https://www.dolcera.com/wiki/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Debanjan&feedformat=atomDolceraWiki - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T13:56:38ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.24wmf12https://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Golf_Club_Head_Landscape&diff=7149Golf Club Head Landscape2009-11-12T18:01:19Z<p>Debanjan: /* Sample Office Action Analysis */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Golf=<br />
'''Golf''' is a game in which a player, using many types of '''clubs''' including a '''driver''', a '''putter''', and '''irons''', hits a ball into each hole on a golf course in the lowest possible number of strokes. Golf is one of the few ball games that does not use a standardized playing area; rather, the game is played on golf "courses", each one of which has a unique design and typically consists of either 9 or 18 holes. Golf is defined in the Rules of Golf as "playing a ball with a club from the teeing ground into the hole by a stroke or successive strokes in accordance with the Rules."<br />
<br />
*'''Clubs:'''<br><br />
Golf clubs are used in the sport of golf to hit a golf ball. Each club is composed of a shaft with a lance(grip) and a clubhead. Woods are used for long-distance fairway shots; irons, the most versatile class used for a variety of shots, and putters, used mainly on the green to roll the ball into the cup.<br><br />
An important variation in different clubs is loft, or the angle between the club's face and the vertical plane. It is loft that makes a golf ball leave the tee on an ascending trajectory, not the angle of swing; virtually all swings contact the ball with a horizontal motion. The impact of the club compresses the ball, while grooves on the clubface give the ball '''backspin''' (A well-struck golf shot will result in a large amount of backspin that will carry the ball higher into the air and further. Backspin also helps with distance control, as if there is enough backspin, the ball will "check" if it lands on the putting surface, and sometimes even creep backwards (in the opposite direction that the ball was flying) upon landing.). Together, the compression and backspin create lift. The majority of woods and irons are labeled with a number; higher numbers indicate shorter shafts and higher lofts, which give the ball a higher and shorter trajectory.<br><br />
<br />
*'''Types of Clubs:'''<br />
<br />
**'''DRIVERS'''<br />
A driver is also called a 1-wood and is used for hitting a long, low tee shot across longer distances at long-yardage holes. They are made of forged titanium, stainless steel, or an Ti alloy and have a long shaft and wide head. Drivers vary in weights and lengths to match each lady golfer's handicap. There are three types of golf clubs:<br><br />
***Forged titanium golf drivers are expensive and made up of larger titanium heads. They have an lightweight graphite shaft. For low and mid-handicap ladies.<br><br />
***Stainless steel golf drivers have heavier, hard and strong compact heads. For low handicap golfers.<br><br />
***Alloy golf drivers are less expensive and have Ti Alloy heads and graphite shafts. For starters and mid-handicappers.<br><br />
<br />
**'''Woods'''<br />
Woods have a large head and a long shaft for maximum club speed and long-distance shots on the fairway. Originally woods had a clubhead made of wood, but nowadays they are also known as metalwoods, due to the fact that they are made of titanium, steel, or composite alloys. Higher-number lady golf club woods are generally called as fairway woods. They have a higher loft for high ball arcs, shallower face heights, and big flattened soles for easily gliding through the grass or rough. Most women have a driver, and a 3 and 5-wood in their bag. The heads have different volumes:<br><br />
***Standard, 150-155 cc<br><br />
***Midsized, up to 195 cc<br><br />
***Oversized, up to 250 cc<br><br />
[[Image:club types.jpg|1000px|centre|thumb|Types of clubs]]<br />
<br />
**'''Irons'''<br />
These are meant for approach shots less than 200 yards away from the green and for difficult lies, in the rough for example. The most common iron set includes all 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9-irons and a pitching wedge (see more on wedges below). The higher the number of an iron club, the shorter the shaft and the higher the loft. The 1 to 4 irons are long irons used for low and far distance shots. The 5 to 7 irons are called mid irons. And the 8-iron and up are short irons for short distance shots high in the air. There are two types of golf clubs irons heads: Cast, Cavity Back or Perimeter-Weighted irons have a large sweet spot. An forged Steel heads are more difficult because of a smaller sweet spot.<br><br />
<br />
**'''Wedges'''<br />
High-loft irons for striking balls high in the air at a short distance in various lies: like approach shots, chipping, pitching, recovery and bunker shots. There are four types of golf clubs wedges:<br><br />
***Pitching Wedge(PW) - For at least 130 yards and longer from the fairway into the green. The loft is 46 to 51 degrees.<br><br />
***Sand Wedge (SW) - For digging the ball out of a bunker and sand shots. The loft is 55 to 57 degrees.<br><br />
***Gap Wedge (GW), Approach Wedge (AW), Dual Wedge (D), Attack Wedge (AW) or Utility Wedge (UW) - With all these types of golf clubs you can make a variety of green or bunker shots. These different types of golf clubs fill in between the pitching wedge and sand and lob wedge. 50 to 58 degrees loft.<br><br />
***Lob Wedge (LW) - For high short-distance hits around obstacles and to the green. 60 to 64 degree lofted.<br><br />
<br />
**'''Putters'''<br />
Used for pushing and rolling the golf ball from close distance along on the green or apron towards the cup. Every lady golfer must have this type of golf club.<br />
<br />
**'''Utility & Hybrid Ladies Golf Clubs'''<br />
Hybrid ladies golf clubs are a cross, with a clubhead that combines the features, characteristics and benefits of an iron and a wood. Many women replace their 2, 3, and 4-irons with these types of golf clubs.<br />
<br />
*'''Parts of the Club:'''<br />
[[Image:club parts.jpg|1000px|right|thumb|Parts of club]]<br />
**'''The Grip'''<br><br />
The grip of the golf club is important because it connects the club to the golfer's hands. According to the rules of golf, recognized by both ruling bodies, the grip has to be round, without obvious bumps, lumps or hollows.<br />
<br />
**'''The Shaft'''<br><br />
The shaft of the golf club connects the grip to the head and, like the grip, must be basically round in cross section. Most modern golf club shafts are made of either steel or a carbon-fiber and resin composite. Carbon fiber has the advantage of being lighter than steel, but clubs with carbon-fiber shafts also tend to be more expensive. <br />
<br />
**'''The Head'''<br><br />
The head of the golf club is where all the energy of the swing is transferred to the golf ball. There is more variation in the appearance of golf club heads than there is in either shafts or grips, but all the variations fall into one of three broad categories: the heads of woods, irons and putters.<br />
<br />
*'''Parts of Club Head:'''<br><br />
[[Image:head parts.jpg|1000px|centre|thumb|Parts of Head]]<br />
The head of the golf club has several parts: the '''Hosel''', where the head connects to the shaft; the '''Face''', which actually strikes the ball; the '''Sole''', which is the part closest to the ground; and the '''Back''', which is on the side opposite the face.<br />
<br />
==Golf Club Head Taxonomy==<br />
[[Image:Golf Club.jpg|750px|center|thumb|Golf Club Head Taxonomy]]<br />
<br />
== Search History ==<br />
=== Concept Table ===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''S.No'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Concept 1'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Concept 2'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Concept 3'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Concept 4'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Concept 5'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Assignee'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Control Patents'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Patent Class Code'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Defination'''</font><br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''1'''</font><br />
|Golf<br />
|Clubhead*<br />
|Driver<br />
|Hosel<br />
|Impact<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber<br />
|US7066833B2<br />
|473<br />
|Games using tangible projectile<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''2'''</font><br />
|Gouf<br />
|Club Adj2 Head*<br />
|Wood<br />
|Face<br />
|Projectil*<br />
|Srixon<br />
|US6932715B2<br />
|340<br />
|Putter<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''3'''</font><br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|Ball Adj 2 Strik*<br />
|Iron<br />
|Sole<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|SRI Adj2 Sport*<br />
|US6913546B2<br />
|341<br />
|Toe and heel weighting<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''4'''</font><br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|Putter Adj2 Head*<br />
|Wedge<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|US6875130B2<br />
|305<br />
|Head and shaft connection<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''5'''</font><br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|Head*<br />
|Putter<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|US6875126B2<br />
|304<br />
|One piece head and shaft:<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''6'''</font><br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|Strik* Adj2 Surface*<br />
|Hybrid<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|US6852038B2<br />
|292<br />
|Head, shaft, and handle having particular combined center of gravity:<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''7'''</font><br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|Crown<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|US6849003B2<br />
|290<br />
|Particular correlated head characteristic:<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''8'''</font><br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|US6776726B2<br />
|A63B*<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''9'''</font><br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|US6719645B2<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''10'''</font><br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|US6716114B2<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|}<br />
=== Search Strategy ===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''S.No'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Concepts'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Search String'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Scope'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Hits'''</font><br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''1'''</font><br />
|Any Classification<br />
|(A63B*) OR (473* OR D21759)<br />
|align = "center"|Micropat - Full Text<br>US - Grant & Application<br>Date - 19981008 till date<br />
|align = "center"|31141<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''2'''</font><br />
|Keyword Set 1<br />
|((GOlf OR Gouf) AND (Clubhead* OR (Club Adj2 Head*) OR Head* OR Crown*)) OR ((Putter OR Driver OR Wood OR Iron OR Hybrid) Adj2 Head*) OR (Strik* Adj Surface) OR (Strik* Adj Face)<br />
|align = "center"|Same as above<br />
|align = "center"|20287<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''3'''</font><br />
|Keyword Set 2<br />
|(Hosel OR Face OR Sole) AND ((Golf adj2 Club adj2 Head*) OR (Clubhead* OR (Club Adj2 Head) OR Golfhead OR (Golf Adj2 Head)))<br />
|align = "center"|Same as above<br />
|align = "center"|5297<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''4'''</font><br />
|Assignee/Applicant<br />
|(Sumitomo Adj2 Rubber) Or (Srixon) Or (SRI Adj2 Sport*)<br />
|align = "center"|Same as above<br />
|align = "center"|1604<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''5'''</font><br />
|Assignee/Applicant (non-std) <br />
|(Sumitomo Adj2 Rubber) Or (Srixon) Or (SRI Adj2 Sport*)<br />
|align = "center"|Same as above<br />
|align = "center"|1594<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''6'''</font><br />
|Filter<br />
|(Golf Adj Ball)<br />
|align = "center"|Micropat - English Title<br>US - Grant & Application<br>Date - 19981008 till date<br />
|align = "center"|3644<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''7'''</font><br />
|Combined<br />
|align = "center"|2 OR 3<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|20296<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''8'''</font><br />
|Combined<br />
|align = "center"|7 AND 1<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|10057<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''9'''</font><br />
|Combined<br />
|align = "center"|4 OR 5<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|1604<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''10'''</font><br />
|Combined<br />
|align = "center"|8 AND 9<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|551<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''11'''</font><br />
|Combined- Final Query<br />
|align = "center"|10 NOT 6<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|218 (187 excluding family patents) - 73% efficiency<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Sample Analysis of Patents==<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''S. No.'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Pat #'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Title '''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Abstract'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Publication Year'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Assignee / Applicant'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Patent Focus '''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Dolcera Summary'''</font><br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''1'''</font><br />
|US7066833B2<br />
|Golf club head<br />
|A golf club head comprises a face portion having a front face defining a clubface for hitting a ball and a back face facing a hollow, wherein the clubface is provided along the edge thereof with a frontal groove having a groove width of not less than 0.5 mm, and the back face is provided with a backside groove extending along the frontal groove.<br />
|2006<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.<br />
|Face with frontal groove<br />
|Golf club head has face portion having club face provided with frontal groove having width of not less than 0.5 mm such that face portion also includes back face provided with backside groove extending along frontal groove. <br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''2'''</font><br />
|US6932715B2<br />
|Golf club head<br />
|A golf club head including a head base body which surface is formed with a coating film, the coating film including a topcoat layer consisting of an acrylic resin coating material containing polyethylene wax of 1.0 to 10.0 parts by weight with respect to acrylic resin solid content of 100 parts by weight. It is possible to improve abrasion resistance while making the best use of excellent impact resistance of the acrylic resin coating material, and thus, to effectively prevent peeling of the coating film. Further, it is possible to enhance the interlayer adhesion of inner layers with the topcoat layer.<br />
|2005<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.<br />
|Topcoat layer coated head<br />
|Golf club head comprises head base body whose surface is formed with coating film with topcoat layer consisting of acrylic resin coating material.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''3'''</font><br />
|US6913546B2<br />
|Wood-type golf club head<br />
|A wood-type golf club head comprises a club face provided with a high-resilience part whose Young<nowiki>’</nowiki>s modulus E is in a range of from 40 to 80 GPa. The head volume is in a range of from 270 to 420 cc. The horizontal inertial moment is in a range of from 3000 to 4500 (g•sq.cm), and the gravity point depth is in a range of from 15 to 25 mm.<br />
|2005<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.<br />
|Design specification of head<br />
|Wood-type golf club head for hitting golf ball when playing golf, has volume ranging from 270 to 420 cc, horizontal inertial moment ranging from 3000 to 4500 grams square centimeter, and gravity point depth ranging from 15 to 25 cm.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''4'''</font><br />
|US6875130B2<br />
|Wood-type golf club head<br />
|A wood-type golf club head which has a head volume of not less than 320 cc, a gravity point distance (C) in a range of from 25 to 35 mm, and a heel area width (A) in a range of from 30 to 52% of a clubhead width (B) .<br />
|2005<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.<br />
|Projection of head center<br />
|Wood golf-club head, sets center of gravity distance between point, which projects head center of gravity on vertical plane, and shaft axis to 25 to 35 millimeters.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''5'''</font><br />
|US6875126B2<br />
|Golf club head<br />
|A golf club head containing a hollow main frame and a face plate; the hollow main frame is composed of a main body and a crown plate welded to the main body, the main body containing a hosel part, a sole part and a side part extending upwards from the periphery of the sole part except for a front edge of the sole part thereby providing an open top and an open front, and the crown plate covers said open top, whereby the main frame has an opening on the front thereof. The face plate is welded to the main frame to cover the front opening of the main frame; the face plate includes a face part defining a clubface, and a flange part extending backward from at least the upper edge of the face part; the main frame further including eaves extending from an upper edge of the opening to the inside of the flange part, wherein the thickness of crown plate is in the range of 0.3 to 1.5 mm.<br />
|2005<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.<br />
|Crown plated head<br />
|Golf club head has crown plate formed with thickness ranging from 0.3 to 1.5 mm and welded to main body of main frame to cover open top of main body.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''6'''</font><br />
|US6852038B2<br />
|Golf club head and method of making the same<br />
|A golf club head comprises a hollow body having a cavity, a plurality of rib-like walls provided on the inner surface of the hollow body so as to extend backward from a position near the face portion, and a sound bar disposed behind the face portion so as to extend along the back face of the face portion. A method of making a golf club head comprises making a wax model of the hollow main body having an opening, wherein in order to prevent deformation of the wax model during making a casting mold, the wax model is provided with a brace which extends across the opening and protruding walls which are disposed on the inner surface of the wax model and extend backwards from the opening.<br />
|2005<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.<br />
|Club head with sound bar<br />
|Golf club head has at least sound bar which is provided behind face portion of hollow body, on which rib-like walls are provided on inner surface, and extended at small distance from back face of face portion.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''7'''</font><br />
|US6849003B2<br />
|Golf club head<br />
|A golf club head made of a fiber reinforced resin, comprising: a face hitting a ball; a crown forming an upper surface of the head; a sole forming a bottom surface of the head; a side extending between the crown and the sole from an edge on a toe side of the face to an edge on a heel side through a back face; and a hosel into which a shaft is inserted, wherein the crown has a thickness of equal to or less than 2.2 mm, and includes at least partially a high elastic part made of a fiber reinforced resin reinforced by at least one kind of fiber having a tensile elasticity modulus between 380 and 900 (GPa), and the hosel is provided with a vibration absorbent having a loss tangent between 0.7 and 1.5 at a temperature of 10° C. in the vicinity thereof.<br />
|2005<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.<br />
|Fiber reinforced resin club head<br />
|Golf club head made of fiber reinforced resin, has hosel which is provided with vibration absorbent having loss tangent between 0.7 and 1.5 at temperature of 10 degrees Centigrade in vicinity.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''8'''</font><br />
|US6776726B2<br />
|Golf club head<br />
|A golf club head comprises a ball striking face provided with a central region having a surface hardness Hc and a peripheral region surrounding the central region and having a surface hardness Hp less than the surface hardness Hc.<br />
|2004<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.<br />
|Surface hardness of head<br />
|Golf club head has ball striking face provided with central region having surface hardness and peripheral region surrounding central region.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''9'''</font><br />
|US6719645B2<br />
|Golf club head<br />
|A golf club head comprises a main body and a face member attached to the main body. The face member comprises a main portion forming a ball striking face and an extended part. The extended part extends 5 to 30 mm backward from at least part of the edge of the ball striking face. The thickness of the extended part is less than the thickness of the main portion.<br />
|2004<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.<br />
|Design specification of head<br />
|Golf club head with ball striking surface and extension surface about 5-30 millimeters from edge of ball striking surface, such that thickness of extension surface is less than that of main portion.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''10'''</font><br />
|US6716114B2<br />
|Wood-type golf club head<br />
|A wood-type golf club head having a head volume of not less than 300 cc comprises a head main body having a club face for striking a golf ball and a hosel defining a shaft center line (CL) corresponding to the center line of a club shaft, wherein the center of gravity (G) of the club head is disposed at a distance (L) of from 26 to 36 mm from said shaft center line (CL), a sweet spot (s) on the club face is disposed at a distance of not more than 3 mm from a club face center (c) of the club face, the club face has a toe-side end (Fe) disposed at a distance (B) of from 13 to 30 mm in the toe-heel direction towards the heel from a toe-side end (Te) of the club head, and a heel end (He) of the club head is disposed at a distance (A) of from 10 to 16 mm from the shaft center line (CL).<br />
|2004<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.<br />
|Design specification of head<br />
|Wood type golf club head sets required distance from center of gravity of club head to shaft center line of hosel, as well as distance from sweet spot to center of club face.<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Sample Office Action Analysis ==<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''S.No.'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Pat/Pub <nowiki> </nowiki>'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Examiner'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Assigne - Normalized'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''<nowiki> </nowiki> # of Applications Filed'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Corresponding number of allowances'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Number of abandonments'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Pendency of applications issuing as patents'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Time period from filing to first action (excluding expedited applications)'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Number of appeals taken'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Number of Requests for Continued Examination (RCEs) filed (per case and total)'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Number of Interviews (per case and total)'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Comments'''</font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''1'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US6797106B2<br />
|align = "justify"|Aftergut, Jeff H.<br />
|align = "justify"|Callaway Golf<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|1/10/2003 - 10/22/2003<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|2<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''2'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US6676537B2<br />
