair loss is more extensive. Although it is not very common, the disease can progress to cause total loss of hair on the head (alopecia areata totalis) or complete loss of hair on the head, face, and rest of the body (alopecia areata universalis).<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Causes===<br />
[[image: Couses.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria, viruses, allergens, etc.) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area. This abnormal behavior of the immune system is understood to be guided, influenced and triggered by multiple factors.<br />
<br />
The exact cause, why hair follicles undergo this kind of destruction, is not known but a genetic component to this is suspected. Family history of alopecia areata or any of the other auto-immune diseases (such as hypothyroid, diabetes, cancer, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) is often seen in many cases, suggesting a role of genetic element. In addition to the genetic predisposition, certain triggering factors may bring on the onset of this condition. Prolonged underlying stress often predisposes some patients to develop auto-immune process leading to alopecia areata. However, stress may not be the cause in every case.<br />
<br />
Some other common causative factors that can contribute to the development of alopecia areata have been mentioned below:<br />
[[image: Brain.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
<br />
One or more of the following factors may be found responsible in cases of alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* Hormonal cause: High levels of the male hormones (in men as well as in women) can trigger the onset of alopecia<br />
* Thyroid disorders<br />
* Drugs and medications:<br />
** Commonest is this group are chemotherapy drugs, certain medicines used for gout, arthritis, depression, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, etc<br />
** Large doses of Vitamin A can also trigger alopecia<br />
** Oral contraceptive pills<br />
* Chemical treatment of hair, exposure of hair to excessive heat<br />
* Low levels of iron<br />
* Poor protein intake<br />
* Physical stress: After undergoing some major surgery, or due to some chronic illness, rapid weight loss due to dieting<br />
* SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus)<br />
* Fungal infection of the scalp<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Types of Alopecia areata===<br />
<br />
* Alopecia areata monolocularis : In this condition there is a single bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata multilocularis: In this condition there are multiple bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata totalis : In this condition, the patient loses all the hair on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata universalis : In this condition, all body hair, including pubic hair, is lost.<br />
* Alopecia areata barbae : In this condition, the disease is limited only to the beard region.<br />
* Traction alopecia : In this condition, alopecia develops along the frontal margins and temporal margins of the scalp due to constant tension on the hair from being tied very tightly.<br />
<br />
[[image: Types of alopecia areate.jpeg|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Market Information==<br />
===Epidemiological aspects===<br />
* The disease can begin at any time of life, but with a peak incidence between 20 and 50 years of<br />
age, and other articles affirm 60% of the patients present the first episode of the disease before 20 years of age<br />
* Alopecia areata accounts for 2% of the first dermatological consultations in the United Kingdom and United States<br />
* The prevalence of AA in the United States, between 1971 and 1974, varied from 0.1% to 0.2% of the population.9 Some works have estimated that about 1.7% of the population presents at least one episode of AA during their life. [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abd/v80n1/en_v80n01a09.pdf Source]<br />
<br />
==Treatment Approaches==<br />
<br />
The following are some of the common treatments used for alopecia areata in conventional medical practice. These treatments may promote hair growth but none of them prevent new patches from appearing or actually cure the underlying disease; thus they are nothing more than temporary measures for treating alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* '''Corticosteroids''': These drugs have strong anti-inflammatory action and they suppress the immune system if given orally so they are often used in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases, including alopecia areata. Corticosteroids may be administered in three ways for alopecia areata:<br />
** As local injections in the affected area<br />
** As oral medication<br />
** As topical ointments<br />
* '''Minoxidil''': Topical application of minoxidil solution is one of the commonest prescriptions for alopecia areata. Minoxidil is said to promote hair growth in several conditions in which the hair follicle is small and not growing to its full potential.<br />
* '''Anthralin:''' Anthralin, a synthetic tar-like substance that is commonly used to treat alopecia areata. It is often used in combination with other treatments, such as corticosteroid injections or minoxidil.<br />
* '''Oral cyclosporine:''' An immuno-suppressor drug, Cyclosporine is used in some cases of alopecia areata though it must be kept in mind that its side-effects include risk of serious infection and possibly skin cancer. It must be noted that the dangers of this drug outweigh its benefits for alopecia areata.<br />
* '''Sulfasalazine''': Sulfasalazine acts on the immune system and it is used in severe cases of alopecia areata.<br />
* '''PUVA treatment''': In PUVA (also called photochemotherapy), a drug called a psoralen is applied topically or taken orally and then the alopecia patch is exposed to an ultraviolet light source.<br />
* '''Alternative therapie'''s: Alternative therapies commonly used by patients for alopecia areata include acupuncture, aroma therapy, evening primrose oil, zinc and vitamin supplements, and Chinese herbs. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/contreat.htm Source]<br />
<br />
==Intellectual Property==<br />
===Patent Search Strategy===<br />
'''Search scope''': US Granted US Applications EP-A EP-B WO JP (bibliographic data only) DE-C,B DE-A DE-T DE-U GB-A FR-A <br><br />
'''Limitation''': Claims, Title or Abstract<br><br />
'''Years''': 1836-2007<br><br />
'''Text''': (((alopecia ADJ areata) OR (baldness NEAR3 spots) OR (hair WITH loss WITH scalp)) AND (Minimiz* OR Promote OR inhibit* OR reduce* OR stimulat* OR treatment OR prevention) AND (hair)) <br><br />
'''Hits''': '''''423 patents (270 Unique patent families)'''''<br><br />
'''Date of Search''': 5th April 2007<br><br />
[[Media: Analysis sheet.xls| Spreadsheet of patent search results]]<br />
<br />
==Patent Mapping==<br />
==Competitor Mapping==<br />
==Conclusion==</div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=File:Analysis_sheet.xls&diff=3432File:Analysis sheet.xls2007-04-06T06:48:33Z<p>Dolcera: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Life_Science_Demo&diff=3431Life Science Demo2007-04-06T06:45:04Z<p>Dolcera: /* Patent Search Strategy */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[image: alopecia1.jpeg|500 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata (‘baldness in spots') is a form of hair loss, usually from the scalp, although it can affect other areas of the body. The hair loss mostly remains limited to the scalp but in certain cases it can extend to eyebrows, eyelashes, facial hair (beard, moustache), nasal hair and give rise to bald spots anywhere in the body.<br />
<br />
Alopecia can affect both men and women and it is not uncommon to see children affected with this disorder. Approximately 2% of the general population worldwide suffers from alopecia areata.<br />
<br />
'''Understanding alopecia areata:'''<br />
The hair is made up of a protein called keratin which is also the main constituent of nails. A specialised structure inside the skin called ‘Papilla' produces the hair as shown in the figure. The papilla is surrounded by a sac-like structure called the ‘Hair follicle' which also surrounds rest of the hair root within the skin. The part of the hair outside the skin surface is called as shaft. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/what.htm Source]<br />
<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria and viruses) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area.<br />
<br />
The commonest presentation of alopecia areata is appearance of bald patches on the scalp. In most cases, hair falls out in small, round patches about the size of a small coin. The patient may have single or multiple such patches. In some cases these patches may remain static, whereas in some cases the patches may spread to involve larger areas of the scalp. In some cases, hair loss is more extensive. Although it is not very common, the disease can progress to cause total loss of hair on the head (alopecia areata totalis) or complete loss of hair on the head, face, and rest of the body (alopecia areata universalis).<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Causes===<br />
[[image: Couses.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria, viruses, allergens, etc.) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area. This abnormal behavior of the immune system is understood to be guided, influenced and triggered by multiple factors.<br />
<br />
The exact cause, why hair follicles undergo this kind of destruction, is not known but a genetic component to this is suspected. Family history of alopecia areata or any of the other auto-immune diseases (such as hypothyroid, diabetes, cancer, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) is often seen in many cases, suggesting a role of genetic element. In addition to the genetic predisposition, certain triggering factors may bring on the onset of this condition. Prolonged underlying stress often predisposes some patients to develop auto-immune process leading to alopecia areata. However, stress may not be the cause in every case.<br />
<br />
Some other common causative factors that can contribute to the development of alopecia areata have been mentioned below:<br />
[[image: Brain.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
<br />
One or more of the following factors may be found responsible in cases of alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* Hormonal cause: High levels of the male hormones (in men as well as in women) can trigger the onset of alopecia<br />
* Thyroid disorders<br />
* Drugs and medications:<br />
** Commonest is this group are chemotherapy drugs, certain medicines used for gout, arthritis, depression, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, etc<br />
** Large doses of Vitamin A can also trigger alopecia<br />
** Oral contraceptive pills<br />
* Chemical treatment of hair, exposure of hair to excessive heat<br />
* Low levels of iron<br />
* Poor protein intake<br />
* Physical stress: After undergoing some major surgery, or due to some chronic illness, rapid weight loss due to dieting<br />
* SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus)<br />
* Fungal infection of the scalp<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Types of Alopecia areata===<br />
<br />
* Alopecia areata monolocularis : In this condition there is a single bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata multilocularis: In this condition there are multiple bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata totalis : In this condition, the patient loses all the hair on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata universalis : In this condition, all body hair, including pubic hair, is lost.<br />
* Alopecia areata barbae : In this condition, the disease is limited only to the beard region.<br />
* Traction alopecia : In this condition, alopecia develops along the frontal margins and temporal margins of the scalp due to constant tension on the hair from being tied very tightly.<br />
<br />
[[image: Types of alopecia areate.jpeg|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Market Information==<br />
==Treatment Approaches==<br />
<br />
The following are some of the common treatments used for alopecia areata in conventional medical practice. These treatments may promote hair growth but none of them prevent new patches from appearing or actually cure the underlying disease; thus they are nothing more than temporary measures for treating alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* '''Corticosteroids''': These drugs have strong anti-inflammatory action and they suppress the immune system if given orally so they are often used in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases, including alopecia areata. Corticosteroids may be administered in three ways for alopecia areata:<br />
** As local injections in the affected area<br />
** As oral medication<br />
** As topical ointments<br />
* '''Minoxidil''': Topical application of minoxidil solution is one of the commonest prescriptions for alopecia areata. Minoxidil is said to promote hair growth in several conditions in which the hair follicle is small and not growing to its full potential.<br />
* '''Anthralin:''' Anthralin, a synthetic tar-like substance that is commonly used to treat alopecia areata. It is often used in combination with other treatments, such as corticosteroid injections or minoxidil.<br />
* '''Oral cyclosporine:''' An immuno-suppressor drug, Cyclosporine is used in some cases of alopecia areata though it must be kept in mind that its side-effects include risk of serious infection and possibly skin cancer. It must be noted that the dangers of this drug outweigh its benefits for alopecia areata.<br />
* '''Sulfasalazine''': Sulfasalazine acts on the immune system and it is used in severe cases of alopecia areata.<br />