|align = "justify"|Arbes, Carl J.<br />
|align = "justify"|Top Flite Golf<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|12/8/2000 - 12/11/2002<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|1.Image file wrapper is not available, data collected from Transaction history.<br>2.Two NOA is availabe where one where the data has been verified and one mailed, so 1 NOA is being consider.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''3'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US7394917B2<br />
|align = "justify"|Azarian, Seyed<br />
|align = "justify"|SRI Sports<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|06/22/2004 - 06/27/2007<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''4'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US6860819B2<br />
|Blau, Stephen<br />
|Acushnet Company<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|11-12-2002 - 03-13-2003<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''5'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US7137903B2<br />
|Blau, Stephen<br />
|Acushnet Company<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|4/21/2004 - 11/23/2005<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''6'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US6679784B2<br />
|Blau, Stephen<br />
|Acushnet Company<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|12/23/2002 - 6/13/2003<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|1.Image file wrapper is not available, data collected from Transaction history.<br>2.Two NOA is availabe where one where the data has been verified and one mailed, so 1 NOA is being consider.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''7'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US7029402B2<br />
|Blau, Stephen<br />
|align = "justify"|Bridgestone Sports<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|1/16/2003 - 12/15/2003<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''8'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US6984180B2<br />
|Blau, Stephen<br />
|align = "justify"|Bridgestone Sports<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|3/13/2003 - 3/10/2004<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|2<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''9'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US6780123B2<br />
|Blau, Stephen<br />
|align = "justify"|Bridgestone Sports<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|3/13/2003 - 1/28/2004<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''10'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US7507165B2<br />
|Blau, Stephen<br />
|align = "justify"|Bridgestone Sports<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|12/29/2005 - 12/5/2006<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''11'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US7300359B2<br />
|Blau, Stephen<br />
|align = "justify"|Callaway Golf<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|8/14/2006 - 8/6/2007<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''12'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US7115046B1<br />
|Blau, Stephen<br />
|align = "justify"|Callaway Golf<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|5/4/2005 - 7/18/2006<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Notes ===<br />
<br />
* Notice of allowance is equal to the number of NOA mentioned in the Image File Wrapper.<br />
* First office is considered when there is any rejection of claims and there is a response from the patent office.<br />
* Usually CTNF (Non-Final Rejection) is considered as first office action after the patent has been filed.<br />
* In some cases CTRS (Response to Election / Restriction Filed) is considered as the first office action which is also related to claim rejection.<br />
* In some patents Image Wrapper file is not available for them the data has been collected from the Transaction history.</div>Debanjanhttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Golf_Club_Head_Landscape&diff=7148Golf Club Head Landscape2009-11-12T17:59:39Z<p>Debanjan: /* Sample Office Action Analysis */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Golf=<br />
'''Golf''' is a game in which a player, using many types of '''clubs''' including a '''driver''', a '''putter''', and '''irons''', hits a ball into each hole on a golf course in the lowest possible number of strokes. Golf is one of the few ball games that does not use a standardized playing area; rather, the game is played on golf "courses", each one of which has a unique design and typically consists of either 9 or 18 holes. Golf is defined in the Rules of Golf as "playing a ball with a club from the teeing ground into the hole by a stroke or successive strokes in accordance with the Rules."<br />
<br />
*'''Clubs:'''<br><br />
Golf clubs are used in the sport of golf to hit a golf ball. Each club is composed of a shaft with a lance(grip) and a clubhead. Woods are used for long-distance fairway shots; irons, the most versatile class used for a variety of shots, and putters, used mainly on the green to roll the ball into the cup.<br><br />
An important variation in different clubs is loft, or the angle between the club's face and the vertical plane. It is loft that makes a golf ball leave the tee on an ascending trajectory, not the angle of swing; virtually all swings contact the ball with a horizontal motion. The impact of the club compresses the ball, while grooves on the clubface give the ball '''backspin''' (A well-struck golf shot will result in a large amount of backspin that will carry the ball higher into the air and further. Backspin also helps with distance control, as if there is enough backspin, the ball will "check" if it lands on the putting surface, and sometimes even creep backwards (in the opposite direction that the ball was flying) upon landing.). Together, the compression and backspin create lift. The majority of woods and irons are labeled with a number; higher numbers indicate shorter shafts and higher lofts, which give the ball a higher and shorter trajectory.<br><br />
<br />
*'''Types of Clubs:'''<br />
<br />
**'''DRIVERS'''<br />
A driver is also called a 1-wood and is used for hitting a long, low tee shot across longer distances at long-yardage holes. They are made of forged titanium, stainless steel, or an Ti alloy and have a long shaft and wide head. Drivers vary in weights and lengths to match each lady golfer's handicap. There are three types of golf clubs:<br><br />
***Forged titanium golf drivers are expensive and made up of larger titanium heads. They have an lightweight graphite shaft. For low and mid-handicap ladies.<br><br />
***Stainless steel golf drivers have heavier, hard and strong compact heads. For low handicap golfers.<br><br />
***Alloy golf drivers are less expensive and have Ti Alloy heads and graphite shafts. For starters and mid-handicappers.<br><br />
<br />
**'''Woods'''<br />
Woods have a large head and a long shaft for maximum club speed and long-distance shots on the fairway. Originally woods had a clubhead made of wood, but nowadays they are also known as metalwoods, due to the fact that they are made of titanium, steel, or composite alloys. Higher-number lady golf club woods are generally called as fairway woods. They have a higher loft for high ball arcs, shallower face heights, and big flattened soles for easily gliding through the grass or rough. Most women have a driver, and a 3 and 5-wood in their bag. The heads have different volumes:<br><br />
***Standard, 150-155 cc<br><br />
***Midsized, up to 195 cc<br><br />
***Oversized, up to 250 cc<br><br />
[[Image:club types.jpg|1000px|centre|thumb|Types of clubs]]<br />
<br />
**'''Irons'''<br />
These are meant for approach shots less than 200 yards away from the green and for difficult lies, in the rough for example. The most common iron set includes all 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9-irons and a pitching wedge (see more on wedges below). The higher the number of an iron club, the shorter the shaft and the higher the loft. The 1 to 4 irons are long irons used for low and far distance shots. The 5 to 7 irons are called mid irons. And the 8-iron and up are short irons for short distance shots high in the air. There are two types of golf clubs irons heads: Cast, Cavity Back or Perimeter-Weighted irons have a large sweet spot. An forged Steel heads are more difficult because of a smaller sweet spot.<br><br />
<br />
**'''Wedges'''<br />
High-loft irons for striking balls high in the air at a short distance in various lies: like approach shots, chipping, pitching, recovery and bunker shots. There are four types of golf clubs wedges:<br><br />
***Pitching Wedge(PW) - For at least 130 yards and longer from the fairway into the green. The loft is 46 to 51 degrees.<br><br />
***Sand Wedge (SW) - For digging the ball out of a bunker and sand shots. The loft is 55 to 57 degrees.<br><br />
***Gap Wedge (GW), Approach Wedge (AW), Dual Wedge (D), Attack Wedge (AW) or Utility Wedge (UW) - With all these types of golf clubs you can make a variety of green or bunker shots. These different types of golf clubs fill in between the pitching wedge and sand and lob wedge. 50 to 58 degrees loft.<br><br />
***Lob Wedge (LW) - For high short-distance hits around obstacles and to the green. 60 to 64 degree lofted.<br><br />
<br />
**'''Putters'''<br />
Used for pushing and rolling the golf ball from close distance along on the green or apron towards the cup. Every lady golfer must have this type of golf club.<br />
<br />
**'''Utility & Hybrid Ladies Golf Clubs'''<br />
Hybrid ladies golf clubs are a cross, with a clubhead that combines the features, characteristics and benefits of an iron and a wood. Many women replace their 2, 3, and 4-irons with these types of golf clubs.<br />
<br />
*'''Parts of the Club:'''<br />
[[Image:club parts.jpg|1000px|right|thumb|Parts of club]]<br />
**'''The Grip'''<br><br />
The grip of the golf club is important because it connects the club to the golfer's hands. According to the rules of golf, recognized by both ruling bodies, the grip has to be round, without obvious bumps, lumps or hollows.<br />
<br />
**'''The Shaft'''<br><br />
The shaft of the golf club connects the grip to the head and, like the grip, must be basically round in cross section. Most modern golf club shafts are made of either steel or a carbon-fiber and resin composite. Carbon fiber has the advantage of being lighter than steel, but clubs with carbon-fiber shafts also tend to be more expensive. <br />
<br />
**'''The Head'''<br><br />
The head of the golf club is where all the energy of the swing is transferred to the golf ball. There is more variation in the appearance of golf club heads than there is in either shafts or grips, but all the variations fall into one of three broad categories: the heads of woods, irons and putters.<br />
<br />
*'''Parts of Club Head:'''<br><br />
[[Image:head parts.jpg|1000px|centre|thumb|Parts of Head]]<br />
The head of the golf club has several parts: the '''Hosel''', where the head connects to the shaft; the '''Face''', which actually strikes the ball; the '''Sole''', which is the part closest to the ground; and the '''Back''', which is on the side opposite the face.<br />
<br />
==Golf Club Head Taxonomy==<br />
[[Image:Golf Club.jpg|750px|center|thumb|Golf Club Head Taxonomy]]<br />
<br />
== Search History ==<br />
=== Concept Table ===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''S.No'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Concept 1'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Concept 2'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Concept 3'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Concept 4'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Concept 5'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Assignee'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Control Patents'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Patent Class Code'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Defination'''</font><br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''1'''</font><br />
|Golf<br />
|Clubhead*<br />
|Driver<br />
|Hosel<br />
|Impact<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber<br />
|US7066833B2<br />
|473<br />
|Games using tangible projectile<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''2'''</font><br />
|Gouf<br />
|Club Adj2 Head*<br />
|Wood<br />
|Face<br />
|Projectil*<br />
|Srixon<br />
|US6932715B2<br />
|340<br />
|Putter<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''3'''</font><br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|Ball Adj 2 Strik*<br />
|Iron<br />
|Sole<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|SRI Adj2 Sport*<br />
|US6913546B2<br />
|341<br />
|Toe and heel weighting<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''4'''</font><br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|Putter Adj2 Head*<br />
|Wedge<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|US6875130B2<br />
|305<br />
|Head and shaft connection<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''5'''</font><br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|Head*<br />
|Putter<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|US6875126B2<br />
|304<br />
|One piece head and shaft:<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''6'''</font><br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|Strik* Adj2 Surface*<br />
|Hybrid<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|US6852038B2<br />
|292<br />
|Head, shaft, and handle having particular combined center of gravity:<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''7'''</font><br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|Crown<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|US6849003B2<br />
|290<br />
|Particular correlated head characteristic:<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''8'''</font><br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|US6776726B2<br />
|A63B*<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''9'''</font><br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|US6719645B2<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''10'''</font><br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|US6716114B2<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|}<br />
=== Search Strategy ===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''S.No'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Concepts'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Search String'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Scope'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Hits'''</font><br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''1'''</font><br />
|Any Classification<br />
|(A63B*) OR (473* OR D21759)<br />
|align = "center"|Micropat - Full Text<br>US - Grant & Application<br>Date - 19981008 till date<br />
|align = "center"|31141<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''2'''</font><br />
|Keyword Set 1<br />
|((GOlf OR Gouf) AND (Clubhead* OR (Club Adj2 Head*) OR Head* OR Crown*)) OR ((Putter OR Driver OR Wood OR Iron OR Hybrid) Adj2 Head*) OR (Strik* Adj Surface) OR (Strik* Adj Face)<br />
|align = "center"|Same as above<br />
|align = "center"|20287<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''3'''</font><br />
|Keyword Set 2<br />
|(Hosel OR Face OR Sole) AND ((Golf adj2 Club adj2 Head*) OR (Clubhead* OR (Club Adj2 Head) OR Golfhead OR (Golf Adj2 Head)))<br />
|align = "center"|Same as above<br />
|align = "center"|5297<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''4'''</font><br />
|Assignee/Applicant<br />
|(Sumitomo Adj2 Rubber) Or (Srixon) Or (SRI Adj2 Sport*)<br />
|align = "center"|Same as above<br />
|align = "center"|1604<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''5'''</font><br />
|Assignee/Applicant (non-std) <br />
|(Sumitomo Adj2 Rubber) Or (Srixon) Or (SRI Adj2 Sport*)<br />
|align = "center"|Same as above<br />
|align = "center"|1594<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''6'''</font><br />
|Filter<br />
|(Golf Adj Ball)<br />
|align = "center"|Micropat - English Title<br>US - Grant & Application<br>Date - 19981008 till date<br />
|align = "center"|3644<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''7'''</font><br />
|Combined<br />
|align = "center"|2 OR 3<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|20296<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''8'''</font><br />
|Combined<br />
|align = "center"|7 AND 1<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|10057<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''9'''</font><br />
|Combined<br />
|align = "center"|4 OR 5<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|1604<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''10'''</font><br />
|Combined<br />
|align = "center"|8 AND 9<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|551<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''11'''</font><br />
|Combined- Final Query<br />
|align = "center"|10 NOT 6<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|218 (187 excluding family patents) - 73% efficiency<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Sample Analysis of Patents==<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''S. No.'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Pat #'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Title '''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Abstract'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Publication Year'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Assignee / Applicant'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Patent Focus '''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Dolcera Summary'''</font><br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''1'''</font><br />
|US7066833B2<br />
|Golf club head<br />
|A golf club head comprises a face portion having a front face defining a clubface for hitting a ball and a back face facing a hollow, wherein the clubface is provided along the edge thereof with a frontal groove having a groove width of not less than 0.5 mm, and the back face is provided with a backside groove extending along the frontal groove.<br />
|2006<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.<br />
|Face with frontal groove<br />
|Golf club head has face portion having club face provided with frontal groove having width of not less than 0.5 mm such that face portion also includes back face provided with backside groove extending along frontal groove. <br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''2'''</font><br />
|US6932715B2<br />
|Golf club head<br />
|A golf club head including a head base body which surface is formed with a coating film, the coating film including a topcoat layer consisting of an acrylic resin coating material containing polyethylene wax of 1.0 to 10.0 parts by weight with respect to acrylic resin solid content of 100 parts by weight. It is possible to improve abrasion resistance while making the best use of excellent impact resistance of the acrylic resin coating material, and thus, to effectively prevent peeling of the coating film. Further, it is possible to enhance the interlayer adhesion of inner layers with the topcoat layer.<br />
|2005<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.<br />
|Topcoat layer coated head<br />
|Golf club head comprises head base body whose surface is formed with coating film with topcoat layer consisting of acrylic resin coating material.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''3'''</font><br />
|US6913546B2<br />
|Wood-type golf club head<br />
|A wood-type golf club head comprises a club face provided with a high-resilience part whose Young<nowiki>’</nowiki>s modulus E is in a range of from 40 to 80 GPa. The head volume is in a range of from 270 to 420 cc. The horizontal inertial moment is in a range of from 3000 to 4500 (g•sq.cm), and the gravity point depth is in a range of from 15 to 25 mm.<br />
|2005<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.<br />
|Design specification of head<br />
|Wood-type golf club head for hitting golf ball when playing golf, has volume ranging from 270 to 420 cc, horizontal inertial moment ranging from 3000 to 4500 grams square centimeter, and gravity point depth ranging from 15 to 25 cm.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''4'''</font><br />
|US6875130B2<br />
|Wood-type golf club head<br />
|A wood-type golf club head which has a head volume of not less than 320 cc, a gravity point distance (C) in a range of from 25 to 35 mm, and a heel area width (A) in a range of from 30 to 52% of a clubhead width (B) .<br />
|2005<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.<br />
|Projection of head center<br />
|Wood golf-club head, sets center of gravity distance between point, which projects head center of gravity on vertical plane, and shaft axis to 25 to 35 millimeters.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''5'''</font><br />
|US6875126B2<br />
|Golf club head<br />
|A golf club head containing a hollow main frame and a face plate; the hollow main frame is composed of a main body and a crown plate welded to the main body, the main body containing a hosel part, a sole part and a side part extending upwards from the periphery of the sole part except for a front edge of the sole part thereby providing an open top and an open front, and the crown plate covers said open top, whereby the main frame has an opening on the front thereof. The face plate is welded to the main frame to cover the front opening of the main frame; the face plate includes a face part defining a clubface, and a flange part extending backward from at least the upper edge of the face part; the main frame further including eaves extending from an upper edge of the opening to the inside of the flange part, wherein the thickness of crown plate is in the range of 0.3 to 1.5 mm.<br />
|2005<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.<br />
|Crown plated head<br />
|Golf club head has crown plate formed with thickness ranging from 0.3 to 1.5 mm and welded to main body of main frame to cover open top of main body.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''6'''</font><br />
|US6852038B2<br />
|Golf club head and method of making the same<br />
|A golf club head comprises a hollow body having a cavity, a plurality of rib-like walls provided on the inner surface of the hollow body so as to extend backward from a position near the face portion, and a sound bar disposed behind the face portion so as to extend along the back face of the face portion. A method of making a golf club head comprises making a wax model of the hollow main body having an opening, wherein in order to prevent deformation of the wax model during making a casting mold, the wax model is provided with a brace which extends across the opening and protruding walls which are disposed on the inner surface of the wax model and extend backwards from the opening.<br />
|2005<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.<br />
|Club head with sound bar<br />
|Golf club head has at least sound bar which is provided behind face portion of hollow body, on which rib-like walls are provided on inner surface, and extended at small distance from back face of face portion.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''7'''</font><br />
|US6849003B2<br />
|Golf club head<br />
|A golf club head made of a fiber reinforced resin, comprising: a face hitting a ball; a crown forming an upper surface of the head; a sole forming a bottom surface of the head; a side extending between the crown and the sole from an edge on a toe side of the face to an edge on a heel side through a back face; and a hosel into which a shaft is inserted, wherein the crown has a thickness of equal to or less than 2.2 mm, and includes at least partially a high elastic part made of a fiber reinforced resin reinforced by at least one kind of fiber having a tensile elasticity modulus between 380 and 900 (GPa), and the hosel is provided with a vibration absorbent having a loss tangent between 0.7 and 1.5 at a temperature of 10° C. in the vicinity thereof.<br />
|2005<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.<br />
|Fiber reinforced resin club head<br />
|Golf club head made of fiber reinforced resin, has hosel which is provided with vibration absorbent having loss tangent between 0.7 and 1.5 at temperature of 10 degrees Centigrade in vicinity.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''8'''</font><br />
|US6776726B2<br />
|Golf club head<br />
|A golf club head comprises a ball striking face provided with a central region having a surface hardness Hc and a peripheral region surrounding the central region and having a surface hardness Hp less than the surface hardness Hc.<br />
|2004<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.<br />
|Surface hardness of head<br />
|Golf club head has ball striking face provided with central region having surface hardness and peripheral region surrounding central region.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''9'''</font><br />
|US6719645B2<br />
|Golf club head<br />
|A golf club head comprises a main body and a face member attached to the main body. The face member comprises a main portion forming a ball striking face and an extended part. The extended part extends 5 to 30 mm backward from at least part of the edge of the ball striking face. The thickness of the extended part is less than the thickness of the main portion.<br />
|2004<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.<br />
|Design specification of head<br />
|Golf club head with ball striking surface and extension surface about 5-30 millimeters from edge of ball striking surface, such that thickness of extension surface is less than that of main portion.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''10'''</font><br />
|US6716114B2<br />
|Wood-type golf club head<br />
|A wood-type golf club head having a head volume of not less than 300 cc comprises a head main body having a club face for striking a golf ball and a hosel defining a shaft center line (CL) corresponding to the center line of a club shaft, wherein the center of gravity (G) of the club head is disposed at a distance (L) of from 26 to 36 mm from said shaft center line (CL), a sweet spot (s) on the club face is disposed at a distance of not more than 3 mm from a club face center (c) of the club face, the club face has a toe-side end (Fe) disposed at a distance (B) of from 13 to 30 mm in the toe-heel direction towards the heel from a toe-side end (Te) of the club head, and a heel end (He) of the club head is disposed at a distance (A) of from 10 to 16 mm from the shaft center line (CL).<br />
|2004<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.<br />
|Design specification of head<br />
|Wood type golf club head sets required distance from center of gravity of club head to shaft center line of hosel, as well as distance from sweet spot to center of club face.<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Sample Office Action Analysis ==<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''S.No.'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Pat/Pub <nowiki> </nowiki>'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Examiner'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Assigne - Normalized'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''<nowiki> </nowiki> # of Applications Filed'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Corresponding number of allowances'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Number of abandonments'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Pendency of applications issuing as patents'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Time period from filing to first action (excluding expedited applications)'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Number of appeals taken'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Number of Requests for Continued Examination (RCEs) filed (per case and total)'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Number of Interviews (per case and total)'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Comments'''</font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''1'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US6797106B2<br />
|align = "justify"|Aftergut, Jeff H.<br />
|align = "justify"|Callaway Golf<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|1/10/2003 - 10/22/2003<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|2<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''2'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US6676537B2<br />
|align = "justify"|Arbes, Carl J.<br />
|align = "justify"|Top Flite Golf<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|12/8/2000 - 12/11/2002<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|1.Image file wrapper is not available, data collected from Transaction history.<br>2.Two NOA is availabe where one where the data has been verified and one mailed, so 1 NOA is being consider.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''3'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US7394917B2<br />
|align = "justify"|Azarian, Seyed<br />
|align = "justify"|SRI Sports<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|2<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|06/22/2004 - 06/27/2007<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''4'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US6860819B2<br />
|Blau, Stephen<br />
|Acushnet Company<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|2<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|11-12-2002 - 03-13-2003<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''5'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US7137903B2<br />
|Blau, Stephen<br />
|Acushnet Company<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|2<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|4/21/2004 - 11/23/2005<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''6'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US6679784B2<br />
|Blau, Stephen<br />
|Acushnet Company<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|12/23/2002 - 6/13/2003<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|1.Image file wrapper is not available, data collected from Transaction history.<br>2.Two NOA is availabe where one where the data has been verified and one mailed, so 1 NOA is being consider.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''7'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US7029402B2<br />
|Blau, Stephen<br />
|align = "justify"|Bridgestone Sports<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|2<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|1/16/2003 - 12/15/2003<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''8'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US6984180B2<br />
|Blau, Stephen<br />
|align = "justify"|Bridgestone Sports<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|2<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|3/13/2003 - 3/10/2004<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|2<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''9'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US6780123B2<br />
|Blau, Stephen<br />
|align = "justify"|Bridgestone Sports<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|2<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|3/13/2003 - 1/28/2004<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''10'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US7507165B2<br />
|Blau, Stephen<br />
|align = "justify"|Bridgestone Sports<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|12/29/2005 - 12/5/2006<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''11'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US7300359B2<br />
|Blau, Stephen<br />
|align = "justify"|Callaway Golf<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|2<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|8/14/2006 - 8/6/2007<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''12'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US7115046B1<br />
|Blau, Stephen<br />
|align = "justify"|Callaway Golf<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|2<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|5/4/2005 - 7/18/2006<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Notes ===<br />
<br />
* Notice of allowance is equal to the number of NOA mentioned in the Image File Wrapper.<br />
* First office is considered when there is any rejection of claims and there is a response from the patent office.<br />
* Usually CTNF (Non-Final Rejection) is considered as first office action after the patent has been filed.<br />
* In some cases CTRS (Response to Election / Restriction Filed) is considered as the first office action which is also related to claim rejection.<br />
* In some patents Image Wrapper file is not available for them the dat has been collected from the Transaction history.</div>Debanjanhttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Golf_Club_Head_Landscape&diff=7147Golf Club Head Landscape2009-11-12T17:58:16Z<p>Debanjan: /* Sample Office Action Analysis */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Golf=<br />
'''Golf''' is a game in which a player, using many types of '''clubs''' including a '''driver''', a '''putter''', and '''irons''', hits a ball into each hole on a golf course in the lowest possible number of strokes. Golf is one of the few ball games that does not use a standardized playing area; rather, the game is played on golf "courses", each one of which has a unique design and typically consists of either 9 or 18 holes. Golf is defined in the Rules of Golf as "playing a ball with a club from the teeing ground into the hole by a stroke or successive strokes in accordance with the Rules."<br />
<br />
*'''Clubs:'''<br><br />
Golf clubs are used in the sport of golf to hit a golf ball. Each club is composed of a shaft with a lance(grip) and a clubhead. Woods are used for long-distance fairway shots; irons, the most versatile class used for a variety of shots, and putters, used mainly on the green to roll the ball into the cup.<br><br />
An important variation in different clubs is loft, or the angle between the club's face and the vertical plane. It is loft that makes a golf ball leave the tee on an ascending trajectory, not the angle of swing; virtually all swings contact the ball with a horizontal motion. The impact of the club compresses the ball, while grooves on the clubface give the ball '''backspin''' (A well-struck golf shot will result in a large amount of backspin that will carry the ball higher into the air and further. Backspin also helps with distance control, as if there is enough backspin, the ball will "check" if it lands on the putting surface, and sometimes even creep backwards (in the opposite direction that the ball was flying) upon landing.). Together, the compression and backspin create lift. The majority of woods and irons are labeled with a number; higher numbers indicate shorter shafts and higher lofts, which give the ball a higher and shorter trajectory.<br><br />
<br />
*'''Types of Clubs:'''<br />
<br />
**'''DRIVERS'''<br />
A driver is also called a 1-wood and is used for hitting a long, low tee shot across longer distances at long-yardage holes. They are made of forged titanium, stainless steel, or an Ti alloy and have a long shaft and wide head. Drivers vary in weights and lengths to match each lady golfer's handicap. There are three types of golf clubs:<br><br />
***Forged titanium golf drivers are expensive and made up of larger titanium heads. They have an lightweight graphite shaft. For low and mid-handicap ladies.<br><br />
***Stainless steel golf drivers have heavier, hard and strong compact heads. For low handicap golfers.<br><br />
***Alloy golf drivers are less expensive and have Ti Alloy heads and graphite shafts. For starters and mid-handicappers.<br><br />
<br />
**'''Woods'''<br />
Woods have a large head and a long shaft for maximum club speed and long-distance shots on the fairway. Originally woods had a clubhead made of wood, but nowadays they are also known as metalwoods, due to the fact that they are made of titanium, steel, or composite alloys. Higher-number lady golf club woods are generally called as fairway woods. They have a higher loft for high ball arcs, shallower face heights, and big flattened soles for easily gliding through the grass or rough. Most women have a driver, and a 3 and 5-wood in their bag. The heads have different volumes:<br><br />
***Standard, 150-155 cc<br><br />
***Midsized, up to 195 cc<br><br />
***Oversized, up to 250 cc<br><br />
[[Image:club types.jpg|1000px|centre|thumb|Types of clubs]]<br />
<br />
**'''Irons'''<br />
These are meant for approach shots less than 200 yards away from the green and for difficult lies, in the rough for example. The most common iron set includes all 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9-irons and a pitching wedge (see more on wedges below). The higher the number of an iron club, the shorter the shaft and the higher the loft. The 1 to 4 irons are long irons used for low and far distance shots. The 5 to 7 irons are called mid irons. And the 8-iron and up are short irons for short distance shots high in the air. There are two types of golf clubs irons heads: Cast, Cavity Back or Perimeter-Weighted irons have a large sweet spot. An forged Steel heads are more difficult because of a smaller sweet spot.<br><br />
<br />
**'''Wedges'''<br />
High-loft irons for striking balls high in the air at a short distance in various lies: like approach shots, chipping, pitching, recovery and bunker shots. There are four types of golf clubs wedges:<br><br />
***Pitching Wedge(PW) - For at least 130 yards and longer from the fairway into the green. The loft is 46 to 51 degrees.<br><br />
***Sand Wedge (SW) - For digging the ball out of a bunker and sand shots. The loft is 55 to 57 degrees.<br><br />
***Gap Wedge (GW), Approach Wedge (AW), Dual Wedge (D), Attack Wedge (AW) or Utility Wedge (UW) - With all these types of golf clubs you can make a variety of green or bunker shots. These different types of golf clubs fill in between the pitching wedge and sand and lob wedge. 50 to 58 degrees loft.<br><br />
***Lob Wedge (LW) - For high short-distance hits around obstacles and to the green. 60 to 64 degree lofted.<br><br />
<br />
**'''Putters'''<br />
Used for pushing and rolling the golf ball from close distance along on the green or apron towards the cup. Every lady golfer must have this type of golf club.<br />
<br />
**'''Utility & Hybrid Ladies Golf Clubs'''<br />
Hybrid ladies golf clubs are a cross, with a clubhead that combines the features, characteristics and benefits of an iron and a wood. Many women replace their 2, 3, and 4-irons with these types of golf clubs.<br />
<br />
*'''Parts of the Club:'''<br />
[[Image:club parts.jpg|1000px|right|thumb|Parts of club]]<br />
**'''The Grip'''<br><br />
The grip of the golf club is important because it connects the club to the golfer's hands. According to the rules of golf, recognized by both ruling bodies, the grip has to be round, without obvious bumps, lumps or hollows.<br />
<br />
**'''The Shaft'''<br><br />
The shaft of the golf club connects the grip to the head and, like the grip, must be basically round in cross section. Most modern golf club shafts are made of either steel or a carbon-fiber and resin composite. Carbon fiber has the advantage of being lighter than steel, but clubs with carbon-fiber shafts also tend to be more expensive. <br />
<br />
**'''The Head'''<br><br />
The head of the golf club is where all the energy of the swing is transferred to the golf ball. There is more variation in the appearance of golf club heads than there is in either shafts or grips, but all the variations fall into one of three broad categories: the heads of woods, irons and putters.<br />
<br />
*'''Parts of Club Head:'''<br><br />
[[Image:head parts.jpg|1000px|centre|thumb|Parts of Head]]<br />
The head of the golf club has several parts: the '''Hosel''', where the head connects to the shaft; the '''Face''', which actually strikes the ball; the '''Sole''', which is the part closest to the ground; and the '''Back''', which is on the side opposite the face.<br />
<br />
==Golf Club Head Taxonomy==<br />
[[Image:Golf Club.jpg|750px|center|thumb|Golf Club Head Taxonomy]]<br />
<br />
== Search History ==<br />
=== Concept Table ===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''S.No'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Concept 1'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Concept 2'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Concept 3'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Concept 4'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Concept 5'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Assignee'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Control Patents'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Patent Class Code'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Defination'''</font><br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''1'''</font><br />
|Golf<br />
|Clubhead*<br />
|Driver<br />
|Hosel<br />
|Impact<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber<br />
|US7066833B2<br />
|473<br />
|Games using tangible projectile<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''2'''</font><br />
|Gouf<br />
|Club Adj2 Head*<br />
|Wood<br />
|Face<br />
|Projectil*<br />
|Srixon<br />
|US6932715B2<br />
|340<br />
|Putter<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''3'''</font><br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|Ball Adj 2 Strik*<br />
|Iron<br />
|Sole<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|SRI Adj2 Sport*<br />
|US6913546B2<br />
|341<br />
|Toe and heel weighting<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''4'''</font><br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|Putter Adj2 Head*<br />
|Wedge<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|US6875130B2<br />
|305<br />
|Head and shaft connection<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''5'''</font><br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|Head*<br />
|Putter<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|US6875126B2<br />
|304<br />
|One piece head and shaft:<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''6'''</font><br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|Strik* Adj2 Surface*<br />
|Hybrid<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|US6852038B2<br />
|292<br />
|Head, shaft, and handle having particular combined center of gravity:<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''7'''</font><br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|Crown<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|US6849003B2<br />
|290<br />
|Particular correlated head characteristic:<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''8'''</font><br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|US6776726B2<br />
|A63B*<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''9'''</font><br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|US6719645B2<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''10'''</font><br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|US6716114B2<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|}<br />
=== Search Strategy ===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''S.No'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Concepts'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Search String'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Scope'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Hits'''</font><br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''1'''</font><br />
|Any Classification<br />
|(A63B*) OR (473* OR D21759)<br />
|align = "center"|Micropat - Full Text<br>US - Grant & Application<br>Date - 19981008 till date<br />
|align = "center"|31141<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''2'''</font><br />
|Keyword Set 1<br />
|((GOlf OR Gouf) AND (Clubhead* OR (Club Adj2 Head*) OR Head* OR Crown*)) OR ((Putter OR Driver OR Wood OR Iron OR Hybrid) Adj2 Head*) OR (Strik* Adj Surface) OR (Strik* Adj Face)<br />
|align = "center"|Same as above<br />
|align = "center"|20287<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''3'''</font><br />
|Keyword Set 2<br />
|(Hosel OR Face OR Sole) AND ((Golf adj2 Club adj2 Head*) OR (Clubhead* OR (Club Adj2 Head) OR Golfhead OR (Golf Adj2 Head)))<br />
|align = "center"|Same as above<br />
|align = "center"|5297<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''4'''</font><br />
|Assignee/Applicant<br />
|(Sumitomo Adj2 Rubber) Or (Srixon) Or (SRI Adj2 Sport*)<br />
|align = "center"|Same as above<br />
|align = "center"|1604<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''5'''</font><br />
|Assignee/Applicant (non-std) <br />
|(Sumitomo Adj2 Rubber) Or (Srixon) Or (SRI Adj2 Sport*)<br />
|align = "center"|Same as above<br />
|align = "center"|1594<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''6'''</font><br />
|Filter<br />
|(Golf Adj Ball)<br />
|align = "center"|Micropat - English Title<br>US - Grant & Application<br>Date - 19981008 till date<br />
|align = "center"|3644<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''7'''</font><br />
|Combined<br />
|align = "center"|2 OR 3<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|20296<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''8'''</font><br />
|Combined<br />
|align = "center"|7 AND 1<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|10057<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''9'''</font><br />
|Combined<br />
|align = "center"|4 OR 5<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|1604<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''10'''</font><br />
|Combined<br />
|align = "center"|8 AND 9<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|551<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''11'''</font><br />
|Combined- Final Query<br />
|align = "center"|10 NOT 6<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|218 (187 excluding family patents) - 73% efficiency<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Sample Analysis of Patents==<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''S. No.'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Pat #'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Title '''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Abstract'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Publication Year'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Assignee / Applicant'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Patent Focus '''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Dolcera Summary'''</font><br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''1'''</font><br />
|US7066833B2<br />
|Golf club head<br />
|A golf club head comprises a face portion having a front face defining a clubface for hitting a ball and a back face facing a hollow, wherein the clubface is provided along the edge thereof with a frontal groove having a groove width of not less than 0.5 mm, and the back face is provided with a backside groove extending along the frontal groove.<br />
|2006<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.<br />
|Face with frontal groove<br />
|Golf club head has face portion having club face provided with frontal groove having width of not less than 0.5 mm such that face portion also includes back face provided with backside groove extending along frontal groove. <br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''2'''</font><br />
|US6932715B2<br />
|Golf club head<br />
|A golf club head including a head base body which surface is formed with a coating film, the coating film including a topcoat layer consisting of an acrylic resin coating material containing polyethylene wax of 1.0 to 10.0 parts by weight with respect to acrylic resin solid content of 100 parts by weight. It is possible to improve abrasion resistance while making the best use of excellent impact resistance of the acrylic resin coating material, and thus, to effectively prevent peeling of the coating film. Further, it is possible to enhance the interlayer adhesion of inner layers with the topcoat layer.<br />
|2005<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.<br />
|Topcoat layer coated head<br />
|Golf club head comprises head base body whose surface is formed with coating film with topcoat layer consisting of acrylic resin coating material.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''3'''</font><br />
|US6913546B2<br />
|Wood-type golf club head<br />
|A wood-type golf club head comprises a club face provided with a high-resilience part whose Young<nowiki>’</nowiki>s modulus E is in a range of from 40 to 80 GPa. The head volume is in a range of from 270 to 420 cc. The horizontal inertial moment is in a range of from 3000 to 4500 (g•sq.cm), and the gravity point depth is in a range of from 15 to 25 mm.<br />
|2005<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.<br />
|Design specification of head<br />
|Wood-type golf club head for hitting golf ball when playing golf, has volume ranging from 270 to 420 cc, horizontal inertial moment ranging from 3000 to 4500 grams square centimeter, and gravity point depth ranging from 15 to 25 cm.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''4'''</font><br />
|US6875130B2<br />
|Wood-type golf club head<br />
|A wood-type golf club head which has a head volume of not less than 320 cc, a gravity point distance (C) in a range of from 25 to 35 mm, and a heel area width (A) in a range of from 30 to 52% of a clubhead width (B) .<br />
|2005<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.<br />
|Projection of head center<br />