* '''PUVA treatment''': In PUVA (also called photochemotherapy), a drug called a psoralen is applied topically or taken orally and then the alopecia patch is exposed to an ultraviolet light source.<br />
* '''Alternative therapie'''s: Alternative therapies commonly used by patients for alopecia areata include acupuncture, aroma therapy, evening primrose oil, zinc and vitamin supplements, and Chinese herbs. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/contreat.htm Source]<br />
<br />
==Intellectual Property==<br />
===Patent Search Strategy===<br />
'''Search scope''': US Granted US Applications EP-A EP-B WO JP (bibliographic data only) DE-C,B DE-A DE-T DE-U GB-A FR-A <br><br />
'''Limitation''': Claims, Title or Abstract<br><br />
'''Years''': 1836-2007<br><br />
'''Text''': (((alopecia ADJ areata) OR (baldness NEAR3 spots) OR (hair WITH loss WITH scalp)) AND (Minimiz* OR Promote OR inhibit* OR reduce* OR stimulat* OR treatment OR prevention) AND (hair)) <br><br />
'''Hits''': '''''423 patents (270 Unique patent families)'''''<br><br />
'''Date of Search''': 5th April 2007<br><br />
[[Media: Analysis sheet.xls| Spreadsheet of patent search results]]<br />
<br />
==Patent Mapping==<br />
==Competitor Mapping==<br />
==Conclusion==</div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Life_Science_Demo&diff=3430Life Science Demo2007-04-06T06:37:53Z<p>Dolcera: /* Patent Search Strategy */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[image: alopecia1.jpeg|500 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata (‘baldness in spots') is a form of hair loss, usually from the scalp, although it can affect other areas of the body. The hair loss mostly remains limited to the scalp but in certain cases it can extend to eyebrows, eyelashes, facial hair (beard, moustache), nasal hair and give rise to bald spots anywhere in the body.<br />
<br />
Alopecia can affect both men and women and it is not uncommon to see children affected with this disorder. Approximately 2% of the general population worldwide suffers from alopecia areata.<br />
<br />
'''Understanding alopecia areata:'''<br />
The hair is made up of a protein called keratin which is also the main constituent of nails. A specialised structure inside the skin called ‘Papilla' produces the hair as shown in the figure. The papilla is surrounded by a sac-like structure called the ‘Hair follicle' which also surrounds rest of the hair root within the skin. The part of the hair outside the skin surface is called as shaft. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/what.htm Source]<br />
<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria and viruses) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area.<br />
<br />
The commonest presentation of alopecia areata is appearance of bald patches on the scalp. In most cases, hair falls out in small, round patches about the size of a small coin. The patient may have single or multiple such patches. In some cases these patches may remain static, whereas in some cases the patches may spread to involve larger areas of the scalp. In some cases, hair loss is more extensive. Although it is not very common, the disease can progress to cause total loss of hair on the head (alopecia areata totalis) or complete loss of hair on the head, face, and rest of the body (alopecia areata universalis).<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Causes===<br />
[[image: Couses.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria, viruses, allergens, etc.) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area. This abnormal behavior of the immune system is understood to be guided, influenced and triggered by multiple factors.<br />
<br />
The exact cause, why hair follicles undergo this kind of destruction, is not known but a genetic component to this is suspected. Family history of alopecia areata or any of the other auto-immune diseases (such as hypothyroid, diabetes, cancer, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) is often seen in many cases, suggesting a role of genetic element. In addition to the genetic predisposition, certain triggering factors may bring on the onset of this condition. Prolonged underlying stress often predisposes some patients to develop auto-immune process leading to alopecia areata. However, stress may not be the cause in every case.<br />
<br />
Some other common causative factors that can contribute to the development of alopecia areata have been mentioned below:<br />
[[image: Brain.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
<br />
One or more of the following factors may be found responsible in cases of alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* Hormonal cause: High levels of the male hormones (in men as well as in women) can trigger the onset of alopecia<br />
* Thyroid disorders<br />
* Drugs and medications:<br />
** Commonest is this group are chemotherapy drugs, certain medicines used for gout, arthritis, depression, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, etc<br />
** Large doses of Vitamin A can also trigger alopecia<br />
** Oral contraceptive pills<br />
* Chemical treatment of hair, exposure of hair to excessive heat<br />
* Low levels of iron<br />
* Poor protein intake<br />
* Physical stress: After undergoing some major surgery, or due to some chronic illness, rapid weight loss due to dieting<br />
* SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus)<br />
* Fungal infection of the scalp<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Types of Alopecia areata===<br />
<br />
* Alopecia areata monolocularis : In this condition there is a single bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata multilocularis: In this condition there are multiple bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata totalis : In this condition, the patient loses all the hair on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata universalis : In this condition, all body hair, including pubic hair, is lost.<br />
* Alopecia areata barbae : In this condition, the disease is limited only to the beard region.<br />
* Traction alopecia : In this condition, alopecia develops along the frontal margins and temporal margins of the scalp due to constant tension on the hair from being tied very tightly.<br />
<br />
[[image: Types of alopecia areate.jpeg|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Market Information==<br />
==Treatment Approaches==<br />
<br />
The following are some of the common treatments used for alopecia areata in conventional medical practice. These treatments may promote hair growth but none of them prevent new patches from appearing or actually cure the underlying disease; thus they are nothing more than temporary measures for treating alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* '''Corticosteroids''': These drugs have strong anti-inflammatory action and they suppress the immune system if given orally so they are often used in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases, including alopecia areata. Corticosteroids may be administered in three ways for alopecia areata:<br />
** As local injections in the affected area<br />
** As oral medication<br />
** As topical ointments<br />
* '''Minoxidil''': Topical application of minoxidil solution is one of the commonest prescriptions for alopecia areata. Minoxidil is said to promote hair growth in several conditions in which the hair follicle is small and not growing to its full potential.<br />
* '''Anthralin:''' Anthralin, a synthetic tar-like substance that is commonly used to treat alopecia areata. It is often used in combination with other treatments, such as corticosteroid injections or minoxidil.<br />
* '''Oral cyclosporine:''' An immuno-suppressor drug, Cyclosporine is used in some cases of alopecia areata though it must be kept in mind that its side-effects include risk of serious infection and possibly skin cancer. It must be noted that the dangers of this drug outweigh its benefits for alopecia areata.<br />
* '''Sulfasalazine''': Sulfasalazine acts on the immune system and it is used in severe cases of alopecia areata.<br />
* '''PUVA treatment''': In PUVA (also called photochemotherapy), a drug called a psoralen is applied topically or taken orally and then the alopecia patch is exposed to an ultraviolet light source.<br />
* '''Alternative therapie'''s: Alternative therapies commonly used by patients for alopecia areata include acupuncture, aroma therapy, evening primrose oil, zinc and vitamin supplements, and Chinese herbs. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/contreat.htm Source]<br />
<br />
==Intellectual Property==<br />
===Patent Search Strategy===<br />
'''Search scope''': US Granted US Applications EP-A EP-B WO JP (bibliographic data only) DE-C,B DE-A DE-T DE-U GB-A FR-A <br><br />
'''Limitation''': Claims, Title or Abstract<br><br />
'''Years''': 1836-2007<br><br />
'''Text''': (((alopecia ADJ areata) OR (baldness NEAR3 spots) OR (hair WITH loss WITH scalp)) AND (Minimiz* OR Promote OR inhibit* OR reduce* OR stimulat* OR treatment OR prevention) AND (hair)) <br><br />
'''Hits''': '''''423 patents (270 Unique patent families)'''''<br><br />
'''Date of Search''': 5th April 2007<br><br />
<br />
==Patent Mapping==<br />
==Competitor Mapping==<br />
==Conclusion==</div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Life_Science_Demo&diff=3429Life Science Demo2007-04-06T06:37:38Z<p>Dolcera: /* Patent Search Strategy */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[image: alopecia1.jpeg|500 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata (‘baldness in spots') is a form of hair loss, usually from the scalp, although it can affect other areas of the body. The hair loss mostly remains limited to the scalp but in certain cases it can extend to eyebrows, eyelashes, facial hair (beard, moustache), nasal hair and give rise to bald spots anywhere in the body.<br />
<br />
Alopecia can affect both men and women and it is not uncommon to see children affected with this disorder. Approximately 2% of the general population worldwide suffers from alopecia areata.<br />
<br />
'''Understanding alopecia areata:'''<br />
The hair is made up of a protein called keratin which is also the main constituent of nails. A specialised structure inside the skin called ‘Papilla' produces the hair as shown in the figure. The papilla is surrounded by a sac-like structure called the ‘Hair follicle' which also surrounds rest of the hair root within the skin. The part of the hair outside the skin surface is called as shaft. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/what.htm Source]<br />
<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria and viruses) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area.<br />
<br />
The commonest presentation of alopecia areata is appearance of bald patches on the scalp. In most cases, hair falls out in small, round patches about the size of a small coin. The patient may have single or multiple such patches. In some cases these patches may remain static, whereas in some cases the patches may spread to involve larger areas of the scalp. In some cases, hair loss is more extensive. Although it is not very common, the disease can progress to cause total loss of hair on the head (alopecia areata totalis) or complete loss of hair on the head, face, and rest of the body (alopecia areata universalis).<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Causes===<br />
[[image: Couses.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria, viruses, allergens, etc.) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area. This abnormal behavior of the immune system is understood to be guided, influenced and triggered by multiple factors.<br />
<br />
The exact cause, why hair follicles undergo this kind of destruction, is not known but a genetic component to this is suspected. Family history of alopecia areata or any of the other auto-immune diseases (such as hypothyroid, diabetes, cancer, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) is often seen in many cases, suggesting a role of genetic element. In addition to the genetic predisposition, certain triggering factors may bring on the onset of this condition. Prolonged underlying stress often predisposes some patients to develop auto-immune process leading to alopecia areata. However, stress may not be the cause in every case.<br />
<br />
Some other common causative factors that can contribute to the development of alopecia areata have been mentioned below:<br />
[[image: Brain.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
<br />
One or more of the following factors may be found responsible in cases of alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* Hormonal cause: High levels of the male hormones (in men as well as in women) can trigger the onset of alopecia<br />
* Thyroid disorders<br />
* Drugs and medications:<br />
** Commonest is this group are chemotherapy drugs, certain medicines used for gout, arthritis, depression, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, etc<br />
** Large doses of Vitamin A can also trigger alopecia<br />
** Oral contraceptive pills<br />
* Chemical treatment of hair, exposure of hair to excessive heat<br />
* Low levels of iron<br />
* Poor protein intake<br />
* Physical stress: After undergoing some major surgery, or due to some chronic illness, rapid weight loss due to dieting<br />
* SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus)<br />
* Fungal infection of the scalp<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Types of Alopecia areata===<br />
<br />
* Alopecia areata monolocularis : In this condition there is a single bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata multilocularis: In this condition there are multiple bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata totalis : In this condition, the patient loses all the hair on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata universalis : In this condition, all body hair, including pubic hair, is lost.<br />
* Alopecia areata barbae : In this condition, the disease is limited only to the beard region.<br />
* Traction alopecia : In this condition, alopecia develops along the frontal margins and temporal margins of the scalp due to constant tension on the hair from being tied very tightly.<br />
<br />
[[image: Types of alopecia areate.jpeg|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Market Information==<br />
==Treatment Approaches==<br />
<br />
The following are some of the common treatments used for alopecia areata in conventional medical practice. These treatments may promote hair growth but none of them prevent new patches from appearing or actually cure the underlying disease; thus they are nothing more than temporary measures for treating alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* '''Corticosteroids''': These drugs have strong anti-inflammatory action and they suppress the immune system if given orally so they are often used in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases, including alopecia areata. Corticosteroids may be administered in three ways for alopecia areata:<br />
** As local injections in the affected area<br />
** As oral medication<br />
** As topical ointments<br />
* '''Minoxidil''': Topical application of minoxidil solution is one of the commonest prescriptions for alopecia areata. Minoxidil is said to promote hair growth in several conditions in which the hair follicle is small and not growing to its full potential.<br />
* '''Anthralin:''' Anthralin, a synthetic tar-like substance that is commonly used to treat alopecia areata. It is often used in combination with other treatments, such as corticosteroid injections or minoxidil.<br />
* '''Oral cyclosporine:''' An immuno-suppressor drug, Cyclosporine is used in some cases of alopecia areata though it must be kept in mind that its side-effects include risk of serious infection and possibly skin cancer. It must be noted that the dangers of this drug outweigh its benefits for alopecia areata.<br />
* '''Sulfasalazine''': Sulfasalazine acts on the immune system and it is used in severe cases of alopecia areata.<br />
* '''PUVA treatment''': In PUVA (also called photochemotherapy), a drug called a psoralen is applied topically or taken orally and then the alopecia patch is exposed to an ultraviolet light source.<br />
* '''Alternative therapie'''s: Alternative therapies commonly used by patients for alopecia areata include acupuncture, aroma therapy, evening primrose oil, zinc and vitamin supplements, and Chinese herbs. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/contreat.htm Source]<br />
<br />
==Intellectual Property==<br />
===Patent Search Strategy===<br />
'''Search scope''': US Granted US Applications EP-A EP-B WO JP (bibliographic data only) DE-C,B DE-A DE-T DE-U GB-A FR-A <br><br />
'''Limitation''': Claims, Title or Abstract<br><br />
'''Years''': 1836-2007<br><br />
'''Text''': (((alopecia ADJ areata) OR (baldness NEAR3 spots) OR (hair WITH loss WITH scalp)) AND (Minimiz* OR Promote OR inhibit* OR reduce* OR stimulat* OR treatment OR prevention) AND (hair)) <br><br />
'''Hits''': '''''423 patents (270 Unique patent families)'''''<br><br />
'''Date of Search'''': 5th April 2007<br><br />
<br />
==Patent Mapping==<br />
==Competitor Mapping==<br />
==Conclusion==</div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Life_Science_Demo&diff=3428Life Science Demo2007-04-06T06:34:55Z<p>Dolcera: /* Intellectual Property */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[image: alopecia1.jpeg|500 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata (‘baldness in spots') is a form of hair loss, usually from the scalp, although it can affect other areas of the body. The hair loss mostly remains limited to the scalp but in certain cases it can extend to eyebrows, eyelashes, facial hair (beard, moustache), nasal hair and give rise to bald spots anywhere in the body.<br />
<br />
Alopecia can affect both men and women and it is not uncommon to see children affected with this disorder. Approximately 2% of the general population worldwide suffers from alopecia areata.<br />
<br />
'''Understanding alopecia areata:'''<br />
The hair is made up of a protein called keratin which is also the main constituent of nails. A specialised structure inside the skin called ‘Papilla' produces the hair as shown in the figure. The papilla is surrounded by a sac-like structure called the ‘Hair follicle' which also surrounds rest of the hair root within the skin. The part of the hair outside the skin surface is called as shaft. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/what.htm Source]<br />
<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria and viruses) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area.<br />
<br />
The commonest presentation of alopecia areata is appearance of bald patches on the scalp. In most cases, hair falls out in small, round patches about the size of a small coin. The patient may have single or multiple such patches. In some cases these patches may remain static, whereas in some cases the patches may spread to involve larger areas of the scalp. In some cases, hair loss is more extensive. Although it is not very common, the disease can progress to cause total loss of hair on the head (alopecia areata totalis) or complete loss of hair on the head, face, and rest of the body (alopecia areata universalis).<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Causes===<br />
[[image: Couses.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria, viruses, allergens, etc.) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area. This abnormal behavior of the immune system is understood to be guided, influenced and triggered by multiple factors.<br />
<br />
The exact cause, why hair follicles undergo this kind of destruction, is not known but a genetic component to this is suspected. Family history of alopecia areata or any of the other auto-immune diseases (such as hypothyroid, diabetes, cancer, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) is often seen in many cases, suggesting a role of genetic element. In addition to the genetic predisposition, certain triggering factors may bring on the onset of this condition. Prolonged underlying stress often predisposes some patients to develop auto-immune process leading to alopecia areata. However, stress may not be the cause in every case.<br />
<br />
Some other common causative factors that can contribute to the development of alopecia areata have been mentioned below:<br />
[[image: Brain.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
<br />
One or more of the following factors may be found responsible in cases of alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* Hormonal cause: High levels of the male hormones (in men as well as in women) can trigger the onset of alopecia<br />
* Thyroid disorders<br />
* Drugs and medications:<br />
** Commonest is this group are chemotherapy drugs, certain medicines used for gout, arthritis, depression, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, etc<br />
** Large doses of Vitamin A can also trigger alopecia<br />
** Oral contraceptive pills<br />
* Chemical treatment of hair, exposure of hair to excessive heat<br />
* Low levels of iron<br />
* Poor protein intake<br />
* Physical stress: After undergoing some major surgery, or due to some chronic illness, rapid weight loss due to dieting<br />
* SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus)<br />
* Fungal infection of the scalp<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Types of Alopecia areata===<br />
<br />
* Alopecia areata monolocularis : In this condition there is a single bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata multilocularis: In this condition there are multiple bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata totalis : In this condition, the patient loses all the hair on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata universalis : In this condition, all body hair, including pubic hair, is lost.<br />
* Alopecia areata barbae : In this condition, the disease is limited only to the beard region.<br />
* Traction alopecia : In this condition, alopecia develops along the frontal margins and temporal margins of the scalp due to constant tension on the hair from being tied very tightly.<br />
<br />
[[image: Types of alopecia areate.jpeg|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Market Information==<br />
==Treatment Approaches==<br />
<br />
The following are some of the common treatments used for alopecia areata in conventional medical practice. These treatments may promote hair growth but none of them prevent new patches from appearing or actually cure the underlying disease; thus they are nothing more than temporary measures for treating alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* '''Corticosteroids''': These drugs have strong anti-inflammatory action and they suppress the immune system if given orally so they are often used in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases, including alopecia areata. Corticosteroids may be administered in three ways for alopecia areata:<br />
** As local injections in the affected area<br />
** As oral medication<br />
** As topical ointments<br />
* '''Minoxidil''': Topical application of minoxidil solution is one of the commonest prescriptions for alopecia areata. Minoxidil is said to promote hair growth in several conditions in which the hair follicle is small and not growing to its full potential.<br />
* '''Anthralin:''' Anthralin, a synthetic tar-like substance that is commonly used to treat alopecia areata. It is often used in combination with other treatments, such as corticosteroid injections or minoxidil.<br />
* '''Oral cyclosporine:''' An immuno-suppressor drug, Cyclosporine is used in some cases of alopecia areata though it must be kept in mind that its side-effects include risk of serious infection and possibly skin cancer. It must be noted that the dangers of this drug outweigh its benefits for alopecia areata.<br />
* '''Sulfasalazine''': Sulfasalazine acts on the immune system and it is used in severe cases of alopecia areata.<br />
* '''PUVA treatment''': In PUVA (also called photochemotherapy), a drug called a psoralen is applied topically or taken orally and then the alopecia patch is exposed to an ultraviolet light source.<br />
* '''Alternative therapie'''s: Alternative therapies commonly used by patients for alopecia areata include acupuncture, aroma therapy, evening primrose oil, zinc and vitamin supplements, and Chinese herbs. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/contreat.htm Source]<br />
<br />
==Intellectual Property==<br />
===Patent Search Strategy===<br />
'''Search scope''': US Granted US Applications EP-A EP-B WO JP (bibliographic data only) DE-C,B DE-A DE-T DE-U GB-A FR-A<br />
'''Limitation''': Claims, Title or Abstract<br />
'''Years''': 1836-2007<br />
'''Text''': (((alopecia ADJ areata) OR (baldness NEAR3 spots) OR (hair WITH loss WITH scalp)) AND (Minimiz* OR Promote OR inhibit* OR reduce* OR stimulat* OR treatment OR prevention) AND (hair)) <br />
'''Hits''': '''''423 patents (270 Unique patent families)'''''<br />
'''Date of Search'''': 5th April 2007<br />
<br />
==Patent Mapping==<br />
==Competitor Mapping==<br />
==Conclusion==</div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Life_Science_Demo&diff=3427Life Science Demo2007-04-06T06:30:10Z<p>Dolcera: /* Causes */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[image: alopecia1.jpeg|500 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata (‘baldness in spots') is a form of hair loss, usually from the scalp, although it can affect other areas of the body. The hair loss mostly remains limited to the scalp but in certain cases it can extend to eyebrows, eyelashes, facial hair (beard, moustache), nasal hair and give rise to bald spots anywhere in the body.<br />
<br />
Alopecia can affect both men and women and it is not uncommon to see children affected with this disorder. Approximately 2% of the general population worldwide suffers from alopecia areata.<br />
<br />
'''Understanding alopecia areata:'''<br />
The hair is made up of a protein called keratin which is also the main constituent of nails. A specialised structure inside the skin called ‘Papilla' produces the hair as shown in the figure. The papilla is surrounded by a sac-like structure called the ‘Hair follicle' which also surrounds rest of the hair root within the skin. The part of the hair outside the skin surface is called as shaft. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/what.htm Source]<br />
<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria and viruses) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area.<br />
<br />
The commonest presentation of alopecia areata is appearance of bald patches on the scalp. In most cases, hair falls out in small, round patches about the size of a small coin. The patient may have single or multiple such patches. In some cases these patches may remain static, whereas in some cases the patches may spread to involve larger areas of the scalp. In some cases, hair loss is more extensive. Although it is not very common, the disease can progress to cause total loss of hair on the head (alopecia areata totalis) or complete loss of hair on the head, face, and rest of the body (alopecia areata universalis).<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Causes===<br />
[[image: Couses.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria, viruses, allergens, etc.) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area. This abnormal behavior of the immune system is understood to be guided, influenced and triggered by multiple factors.<br />
<br />