|Wood golf-club head, sets center of gravity distance between point, which projects head center of gravity on vertical plane, and shaft axis to 25 to 35 millimeters.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''5'''</font><br />
|US6875126B2<br />
|Golf club head<br />
|A golf club head containing a hollow main frame and a face plate; the hollow main frame is composed of a main body and a crown plate welded to the main body, the main body containing a hosel part, a sole part and a side part extending upwards from the periphery of the sole part except for a front edge of the sole part thereby providing an open top and an open front, and the crown plate covers said open top, whereby the main frame has an opening on the front thereof. The face plate is welded to the main frame to cover the front opening of the main frame; the face plate includes a face part defining a clubface, and a flange part extending backward from at least the upper edge of the face part; the main frame further including eaves extending from an upper edge of the opening to the inside of the flange part, wherein the thickness of crown plate is in the range of 0.3 to 1.5 mm.<br />
|2005<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.<br />
|Crown plated head<br />
|Golf club head has crown plate formed with thickness ranging from 0.3 to 1.5 mm and welded to main body of main frame to cover open top of main body.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''6'''</font><br />
|US6852038B2<br />
|Golf club head and method of making the same<br />
|A golf club head comprises a hollow body having a cavity, a plurality of rib-like walls provided on the inner surface of the hollow body so as to extend backward from a position near the face portion, and a sound bar disposed behind the face portion so as to extend along the back face of the face portion. A method of making a golf club head comprises making a wax model of the hollow main body having an opening, wherein in order to prevent deformation of the wax model during making a casting mold, the wax model is provided with a brace which extends across the opening and protruding walls which are disposed on the inner surface of the wax model and extend backwards from the opening.<br />
|2005<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.<br />
|Club head with sound bar<br />
|Golf club head has at least sound bar which is provided behind face portion of hollow body, on which rib-like walls are provided on inner surface, and extended at small distance from back face of face portion.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''7'''</font><br />
|US6849003B2<br />
|Golf club head<br />
|A golf club head made of a fiber reinforced resin, comprising: a face hitting a ball; a crown forming an upper surface of the head; a sole forming a bottom surface of the head; a side extending between the crown and the sole from an edge on a toe side of the face to an edge on a heel side through a back face; and a hosel into which a shaft is inserted, wherein the crown has a thickness of equal to or less than 2.2 mm, and includes at least partially a high elastic part made of a fiber reinforced resin reinforced by at least one kind of fiber having a tensile elasticity modulus between 380 and 900 (GPa), and the hosel is provided with a vibration absorbent having a loss tangent between 0.7 and 1.5 at a temperature of 10° C. in the vicinity thereof.<br />
|2005<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.<br />
|Fiber reinforced resin club head<br />
|Golf club head made of fiber reinforced resin, has hosel which is provided with vibration absorbent having loss tangent between 0.7 and 1.5 at temperature of 10 degrees Centigrade in vicinity.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''8'''</font><br />
|US6776726B2<br />
|Golf club head<br />
|A golf club head comprises a ball striking face provided with a central region having a surface hardness Hc and a peripheral region surrounding the central region and having a surface hardness Hp less than the surface hardness Hc.<br />
|2004<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.<br />
|Surface hardness of head<br />
|Golf club head has ball striking face provided with central region having surface hardness and peripheral region surrounding central region.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''9'''</font><br />
|US6719645B2<br />
|Golf club head<br />
|A golf club head comprises a main body and a face member attached to the main body. The face member comprises a main portion forming a ball striking face and an extended part. The extended part extends 5 to 30 mm backward from at least part of the edge of the ball striking face. The thickness of the extended part is less than the thickness of the main portion.<br />
|2004<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.<br />
|Design specification of head<br />
|Golf club head with ball striking surface and extension surface about 5-30 millimeters from edge of ball striking surface, such that thickness of extension surface is less than that of main portion.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''10'''</font><br />
|US6716114B2<br />
|Wood-type golf club head<br />
|A wood-type golf club head having a head volume of not less than 300 cc comprises a head main body having a club face for striking a golf ball and a hosel defining a shaft center line (CL) corresponding to the center line of a club shaft, wherein the center of gravity (G) of the club head is disposed at a distance (L) of from 26 to 36 mm from said shaft center line (CL), a sweet spot (s) on the club face is disposed at a distance of not more than 3 mm from a club face center (c) of the club face, the club face has a toe-side end (Fe) disposed at a distance (B) of from 13 to 30 mm in the toe-heel direction towards the heel from a toe-side end (Te) of the club head, and a heel end (He) of the club head is disposed at a distance (A) of from 10 to 16 mm from the shaft center line (CL).<br />
|2004<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.<br />
|Design specification of head<br />
|Wood type golf club head sets required distance from center of gravity of club head to shaft center line of hosel, as well as distance from sweet spot to center of club face.<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Sample Office Action Analysis ==<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''S.No.'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Pat/Pub <nowiki> </nowiki>'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Examiner'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Assigne - Normalized'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''<nowiki> </nowiki> # of Applications Filed'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Corresponding number of allowances'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Number of abandonments'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Pendency of applications issuing as patents'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Time period from filing to first action (excluding expedited applications)'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Number of appeals taken'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Number of Requests for Continued Examination (RCEs) filed (per case and total)'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Number of Interviews (per case and total)'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Comments'''</font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''1'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US6797106B2<br />
|align = "justify"|Aftergut, Jeff H.<br />
|align = "justify"|Callaway Golf<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|3<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|1/10/2003 - 10/22/2003<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|2<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''2'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US6676537B2<br />
|align = "justify"|Arbes, Carl J.<br />
|align = "justify"|Top Flite Golf<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|12/8/2000 - 12/11/2002<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|1.Image file wrapper is not available, data collected from Transaction history.<br>2.Two NOA is availabe where one where the data has been verified and one mailed, so 1 NOA is being consider.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''3'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US7394917B2<br />
|align = "justify"|Azarian, Seyed<br />
|align = "justify"|SRI Sports<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|2<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|06/22/2004 - 06/27/2007<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''4'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US6860819B2<br />
|Blau, Stephen<br />
|Acushnet Company<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|2<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|11-12-2002 - 03-13-2003<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''5'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US7137903B2<br />
|Blau, Stephen<br />
|Acushnet Company<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|2<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|4/21/2004 - 11/23/2005<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''6'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US6679784B2<br />
|Blau, Stephen<br />
|Acushnet Company<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|12/23/2002 - 6/13/2003<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|1.Image file wrapper is not available, data collected from Transaction history.<br>2.Two NOA is availabe where one where the data has been verified and one mailed, so 1 NOA is being consider.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''7'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US7029402B2<br />
|Blau, Stephen<br />
|align = "justify"|Bridgestone Sports<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|2<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|1/16/2003 - 12/15/2003<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''8'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US6984180B2<br />
|Blau, Stephen<br />
|align = "justify"|Bridgestone Sports<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|2<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|3/13/2003 - 3/10/2004<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|2<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''9'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US6780123B2<br />
|Blau, Stephen<br />
|align = "justify"|Bridgestone Sports<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|2<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|3/13/2003 - 1/28/2004<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''10'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US7507165B2<br />
|Blau, Stephen<br />
|align = "justify"|Bridgestone Sports<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|12/29/2005 - 12/5/2006<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''11'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US7300359B2<br />
|Blau, Stephen<br />
|align = "justify"|Callaway Golf<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|2<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|8/14/2006 - 8/6/2007<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''12'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US7115046B1<br />
|Blau, Stephen<br />
|align = "justify"|Callaway Golf<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|2<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|5/4/2005 - 7/18/2006<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Notes ===<br />
<br />
* Notice of allowance is equal to the number of NOA mentioned in the Image File Wrapper.<br />
* First office is considered when there is any rejection of claims and there is a response from the patent office.<br />
* Usually CTNF (Non-Final Rejection) is considered as first office action after the patent has been filed.<br />
* In some cases CTRS (Response to Election / Restriction Filed) is considered as the first office action which is also related to claim rejection.<br />
* In some patents Image Wrapper file is not available for them the dat has been collected from the Transaction history.</div>Debanjanhttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Golf_Club_Head_Landscape&diff=7146Golf Club Head Landscape2009-11-12T17:56:23Z<p>Debanjan: /* Sample Office Action Analysis */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Golf=<br />
'''Golf''' is a game in which a player, using many types of '''clubs''' including a '''driver''', a '''putter''', and '''irons''', hits a ball into each hole on a golf course in the lowest possible number of strokes. Golf is one of the few ball games that does not use a standardized playing area; rather, the game is played on golf "courses", each one of which has a unique design and typically consists of either 9 or 18 holes. Golf is defined in the Rules of Golf as "playing a ball with a club from the teeing ground into the hole by a stroke or successive strokes in accordance with the Rules."<br />
<br />
*'''Clubs:'''<br><br />
Golf clubs are used in the sport of golf to hit a golf ball. Each club is composed of a shaft with a lance(grip) and a clubhead. Woods are used for long-distance fairway shots; irons, the most versatile class used for a variety of shots, and putters, used mainly on the green to roll the ball into the cup.<br><br />
An important variation in different clubs is loft, or the angle between the club's face and the vertical plane. It is loft that makes a golf ball leave the tee on an ascending trajectory, not the angle of swing; virtually all swings contact the ball with a horizontal motion. The impact of the club compresses the ball, while grooves on the clubface give the ball '''backspin''' (A well-struck golf shot will result in a large amount of backspin that will carry the ball higher into the air and further. Backspin also helps with distance control, as if there is enough backspin, the ball will "check" if it lands on the putting surface, and sometimes even creep backwards (in the opposite direction that the ball was flying) upon landing.). Together, the compression and backspin create lift. The majority of woods and irons are labeled with a number; higher numbers indicate shorter shafts and higher lofts, which give the ball a higher and shorter trajectory.<br><br />
<br />
*'''Types of Clubs:'''<br />
<br />
**'''DRIVERS'''<br />
A driver is also called a 1-wood and is used for hitting a long, low tee shot across longer distances at long-yardage holes. They are made of forged titanium, stainless steel, or an Ti alloy and have a long shaft and wide head. Drivers vary in weights and lengths to match each lady golfer's handicap. There are three types of golf clubs:<br><br />
***Forged titanium golf drivers are expensive and made up of larger titanium heads. They have an lightweight graphite shaft. For low and mid-handicap ladies.<br><br />
***Stainless steel golf drivers have heavier, hard and strong compact heads. For low handicap golfers.<br><br />
***Alloy golf drivers are less expensive and have Ti Alloy heads and graphite shafts. For starters and mid-handicappers.<br><br />
<br />
**'''Woods'''<br />
Woods have a large head and a long shaft for maximum club speed and long-distance shots on the fairway. Originally woods had a clubhead made of wood, but nowadays they are also known as metalwoods, due to the fact that they are made of titanium, steel, or composite alloys. Higher-number lady golf club woods are generally called as fairway woods. They have a higher loft for high ball arcs, shallower face heights, and big flattened soles for easily gliding through the grass or rough. Most women have a driver, and a 3 and 5-wood in their bag. The heads have different volumes:<br><br />
***Standard, 150-155 cc<br><br />
***Midsized, up to 195 cc<br><br />
***Oversized, up to 250 cc<br><br />
[[Image:club types.jpg|1000px|centre|thumb|Types of clubs]]<br />
<br />
**'''Irons'''<br />
These are meant for approach shots less than 200 yards away from the green and for difficult lies, in the rough for example. The most common iron set includes all 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9-irons and a pitching wedge (see more on wedges below). The higher the number of an iron club, the shorter the shaft and the higher the loft. The 1 to 4 irons are long irons used for low and far distance shots. The 5 to 7 irons are called mid irons. And the 8-iron and up are short irons for short distance shots high in the air. There are two types of golf clubs irons heads: Cast, Cavity Back or Perimeter-Weighted irons have a large sweet spot. An forged Steel heads are more difficult because of a smaller sweet spot.<br><br />
<br />
**'''Wedges'''<br />
High-loft irons for striking balls high in the air at a short distance in various lies: like approach shots, chipping, pitching, recovery and bunker shots. There are four types of golf clubs wedges:<br><br />
***Pitching Wedge(PW) - For at least 130 yards and longer from the fairway into the green. The loft is 46 to 51 degrees.<br><br />
***Sand Wedge (SW) - For digging the ball out of a bunker and sand shots. The loft is 55 to 57 degrees.<br><br />
***Gap Wedge (GW), Approach Wedge (AW), Dual Wedge (D), Attack Wedge (AW) or Utility Wedge (UW) - With all these types of golf clubs you can make a variety of green or bunker shots. These different types of golf clubs fill in between the pitching wedge and sand and lob wedge. 50 to 58 degrees loft.<br><br />
***Lob Wedge (LW) - For high short-distance hits around obstacles and to the green. 60 to 64 degree lofted.<br><br />
<br />
**'''Putters'''<br />
Used for pushing and rolling the golf ball from close distance along on the green or apron towards the cup. Every lady golfer must have this type of golf club.<br />
<br />
**'''Utility & Hybrid Ladies Golf Clubs'''<br />
Hybrid ladies golf clubs are a cross, with a clubhead that combines the features, characteristics and benefits of an iron and a wood. Many women replace their 2, 3, and 4-irons with these types of golf clubs.<br />
<br />
*'''Parts of the Club:'''<br />
[[Image:club parts.jpg|1000px|right|thumb|Parts of club]]<br />
**'''The Grip'''<br><br />
The grip of the golf club is important because it connects the club to the golfer's hands. According to the rules of golf, recognized by both ruling bodies, the grip has to be round, without obvious bumps, lumps or hollows.<br />
<br />
**'''The Shaft'''<br><br />
The shaft of the golf club connects the grip to the head and, like the grip, must be basically round in cross section. Most modern golf club shafts are made of either steel or a carbon-fiber and resin composite. Carbon fiber has the advantage of being lighter than steel, but clubs with carbon-fiber shafts also tend to be more expensive. <br />
<br />
**'''The Head'''<br><br />
The head of the golf club is where all the energy of the swing is transferred to the golf ball. There is more variation in the appearance of golf club heads than there is in either shafts or grips, but all the variations fall into one of three broad categories: the heads of woods, irons and putters.<br />
<br />
*'''Parts of Club Head:'''<br><br />
[[Image:head parts.jpg|1000px|centre|thumb|Parts of Head]]<br />
The head of the golf club has several parts: the '''Hosel''', where the head connects to the shaft; the '''Face''', which actually strikes the ball; the '''Sole''', which is the part closest to the ground; and the '''Back''', which is on the side opposite the face.<br />
<br />
==Golf Club Head Taxonomy==<br />
[[Image:Golf Club.jpg|750px|center|thumb|Golf Club Head Taxonomy]]<br />
<br />
== Search History ==<br />
=== Concept Table ===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''S.No'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Concept 1'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Concept 2'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Concept 3'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Concept 4'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Concept 5'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Assignee'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Control Patents'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Patent Class Code'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Defination'''</font><br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''1'''</font><br />
|Golf<br />
|Clubhead*<br />
|Driver<br />
|Hosel<br />
|Impact<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber<br />
|US7066833B2<br />
|473<br />
|Games using tangible projectile<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''2'''</font><br />
|Gouf<br />
|Club Adj2 Head*<br />
|Wood<br />
|Face<br />
|Projectil*<br />
|Srixon<br />
|US6932715B2<br />
|340<br />
|Putter<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''3'''</font><br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|Ball Adj 2 Strik*<br />
|Iron<br />
|Sole<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|SRI Adj2 Sport*<br />
|US6913546B2<br />
|341<br />
|Toe and heel weighting<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''4'''</font><br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|Putter Adj2 Head*<br />
|Wedge<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|US6875130B2<br />
|305<br />
|Head and shaft connection<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''5'''</font><br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|Head*<br />
|Putter<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|US6875126B2<br />
|304<br />
|One piece head and shaft:<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''6'''</font><br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|Strik* Adj2 Surface*<br />
|Hybrid<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|US6852038B2<br />
|292<br />
|Head, shaft, and handle having particular combined center of gravity:<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''7'''</font><br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|Crown<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|US6849003B2<br />
|290<br />
|Particular correlated head characteristic:<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''8'''</font><br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|US6776726B2<br />
|A63B*<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''9'''</font><br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|US6719645B2<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''10'''</font><br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|US6716114B2<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|}<br />
=== Search Strategy ===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''S.No'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Concepts'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Search String'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Scope'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Hits'''</font><br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''1'''</font><br />
|Any Classification<br />
|(A63B*) OR (473* OR D21759)<br />
|align = "center"|Micropat - Full Text<br>US - Grant & Application<br>Date - 19981008 till date<br />
|align = "center"|31141<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''2'''</font><br />
|Keyword Set 1<br />
|((GOlf OR Gouf) AND (Clubhead* OR (Club Adj2 Head*) OR Head* OR Crown*)) OR ((Putter OR Driver OR Wood OR Iron OR Hybrid) Adj2 Head*) OR (Strik* Adj Surface) OR (Strik* Adj Face)<br />
|align = "center"|Same as above<br />
|align = "center"|20287<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''3'''</font><br />
|Keyword Set 2<br />
|(Hosel OR Face OR Sole) AND ((Golf adj2 Club adj2 Head*) OR (Clubhead* OR (Club Adj2 Head) OR Golfhead OR (Golf Adj2 Head)))<br />
|align = "center"|Same as above<br />
|align = "center"|5297<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''4'''</font><br />
|Assignee/Applicant<br />
|(Sumitomo Adj2 Rubber) Or (Srixon) Or (SRI Adj2 Sport*)<br />
|align = "center"|Same as above<br />
|align = "center"|1604<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''5'''</font><br />
|Assignee/Applicant (non-std) <br />
|(Sumitomo Adj2 Rubber) Or (Srixon) Or (SRI Adj2 Sport*)<br />
|align = "center"|Same as above<br />
|align = "center"|1594<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''6'''</font><br />
|Filter<br />
|(Golf Adj Ball)<br />
|align = "center"|Micropat - English Title<br>US - Grant & Application<br>Date - 19981008 till date<br />
|align = "center"|3644<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''7'''</font><br />
|Combined<br />
|align = "center"|2 OR 3<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|20296<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''8'''</font><br />
|Combined<br />
|align = "center"|7 AND 1<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|10057<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''9'''</font><br />
|Combined<br />