The exact cause, why hair follicles undergo this kind of destruction, is not known but a genetic component to this is suspected. Family history of alopecia areata or any of the other auto-immune diseases (such as hypothyroid, diabetes, cancer, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) is often seen in many cases, suggesting a role of genetic element. In addition to the genetic predisposition, certain triggering factors may bring on the onset of this condition. Prolonged underlying stress often predisposes some patients to develop auto-immune process leading to alopecia areata. However, stress may not be the cause in every case.<br />
<br />
Some other common causative factors that can contribute to the development of alopecia areata have been mentioned below:<br />
[[image: Brain.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
<br />
One or more of the following factors may be found responsible in cases of alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* Hormonal cause: High levels of the male hormones (in men as well as in women) can trigger the onset of alopecia<br />
* Thyroid disorders<br />
* Drugs and medications:<br />
** Commonest is this group are chemotherapy drugs, certain medicines used for gout, arthritis, depression, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, etc<br />
** Large doses of Vitamin A can also trigger alopecia<br />
** Oral contraceptive pills<br />
* Chemical treatment of hair, exposure of hair to excessive heat<br />
* Low levels of iron<br />
* Poor protein intake<br />
* Physical stress: After undergoing some major surgery, or due to some chronic illness, rapid weight loss due to dieting<br />
* SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus)<br />
* Fungal infection of the scalp<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Types of Alopecia areata===<br />
<br />
* Alopecia areata monolocularis : In this condition there is a single bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata multilocularis: In this condition there are multiple bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata totalis : In this condition, the patient loses all the hair on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata universalis : In this condition, all body hair, including pubic hair, is lost.<br />
* Alopecia areata barbae : In this condition, the disease is limited only to the beard region.<br />
* Traction alopecia : In this condition, alopecia develops along the frontal margins and temporal margins of the scalp due to constant tension on the hair from being tied very tightly.<br />
<br />
[[image: Types of alopecia areate.jpeg|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Market Information==<br />
==Treatment Approaches==<br />
<br />
The following are some of the common treatments used for alopecia areata in conventional medical practice. These treatments may promote hair growth but none of them prevent new patches from appearing or actually cure the underlying disease; thus they are nothing more than temporary measures for treating alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* '''Corticosteroids''': These drugs have strong anti-inflammatory action and they suppress the immune system if given orally so they are often used in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases, including alopecia areata. Corticosteroids may be administered in three ways for alopecia areata:<br />
** As local injections in the affected area<br />
** As oral medication<br />
** As topical ointments<br />
* '''Minoxidil''': Topical application of minoxidil solution is one of the commonest prescriptions for alopecia areata. Minoxidil is said to promote hair growth in several conditions in which the hair follicle is small and not growing to its full potential.<br />
* '''Anthralin:''' Anthralin, a synthetic tar-like substance that is commonly used to treat alopecia areata. It is often used in combination with other treatments, such as corticosteroid injections or minoxidil.<br />
* '''Oral cyclosporine:''' An immuno-suppressor drug, Cyclosporine is used in some cases of alopecia areata though it must be kept in mind that its side-effects include risk of serious infection and possibly skin cancer. It must be noted that the dangers of this drug outweigh its benefits for alopecia areata.<br />
* '''Sulfasalazine''': Sulfasalazine acts on the immune system and it is used in severe cases of alopecia areata.<br />
* '''PUVA treatment''': In PUVA (also called photochemotherapy), a drug called a psoralen is applied topically or taken orally and then the alopecia patch is exposed to an ultraviolet light source.<br />
* '''Alternative therapie'''s: Alternative therapies commonly used by patients for alopecia areata include acupuncture, aroma therapy, evening primrose oil, zinc and vitamin supplements, and Chinese herbs. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/contreat.htm Source]<br />
<br />
==Intellectual Property==<br />
==Patent Mapping==<br />
==Competitor Mapping==<br />
==Conclusion==</div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Life_Science_Demo&diff=3426Life Science Demo2007-04-06T06:29:57Z<p>Dolcera: /* Causes */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[image: alopecia1.jpeg|500 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata (‘baldness in spots') is a form of hair loss, usually from the scalp, although it can affect other areas of the body. The hair loss mostly remains limited to the scalp but in certain cases it can extend to eyebrows, eyelashes, facial hair (beard, moustache), nasal hair and give rise to bald spots anywhere in the body.<br />
<br />
Alopecia can affect both men and women and it is not uncommon to see children affected with this disorder. Approximately 2% of the general population worldwide suffers from alopecia areata.<br />
<br />
'''Understanding alopecia areata:'''<br />
The hair is made up of a protein called keratin which is also the main constituent of nails. A specialised structure inside the skin called ‘Papilla' produces the hair as shown in the figure. The papilla is surrounded by a sac-like structure called the ‘Hair follicle' which also surrounds rest of the hair root within the skin. The part of the hair outside the skin surface is called as shaft. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/what.htm Source]<br />
<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria and viruses) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area.<br />
<br />
The commonest presentation of alopecia areata is appearance of bald patches on the scalp. In most cases, hair falls out in small, round patches about the size of a small coin. The patient may have single or multiple such patches. In some cases these patches may remain static, whereas in some cases the patches may spread to involve larger areas of the scalp. In some cases, hair loss is more extensive. Although it is not very common, the disease can progress to cause total loss of hair on the head (alopecia areata totalis) or complete loss of hair on the head, face, and rest of the body (alopecia areata universalis).<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Causes===<br />
[[image: Couses.gif|400 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria, viruses, allergens, etc.) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area. This abnormal behavior of the immune system is understood to be guided, influenced and triggered by multiple factors.<br />
<br />
The exact cause, why hair follicles undergo this kind of destruction, is not known but a genetic component to this is suspected. Family history of alopecia areata or any of the other auto-immune diseases (such as hypothyroid, diabetes, cancer, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) is often seen in many cases, suggesting a role of genetic element. In addition to the genetic predisposition, certain triggering factors may bring on the onset of this condition. Prolonged underlying stress often predisposes some patients to develop auto-immune process leading to alopecia areata. However, stress may not be the cause in every case.<br />
<br />
Some other common causative factors that can contribute to the development of alopecia areata have been mentioned below:<br />
[[image: Brain.gif|350 px|right|thumb]]<br />
<br />
One or more of the following factors may be found responsible in cases of alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* Hormonal cause: High levels of the male hormones (in men as well as in women) can trigger the onset of alopecia<br />
* Thyroid disorders<br />
* Drugs and medications:<br />
** Commonest is this group are chemotherapy drugs, certain medicines used for gout, arthritis, depression, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, etc<br />
** Large doses of Vitamin A can also trigger alopecia<br />
** Oral contraceptive pills<br />
* Chemical treatment of hair, exposure of hair to excessive heat<br />
* Low levels of iron<br />
* Poor protein intake<br />
* Physical stress: After undergoing some major surgery, or due to some chronic illness, rapid weight loss due to dieting<br />
* SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus)<br />
* Fungal infection of the scalp<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Types of Alopecia areata===<br />
<br />
* Alopecia areata monolocularis : In this condition there is a single bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata multilocularis: In this condition there are multiple bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata totalis : In this condition, the patient loses all the hair on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata universalis : In this condition, all body hair, including pubic hair, is lost.<br />
* Alopecia areata barbae : In this condition, the disease is limited only to the beard region.<br />
* Traction alopecia : In this condition, alopecia develops along the frontal margins and temporal margins of the scalp due to constant tension on the hair from being tied very tightly.<br />
<br />
[[image: Types of alopecia areate.jpeg|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Market Information==<br />
==Treatment Approaches==<br />
<br />
The following are some of the common treatments used for alopecia areata in conventional medical practice. These treatments may promote hair growth but none of them prevent new patches from appearing or actually cure the underlying disease; thus they are nothing more than temporary measures for treating alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* '''Corticosteroids''': These drugs have strong anti-inflammatory action and they suppress the immune system if given orally so they are often used in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases, including alopecia areata. Corticosteroids may be administered in three ways for alopecia areata:<br />
** As local injections in the affected area<br />
** As oral medication<br />
** As topical ointments<br />
* '''Minoxidil''': Topical application of minoxidil solution is one of the commonest prescriptions for alopecia areata. Minoxidil is said to promote hair growth in several conditions in which the hair follicle is small and not growing to its full potential.<br />
* '''Anthralin:''' Anthralin, a synthetic tar-like substance that is commonly used to treat alopecia areata. It is often used in combination with other treatments, such as corticosteroid injections or minoxidil.<br />
* '''Oral cyclosporine:''' An immuno-suppressor drug, Cyclosporine is used in some cases of alopecia areata though it must be kept in mind that its side-effects include risk of serious infection and possibly skin cancer. It must be noted that the dangers of this drug outweigh its benefits for alopecia areata.<br />
* '''Sulfasalazine''': Sulfasalazine acts on the immune system and it is used in severe cases of alopecia areata.<br />
* '''PUVA treatment''': In PUVA (also called photochemotherapy), a drug called a psoralen is applied topically or taken orally and then the alopecia patch is exposed to an ultraviolet light source.<br />
* '''Alternative therapie'''s: Alternative therapies commonly used by patients for alopecia areata include acupuncture, aroma therapy, evening primrose oil, zinc and vitamin supplements, and Chinese herbs. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/contreat.htm Source]<br />
<br />
==Intellectual Property==<br />
==Patent Mapping==<br />
==Competitor Mapping==<br />
==Conclusion==</div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Life_Science_Demo&diff=3425Life Science Demo2007-04-06T06:29:44Z<p>Dolcera: /* Causes */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[image: alopecia1.jpeg|500 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata (‘baldness in spots') is a form of hair loss, usually from the scalp, although it can affect other areas of the body. The hair loss mostly remains limited to the scalp but in certain cases it can extend to eyebrows, eyelashes, facial hair (beard, moustache), nasal hair and give rise to bald spots anywhere in the body.<br />
<br />
Alopecia can affect both men and women and it is not uncommon to see children affected with this disorder. Approximately 2% of the general population worldwide suffers from alopecia areata.<br />
<br />
'''Understanding alopecia areata:'''<br />
The hair is made up of a protein called keratin which is also the main constituent of nails. A specialised structure inside the skin called ‘Papilla' produces the hair as shown in the figure. The papilla is surrounded by a sac-like structure called the ‘Hair follicle' which also surrounds rest of the hair root within the skin. The part of the hair outside the skin surface is called as shaft. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/what.htm Source]<br />
<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria and viruses) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area.<br />
<br />