|align = "center"|4 OR 5<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|1604<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''10'''</font><br />
|Combined<br />
|align = "center"|8 AND 9<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|551<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''11'''</font><br />
|Combined- Final Query<br />
|align = "center"|10 NOT 6<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|218 (187 excluding family patents) - 73% efficiency<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Sample Analysis of Patents==<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''S. No.'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Pat #'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Title '''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Abstract'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Publication Year'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Assignee / Applicant'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Patent Focus '''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Dolcera Summary'''</font><br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''1'''</font><br />
|US7066833B2<br />
|Golf club head<br />
|A golf club head comprises a face portion having a front face defining a clubface for hitting a ball and a back face facing a hollow, wherein the clubface is provided along the edge thereof with a frontal groove having a groove width of not less than 0.5 mm, and the back face is provided with a backside groove extending along the frontal groove.<br />
|2006<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.<br />
|Face with frontal groove<br />
|Golf club head has face portion having club face provided with frontal groove having width of not less than 0.5 mm such that face portion also includes back face provided with backside groove extending along frontal groove. <br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''2'''</font><br />
|US6932715B2<br />
|Golf club head<br />
|A golf club head including a head base body which surface is formed with a coating film, the coating film including a topcoat layer consisting of an acrylic resin coating material containing polyethylene wax of 1.0 to 10.0 parts by weight with respect to acrylic resin solid content of 100 parts by weight. It is possible to improve abrasion resistance while making the best use of excellent impact resistance of the acrylic resin coating material, and thus, to effectively prevent peeling of the coating film. Further, it is possible to enhance the interlayer adhesion of inner layers with the topcoat layer.<br />
|2005<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.<br />
|Topcoat layer coated head<br />
|Golf club head comprises head base body whose surface is formed with coating film with topcoat layer consisting of acrylic resin coating material.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''3'''</font><br />
|US6913546B2<br />
|Wood-type golf club head<br />
|A wood-type golf club head comprises a club face provided with a high-resilience part whose Young<nowiki>’</nowiki>s modulus E is in a range of from 40 to 80 GPa. The head volume is in a range of from 270 to 420 cc. The horizontal inertial moment is in a range of from 3000 to 4500 (g•sq.cm), and the gravity point depth is in a range of from 15 to 25 mm.<br />
|2005<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.<br />
|Design specification of head<br />
|Wood-type golf club head for hitting golf ball when playing golf, has volume ranging from 270 to 420 cc, horizontal inertial moment ranging from 3000 to 4500 grams square centimeter, and gravity point depth ranging from 15 to 25 cm.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''4'''</font><br />
|US6875130B2<br />
|Wood-type golf club head<br />
|A wood-type golf club head which has a head volume of not less than 320 cc, a gravity point distance (C) in a range of from 25 to 35 mm, and a heel area width (A) in a range of from 30 to 52% of a clubhead width (B) .<br />
|2005<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.<br />
|Projection of head center<br />
|Wood golf-club head, sets center of gravity distance between point, which projects head center of gravity on vertical plane, and shaft axis to 25 to 35 millimeters.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''5'''</font><br />
|US6875126B2<br />
|Golf club head<br />
|A golf club head containing a hollow main frame and a face plate; the hollow main frame is composed of a main body and a crown plate welded to the main body, the main body containing a hosel part, a sole part and a side part extending upwards from the periphery of the sole part except for a front edge of the sole part thereby providing an open top and an open front, and the crown plate covers said open top, whereby the main frame has an opening on the front thereof. The face plate is welded to the main frame to cover the front opening of the main frame; the face plate includes a face part defining a clubface, and a flange part extending backward from at least the upper edge of the face part; the main frame further including eaves extending from an upper edge of the opening to the inside of the flange part, wherein the thickness of crown plate is in the range of 0.3 to 1.5 mm.<br />
|2005<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.<br />
|Crown plated head<br />
|Golf club head has crown plate formed with thickness ranging from 0.3 to 1.5 mm and welded to main body of main frame to cover open top of main body.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''6'''</font><br />
|US6852038B2<br />
|Golf club head and method of making the same<br />
|A golf club head comprises a hollow body having a cavity, a plurality of rib-like walls provided on the inner surface of the hollow body so as to extend backward from a position near the face portion, and a sound bar disposed behind the face portion so as to extend along the back face of the face portion. A method of making a golf club head comprises making a wax model of the hollow main body having an opening, wherein in order to prevent deformation of the wax model during making a casting mold, the wax model is provided with a brace which extends across the opening and protruding walls which are disposed on the inner surface of the wax model and extend backwards from the opening.<br />
|2005<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.<br />
|Club head with sound bar<br />
|Golf club head has at least sound bar which is provided behind face portion of hollow body, on which rib-like walls are provided on inner surface, and extended at small distance from back face of face portion.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''7'''</font><br />
|US6849003B2<br />
|Golf club head<br />
|A golf club head made of a fiber reinforced resin, comprising: a face hitting a ball; a crown forming an upper surface of the head; a sole forming a bottom surface of the head; a side extending between the crown and the sole from an edge on a toe side of the face to an edge on a heel side through a back face; and a hosel into which a shaft is inserted, wherein the crown has a thickness of equal to or less than 2.2 mm, and includes at least partially a high elastic part made of a fiber reinforced resin reinforced by at least one kind of fiber having a tensile elasticity modulus between 380 and 900 (GPa), and the hosel is provided with a vibration absorbent having a loss tangent between 0.7 and 1.5 at a temperature of 10° C. in the vicinity thereof.<br />
|2005<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.<br />
|Fiber reinforced resin club head<br />
|Golf club head made of fiber reinforced resin, has hosel which is provided with vibration absorbent having loss tangent between 0.7 and 1.5 at temperature of 10 degrees Centigrade in vicinity.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''8'''</font><br />
|US6776726B2<br />
|Golf club head<br />
|A golf club head comprises a ball striking face provided with a central region having a surface hardness Hc and a peripheral region surrounding the central region and having a surface hardness Hp less than the surface hardness Hc.<br />
|2004<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.<br />
|Surface hardness of head<br />
|Golf club head has ball striking face provided with central region having surface hardness and peripheral region surrounding central region.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''9'''</font><br />
|US6719645B2<br />
|Golf club head<br />
|A golf club head comprises a main body and a face member attached to the main body. The face member comprises a main portion forming a ball striking face and an extended part. The extended part extends 5 to 30 mm backward from at least part of the edge of the ball striking face. The thickness of the extended part is less than the thickness of the main portion.<br />
|2004<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.<br />
|Design specification of head<br />
|Golf club head with ball striking surface and extension surface about 5-30 millimeters from edge of ball striking surface, such that thickness of extension surface is less than that of main portion.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''10'''</font><br />
|US6716114B2<br />
|Wood-type golf club head<br />
|A wood-type golf club head having a head volume of not less than 300 cc comprises a head main body having a club face for striking a golf ball and a hosel defining a shaft center line (CL) corresponding to the center line of a club shaft, wherein the center of gravity (G) of the club head is disposed at a distance (L) of from 26 to 36 mm from said shaft center line (CL), a sweet spot (s) on the club face is disposed at a distance of not more than 3 mm from a club face center (c) of the club face, the club face has a toe-side end (Fe) disposed at a distance (B) of from 13 to 30 mm in the toe-heel direction towards the heel from a toe-side end (Te) of the club head, and a heel end (He) of the club head is disposed at a distance (A) of from 10 to 16 mm from the shaft center line (CL).<br />
|2004<br />
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.<br />
|Design specification of head<br />
|Wood type golf club head sets required distance from center of gravity of club head to shaft center line of hosel, as well as distance from sweet spot to center of club face.<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Sample Office Action Analysis ==<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''S.No.'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Pat/Pub <nowiki> </nowiki>'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Examiner'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Assigne - Normalized'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''<nowiki> </nowiki> # of Application Filed'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Corresponding number of allowances'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Number of abandonments'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Pendency of applications issuing as patents'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Time period from filing to first action (excluding expedited applications)'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Number of appeals taken'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Number of Requests for Continued Examination (RCEs) filed (per case and total)'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Number of Interviews (per case and total)'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''Comments'''</font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''1'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US6797106B2<br />
|align = "justify"|Aftergut, Jeff H.<br />
|align = "justify"|Callaway Golf<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|3<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|1/10/2003 - 10/22/2003<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|2<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''2'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US6676537B2<br />
|align = "justify"|Arbes, Carl J.<br />
|align = "justify"|Top Flite Golf<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|12/8/2000 - 12/11/2002<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|1.Image file wrapper is not available, data collected from Transaction history.<br>2.Two NOA is availabe where one where the data has been verified and one mailed, so 1 NOA is being consider.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''3'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US7394917B2<br />
|align = "justify"|Azarian, Seyed<br />
|align = "justify"|SRI Sports<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|2<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|06/22/2004 - 06/27/2007<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''4'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US6860819B2<br />
|Blau, Stephen<br />
|Acushnet Company<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|2<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|11-12-2002 - 03-13-2003<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''5'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US7137903B2<br />
|Blau, Stephen<br />
|Acushnet Company<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|2<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|4/21/2004 - 11/23/2005<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''6'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US6679784B2<br />
|Blau, Stephen<br />
|Acushnet Company<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|12/23/2002 - 6/13/2003<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|1.Image file wrapper is not available, data collected from Transaction history.<br>2.Two NOA is availabe where one where the data has been verified and one mailed, so 1 NOA is being consider.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''7'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US7029402B2<br />
|Blau, Stephen<br />
|align = "justify"|Bridgestone Sports<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|2<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|1/16/2003 - 12/15/2003<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''8'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US6984180B2<br />
|Blau, Stephen<br />
|align = "justify"|Bridgestone Sports<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|2<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|3/13/2003 - 3/10/2004<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|2<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''9'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US6780123B2<br />
|Blau, Stephen<br />
|align = "justify"|Bridgestone Sports<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|2<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|3/13/2003 - 1/28/2004<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''10'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US7507165B2<br />
|Blau, Stephen<br />
|align = "justify"|Bridgestone Sports<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|12/29/2005 - 12/5/2006<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''11'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US7300359B2<br />
|Blau, Stephen<br />
|align = "justify"|Callaway Golf<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|2<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|8/14/2006 - 8/6/2007<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|<font color="#CCFFCC">'''12'''</font><br />
|align = "justify"|US7115046B1<br />
|Blau, Stephen<br />
|align = "justify"|Callaway Golf<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|2<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|5/4/2005 - 7/18/2006<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Notes ===<br />
<br />
* Notice of allowance is equal to the number of NOA mentioned in the Image File Wrapper.<br />
* First office is considered when there is any rejection of claims and there is a response from the patent office.<br />
* Usually CTNF (Non-Final Rejection) is considered as first office action after the patent has been filed.<br />
* In some cases CTRS (Response to Election / Restriction Filed) is considered as the first office action which is also related to claim rejection.<br />
* In some patents Image Wrapper file is not available for them the dat has been collected from the Transaction history.</div>Debanjanhttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Markush_Structure_Search_Sample&diff=7133Markush Structure Search Sample2009-11-05T18:20:51Z<p>Debanjan: /* Patent Infringement Search for the Generic compound */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Patent FTO Search for the Generic compound==<br />
[[Image:xxx.jpg|thumb|center|800px]]<br />
<br />
=Exact match structures=<br />
==Structure-1 (12(doc1))==<br />
===[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/claims?CC=DE&NR=4124942A1&KC=A1&FT=D&date=19930128&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP DE4124942]===<br />
[[Image:a51.jpg|thumb|center|400px]]<br />
[[Image:a61.jpg|thumb|center|400px]]<br />
*X<sub>1</sub> = A-B-C- C(sp2 carbon), X<sub>2</sub> = F-C-D-C(sp2 carbon), X<sub>3</sub> = R<sub>1</sub>-N<nowiki><</nowiki>, X<sub>4</sub> = N, X<sub>5</sub> = R<sub>2</sub>-C(sp2 carbon)<br />
#X<sub>1</sub>: A =H , B = bond, C = (b) under B which is halo substituted phenylene which completely matches with 4<sup>th</sup> position substituent of the generic compound<br />
#X<sub>2</sub>: D = (b) under B is a phenylene(implies a substituted aryl) and F-C- is a substituent on D. It is clear that this will match with R<sup>2 </sup>(substituent aryl) at the 5<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of the generic structure<br />
#X<sub>3</sub>: R<sub>1</sub> = Q(alkyl) which matches with R<sup>1</sup>(alkyl) at the 1<sup>st</sup> position of pyrazole of the generic structure<br />
#X<sub>4</sub>: N which matches with the 2<sup>nd</sup> position of pyrazole of the generic compound<br />
#X<sub>5</sub>: R<sub>2</sub> = Cl, Br which matches with R<sup>3</sup>(halogen) at the 3<sub></sub><sub></sub><sup> rd </sup>position of pyrazole of the generic structure<br />
<br />
==Structure-2 (9(doc2))==<br />
===[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=WO&NR=2007081019A1&KC=A1&FT=D&date=20070719&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP WO2007081019]===<br />
[[Image:C11.jpg|thumb|right|700px]]<br />
[[Image:C21.jpg|thumb|center|700px]]<br />
In the above phenyl ring Q is pyrazole.<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sup>2</sup>= alkyl which matches with R<sup>1</sup>(alkyl) at 1<sup>st</sup> position of pyrazole of the generic compound.<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sup>4</sup> is halogen which matches with R<sup>3</sup>(halogen) at 3<sup>rd</sup> position of pyrazole of the generic compound<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>4<sup>th</sup> position of above pyrazole is trihalo substituted aryl which matches with substituent at 4<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of generic compound .<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>5<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole ring is above substituted aryl which matches with R<sup>2</sup>(substituted aryl) at the 5<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of generic compound.<br />
<br />
==Structure-3 (125(doc2))==<br />
===[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?KC=A&date=19990518&NR=11130754A&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP&CC=JP&FT=D JP11130754]===<br />
[[Image:H11.jpg|thumb|center|500px]]<br />
Consider left side ring the pyrazole ring<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sub>1</sub> is 1-4C alkyl which is matching with substituent R<sup>1</sup>(first position) of the generic structure<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>X is Cl so it is matching with the substituent R<sup>3 </sup>(second position) of the generic structure<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sub>2</sub> is phenyl substituted by halo, 1-4C alkyl, cyano which is matching with the fourth position of the generic structure<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>In the fifth position pyrazole(heteroaryl) is there…which is matching with the substituent R<sup>2</sup>(fifth position) of the generic structure.<br />
<br />
==Structure-4 (109(doc2))==<br />
===[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/claims?CC=WO&NR=2006078610A1&KC=A1&FT=D&date=20060727&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP WO2006078610]===<br />
[[Image:J11.jpg|thumb|center|500px]]<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sub>2</sub> is 1-6C alkyl which is matching with substituent R<sup>1</sup>(first position) of the generic structure<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sub>4</sub> is halo matching with the substituent R<sup>3</sup> (second position) of the generic structure<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sub>3</sub> is heteroaryl or phenyl substituted by 1-8C alkyl, halo, CN, 1-6C alkoxy which is matching with the fourth position of the generic structure<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>In fifth position substituted aryl ring there, which is matching with the substituent R<sup>2</sup>(fifth position) of the generic structure.<br />
<br />
==Structure-5 (128(doc2))==<br />
===[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?KC=A&date=19981027&NR=5827602A&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP&CC=US&FT=D US5827602]===<br />
[[Image:a20.jpg|thumb|center|500px]]<br />
*R<sub>1</sub>-R<sub>6</sub>=H, F, 1-4C alkyl, phenyl<br />
<br />
*R<sub>2</sub>= 1-4C alkyl which matches with R<sup>1</sup>(alkyl) at 1<sup>st</sup> position of pyrazole of the generic structure<br />
<br />
*R<sub>5</sub>= F which matches with R<sup>3</sup>(halo)at 1<sup>st</sup> position of pyrazole of the generic structure<br />
<br />
*R<sub>4</sub>= phenyl substituted with an electron with drawing group matches with substituent at 4<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure <br />
<br />
*R<sub>3</sub>= substituted aryl which matches with R<sup>2</sup>(substituted aryl) at 5<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of the generic structure<br />
<br />
==Structure-6 (19(doc2))==<br />
===[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?locale=en_EP&NUM=US2007100181&ST=number&compact=false&DB=EPODOC US 2007100181]===<br />
[[Image:b31.jpg|thumb|center|500px]]<br />
<br />
R<sub>1</sub>-R<sub>2</sub>= H, -C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5 </sub>which matches with R<sup>1</sup>(alkyl) at 1<sup>st</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure<br />
<br />
R<sub>3</sub>= halogen which matches with R<sup>3</sup>(halogen) at 3<sup>rd</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure<br />
<br />
R<sub>4</sub>= 6-25C heteroaryl having 1-3 heteroatoms(N)(could be pyridine) with substituents as halo, OH and alkyl which completely resembles substituent at 4<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of the generic structure<br />
<br />
R<sub>5</sub>= 6-25C heteroaryl having 1-3 heteroatoms(N)(could be pyridine) with substituents which resembles R<sup>2</sup>(substituted aryl) at 5<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure<br />
<br />
==Structure-7 (88(doc2))==<br />
===[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?locale=en_EP&NUM=DE19503827&ST=number&compact=false&DB=EPODOC DE19503827]===<br />
[[Image:b71.jpg|thumb|center|500px]]<br />
<br />
Q-R<sub>4</sub><br />
<br />
Q= above structure<br />
<br />
R<sub>4</sub>= CR5R6R7 where R<sub>5</sub>= 1-4C alkyl, R<sub>6</sub>= H so no need of R<sub>7</sub><br />
<br />
R<sub>4</sub> matches with R<sup>1</sup>(alkyl) at 1<sup>st</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure<br />
<br />
R<sub>1</sub>= halo matches with R<sup>3</sup>(halogen) at 3<sup>rd</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure<br />
<br />
R<sub>2</sub>= alkylaryl substituted by halo matches with substituent at 4<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structures<br />
<br />
R<sub>3</sub>= substituted aryl which resembles R<sup>2</sup>(substituted aryl) at 5<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure<br />
<br />
==Structure-8 (86(doc2))==<br />
===[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?locale=en_EP&NUM=WO9702252&ST=number&compact=false&DB=EPODOC WO9702252]===<br />
[[Image:b51.jpg|thumb|center|500px]]<br />
<br />
R<sub>1</sub>-R<sub>2</sub>= 1-4C alkyl, H matches with R<sup>1</sup>(alkyl) at 1<sup>st</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure<br />
<br />
R<sub>3</sub>= halogen matches with R<sup>3</sup>(halogen) at 3<sup>rd</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure<br />
<br />
R<sub>4</sub>= phenyl substituted with electron withdrawing group(halogens) matches with substituent at 4<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structures<br />