The commonest presentation of alopecia areata is appearance of bald patches on the scalp. In most cases, hair falls out in small, round patches about the size of a small coin. The patient may have single or multiple such patches. In some cases these patches may remain static, whereas in some cases the patches may spread to involve larger areas of the scalp. In some cases, hair loss is more extensive. Although it is not very common, the disease can progress to cause total loss of hair on the head (alopecia areata totalis) or complete loss of hair on the head, face, and rest of the body (alopecia areata universalis).<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Causes===<br />
[[image: Couses.gif|350 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria, viruses, allergens, etc.) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area. This abnormal behavior of the immune system is understood to be guided, influenced and triggered by multiple factors.<br />
<br />
The exact cause, why hair follicles undergo this kind of destruction, is not known but a genetic component to this is suspected. Family history of alopecia areata or any of the other auto-immune diseases (such as hypothyroid, diabetes, cancer, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) is often seen in many cases, suggesting a role of genetic element. In addition to the genetic predisposition, certain triggering factors may bring on the onset of this condition. Prolonged underlying stress often predisposes some patients to develop auto-immune process leading to alopecia areata. However, stress may not be the cause in every case.<br />
<br />
Some other common causative factors that can contribute to the development of alopecia areata have been mentioned below:<br />
[[image: Brain.gif|350 px|right|thumb]]<br />
<br />
One or more of the following factors may be found responsible in cases of alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* Hormonal cause: High levels of the male hormones (in men as well as in women) can trigger the onset of alopecia<br />
* Thyroid disorders<br />
* Drugs and medications:<br />
** Commonest is this group are chemotherapy drugs, certain medicines used for gout, arthritis, depression, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, etc<br />
** Large doses of Vitamin A can also trigger alopecia<br />
** Oral contraceptive pills<br />
* Chemical treatment of hair, exposure of hair to excessive heat<br />
* Low levels of iron<br />
* Poor protein intake<br />
* Physical stress: After undergoing some major surgery, or due to some chronic illness, rapid weight loss due to dieting<br />
* SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus)<br />
* Fungal infection of the scalp<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Types of Alopecia areata===<br />
<br />
* Alopecia areata monolocularis : In this condition there is a single bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata multilocularis: In this condition there are multiple bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata totalis : In this condition, the patient loses all the hair on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata universalis : In this condition, all body hair, including pubic hair, is lost.<br />
* Alopecia areata barbae : In this condition, the disease is limited only to the beard region.<br />
* Traction alopecia : In this condition, alopecia develops along the frontal margins and temporal margins of the scalp due to constant tension on the hair from being tied very tightly.<br />
<br />
[[image: Types of alopecia areate.jpeg|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Market Information==<br />
==Treatment Approaches==<br />
<br />
The following are some of the common treatments used for alopecia areata in conventional medical practice. These treatments may promote hair growth but none of them prevent new patches from appearing or actually cure the underlying disease; thus they are nothing more than temporary measures for treating alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* '''Corticosteroids''': These drugs have strong anti-inflammatory action and they suppress the immune system if given orally so they are often used in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases, including alopecia areata. Corticosteroids may be administered in three ways for alopecia areata:<br />
** As local injections in the affected area<br />
** As oral medication<br />
** As topical ointments<br />
* '''Minoxidil''': Topical application of minoxidil solution is one of the commonest prescriptions for alopecia areata. Minoxidil is said to promote hair growth in several conditions in which the hair follicle is small and not growing to its full potential.<br />
* '''Anthralin:''' Anthralin, a synthetic tar-like substance that is commonly used to treat alopecia areata. It is often used in combination with other treatments, such as corticosteroid injections or minoxidil.<br />
* '''Oral cyclosporine:''' An immuno-suppressor drug, Cyclosporine is used in some cases of alopecia areata though it must be kept in mind that its side-effects include risk of serious infection and possibly skin cancer. It must be noted that the dangers of this drug outweigh its benefits for alopecia areata.<br />
* '''Sulfasalazine''': Sulfasalazine acts on the immune system and it is used in severe cases of alopecia areata.<br />
* '''PUVA treatment''': In PUVA (also called photochemotherapy), a drug called a psoralen is applied topically or taken orally and then the alopecia patch is exposed to an ultraviolet light source.<br />
* '''Alternative therapie'''s: Alternative therapies commonly used by patients for alopecia areata include acupuncture, aroma therapy, evening primrose oil, zinc and vitamin supplements, and Chinese herbs. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/contreat.htm Source]<br />
<br />
==Intellectual Property==<br />
==Patent Mapping==<br />
==Competitor Mapping==<br />
==Conclusion==</div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Life_Science_Demo&diff=3424Life Science Demo2007-04-06T06:29:30Z<p>Dolcera: /* Causes */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[image: alopecia1.jpeg|500 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata (‘baldness in spots') is a form of hair loss, usually from the scalp, although it can affect other areas of the body. The hair loss mostly remains limited to the scalp but in certain cases it can extend to eyebrows, eyelashes, facial hair (beard, moustache), nasal hair and give rise to bald spots anywhere in the body.<br />
<br />
Alopecia can affect both men and women and it is not uncommon to see children affected with this disorder. Approximately 2% of the general population worldwide suffers from alopecia areata.<br />
<br />
'''Understanding alopecia areata:'''<br />
The hair is made up of a protein called keratin which is also the main constituent of nails. A specialised structure inside the skin called ‘Papilla' produces the hair as shown in the figure. The papilla is surrounded by a sac-like structure called the ‘Hair follicle' which also surrounds rest of the hair root within the skin. The part of the hair outside the skin surface is called as shaft. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/what.htm Source]<br />
<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria and viruses) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area.<br />
<br />
The commonest presentation of alopecia areata is appearance of bald patches on the scalp. In most cases, hair falls out in small, round patches about the size of a small coin. The patient may have single or multiple such patches. In some cases these patches may remain static, whereas in some cases the patches may spread to involve larger areas of the scalp. In some cases, hair loss is more extensive. Although it is not very common, the disease can progress to cause total loss of hair on the head (alopecia areata totalis) or complete loss of hair on the head, face, and rest of the body (alopecia areata universalis).<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Causes===<br />
[[image: Couses.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria, viruses, allergens, etc.) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area. This abnormal behavior of the immune system is understood to be guided, influenced and triggered by multiple factors.<br />
<br />
The exact cause, why hair follicles undergo this kind of destruction, is not known but a genetic component to this is suspected. Family history of alopecia areata or any of the other auto-immune diseases (such as hypothyroid, diabetes, cancer, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) is often seen in many cases, suggesting a role of genetic element. In addition to the genetic predisposition, certain triggering factors may bring on the onset of this condition. Prolonged underlying stress often predisposes some patients to develop auto-immune process leading to alopecia areata. However, stress may not be the cause in every case.<br />
<br />
Some other common causative factors that can contribute to the development of alopecia areata have been mentioned below:<br />
[[image: Brain.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
<br />
One or more of the following factors may be found responsible in cases of alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* Hormonal cause: High levels of the male hormones (in men as well as in women) can trigger the onset of alopecia<br />
* Thyroid disorders<br />
* Drugs and medications:<br />
** Commonest is this group are chemotherapy drugs, certain medicines used for gout, arthritis, depression, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, etc<br />
** Large doses of Vitamin A can also trigger alopecia<br />
** Oral contraceptive pills<br />
* Chemical treatment of hair, exposure of hair to excessive heat<br />
* Low levels of iron<br />
* Poor protein intake<br />
* Physical stress: After undergoing some major surgery, or due to some chronic illness, rapid weight loss due to dieting<br />
* SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus)<br />
* Fungal infection of the scalp<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Types of Alopecia areata===<br />
<br />
* Alopecia areata monolocularis : In this condition there is a single bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata multilocularis: In this condition there are multiple bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata totalis : In this condition, the patient loses all the hair on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata universalis : In this condition, all body hair, including pubic hair, is lost.<br />
* Alopecia areata barbae : In this condition, the disease is limited only to the beard region.<br />
* Traction alopecia : In this condition, alopecia develops along the frontal margins and temporal margins of the scalp due to constant tension on the hair from being tied very tightly.<br />
<br />
[[image: Types of alopecia areate.jpeg|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Market Information==<br />
==Treatment Approaches==<br />
<br />
The following are some of the common treatments used for alopecia areata in conventional medical practice. These treatments may promote hair growth but none of them prevent new patches from appearing or actually cure the underlying disease; thus they are nothing more than temporary measures for treating alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* '''Corticosteroids''': These drugs have strong anti-inflammatory action and they suppress the immune system if given orally so they are often used in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases, including alopecia areata. Corticosteroids may be administered in three ways for alopecia areata:<br />
** As local injections in the affected area<br />
** As oral medication<br />
** As topical ointments<br />
* '''Minoxidil''': Topical application of minoxidil solution is one of the commonest prescriptions for alopecia areata. Minoxidil is said to promote hair growth in several conditions in which the hair follicle is small and not growing to its full potential.<br />
* '''Anthralin:''' Anthralin, a synthetic tar-like substance that is commonly used to treat alopecia areata. It is often used in combination with other treatments, such as corticosteroid injections or minoxidil.<br />
* '''Oral cyclosporine:''' An immuno-suppressor drug, Cyclosporine is used in some cases of alopecia areata though it must be kept in mind that its side-effects include risk of serious infection and possibly skin cancer. It must be noted that the dangers of this drug outweigh its benefits for alopecia areata.<br />
* '''Sulfasalazine''': Sulfasalazine acts on the immune system and it is used in severe cases of alopecia areata.<br />
* '''PUVA treatment''': In PUVA (also called photochemotherapy), a drug called a psoralen is applied topically or taken orally and then the alopecia patch is exposed to an ultraviolet light source.<br />
* '''Alternative therapie'''s: Alternative therapies commonly used by patients for alopecia areata include acupuncture, aroma therapy, evening primrose oil, zinc and vitamin supplements, and Chinese herbs. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/contreat.htm Source]<br />
<br />
==Intellectual Property==<br />
==Patent Mapping==<br />
==Competitor Mapping==<br />
==Conclusion==</div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Life_Science_Demo&diff=3423Life Science Demo2007-04-06T06:29:20Z<p>Dolcera: /* Causes */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[image: alopecia1.jpeg|500 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata (‘baldness in spots') is a form of hair loss, usually from the scalp, although it can affect other areas of the body. The hair loss mostly remains limited to the scalp but in certain cases it can extend to eyebrows, eyelashes, facial hair (beard, moustache), nasal hair and give rise to bald spots anywhere in the body.<br />
<br />
Alopecia can affect both men and women and it is not uncommon to see children affected with this disorder. Approximately 2% of the general population worldwide suffers from alopecia areata.<br />
<br />
'''Understanding alopecia areata:'''<br />
The hair is made up of a protein called keratin which is also the main constituent of nails. A specialised structure inside the skin called ‘Papilla' produces the hair as shown in the figure. The papilla is surrounded by a sac-like structure called the ‘Hair follicle' which also surrounds rest of the hair root within the skin. The part of the hair outside the skin surface is called as shaft. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/what.htm Source]<br />
<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria and viruses) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area.<br />
<br />
The commonest presentation of alopecia areata is appearance of bald patches on the scalp. In most cases, hair falls out in small, round patches about the size of a small coin. The patient may have single or multiple such patches. In some cases these patches may remain static, whereas in some cases the patches may spread to involve larger areas of the scalp. In some cases, hair loss is more extensive. Although it is not very common, the disease can progress to cause total loss of hair on the head (alopecia areata totalis) or complete loss of hair on the head, face, and rest of the body (alopecia areata universalis).<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Causes===<br />
[[image: Couses.gif|200 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria, viruses, allergens, etc.) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area. This abnormal behavior of the immune system is understood to be guided, influenced and triggered by multiple factors.<br />
<br />
The exact cause, why hair follicles undergo this kind of destruction, is not known but a genetic component to this is suspected. Family history of alopecia areata or any of the other auto-immune diseases (such as hypothyroid, diabetes, cancer, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) is often seen in many cases, suggesting a role of genetic element. In addition to the genetic predisposition, certain triggering factors may bring on the onset of this condition. Prolonged underlying stress often predisposes some patients to develop auto-immune process leading to alopecia areata. However, stress may not be the cause in every case.<br />
<br />
Some other common causative factors that can contribute to the development of alopecia areata have been mentioned below:<br />
[[image: Brain.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
<br />
One or more of the following factors may be found responsible in cases of alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* Hormonal cause: High levels of the male hormones (in men as well as in women) can trigger the onset of alopecia<br />
* Thyroid disorders<br />
* Drugs and medications:<br />
** Commonest is this group are chemotherapy drugs, certain medicines used for gout, arthritis, depression, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, etc<br />
** Large doses of Vitamin A can also trigger alopecia<br />
** Oral contraceptive pills<br />
* Chemical treatment of hair, exposure of hair to excessive heat<br />
* Low levels of iron<br />
* Poor protein intake<br />
* Physical stress: After undergoing some major surgery, or due to some chronic illness, rapid weight loss due to dieting<br />
* SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus)<br />
* Fungal infection of the scalp<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Types of Alopecia areata===<br />
<br />
* Alopecia areata monolocularis : In this condition there is a single bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata multilocularis: In this condition there are multiple bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata totalis : In this condition, the patient loses all the hair on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata universalis : In this condition, all body hair, including pubic hair, is lost.<br />
* Alopecia areata barbae : In this condition, the disease is limited only to the beard region.<br />
* Traction alopecia : In this condition, alopecia develops along the frontal margins and temporal margins of the scalp due to constant tension on the hair from being tied very tightly.<br />
<br />
[[image: Types of alopecia areate.jpeg|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Market Information==<br />
==Treatment Approaches==<br />
<br />
The following are some of the common treatments used for alopecia areata in conventional medical practice. These treatments may promote hair growth but none of them prevent new patches from appearing or actually cure the underlying disease; thus they are nothing more than temporary measures for treating alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* '''Corticosteroids''': These drugs have strong anti-inflammatory action and they suppress the immune system if given orally so they are often used in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases, including alopecia areata. Corticosteroids may be administered in three ways for alopecia areata:<br />
** As local injections in the affected area<br />
** As oral medication<br />
** As topical ointments<br />
* '''Minoxidil''': Topical application of minoxidil solution is one of the commonest prescriptions for alopecia areata. Minoxidil is said to promote hair growth in several conditions in which the hair follicle is small and not growing to its full potential.<br />
* '''Anthralin:''' Anthralin, a synthetic tar-like substance that is commonly used to treat alopecia areata. It is often used in combination with other treatments, such as corticosteroid injections or minoxidil.<br />
* '''Oral cyclosporine:''' An immuno-suppressor drug, Cyclosporine is used in some cases of alopecia areata though it must be kept in mind that its side-effects include risk of serious infection and possibly skin cancer. It must be noted that the dangers of this drug outweigh its benefits for alopecia areata.<br />
* '''Sulfasalazine''': Sulfasalazine acts on the immune system and it is used in severe cases of alopecia areata.<br />
* '''PUVA treatment''': In PUVA (also called photochemotherapy), a drug called a psoralen is applied topically or taken orally and then the alopecia patch is exposed to an ultraviolet light source.<br />
* '''Alternative therapie'''s: Alternative therapies commonly used by patients for alopecia areata include acupuncture, aroma therapy, evening primrose oil, zinc and vitamin supplements, and Chinese herbs. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/contreat.htm Source]<br />
<br />
==Intellectual Property==<br />
==Patent Mapping==<br />
==Competitor Mapping==<br />
==Conclusion==</div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Life_Science_Demo&diff=3422Life Science Demo2007-04-06T06:29:06Z<p>Dolcera: /* Causes */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[image: alopecia1.jpeg|500 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata (‘baldness in spots') is a form of hair loss, usually from the scalp, although it can affect other areas of the body. The hair loss mostly remains limited to the scalp but in certain cases it can extend to eyebrows, eyelashes, facial hair (beard, moustache), nasal hair and give rise to bald spots anywhere in the body.<br />
<br />
Alopecia can affect both men and women and it is not uncommon to see children affected with this disorder. Approximately 2% of the general population worldwide suffers from alopecia areata.<br />
<br />
'''Understanding alopecia areata:'''<br />
The hair is made up of a protein called keratin which is also the main constituent of nails. A specialised structure inside the skin called ‘Papilla' produces the hair as shown in the figure. The papilla is surrounded by a sac-like structure called the ‘Hair follicle' which also surrounds rest of the hair root within the skin. The part of the hair outside the skin surface is called as shaft. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/what.htm Source]<br />
<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria and viruses) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area.<br />
<br />
The commonest presentation of alopecia areata is appearance of bald patches on the scalp. In most cases, hair falls out in small, round patches about the size of a small coin. The patient may have single or multiple such patches. In some cases these patches may remain static, whereas in some cases the patches may spread to involve larger areas of the scalp. In some cases, hair loss is more extensive. Although it is not very common, the disease can progress to cause total loss of hair on the head (alopecia areata totalis) or complete loss of hair on the head, face, and rest of the body (alopecia areata universalis).<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Causes===<br />
[[image: Couses.gif|200 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria, viruses, allergens, etc.) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area. This abnormal behavior of the immune system is understood to be guided, influenced and triggered by multiple factors.<br />
<br />
The exact cause, why hair follicles undergo this kind of destruction, is not known but a genetic component to this is suspected. Family history of alopecia areata or any of the other auto-immune diseases (such as hypothyroid, diabetes, cancer, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) is often seen in many cases, suggesting a role of genetic element. In addition to the genetic predisposition, certain triggering factors may bring on the onset of this condition. Prolonged underlying stress often predisposes some patients to develop auto-immune process leading to alopecia areata. However, stress may not be the cause in every case.<br />
<br />
Some other common causative factors that can contribute to the development of alopecia areata have been mentioned below:<br />
<br />
One or more of the following factors may be found responsible in cases of alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* Hormonal cause: High levels of the male hormones (in men as well as in women) can trigger the onset of alopecia<br />
* Thyroid disorders<br />
* Drugs and medications:<br />
** Commonest is this group are chemotherapy drugs, certain medicines used for gout, arthritis, depression, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, etc<br />
** Large doses of Vitamin A can also trigger alopecia<br />
** Oral contraceptive pills<br />
* Chemical treatment of hair, exposure of hair to excessive heat<br />
* Low levels of iron<br />
* Poor protein intake<br />
* Physical stress: After undergoing some major surgery, or due to some chronic illness, rapid weight loss due to dieting<br />
* SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus)<br />
* Fungal infection of the scalp<br />
<br />
[[image: Brain.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Types of Alopecia areata===<br />
<br />
* Alopecia areata monolocularis : In this condition there is a single bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata multilocularis: In this condition there are multiple bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata totalis : In this condition, the patient loses all the hair on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata universalis : In this condition, all body hair, including pubic hair, is lost.<br />
* Alopecia areata barbae : In this condition, the disease is limited only to the beard region.<br />
* Traction alopecia : In this condition, alopecia develops along the frontal margins and temporal margins of the scalp due to constant tension on the hair from being tied very tightly.<br />
<br />
[[image: Types of alopecia areate.jpeg|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Market Information==<br />
==Treatment Approaches==<br />
<br />
The following are some of the common treatments used for alopecia areata in conventional medical practice. These treatments may promote hair growth but none of them prevent new patches from appearing or actually cure the underlying disease; thus they are nothing more than temporary measures for treating alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* '''Corticosteroids''': These drugs have strong anti-inflammatory action and they suppress the immune system if given orally so they are often used in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases, including alopecia areata. Corticosteroids may be administered in three ways for alopecia areata:<br />
** As local injections in the affected area<br />
** As oral medication<br />
** As topical ointments<br />
* '''Minoxidil''': Topical application of minoxidil solution is one of the commonest prescriptions for alopecia areata. Minoxidil is said to promote hair growth in several conditions in which the hair follicle is small and not growing to its full potential.<br />
* '''Anthralin:''' Anthralin, a synthetic tar-like substance that is commonly used to treat alopecia areata. It is often used in combination with other treatments, such as corticosteroid injections or minoxidil.<br />
* '''Oral cyclosporine:''' An immuno-suppressor drug, Cyclosporine is used in some cases of alopecia areata though it must be kept in mind that its side-effects include risk of serious infection and possibly skin cancer. It must be noted that the dangers of this drug outweigh its benefits for alopecia areata.<br />
* '''Sulfasalazine''': Sulfasalazine acts on the immune system and it is used in severe cases of alopecia areata.<br />
* '''PUVA treatment''': In PUVA (also called photochemotherapy), a drug called a psoralen is applied topically or taken orally and then the alopecia patch is exposed to an ultraviolet light source.<br />
* '''Alternative therapie'''s: Alternative therapies commonly used by patients for alopecia areata include acupuncture, aroma therapy, evening primrose oil, zinc and vitamin supplements, and Chinese herbs. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/contreat.htm Source]<br />