<br />
R<sub>5</sub>= substituted aryl which resembles R<sup>2</sup>(substituted aryl) at 5<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure<br />
<br />
==Structure-9 (41(doc2))==<br />
===[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?KC=A&date=20050811&NR=2005216490A&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP JP2005216490]===<br />
[[Image:a16.jpg|thumb|center|500px]]<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sup>1</sup>= lower alkyl which matches with R1(alkyl) at 1<sup>st</sup> position of pyrazole of the generic structure<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sup>2</sup>= halogen which matches with R3(halogen) at 3<sup>rd </sup>position of pyrazole of the generic structure<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sup>3</sup>= methoxyphenyl which indicates subtituent at 4<sup>th</sup> position of generic structure <br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sup>4</sup>= methoxy phenyl which matches with R<sup>2</sup>(substituted aryl)at 5<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure<br />
==Structure-10 (61(doc1))==<br />
===[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/claims?CC=WO&NR=2004063166A1&KC=A1&FT=D&date=20040729&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP WO2004063166]===<br />
[[Image:E11.jpg|thumb|center|500px]]<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>Z1= C, Z2= N, Z3= N Which indicates pyrazole ring.<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R1= Alkyl which matches with R<sup>1</sup>(alkyl) at the 1<sup>st</sup> position of pyrazole of the generic compound<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R32= halo which matches with R<sup>3</sup>(halogen) at the 3<sup>rd</sup> position of pyrazole of the generic compound<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R2(0-8Calkyl) so it may be <nowiki>’</nowiki>0<nowiki>’</nowiki>C alkyl implies it is simply a bond, bonded to a substituted phenyl ring which matches with R<sup>2</sup>(substituted aryl) at the 5<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of the generic structure<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>U is an aliphatic linker(linker means a bond, aliphatic means saturated. So aliphatic linker means saturated bond which implies a single bond) so it is a bond and X is a single bond linked to substituted aryl with halogens and cycloalkyl as substituents which matches with 4<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of the generic compound.<br />
<br />
=Exact match structures but mentioned as optionally substituted at 4th position of pyrazole of generic structure=<br />
==Structure-1 (84(doc2))==<br />
===[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/claims?CC=WO&NR=9711952A1&KC=A1&FT=D&date=19970403&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP WO9711952]===<br />
[[Image:k11.jpg|thumb|right|500px]]<br />
[[Image:a91.jpg|thumb|center|500px]]<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sub>1</sub>-R<sub>4</sub>= 1-8C alkyl, haloalkyl, halo, phenyl(optionally substituted by halo, 1-4C alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy,)<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sub>1</sub>= 1-8C alkyl which matches with R<sup>1</sup>(1-4C alkyl) at 1<sup>st</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sub>4</sub>= halo which matches with R<sup>3</sup>(halogen) at 3<sup>rd</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sub>3</sub>= phenyl(optionally substituted by halo, alkoxy) which matches with substituent at 4<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of the generic structure<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sub>2</sub>= phenyl(optionally substituted) which matches with R<sup>2</sup>(substituted aryl) at 5<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of the generic structure<br />
<br />
==Structure-2 (74(doc2))==<br />
===[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/claims?CC=WO&NR=0130154A2&KC=A2&FT=D&date=20010503&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP WO0130154]===<br />
[[Image:a71.jpg|thumb|center|500px]]<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sup>1</sup>= (1-6C)alkyl which matches with R<sup>1</sup>(1-4C alkyl) at 1<sup>st</sup> position of pyrazole of the generic compound<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sup>2</sup>= halo which matches with R<sup>3</sup>(halogen) at 3<sup>rd</sup> position of pyrazole of the generic compound<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sup>3</sup>= phenyl optionally substituted with halo, 1-6C alkyl, 1-6C alkoxy which matches with substituent at 4<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of the generic compound<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sup>4</sup>= heterocyclyl containing 1 or 2N and optionally substituted which matches with R<sup>2</sup>(optionally substituted heteroaryl) at 5<sup>th</sup> position of the generic compound<br />
<br />
<br />
==Structure-3 (39(doc2))==<br />
<br />
===[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?KC=A&date=20051006&NR=2005272306A&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP JP2005272306]===<br />
[[Image:a15.jpg|thumb|center|500px]]<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>A= substituted heteroaryl which matches with R<sup>2</sup>(substituted aryl) at 5<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of the generic structure<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sup>1</sup>= alkyl which matches with R<sup>1</sup>(alkyl) at 1<sup>st</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sup>3</sup>= halogen which matches with R<sup>3</sup>(halogen) at 3<sup>rd</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sup>2</sup>= phenyl optionally substituted by Y(1-6C alkyl), 1-6C alkoxy and matches with subtituent at 4<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure<br />
<br />
==Structure-4 (25(doc2))==<br />
<br />
===[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?locale=en_EP&NUM=US2007066822&ST=number&compact=false&DB=EPODOC US2007066822]===<br />
[[Image:b51.jpg|thumb|center|500px]]<br />
<br />
R<sup>1</sup>-R<sup>2</sup>= H, -CH<sub>3</sub>, -C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub> which matches with R<sup>1</sup>(alkyl) at 1<sup>st</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure<br />
<br />
R<sup>3</sup>= halogen which matches with R<sup>3</sup>(halogen) at 3<sup>rd</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure<br />
<br />
R<sup>4</sup>= 6-25C optionally substituted heteroaryl which resembles substituent at 4<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of the generic structure<br />
<br />
R<sup>5</sup>= optionally substituted 6-25C heteroaryl which resembles R<sup>2</sup>(substituted aryl) at 5<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure<br />
<br />
==Structure-5 (23(doc2))==<br />
<br />
===[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?locale=en_EP&NUM=US2007066854&ST=number&compact=false&DB=EPODOC US2007066854]===<br />
<br />
<br />
Z<sup><nowiki>+</nowiki></sup>= pyrazolium (substituted at 1-5 R1-R5)<br />
<br />
R<sub>1</sub>= -CH<sub>3</sub>, -C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub> which matches with R<sup>1</sup>(alkyl) at 1<sup>st</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure<br />
<br />
R<sub>3</sub>= halogen which matches with R<sup>3</sup>(halogen) at 3<sup>rd</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure<br />
<br />
R<sub>4</sub>= 6-25C aryl optionally substituted by C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>, OH which resembles substituent at 4<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of the generic structure<br />
<br />
{|border="0" cellspacing="2" width="100%"<br />
|R<sub>5</sub>= optionally substituted 6-25C heteroaryl which resembles R<sup>2</sup>(substituted aryl) at 5<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
==Structure-6 (90(doc2))==<br />
===[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?locale=en_EP&NUM=FR2723091&ST=number&compact=false&DB=EPODOC FR2723091]===<br />
[[Image:b81.jpg|thumb|center|500px]]<br />
<br />
X= halo, n= 2-4<br />
<br />
Z<sub>1</sub>= N, Z<sub>2</sub>= CR<sub>5</sub>, Z<sub>4</sub>= CR<sub>7</sub><br />
<br />
R<sub>4</sub>-R<sub>7</sub>= alkyl matches with R<sup>1</sup>(alkyl) at 1<sup>st</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure; halogen matches with R<sup>3</sup>(halogen) at 3<sup>rd</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure; optionally substituted aryl which resembles R<sup>2</sup>(substituted aryl) at 5<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure and matches with substituent at 4<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structures<br />
<br />
==Structure-7 (92(doc2))==<br />
===[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?locale=en_EP&NUM=WO9600218&ST=number&compact=false&DB=EPODOC WO9600218]===<br />
[[Image:b91.jpg|thumb|center|500px]]<br />
<br />
Z= a bond,<br />
<br />
R<sub>4</sub> is a pyrazole with substituents as 1-4C alkyl matches with R<sup>1</sup>(alkyl) at 1<sup>st</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure; halo matches with R<sup>3</sup>(halogen) at 3<sup>rd</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure; optionally substituted aryl which resembles R<sup>2</sup>(substituted aryl) at 5<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure and matches with substituent at 4<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structures<br />
<br />
==Structure-8 (95(doc2))==<br />
===[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?KC=A1&date=19950914&NR=9524403A1&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP WO9524403]===<br />
[[Image:a11.jpg|thumb|center|500px]]<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sub>1</sub>= alkyl which matches with R<sup>1</sup>(alkyl) at 1<sup>st </sup>position of pyrazole of the generic structure<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sub>3</sub>= halo which matches with R<sup>3</sup>(halogen) at 3<sup>rd</sup> position of pyrazole of the generic structure<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sub>4</sub>= heteroaryl optionally substituted indicating substituent at 4<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of the generic structure<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sub>5</sub>= optionally substituted heteroaryl which matches with R<sup>2</sup>(optionally substituted heteroaryl) at 5<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of the generic structure<br />
<br />
==Structure-9 (98(doc2))==<br />
===[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?KC=A&date=19941220&NR=6345728A&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP JP6345728]===<br />
[[Image:a12.jpg|thumb|center|500px]]<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>A= N, B= CR<sup>4</sup><br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sup>5</sup>= 1-6C alkyl which matches with<sup> </sup>R<sup>1</sup>(alkyl) at 1<sup>st</sup> position of pyrazole of the generic structure<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sup>3</sup>= halogen which matches with R<sup>3</sup>(halogen) at 3<sup>rd</sup> position of pyrazole of the generic structure<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sup>4</sup>= phenyl(optionally substituted by halo, CN, alkoxy)indicating substituent at 4<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of the generic structure<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sup>2</sup>= optionally substituted phenyl which matches with R<sup>2</sup>(optionally substituted aryl) at 5<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of the generic structure<br />
<br />
==Structure-10 (34(doc2))==<br />
===[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?locale=en_EP&NUM=WO2006084262&ST=number&compact=false&DB=EPODOC WO2006084262]===<br />
<br />
It is pyrazolium with substituents<br />
<br />
R<sub>1</sub>-R<sub>5</sub>= halogen matches with R<sup>3</sup>(halogen) at 3<sup>rd</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure; -C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub> matches with R<sup>1</sup>(alkyl) at 1<sup>st</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure; 6-20C substituted aryl with substituents as halogen, OH which resembles substituent at 4<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of the generic structure; R<sup>5</sup>= optionally substituted 6-20C heteroaryl which resembles R<sup>2</sup>(substituted aryl) at 5<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure<br />
<br />
=Relevant structures with missing substituents=<br />
==Structure-1==<br />
===JP09204932===<br />
[[Image:I11.jpg|thumb|center|500px]]<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sub>6</sub> is 1-3C alkyl which is matching with substituent R<sup>1</sup>(first position) of the generic structure<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sub>7</sub> doesn<nowiki>’</nowiki>t exist.. so it is matching with the second position of the generic structure.<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R8 is halogen so it is matching with the substituent R<sup>3</sup> (second position) of the generic structure<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sub>11</sub> is phenyl<nowiki>’’’</nowiki>(substituents are missing)<nowiki>’’’</nowiki> which is matching with the fourth position of the generic structure<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sub>10</sub> is phenyl which is matching with the substituent R<sup>2</sup>(fifth position) of the generic structure.<br />
<br />
==Structure-2==<br />
===[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/claims?CC=WO&NR=0018741A2&KC=A2&FT=D&date=20000406&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP WO0018741]===<br />
[[Image:a81.jpg|thumb|center|500px]]<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>Q= pyrazolyl<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>In the above structure the substituted aryl bonded to Q(pyrazolyl) matches with R<sup>2</sup>(substituted aryl) at 5<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of the generic structure<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sub>1</sub>= haloalkyl which matches with R<sup>1</sup>(alkyl) at 1<sup>st</sup> position of the generic structure<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sub>2</sub>= aryl optionally substituted with halo, lower alkoxy, CN which matches with substituent at 4<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of the generic structure.<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>But <nowiki>’’’</nowiki>R<sup>3</sup>(halogen) of pyrazole of generic structure is missing<nowiki>’’’</nowiki> in the above structure<br />
==Structure-3==<br />
===[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?locale=en_EP&NUM=EP335381&ST=number&compact=false&DB=EPODOC EP335381]===<br />
[[Image:b13.jpg|thumb|center|500px]]<br />
D= NR12 , E<nowiki>’’</nowiki>= N, E<nowiki>’</nowiki>= CH, E= CH<br />
<br />
R<sub>12</sub>= alkyl matches with R<sup>1</sup>(alkyl) at 1<sup>st</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure<br />
<br />
R<sub>7</sub>= halo matches with R<sup>3</sup>(halogen) at 3<sup>rd</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure<br />
<br />
R<sub>8</sub>= substituted benzene ring matches with substituent at 4<sup>th</sup> position(but missing substituents) of pyrazole of generic structures<br />
<br />
Above pyrazole ring is attached to a substituted aryl matches with R<sup>2</sup>(substituted aryl) at 5<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure<br />
==Structure-4==<br />
===[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?KC=A&date=19940322&NR=5296484A&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP US5296484]===<br />
[[Image:a13.jpg|thumb|center|500px]]<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>G= NR<sup>20</sup>, M= N<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sup>11</sup>= halo, 1-4C alkyl, phenyl<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>This structure has substituted aryl at 5<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of the generic structure<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>At 4<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole i.e.,aryl has no substituents compared to generic structure<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>One more substituent is missing on the pyrazole ring<br />
<br />
==Structure-5==<br />
===[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?KC=A1&date=20060608&NR=2006122256A1&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP US2006122256]===<br />
[[Image:a14.jpg|thumb|center|500px]]<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>AR<sup>2</sup>= pyrazol-4-yl optionally substituted by Q(halo, lower alkyl, phenyl)<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>Q substituted on AR<sup>2</sup>(pyrazole) indicates R<sup>3</sup>, R<sup>1</sup> and R<sup>5 </sup>of pyrazole of the generic structure<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>At 4<sup>th</sup> substituent of pyrazole one substituent is missing and one substituent is varying<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Structure-6==<br />
===[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?locale=en_EP&NUM=JP2004317641&ST=number&compact=false&DB=EPODOC JP2004317641]===<br />
[[Image:a17.jpg|thumb|center|500px]]<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sup>5</sup>= alkyl which matches with R<sup>1</sup>(alkyl) at 1<sup>st</sup> position of pyrazole of the generic structure<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sup>6</sup>= halogen which matches with R<sup>3</sup>(halogen)at 3<sup>rd</sup> position of pyrazole of the generic structure<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sup>7</sup>= phenyl with no substituents. It represents substituent at 4<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure with substituents missing<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sup>8</sup>= phenyl which matches with R<sup>2</sup>(aryl) at 5<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure<br />
<br />
==Structure-7==<br />
===[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?KC=A&date=20041111&NR=2004317640A&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP&CC=JP&FT=D JP2004317640]===<br />
[[Image:a18.jpg|thumb|center|500px]]<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sup>5</sup>= alkyl which matches with R<sup>1</sup>(alkyl) at 1<sup>st</sup> position of pyrazole of the generic structure<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sup>6</sup>= halogen which matches with R<sup>3</sup>(halogen)at 3<sup>rd </sup>position of pyrazole of the generic structure<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sup>7</sup>= phenyl with no substituents. It represents substituent at 4<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure with substituents missing<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R<sup>8</sup>= phenyl which matches with R<sup>2</sup>(aryl) at 5<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure<br />
<br />
==Structure-8==<br />
===[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?KC=A1&date=20050623&NR=2005135045A1&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP&CC=US&FT=D US2005135045]===<br />
[[Image:a19.jpg|thumb|center|500px]]<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R= 1-4C alkyl, halogen , phenyl<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R= alkyl which matches with R<sup>1</sup>(alkyl) at 1<sup>st</sup> position of pyrazole of the generic structure<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R= halogen which matches with R<sup>3</sup>(halogen)at 3<sup>rd</sup> position of pyrazole of the generic structure<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R= phenyl with no substituents. It represents substituent at 4<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure with substituents missing<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>R= phenyl which matches with R<sup>2</sup>(aryl) at 5<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure<br />
<br />
==Structure-9==<br />
===[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?locale=en_EP&NUM=WO2006124776&ST=number&compact=false&DB=EPODOC WO2006124776]===<br />
[[Image:b11.jpg|thumb|center|500px]]<br />
<br />
R<sup>1</sup>= H, R<sup>2</sup>= halogen, R<sup>3</sup>= pyrazole with substituents, R<sup>5</sup>= H, R<sup>6</sup>= H<br />
<br />
R<sup>3</sup> is a pyrazole ring with substituents as:<br />
<br />
-CH<sub>3</sub> matches with R<sup>1</sup>(alkyl) of pyrazole of the generic structure<br />
<br />
Above ring matches with subtituent at 4<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of the generic structure<br />
<br />
R<sup>3</sup> and R<sup>2</sup> of pyrazole of generic structure are missing<br />
<br />
==Structure-10==<br />
===[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?locale=en_EP&NUM=WO2007038363&ST=number&compact=false&DB=EPODOC WO2007038363]===<br />
[[Image:b21.jpg|thumb|center|500px]]<br />
<br />
<br />
R<sup>1</sup>= H, R<sup>2</sup>= halogen, R<sup>3</sup>= pyrazole with substituents, R<sup>5</sup>= H, R<sup>6</sup>= H<br />
<br />
R<sup>3 </sup>is defined as 3-25C substituted heteroaryl having 1-3 heteroatoms of N(so can be pyrazole) in which the substituents are -CH<sub>3</sub>, halogen:<br />
<br />
-CH<sub>3</sub> matches with R<sup>1</sup>(alkyl) of pyrazole of the generic structure and halogen matches with R<sup>3</sup>(halogen) of pyrazole of the generic structure<br />
<br />
Above ring matches with subtituent at 4<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of the generic structure<br />
<br />
R<sup>2</sup>(substituted aryl) of pyrazole of generic structure missing<br />
==Structure-11==<br />
===[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?locale=en_EP&NUM=US2007100184&ST=number&compact=false&DB=EPODOC US2007100184]===<br />
[[Image:b41.jpg|thumb|center|500px]]<br />
<br />
<br />
R<sub>1</sub>= H<br />
<br />
R<sub>2</sub>= -C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5 </sub>which matches with R<sup>1</sup>(alkyl) at 1<sup>st</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure<br />
<br />
R<sub>3</sub>= halogen which matches with R<sup>3</sup>(halogen) at 3<sup>rd</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure<br />
<br />
R<sub>4</sub>= optionally substituted 6-25C heteroaryl with 1-3 of O, N, S or with 1-3 of CH<sub>3</sub>, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>, 3-25, preferably 3-20C straight , branched or cyclic alkane or alkene optionally substituted with halogens which resembles substituent at 4<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of the generic structure but R<sup>7</sup> of pyrazole of generic structure is missing<br />
<br />
{|border="0" cellspacing="2" width="100%"<br />
|R<sub>5</sub>= optionally substituted 6-25C heteroaryl which resembles R<sup>2</sup>(substituted aryl) at 5<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
==Structure-12==<br />
===[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?locale=en_EP&NUM=US2005020646&ST=number&compact=false&DB=EPODOC US2005020646]===<br />
[[Image:b61.jpg|thumb|center|500px]]<br />
<br />
R<sup>a</sup>= pyrazolyl optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents of R<sup>11</sup> or 1-4C alkyl<br />
<br />
R<sup>11</sup> is defined as halo matches with R<sup>3</sup>(halogen) at 3<sup>rd</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure; pyridyl which resembles R<sup>2</sup>(substituted aryl) at 5<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure; pyridyl matches with substituent at 4<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structures but R<sup>7</sup> of generic structure is missing<br />
<br />
==Structure-13==<br />
===[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?locale=en_EP&NUM=EP548680&ST=number&compact=false&DB=EPODOC EP548680]===<br />
[[Image:b10.jpg|thumb|center|500px]]<br />
<br />
X<sup>1</sup>= het<br />
<br />
Het = pyrazolyl with substituents alkyl matches with R<sup>1</sup>(alkyl) at 1<sup>st</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure; halo matches with R<sup>3</sup>(halogen) at 3<sup>rd</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure; phenyl matches with substituent at 4<sup>th</sup> position(but missing substituents) of pyrazole of generic structures<br />
<br />
Above aryl ring is a substituent on X<sup>1</sup> which resembles R<sup>2</sup>(substituted aryl) at 5<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure<br />
<br />
==Structure-14==<br />
===[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?locale=en_EP&NUM=WO03087062&ST=number&compact=false&DB=EPODOC WO2003087062]===<br />
<br />
[[Image:b11.jpg|thumb|left|500px]]<br />
[[Image:b11a.jpg|thumb|center|500px]]<br />
<br />
G= above pyrazole<br />
<br />