<br />
==Intellectual Property==<br />
==Patent Mapping==<br />
==Competitor Mapping==<br />
==Conclusion==</div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Life_Science_Demo&diff=3421Life Science Demo2007-04-06T06:28:54Z<p>Dolcera: /* Causes */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[image: alopecia1.jpeg|500 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata (‘baldness in spots') is a form of hair loss, usually from the scalp, although it can affect other areas of the body. The hair loss mostly remains limited to the scalp but in certain cases it can extend to eyebrows, eyelashes, facial hair (beard, moustache), nasal hair and give rise to bald spots anywhere in the body.<br />
<br />
Alopecia can affect both men and women and it is not uncommon to see children affected with this disorder. Approximately 2% of the general population worldwide suffers from alopecia areata.<br />
<br />
'''Understanding alopecia areata:'''<br />
The hair is made up of a protein called keratin which is also the main constituent of nails. A specialised structure inside the skin called ‘Papilla' produces the hair as shown in the figure. The papilla is surrounded by a sac-like structure called the ‘Hair follicle' which also surrounds rest of the hair root within the skin. The part of the hair outside the skin surface is called as shaft. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/what.htm Source]<br />
<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria and viruses) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area.<br />
<br />
The commonest presentation of alopecia areata is appearance of bald patches on the scalp. In most cases, hair falls out in small, round patches about the size of a small coin. The patient may have single or multiple such patches. In some cases these patches may remain static, whereas in some cases the patches may spread to involve larger areas of the scalp. In some cases, hair loss is more extensive. Although it is not very common, the disease can progress to cause total loss of hair on the head (alopecia areata totalis) or complete loss of hair on the head, face, and rest of the body (alopecia areata universalis).<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Causes===<br />
[[image: Couses.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria, viruses, allergens, etc.) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area. This abnormal behavior of the immune system is understood to be guided, influenced and triggered by multiple factors.<br />
<br />
The exact cause, why hair follicles undergo this kind of destruction, is not known but a genetic component to this is suspected. Family history of alopecia areata or any of the other auto-immune diseases (such as hypothyroid, diabetes, cancer, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) is often seen in many cases, suggesting a role of genetic element. In addition to the genetic predisposition, certain triggering factors may bring on the onset of this condition. Prolonged underlying stress often predisposes some patients to develop auto-immune process leading to alopecia areata. However, stress may not be the cause in every case.<br />
<br />
Some other common causative factors that can contribute to the development of alopecia areata have been mentioned below:<br />
<br />
One or more of the following factors may be found responsible in cases of alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* Hormonal cause: High levels of the male hormones (in men as well as in women) can trigger the onset of alopecia<br />
* Thyroid disorders<br />
* Drugs and medications:<br />
** Commonest is this group are chemotherapy drugs, certain medicines used for gout, arthritis, depression, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, etc<br />
** Large doses of Vitamin A can also trigger alopecia<br />
** Oral contraceptive pills<br />
* Chemical treatment of hair, exposure of hair to excessive heat<br />
* Low levels of iron<br />
* Poor protein intake<br />
* Physical stress: After undergoing some major surgery, or due to some chronic illness, rapid weight loss due to dieting<br />
* SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus)<br />
* Fungal infection of the scalp<br />
<br />
[[image: Brain.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Types of Alopecia areata===<br />
<br />
* Alopecia areata monolocularis : In this condition there is a single bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata multilocularis: In this condition there are multiple bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata totalis : In this condition, the patient loses all the hair on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata universalis : In this condition, all body hair, including pubic hair, is lost.<br />
* Alopecia areata barbae : In this condition, the disease is limited only to the beard region.<br />
* Traction alopecia : In this condition, alopecia develops along the frontal margins and temporal margins of the scalp due to constant tension on the hair from being tied very tightly.<br />
<br />
[[image: Types of alopecia areate.jpeg|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Market Information==<br />
==Treatment Approaches==<br />
<br />
The following are some of the common treatments used for alopecia areata in conventional medical practice. These treatments may promote hair growth but none of them prevent new patches from appearing or actually cure the underlying disease; thus they are nothing more than temporary measures for treating alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* '''Corticosteroids''': These drugs have strong anti-inflammatory action and they suppress the immune system if given orally so they are often used in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases, including alopecia areata. Corticosteroids may be administered in three ways for alopecia areata:<br />
** As local injections in the affected area<br />
** As oral medication<br />
** As topical ointments<br />
* '''Minoxidil''': Topical application of minoxidil solution is one of the commonest prescriptions for alopecia areata. Minoxidil is said to promote hair growth in several conditions in which the hair follicle is small and not growing to its full potential.<br />
* '''Anthralin:''' Anthralin, a synthetic tar-like substance that is commonly used to treat alopecia areata. It is often used in combination with other treatments, such as corticosteroid injections or minoxidil.<br />
* '''Oral cyclosporine:''' An immuno-suppressor drug, Cyclosporine is used in some cases of alopecia areata though it must be kept in mind that its side-effects include risk of serious infection and possibly skin cancer. It must be noted that the dangers of this drug outweigh its benefits for alopecia areata.<br />
* '''Sulfasalazine''': Sulfasalazine acts on the immune system and it is used in severe cases of alopecia areata.<br />
* '''PUVA treatment''': In PUVA (also called photochemotherapy), a drug called a psoralen is applied topically or taken orally and then the alopecia patch is exposed to an ultraviolet light source.<br />
* '''Alternative therapie'''s: Alternative therapies commonly used by patients for alopecia areata include acupuncture, aroma therapy, evening primrose oil, zinc and vitamin supplements, and Chinese herbs. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/contreat.htm Source]<br />
<br />
==Intellectual Property==<br />
==Patent Mapping==<br />
==Competitor Mapping==<br />
==Conclusion==</div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Life_Science_Demo&diff=3420Life Science Demo2007-04-06T06:28:37Z<p>Dolcera: /* Causes */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[image: alopecia1.jpeg|500 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata (‘baldness in spots') is a form of hair loss, usually from the scalp, although it can affect other areas of the body. The hair loss mostly remains limited to the scalp but in certain cases it can extend to eyebrows, eyelashes, facial hair (beard, moustache), nasal hair and give rise to bald spots anywhere in the body.<br />
<br />
Alopecia can affect both men and women and it is not uncommon to see children affected with this disorder. Approximately 2% of the general population worldwide suffers from alopecia areata.<br />
<br />
'''Understanding alopecia areata:'''<br />
The hair is made up of a protein called keratin which is also the main constituent of nails. A specialised structure inside the skin called ‘Papilla' produces the hair as shown in the figure. The papilla is surrounded by a sac-like structure called the ‘Hair follicle' which also surrounds rest of the hair root within the skin. The part of the hair outside the skin surface is called as shaft. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/what.htm Source]<br />
<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria and viruses) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area.<br />
<br />
The commonest presentation of alopecia areata is appearance of bald patches on the scalp. In most cases, hair falls out in small, round patches about the size of a small coin. The patient may have single or multiple such patches. In some cases these patches may remain static, whereas in some cases the patches may spread to involve larger areas of the scalp. In some cases, hair loss is more extensive. Although it is not very common, the disease can progress to cause total loss of hair on the head (alopecia areata totalis) or complete loss of hair on the head, face, and rest of the body (alopecia areata universalis).<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Causes===<br />
[[image: Couses.gif|400 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria, viruses, allergens, etc.) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area. This abnormal behavior of the immune system is understood to be guided, influenced and triggered by multiple factors.<br />
<br />
The exact cause, why hair follicles undergo this kind of destruction, is not known but a genetic component to this is suspected. Family history of alopecia areata or any of the other auto-immune diseases (such as hypothyroid, diabetes, cancer, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) is often seen in many cases, suggesting a role of genetic element. In addition to the genetic predisposition, certain triggering factors may bring on the onset of this condition. Prolonged underlying stress often predisposes some patients to develop auto-immune process leading to alopecia areata. However, stress may not be the cause in every case.<br />
<br />
Some other common causative factors that can contribute to the development of alopecia areata have been mentioned below:<br />
<br />
One or more of the following factors may be found responsible in cases of alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* Hormonal cause: High levels of the male hormones (in men as well as in women) can trigger the onset of alopecia<br />
* Thyroid disorders<br />
* Drugs and medications:<br />
** Commonest is this group are chemotherapy drugs, certain medicines used for gout, arthritis, depression, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, etc<br />
** Large doses of Vitamin A can also trigger alopecia<br />
** Oral contraceptive pills<br />
* Chemical treatment of hair, exposure of hair to excessive heat<br />
* Low levels of iron<br />
* Poor protein intake<br />
* Physical stress: After undergoing some major surgery, or due to some chronic illness, rapid weight loss due to dieting<br />
* SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus)<br />
* Fungal infection of the scalp<br />
<br />
[[image: Brain.gif|300 px|right|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Types of Alopecia areata===<br />
<br />
* Alopecia areata monolocularis : In this condition there is a single bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata multilocularis: In this condition there are multiple bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata totalis : In this condition, the patient loses all the hair on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata universalis : In this condition, all body hair, including pubic hair, is lost.<br />
* Alopecia areata barbae : In this condition, the disease is limited only to the beard region.<br />
* Traction alopecia : In this condition, alopecia develops along the frontal margins and temporal margins of the scalp due to constant tension on the hair from being tied very tightly.<br />
<br />
[[image: Types of alopecia areate.jpeg|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Market Information==<br />
==Treatment Approaches==<br />
<br />
The following are some of the common treatments used for alopecia areata in conventional medical practice. These treatments may promote hair growth but none of them prevent new patches from appearing or actually cure the underlying disease; thus they are nothing more than temporary measures for treating alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* '''Corticosteroids''': These drugs have strong anti-inflammatory action and they suppress the immune system if given orally so they are often used in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases, including alopecia areata. Corticosteroids may be administered in three ways for alopecia areata:<br />
** As local injections in the affected area<br />
** As oral medication<br />
** As topical ointments<br />
* '''Minoxidil''': Topical application of minoxidil solution is one of the commonest prescriptions for alopecia areata. Minoxidil is said to promote hair growth in several conditions in which the hair follicle is small and not growing to its full potential.<br />
* '''Anthralin:''' Anthralin, a synthetic tar-like substance that is commonly used to treat alopecia areata. It is often used in combination with other treatments, such as corticosteroid injections or minoxidil.<br />