R<sub>3</sub>= alkyl matches with R<sup>1</sup>(alkyl) at 1<sup>st</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure<br />
<br />
R<sub>4</sub>= halo matches with R<sup>3</sup>(halogen) at 3<sup>rd</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure<br />
<br />
R<sub>5</sub>= phenyl matches with substituent at 4<sup>th</sup> position(but missing substituents) of pyrazole of generic structures<br />
<br />
Above given aryl matches with R<sup>2</sup>(substituted aryl) at 5<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure<br />
==Structure-15==<br />
===[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?locale=en_EP&NUM=WO0066562&ST=number&compact=false&DB=EPODOC WO200066562]===<br />
[[Image:b12.jpg|thumb|center|500px]]<br />
R<sub>4</sub>= alkyl matches with R<sup>1</sup>(alkyl) at 1<sup>st</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure<br />
<br />
R<sub>5</sub>= halo matches with R<sup>3</sup>(halogen) at 3<sup>rd</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure<br />
<br />
R<sub>6</sub>= optionally substituted aryl matches with substituent at 4<sup>th</sup> position(but missing substituents) of pyrazole of generic structures<br />
<br />
Above given aryl matches with R<sup>2</sup>(substituted aryl) at 5<sup>th</sup> position of pyrazole of generic structure<br />
<br />
=Relevant structures with substituent variation=<br />
<br />
==Structure-1==<br />
===[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/claims?CC=EP&NR=0080051A2&KC=A2&FT=D&date=19830601&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP EP0080051]===<br />
[[Image:F11.jpg|thumb|center|500px]]<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>In the above structure D is N & A,A<nowiki>’</nowiki>,D<nowiki>’</nowiki> are considered as carbons…so it is forming a pyrazole ring.<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>In the first position substituent R is 3-iodopropargyl, so it is matching with the substituent R1( first position) of the generic structure.<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>X is Cl, so it is matching with the substituent R<sup>3</sup> (third position) of the generic structure.<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>Y is 3-chloro-2-nitrophenyl which is matching with the ring of the fourth position of the generic structure but here <nowiki>’’’</nowiki>substituent variation<nowiki>’’’</nowiki> is there.<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>Z is phenyl, so it is matching with the substituent R<sup>2</sup> (fifth position) of the generic structure.<br />
<br />
==Structure-2==<br />
===[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/claims?CC=US&NR=2005159470A1&KC=A1&FT=D&date=20050721&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP US2005159470]===<br />
[[Image:D11.jpg|thumb|center|500px]]<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>First position: R<sub>3</sub> is alkyl, so it is matching with the substituent R<sup>1</sup> (first position) of the generic structure.<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>Second position: X is N, so it is matching with second position of the generic structure.<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>Third position: X is CR<sub>5</sub> , R<sub>5</sub> is halo so it is matching with the substituent R<sup>3</sup> (third position) of the generic structure.<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>Fourth position: In fourth position substituted aryl ring is present<nowiki>’’’</nowiki>(but it contains five substituents)<nowiki>’’’</nowiki>, is matching with fourth position of the generic structure.<br />
<br />
*<nowiki></nowiki>Fifth position: X is CR<sub>5</sub>, R<sub>5</sub> is heteroaryl, so it is matching with substituent R<sup>2 </sup>(fifth position) of the generic structure.<br />
<br />
=Other structures=<br />
===[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/claims?CC=WO&NR=2007070607A2&KC=A2&FT=D&date=20070621&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP WO2007070607]===<br />
[[Image:L11.jpg|thumb|center|500px]]<br />
*R1-H,<br />
*R2 is –C2H5 which matches with R1(alkyl) at 1st position of the generic structure<br />
*R5 is halo which matches with R3(halogen) at 3rd position of pyrazole of the generic compound<br />
*R4 is heteroaryl substituted by C2H5(one substituent is missing) matches with substituent at 4th position of the generic structure. <br />
*R3 is substituted heteroaryl which is matching with the substituent R2(fifth position) of the generic structure</div>Debanjanhttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=RNAi_Database_sample_wiki&diff=7065RNAi Database sample wiki2009-10-13T14:08:08Z<p>Debanjan: /* Sample of the RNAi Database Dashboard */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Sample of the RNAi Database Dashboard==<br />
[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=587 RNAi Database]<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[Image:rnai1.jpg|250 px|right|thumb|RNA Interference [http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/e-market/prodlink/qiasihp.jpg Source]]]<br />
<br />
* '''RNA interference (RNAi)''', is a technique in which exogenous, double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) that are complimentary to known mRNAs, are introduced into a cell to specifically destroy that particular mRNA, thereby diminishing or abolishing gene expression. <br />
* This technology considerably bolsters functional genomics to aid in the identification of novel genes involved in disease processes and thus can be used for medicament and for delivery as therapeutics. [http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/328/7450/1245 Source]<br />
* RNA interference was known by other names, including post transcriptional gene silencing and quelling. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_interference Source]<br />
<br />
===Effector RNA molecules===<br />
RNAi pathways are guided by small RNAs that include<br />
<br />
'''SiRNA:''' <br />
* Small interfering RNA (siRNA), sometimes known as short interfering RNA or silencing RNA, is a class of 20-25 nucleotide-long double-stranded RNA molecules. <br />
* SiRNAs can also be exogenously (artificially) introduced into cells by various transfection methods to bring about the specific knockdown of a gene of interest. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SiRNA Source]<br />
<br />
'''miRNA:'''<br />
* microRNAs (miRNA) are single-stranded RNA molecules of about 21–23 nucleotides in length, which regulate gene expression. <br />
* miRNAs are encoded by genes from whose DNA they are transcribed but miRNAs are not translated into protein (non-coding RNA); instead each primary transcript (a pri-miRNA) is processed into a short stem-loop structure called a pre-miRNA and finally into a functional miRNA. <br />
* Mature miRNA molecules are partially complementary to one or more messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, and their main function is to down-regulate gene expression. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA Source]<br />
<br />
'''shRNA:'''<br />
* A small hairpin RNA or short hairpin RNA (shRNA) is a sequence of RNA that makes a tight hairpin turn that can be used to silence gene expression via RNA interference. <br />
shRNA uses a vector introduced into cells and utilizes the U6 promoter to ensure that the shRNA is always expressed. This vector is usually passed on to daughter cells, allowing the gene silencing to be inherited. <br />
The shRNA hairpin structure is cleaved by the cellular machinery into siRNA, which is then bound to the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). This complex binds to and cleaves mRNAs which match the siRNA that is bound to it. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_hairpin_RNA Source]<br />
<br />
'''Others:'''<br />
* In addition to miRNAs and siRNAs, other innate RNAi effectors have been identified.<br />
** One class of these is the Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). piRNAs seem to be uniquely expressed in the mammalian germline, particularly in the testes. The functional role of piRNAs is currently unclear, but a role in spermatogenesis is likely. <br />
** A number of other small RNAs associated with RNAi have been identified in different species, including trans-activating siRNAs (tasiRNAs), studied in plants and nematodes, and small scan RNAs (ScnRNAs), found in Tetrahymena. [http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.genom.8.080706.092424?cookieSet=1&journalCode=genom Source]<br />
<br />
==Cellular Mechanism==<br />
<br />
'''The RNA interference pathway:''' Long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) or small hairpin RNA (shRNA) is processed by Dicer to form a small interfering RNA (siRNA), which associates with RNA-induced silencing protein complex (RISC) and mediates target sequence specificity for subsequent mRNA cleavage leading to gene silencing.<br />
<br />
[[Image:mech1.jpg|450 px|center|thumb|RNA Interference mechanism [http://arthritis-research.com/content/figures/ar1168-1.jpg Source]]]<br />
<br />
==Cancer specific Targets==<br />
[[Image:genes1.jpg|700px|center|thumb|'''Cancer specific Targets [http://journals.prous.com/journals/servlet/xmlxsl/pk_journals.xml_summaryn_pr?p_JournalId=3&p_RefId=985937 '''Source]]]<br />
<br />
=='''Intellectual property'''==<br />
<br />
=== Search Strategy===<br />
<br />
Effective search strategy ensures that all key words covering the technology are adequately covered. IPC class limitations help in removing the unwanted patents.<br />
<br />
The search strategy was employed to extract patents disclosing RNAi agents against disease causing target genes. Table below summarizes an exemplary search strategy used to extract patents for BCL2, a target gene for curing cancer.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''S.No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''Concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''Search scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''Query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''No. of Hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|RNAi<br />
|align = "center"|Claims,Title, Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|(siRNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR (short ADJ1 interfering ADJ1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (short ADJ1 interfering ADJ1 nucleic ADJ1 acid<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (short ADJ1 interfering ADJ1 NA<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR siNA OR siNAs OR (si ADJ1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (Small adj1 interfering adj1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>)OR miRNA or (microRNA<nowiki>*</nowiki> or micro adj1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>)OR shRNA or (small adj1 hairpin adj1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>)OR piRNA or (Piwi adj1 interacting adj1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>)OR tasiRNAs or (trans adj1 activating adj1 siRNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR ScnRNAs or (small adj1 scan adj1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>)OR RNAi or(RNA adj1 interference))<br />
|align = "center"|12729<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|IPC<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|a61k or c12q or c12n or c07k or c07h<br />
|align = "center"|1688146<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''BCL2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Full Patent Spec<br />
|align = "center"|(Bcl2 OR (Bcell ADJ1 CLL) OR (Bcell ADJ1 Lymphoma2 ) OR DKFZp781P2092) and Current IPC-R a61k or c12q or c12n or c07k or c07h<br />
|align = "center"|3890<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC" rowspan = "2"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|BCL2 <nowiki>+</nowiki> RNAi <nowiki>+</nowiki>IPC<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"| <br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''1 AND 3'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''633<br>(293 unique records)'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Interactive Taxonomy==<br />
<br />
Grouping specific elements into more general categories is conceptually easier and cleaner than is entertaining hundreds of specific elements separately. We categorize the information from analyzed patents and scientific literate into four levels of taxonomy which allow both “bird’s-eye view” and “in-depth views” of scientific technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:tax2.jpg|800px|center|thumb| '''Interactive Taxonomy''']]<br />
<br />
=='''Top Players and Patenting Activity'''==<br />
<br />
[[Image:bcl2.jpg|800px|center|thumb| '''Bcl-2''']]<br />
<br />
==RNAi Database Dashboard==<br />
<br />
RNAi database dashboard:<br />
<br />
*Categorize and organize large sets of product, patent, and scientific literature<br />
*Analyze client’s competitive position and that of key competitors<br />
*Identify licensing opportunities<br />
*Make build-vs.-buy decisions in new product areas<br />
*Predict product features based on technology and market trends<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:dash1.jpg|1000px|center|thumb| '''Patent Dashboard''']]<br />
<br />
==RNAi Sequence Dashboard==<br />
<br />
Sequence dashboard allows comparison of siRNA agents extracted from patents and scientific literature to the consensus sequence. Since not all the documents disclose the target sequence, the consensus sequence has to be identified and used for sequence dashboard. For example for Bcl-2, consensus sequence is retrieved from NCBI having seq. id [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/179370 '''M14745'''].<br />
<br />
The dashboard also depicts the associated information with RNAi agent on the click of your mouse such as patent number, patent title, length of RNAi agent (siRNA), identity score etc. <br />
<br />
[[Image:seq1.jpg|1000px|center|thumb| '''Sequence Dashboard''']]<br />
<br />
==Experimental data comparison matrix==<br />
<br />
Experimental data may be qualitative or quantitative, each being appropriate for different investigations.<br />
<br />
<br />
Quantitative data was captured from following RNAi experiments for patent focusing on therapeutic application and compared.<br />
<br />
* % inhibition of target mRNA expression<br />
* % encapsulation efficiency <br />
* % transfection efficiency <br />
* % tumor volume reduction<br />
* % cell count reduction <br />
<br />
More such comparison matrix can be prepared for patent having varied focus such as on delivery vehicle, nature of RNAi agents, target gene source, system used to test RNAi etc.<br />
<br />
==='''Patent Focus- Therapeutic Application'''=== <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0" rowspan = "2"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0" rowspan = "2"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99" colspan = "2"|'''Target gene'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FF99CC" colspan = "7"|'''Experimental Details'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''RANK'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''BCL-2'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Others'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Test Model'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Inhibition of Target mRNA Expression (%)'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Encapsulation Efficiency'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Transfection efficiency Increase (%)'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Tumor Volume Reduction (%)'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Cell Count Reduction (%)'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Other Remarks'''</font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"| [http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220070298056%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070298056&RS=DN/20070298056 US20070298056A1]<br />
<br />
|align = "center"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|Human colon cancer (Caco-2) xenografts in nude mice<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|90.08%<br>Day 25 <br>(Fig 2)<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''1'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"| [http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220080038296%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20080038296&RS=DN/20080038296 US20080038296A1]<br />
|align = "center"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|In vivo (Mice)<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|61.29%<br>Day 13<br>(Fig 3)<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''2'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"| [http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220070258952%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070258952&RS=DN/20070258952 US20070258952A1]<br />
|align = "center"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|Human pancreatic carcinoma H79 xenografts<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|49.23%<br>Day 25<br>(Fig 4)<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''2'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"| [http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220070172847%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070172847&RS=DN/20070172847 US20070172847A1]<br />
|align = "center"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|Ramos cells<br />
|align = "center"|80%<br>(Fig 4. B)<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''2'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Ranking of patents''' can be done on the basis of focus of the study, experimental data disclosed, effectiveness of RNAi agent, type of model used to test the RNAi agent, etc. <br />
<br />
Advantages:<br />
*Information disclosure wise sorting available.<br />
*Efficiency of different RNAi agent against target gene can be compared.<br />
*Different models used to test cell line and the efficiency can also be compared.<br />
<br />
===Qualitative Data from Patent Documents=== <br />
<br />
Experiments yielding qualitative data, mentioned below, can’t be compared but are equally important. We did not miss them!<br />
<br />
* Gel electrophoresis<br />
* Gel blots<br />
* Tissue section* Cell staining<br />
* RNAi agent construction<br />
<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Patent/ Publication No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Gel blots'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Gel Electrophorosis'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Tissue section micrograph'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Cell staining micrograph'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''RNAi Agent Construction'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''US20080021205A1'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''US20070275465A1'''<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''WO2007013575A2'''<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''US20070081982A1'''<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''WO2007013575A2'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''US20050266561A1'''<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|-<br />
|} *Mathematically incomparable data disclosed in patents</div>Debanjanhttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=RNAi_Database_sample_wiki&diff=7064RNAi Database sample wiki2009-10-13T14:07:47Z<p>Debanjan: /* RNAi Database Dashboard */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Sample of the RNAi Database Dashboard==<br />
[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=587 RNAi Database Dashboard Sample]<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[Image:rnai1.jpg|250 px|right|thumb|RNA Interference [http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/e-market/prodlink/qiasihp.jpg Source]]]<br />
<br />
* '''RNA interference (RNAi)''', is a technique in which exogenous, double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) that are complimentary to known mRNAs, are introduced into a cell to specifically destroy that particular mRNA, thereby diminishing or abolishing gene expression. <br />
* This technology considerably bolsters functional genomics to aid in the identification of novel genes involved in disease processes and thus can be used for medicament and for delivery as therapeutics. [http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/328/7450/1245 Source]<br />
* RNA interference was known by other names, including post transcriptional gene silencing and quelling. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_interference Source]<br />
<br />
===Effector RNA molecules===<br />
RNAi pathways are guided by small RNAs that include<br />
<br />
'''SiRNA:''' <br />
* Small interfering RNA (siRNA), sometimes known as short interfering RNA or silencing RNA, is a class of 20-25 nucleotide-long double-stranded RNA molecules. <br />
* SiRNAs can also be exogenously (artificially) introduced into cells by various transfection methods to bring about the specific knockdown of a gene of interest. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SiRNA Source]<br />
<br />
'''miRNA:'''<br />
* microRNAs (miRNA) are single-stranded RNA molecules of about 21–23 nucleotides in length, which regulate gene expression. <br />
* miRNAs are encoded by genes from whose DNA they are transcribed but miRNAs are not translated into protein (non-coding RNA); instead each primary transcript (a pri-miRNA) is processed into a short stem-loop structure called a pre-miRNA and finally into a functional miRNA. <br />
* Mature miRNA molecules are partially complementary to one or more messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, and their main function is to down-regulate gene expression. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA Source]<br />
<br />
'''shRNA:'''<br />
* A small hairpin RNA or short hairpin RNA (shRNA) is a sequence of RNA that makes a tight hairpin turn that can be used to silence gene expression via RNA interference. <br />
shRNA uses a vector introduced into cells and utilizes the U6 promoter to ensure that the shRNA is always expressed. This vector is usually passed on to daughter cells, allowing the gene silencing to be inherited. <br />
The shRNA hairpin structure is cleaved by the cellular machinery into siRNA, which is then bound to the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). This complex binds to and cleaves mRNAs which match the siRNA that is bound to it. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_hairpin_RNA Source]<br />
<br />
'''Others:'''<br />
* In addition to miRNAs and siRNAs, other innate RNAi effectors have been identified.<br />
** One class of these is the Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). piRNAs seem to be uniquely expressed in the mammalian germline, particularly in the testes. The functional role of piRNAs is currently unclear, but a role in spermatogenesis is likely. <br />
** A number of other small RNAs associated with RNAi have been identified in different species, including trans-activating siRNAs (tasiRNAs), studied in plants and nematodes, and small scan RNAs (ScnRNAs), found in Tetrahymena. [http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.genom.8.080706.092424?cookieSet=1&journalCode=genom Source]<br />
<br />
==Cellular Mechanism==<br />
<br />
'''The RNA interference pathway:''' Long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) or small hairpin RNA (shRNA) is processed by Dicer to form a small interfering RNA (siRNA), which associates with RNA-induced silencing protein complex (RISC) and mediates target sequence specificity for subsequent mRNA cleavage leading to gene silencing.<br />
<br />
[[Image:mech1.jpg|450 px|center|thumb|RNA Interference mechanism [http://arthritis-research.com/content/figures/ar1168-1.jpg Source]]]<br />
<br />
==Cancer specific Targets==<br />
[[Image:genes1.jpg|700px|center|thumb|'''Cancer specific Targets [http://journals.prous.com/journals/servlet/xmlxsl/pk_journals.xml_summaryn_pr?p_JournalId=3&p_RefId=985937 '''Source]]]<br />
<br />
=='''Intellectual property'''==<br />
<br />
=== Search Strategy===<br />
<br />
Effective search strategy ensures that all key words covering the technology are adequately covered. IPC class limitations help in removing the unwanted patents.<br />
<br />
The search strategy was employed to extract patents disclosing RNAi agents against disease causing target genes. Table below summarizes an exemplary search strategy used to extract patents for BCL2, a target gene for curing cancer.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''S.No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''Concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''Search scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''Query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''No. of Hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|RNAi<br />