* '''Oral cyclosporine:''' An immuno-suppressor drug, Cyclosporine is used in some cases of alopecia areata though it must be kept in mind that its side-effects include risk of serious infection and possibly skin cancer. It must be noted that the dangers of this drug outweigh its benefits for alopecia areata.<br />
* '''Sulfasalazine''': Sulfasalazine acts on the immune system and it is used in severe cases of alopecia areata.<br />
* '''PUVA treatment''': In PUVA (also called photochemotherapy), a drug called a psoralen is applied topically or taken orally and then the alopecia patch is exposed to an ultraviolet light source.<br />
* '''Alternative therapie'''s: Alternative therapies commonly used by patients for alopecia areata include acupuncture, aroma therapy, evening primrose oil, zinc and vitamin supplements, and Chinese herbs. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/contreat.htm Source]<br />
<br />
==Intellectual Property==<br />
==Patent Mapping==<br />
==Competitor Mapping==<br />
==Conclusion==</div>Dolcerahttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Life_Science_Demo&diff=3419Life Science Demo2007-04-06T06:27:11Z<p>Dolcera: /* Treatment Approaches */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[image: alopecia1.jpeg|500 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata (‘baldness in spots') is a form of hair loss, usually from the scalp, although it can affect other areas of the body. The hair loss mostly remains limited to the scalp but in certain cases it can extend to eyebrows, eyelashes, facial hair (beard, moustache), nasal hair and give rise to bald spots anywhere in the body.<br />
<br />
Alopecia can affect both men and women and it is not uncommon to see children affected with this disorder. Approximately 2% of the general population worldwide suffers from alopecia areata.<br />
<br />
'''Understanding alopecia areata:'''<br />
The hair is made up of a protein called keratin which is also the main constituent of nails. A specialised structure inside the skin called ‘Papilla' produces the hair as shown in the figure. The papilla is surrounded by a sac-like structure called the ‘Hair follicle' which also surrounds rest of the hair root within the skin. The part of the hair outside the skin surface is called as shaft. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/what.htm Source]<br />
<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria and viruses) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area.<br />
<br />
The commonest presentation of alopecia areata is appearance of bald patches on the scalp. In most cases, hair falls out in small, round patches about the size of a small coin. The patient may have single or multiple such patches. In some cases these patches may remain static, whereas in some cases the patches may spread to involve larger areas of the scalp. In some cases, hair loss is more extensive. Although it is not very common, the disease can progress to cause total loss of hair on the head (alopecia areata totalis) or complete loss of hair on the head, face, and rest of the body (alopecia areata universalis).<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Causes===<br />
[[image: Couses.gif|400 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria, viruses, allergens, etc.) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area. This abnormal behavior of the immune system is understood to be guided, influenced and triggered by multiple factors.<br />
<br />
The exact cause, why hair follicles undergo this kind of destruction, is not known but a genetic component to this is suspected. Family history of alopecia areata or any of the other auto-immune diseases (such as hypothyroid, diabetes, cancer, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) is often seen in many cases, suggesting a role of genetic element. In addition to the genetic predisposition, certain triggering factors may bring on the onset of this condition. Prolonged underlying stress often predisposes some patients to develop auto-immune process leading to alopecia areata. However, stress may not be the cause in every case.<br />
<br />
Some other common causative factors that can contribute to the development of alopecia areata have been mentioned below:<br />
One or more of the following factors may be found responsible in cases of alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* Hormonal cause: High levels of the male hormones (in men as well as in women) can trigger the onset of alopecia<br />
* Thyroid disorders<br />
* Drugs and medications:<br />
** Commonest is this group are chemotherapy drugs, certain medicines used for gout, arthritis, depression, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, etc<br />
** Large doses of Vitamin A can also trigger alopecia<br />
** Oral contraceptive pills<br />
* Chemical treatment of hair, exposure of hair to excessive heat<br />
* Low levels of iron<br />
* Poor protein intake<br />
* Physical stress: After undergoing some major surgery, or due to some chronic illness, rapid weight loss due to dieting<br />
* SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus)<br />
* Fungal infection of the scalp<br />
<br />
[[image: Brain.gif|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Types of Alopecia areata===<br />
<br />
* Alopecia areata monolocularis : In this condition there is a single bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata multilocularis: In this condition there are multiple bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata totalis : In this condition, the patient loses all the hair on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata universalis : In this condition, all body hair, including pubic hair, is lost.<br />
* Alopecia areata barbae : In this condition, the disease is limited only to the beard region.<br />
* Traction alopecia : In this condition, alopecia develops along the frontal margins and temporal margins of the scalp due to constant tension on the hair from being tied very tightly.<br />
<br />
[[image: Types of alopecia areate.jpeg|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Market Information==<br />
==Treatment Approaches==<br />
<br />
The following are some of the common treatments used for alopecia areata in conventional medical practice. These treatments may promote hair growth but none of them prevent new patches from appearing or actually cure the underlying disease; thus they are nothing more than temporary measures for treating alopecia areata:<br />
<br />
* '''Corticosteroids''': These drugs have strong anti-inflammatory action and they suppress the immune system if given orally so they are often used in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases, including alopecia areata. Corticosteroids may be administered in three ways for alopecia areata:<br />
** As local injections in the affected area<br />
** As oral medication<br />
** As topical ointments<br />
* '''Minoxidil''': Topical application of minoxidil solution is one of the commonest prescriptions for alopecia areata. Minoxidil is said to promote hair growth in several conditions in which the hair follicle is small and not growing to its full potential.<br />
* '''Anthralin:''' Anthralin, a synthetic tar-like substance that is commonly used to treat alopecia areata. It is often used in combination with other treatments, such as corticosteroid injections or minoxidil.<br />
* '''Oral cyclosporine:''' An immuno-suppressor drug, Cyclosporine is used in some cases of alopecia areata though it must be kept in mind that its side-effects include risk of serious infection and possibly skin cancer. It must be noted that the dangers of this drug outweigh its benefits for alopecia areata.<br />
* '''Sulfasalazine''': Sulfasalazine acts on the immune system and it is used in severe cases of alopecia areata.<br />
* '''PUVA treatment''': In PUVA (also called photochemotherapy), a drug called a psoralen is applied topically or taken orally and then the alopecia patch is exposed to an ultraviolet light source.<br />
* '''Alternative therapie'''s: Alternative therapies commonly used by patients for alopecia areata include acupuncture, aroma therapy, evening primrose oil, zinc and vitamin supplements, and Chinese herbs. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/contreat.htm Source]<br />
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<div>==Overview==<br />
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[[image: alopecia1.jpeg|500 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata (‘baldness in spots') is a form of hair loss, usually from the scalp, although it can affect other areas of the body. The hair loss mostly remains limited to the scalp but in certain cases it can extend to eyebrows, eyelashes, facial hair (beard, moustache), nasal hair and give rise to bald spots anywhere in the body.<br />
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Alopecia can affect both men and women and it is not uncommon to see children affected with this disorder. Approximately 2% of the general population worldwide suffers from alopecia areata.<br />
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'''Understanding alopecia areata:'''<br />
The hair is made up of a protein called keratin which is also the main constituent of nails. A specialised structure inside the skin called ‘Papilla' produces the hair as shown in the figure. The papilla is surrounded by a sac-like structure called the ‘Hair follicle' which also surrounds rest of the hair root within the skin. The part of the hair outside the skin surface is called as shaft. [http://www.alopeciaareata.us/what.htm Source]<br />
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Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria and viruses) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area.<br />
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The commonest presentation of alopecia areata is appearance of bald patches on the scalp. In most cases, hair falls out in small, round patches about the size of a small coin. The patient may have single or multiple such patches. In some cases these patches may remain static, whereas in some cases the patches may spread to involve larger areas of the scalp. In some cases, hair loss is more extensive. Although it is not very common, the disease can progress to cause total loss of hair on the head (alopecia areata totalis) or complete loss of hair on the head, face, and rest of the body (alopecia areata universalis).<br />
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===Causes===<br />
[[image: Couses.gif|400 px|right|thumb]]<br />
Alopecia areata is considered to be an auto-immune condition in which the immune system of the body (which protects the body from bacteria, viruses, allergens, etc.) mistakenly attacks the hair follicles and destroys them. This leads to hair loss in the affected area. This abnormal behavior of the immune system is understood to be guided, influenced and triggered by multiple factors.<br />
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The exact cause, why hair follicles undergo this kind of destruction, is not known but a genetic component to this is suspected. Family history of alopecia areata or any of the other auto-immune diseases (such as hypothyroid, diabetes, cancer, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) is often seen in many cases, suggesting a role of genetic element. In addition to the genetic predisposition, certain triggering factors may bring on the onset of this condition. Prolonged underlying stress often predisposes some patients to develop auto-immune process leading to alopecia areata. However, stress may not be the cause in every case.<br />
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Some other common causative factors that can contribute to the development of alopecia areata have been mentioned below:<br />
One or more of the following factors may be found responsible in cases of alopecia areata:<br />
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* Hormonal cause: High levels of the male hormones (in men as well as in women) can trigger the onset of alopecia<br />
* Thyroid disorders<br />
* Drugs and medications:<br />
** Commonest is this group are chemotherapy drugs, certain medicines used for gout, arthritis, depression, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, etc<br />
** Large doses of Vitamin A can also trigger alopecia<br />
** Oral contraceptive pills<br />
* Chemical treatment of hair, exposure of hair to excessive heat<br />
* Low levels of iron<br />
* Poor protein intake<br />
* Physical stress: After undergoing some major surgery, or due to some chronic illness, rapid weight loss due to dieting<br />
* SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus)<br />
* Fungal infection of the scalp<br />
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[[image: Brain.gif|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
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===Types of Alopecia areata===<br />
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* Alopecia areata monolocularis : In this condition there is a single bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata multilocularis: In this condition there are multiple bald spot on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata totalis : In this condition, the patient loses all the hair on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia areata universalis : In this condition, all body hair, including pubic hair, is lost.<br />
* Alopecia areata barbae : In this condition, the disease is limited only to the beard region.<br />
* Traction alopecia : In this condition, alopecia develops along the frontal margins and temporal margins of the scalp due to constant tension on the hair from being tied very tightly.<br />
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[[image: Types of alopecia areate.jpeg|500 px|center|thumb]]<br />
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