|align = "center"|Claims,Title, Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|(siRNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR (short ADJ1 interfering ADJ1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (short ADJ1 interfering ADJ1 nucleic ADJ1 acid<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (short ADJ1 interfering ADJ1 NA<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR siNA OR siNAs OR (si ADJ1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (Small adj1 interfering adj1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>)OR miRNA or (microRNA<nowiki>*</nowiki> or micro adj1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>)OR shRNA or (small adj1 hairpin adj1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>)OR piRNA or (Piwi adj1 interacting adj1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>)OR tasiRNAs or (trans adj1 activating adj1 siRNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR ScnRNAs or (small adj1 scan adj1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>)OR RNAi or(RNA adj1 interference))<br />
|align = "center"|12729<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|IPC<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|a61k or c12q or c12n or c07k or c07h<br />
|align = "center"|1688146<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''BCL2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Full Patent Spec<br />
|align = "center"|(Bcl2 OR (Bcell ADJ1 CLL) OR (Bcell ADJ1 Lymphoma2 ) OR DKFZp781P2092) and Current IPC-R a61k or c12q or c12n or c07k or c07h<br />
|align = "center"|3890<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC" rowspan = "2"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|BCL2 <nowiki>+</nowiki> RNAi <nowiki>+</nowiki>IPC<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"| <br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''1 AND 3'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''633<br>(293 unique records)'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Interactive Taxonomy==<br />
<br />
Grouping specific elements into more general categories is conceptually easier and cleaner than is entertaining hundreds of specific elements separately. We categorize the information from analyzed patents and scientific literate into four levels of taxonomy which allow both “bird’s-eye view” and “in-depth views” of scientific technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:tax2.jpg|800px|center|thumb| '''Interactive Taxonomy''']]<br />
<br />
=='''Top Players and Patenting Activity'''==<br />
<br />
[[Image:bcl2.jpg|800px|center|thumb| '''Bcl-2''']]<br />
<br />
==RNAi Database Dashboard==<br />
<br />
RNAi database dashboard:<br />
<br />
*Categorize and organize large sets of product, patent, and scientific literature<br />
*Analyze client’s competitive position and that of key competitors<br />
*Identify licensing opportunities<br />
*Make build-vs.-buy decisions in new product areas<br />
*Predict product features based on technology and market trends<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:dash1.jpg|1000px|center|thumb| '''Patent Dashboard''']]<br />
<br />
==RNAi Sequence Dashboard==<br />
<br />
Sequence dashboard allows comparison of siRNA agents extracted from patents and scientific literature to the consensus sequence. Since not all the documents disclose the target sequence, the consensus sequence has to be identified and used for sequence dashboard. For example for Bcl-2, consensus sequence is retrieved from NCBI having seq. id [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/179370 '''M14745'''].<br />
<br />
The dashboard also depicts the associated information with RNAi agent on the click of your mouse such as patent number, patent title, length of RNAi agent (siRNA), identity score etc. <br />
<br />
[[Image:seq1.jpg|1000px|center|thumb| '''Sequence Dashboard''']]<br />
<br />
==Experimental data comparison matrix==<br />
<br />
Experimental data may be qualitative or quantitative, each being appropriate for different investigations.<br />
<br />
<br />
Quantitative data was captured from following RNAi experiments for patent focusing on therapeutic application and compared.<br />
<br />
* % inhibition of target mRNA expression<br />
* % encapsulation efficiency <br />
* % transfection efficiency <br />
* % tumor volume reduction<br />
* % cell count reduction <br />
<br />
More such comparison matrix can be prepared for patent having varied focus such as on delivery vehicle, nature of RNAi agents, target gene source, system used to test RNAi etc.<br />
<br />
==='''Patent Focus- Therapeutic Application'''=== <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0" rowspan = "2"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0" rowspan = "2"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99" colspan = "2"|'''Target gene'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FF99CC" colspan = "7"|'''Experimental Details'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''RANK'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''BCL-2'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Others'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Test Model'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Inhibition of Target mRNA Expression (%)'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Encapsulation Efficiency'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Transfection efficiency Increase (%)'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Tumor Volume Reduction (%)'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Cell Count Reduction (%)'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Other Remarks'''</font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"| [http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220070298056%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070298056&RS=DN/20070298056 US20070298056A1]<br />
<br />
|align = "center"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|Human colon cancer (Caco-2) xenografts in nude mice<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|90.08%<br>Day 25 <br>(Fig 2)<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''1'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"| [http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220080038296%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20080038296&RS=DN/20080038296 US20080038296A1]<br />
|align = "center"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|In vivo (Mice)<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|61.29%<br>Day 13<br>(Fig 3)<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''2'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"| [http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220070258952%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070258952&RS=DN/20070258952 US20070258952A1]<br />
|align = "center"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|Human pancreatic carcinoma H79 xenografts<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|49.23%<br>Day 25<br>(Fig 4)<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''2'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"| [http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220070172847%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070172847&RS=DN/20070172847 US20070172847A1]<br />
|align = "center"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|Ramos cells<br />
|align = "center"|80%<br>(Fig 4. B)<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''2'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Ranking of patents''' can be done on the basis of focus of the study, experimental data disclosed, effectiveness of RNAi agent, type of model used to test the RNAi agent, etc. <br />
<br />
Advantages:<br />
*Information disclosure wise sorting available.<br />
*Efficiency of different RNAi agent against target gene can be compared.<br />
*Different models used to test cell line and the efficiency can also be compared.<br />
<br />
===Qualitative Data from Patent Documents=== <br />
<br />
Experiments yielding qualitative data, mentioned below, can’t be compared but are equally important. We did not miss them!<br />
<br />
* Gel electrophoresis<br />
* Gel blots<br />
* Tissue section* Cell staining<br />
* RNAi agent construction<br />
<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Patent/ Publication No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Gel blots'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Gel Electrophorosis'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Tissue section micrograph'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Cell staining micrograph'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''RNAi Agent Construction'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''US20080021205A1'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''US20070275465A1'''<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''WO2007013575A2'''<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''US20070081982A1'''<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''WO2007013575A2'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''US20050266561A1'''<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|-<br />
|} *Mathematically incomparable data disclosed in patents</div>Debanjanhttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=RNAi_Database_sample_wiki&diff=7063RNAi Database sample wiki2009-10-13T13:59:23Z<p>Debanjan: </p>
<hr />
<div>==RNAi Database Dashboard==<br />
[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=587 RNAi Database Dashboard Sample]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[Image:rnai1.jpg|250 px|right|thumb|RNA Interference [http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/e-market/prodlink/qiasihp.jpg Source]]]<br />
<br />
* '''RNA interference (RNAi)''', is a technique in which exogenous, double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) that are complimentary to known mRNAs, are introduced into a cell to specifically destroy that particular mRNA, thereby diminishing or abolishing gene expression. <br />
* This technology considerably bolsters functional genomics to aid in the identification of novel genes involved in disease processes and thus can be used for medicament and for delivery as therapeutics. [http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/328/7450/1245 Source]<br />
* RNA interference was known by other names, including post transcriptional gene silencing and quelling. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_interference Source]<br />
<br />
===Effector RNA molecules===<br />
RNAi pathways are guided by small RNAs that include<br />
<br />
'''SiRNA:''' <br />
* Small interfering RNA (siRNA), sometimes known as short interfering RNA or silencing RNA, is a class of 20-25 nucleotide-long double-stranded RNA molecules. <br />
* SiRNAs can also be exogenously (artificially) introduced into cells by various transfection methods to bring about the specific knockdown of a gene of interest. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SiRNA Source]<br />
<br />
'''miRNA:'''<br />
* microRNAs (miRNA) are single-stranded RNA molecules of about 21–23 nucleotides in length, which regulate gene expression. <br />
* miRNAs are encoded by genes from whose DNA they are transcribed but miRNAs are not translated into protein (non-coding RNA); instead each primary transcript (a pri-miRNA) is processed into a short stem-loop structure called a pre-miRNA and finally into a functional miRNA. <br />
* Mature miRNA molecules are partially complementary to one or more messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, and their main function is to down-regulate gene expression. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA Source]<br />
<br />
'''shRNA:'''<br />
* A small hairpin RNA or short hairpin RNA (shRNA) is a sequence of RNA that makes a tight hairpin turn that can be used to silence gene expression via RNA interference. <br />
shRNA uses a vector introduced into cells and utilizes the U6 promoter to ensure that the shRNA is always expressed. This vector is usually passed on to daughter cells, allowing the gene silencing to be inherited. <br />
The shRNA hairpin structure is cleaved by the cellular machinery into siRNA, which is then bound to the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). This complex binds to and cleaves mRNAs which match the siRNA that is bound to it. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_hairpin_RNA Source]<br />
<br />
'''Others:'''<br />
* In addition to miRNAs and siRNAs, other innate RNAi effectors have been identified.<br />
** One class of these is the Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). piRNAs seem to be uniquely expressed in the mammalian germline, particularly in the testes. The functional role of piRNAs is currently unclear, but a role in spermatogenesis is likely. <br />
** A number of other small RNAs associated with RNAi have been identified in different species, including trans-activating siRNAs (tasiRNAs), studied in plants and nematodes, and small scan RNAs (ScnRNAs), found in Tetrahymena. [http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.genom.8.080706.092424?cookieSet=1&journalCode=genom Source]<br />
<br />
==Cellular Mechanism==<br />
<br />
'''The RNA interference pathway:''' Long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) or small hairpin RNA (shRNA) is processed by Dicer to form a small interfering RNA (siRNA), which associates with RNA-induced silencing protein complex (RISC) and mediates target sequence specificity for subsequent mRNA cleavage leading to gene silencing.<br />
<br />
[[Image:mech1.jpg|450 px|center|thumb|RNA Interference mechanism [http://arthritis-research.com/content/figures/ar1168-1.jpg Source]]]<br />
<br />
==Cancer specific Targets==<br />
[[Image:genes1.jpg|700px|center|thumb|'''Cancer specific Targets [http://journals.prous.com/journals/servlet/xmlxsl/pk_journals.xml_summaryn_pr?p_JournalId=3&p_RefId=985937 '''Source]]]<br />
<br />
=='''Intellectual property'''==<br />
<br />
=== Search Strategy===<br />
<br />
Effective search strategy ensures that all key words covering the technology are adequately covered. IPC class limitations help in removing the unwanted patents.<br />
<br />
The search strategy was employed to extract patents disclosing RNAi agents against disease causing target genes. Table below summarizes an exemplary search strategy used to extract patents for BCL2, a target gene for curing cancer.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''S.No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''Concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''Search scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''Query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''No. of Hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|RNAi<br />
|align = "center"|Claims,Title, Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|(siRNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR (short ADJ1 interfering ADJ1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (short ADJ1 interfering ADJ1 nucleic ADJ1 acid<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (short ADJ1 interfering ADJ1 NA<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR siNA OR siNAs OR (si ADJ1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (Small adj1 interfering adj1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>)OR miRNA or (microRNA<nowiki>*</nowiki> or micro adj1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>)OR shRNA or (small adj1 hairpin adj1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>)OR piRNA or (Piwi adj1 interacting adj1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>)OR tasiRNAs or (trans adj1 activating adj1 siRNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR ScnRNAs or (small adj1 scan adj1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>)OR RNAi or(RNA adj1 interference))<br />
|align = "center"|12729<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|IPC<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|a61k or c12q or c12n or c07k or c07h<br />
|align = "center"|1688146<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''BCL2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Full Patent Spec<br />
|align = "center"|(Bcl2 OR (Bcell ADJ1 CLL) OR (Bcell ADJ1 Lymphoma2 ) OR DKFZp781P2092) and Current IPC-R a61k or c12q or c12n or c07k or c07h<br />
|align = "center"|3890<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC" rowspan = "2"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|BCL2 <nowiki>+</nowiki> RNAi <nowiki>+</nowiki>IPC<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"| <br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''1 AND 3'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''633<br>(293 unique records)'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Interactive Taxonomy==<br />
<br />
Grouping specific elements into more general categories is conceptually easier and cleaner than is entertaining hundreds of specific elements separately. We categorize the information from analyzed patents and scientific literate into four levels of taxonomy which allow both “bird’s-eye view” and “in-depth views” of scientific technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:tax2.jpg|800px|center|thumb| '''Interactive Taxonomy''']]<br />
<br />
=='''Top Players and Patenting Activity'''==<br />
<br />
[[Image:bcl2.jpg|800px|center|thumb| '''Bcl-2''']]<br />
<br />
==RNAi Database Dashboard==<br />
<br />
RNAi database dashboard:<br />
<br />
*Categorize and organize large sets of product, patent, and scientific literature<br />
*Analyze client’s competitive position and that of key competitors<br />
*Identify licensing opportunities<br />
*Make build-vs.-buy decisions in new product areas<br />
*Predict product features based on technology and market trends<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:dash1.jpg|1000px|center|thumb| '''Patent Dashboard''']]<br />
<br />
==RNAi Sequence Dashboard==<br />
<br />
Sequence dashboard allows comparison of siRNA agents extracted from patents and scientific literature to the consensus sequence. Since not all the documents disclose the target sequence, the consensus sequence has to be identified and used for sequence dashboard. For example for Bcl-2, consensus sequence is retrieved from NCBI having seq. id [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/179370 '''M14745'''].<br />
<br />
The dashboard also depicts the associated information with RNAi agent on the click of your mouse such as patent number, patent title, length of RNAi agent (siRNA), identity score etc. <br />
<br />
[[Image:seq1.jpg|1000px|center|thumb| '''Sequence Dashboard''']]<br />
<br />
==Experimental data comparison matrix==<br />
<br />
Experimental data may be qualitative or quantitative, each being appropriate for different investigations.<br />
<br />
<br />
Quantitative data was captured from following RNAi experiments for patent focusing on therapeutic application and compared.<br />
<br />
* % inhibition of target mRNA expression<br />
* % encapsulation efficiency <br />
* % transfection efficiency <br />
* % tumor volume reduction<br />
* % cell count reduction <br />
<br />
More such comparison matrix can be prepared for patent having varied focus such as on delivery vehicle, nature of RNAi agents, target gene source, system used to test RNAi etc.<br />
<br />
==='''Patent Focus- Therapeutic Application'''=== <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0" rowspan = "2"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0" rowspan = "2"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99" colspan = "2"|'''Target gene'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FF99CC" colspan = "7"|'''Experimental Details'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''RANK'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''BCL-2'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Others'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Test Model'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Inhibition of Target mRNA Expression (%)'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Encapsulation Efficiency'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Transfection efficiency Increase (%)'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Tumor Volume Reduction (%)'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Cell Count Reduction (%)'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Other Remarks'''</font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"| [http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220070298056%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070298056&RS=DN/20070298056 US20070298056A1]<br />
<br />
|align = "center"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|Human colon cancer (Caco-2) xenografts in nude mice<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|90.08%<br>Day 25 <br>(Fig 2)<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''1'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"| [http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220080038296%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20080038296&RS=DN/20080038296 US20080038296A1]<br />
|align = "center"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|In vivo (Mice)<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|61.29%<br>Day 13<br>(Fig 3)<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''2'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"| [http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220070258952%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070258952&RS=DN/20070258952 US20070258952A1]<br />
|align = "center"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|Human pancreatic carcinoma H79 xenografts<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|49.23%<br>Day 25<br>(Fig 4)<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''2'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"| [http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220070172847%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070172847&RS=DN/20070172847 US20070172847A1]<br />
|align = "center"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|Ramos cells<br />
|align = "center"|80%<br>(Fig 4. B)<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''2'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Ranking of patents''' can be done on the basis of focus of the study, experimental data disclosed, effectiveness of RNAi agent, type of model used to test the RNAi agent, etc. <br />
<br />
Advantages:<br />
*Information disclosure wise sorting available.<br />
*Efficiency of different RNAi agent against target gene can be compared.<br />
*Different models used to test cell line and the efficiency can also be compared.<br />
<br />
===Qualitative Data from Patent Documents=== <br />
<br />
Experiments yielding qualitative data, mentioned below, can’t be compared but are equally important. We did not miss them!<br />
<br />
* Gel electrophoresis<br />
* Gel blots<br />
* Tissue section* Cell staining<br />
* RNAi agent construction<br />
<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Patent/ Publication No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Gel blots'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Gel Electrophorosis'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Tissue section micrograph'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Cell staining micrograph'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''RNAi Agent Construction'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''US20080021205A1'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''US20070275465A1'''<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''WO2007013575A2'''<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''US20070081982A1'''<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''WO2007013575A2'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''US20050266561A1'''<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|-<br />
|} *Mathematically incomparable data disclosed in patents</div>Debanjanhttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=RNAi_Database_sample_wiki&diff=7062RNAi Database sample wiki2009-10-13T13:59:03Z<p>Debanjan: </p>
<hr />
<div>==RNAi Database Dashboard==<br />
[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=587 RNAi Database Dashboard]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[Image:rnai1.jpg|250 px|right|thumb|RNA Interference [http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/e-market/prodlink/qiasihp.jpg Source]]]<br />
<br />
* '''RNA interference (RNAi)''', is a technique in which exogenous, double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) that are complimentary to known mRNAs, are introduced into a cell to specifically destroy that particular mRNA, thereby diminishing or abolishing gene expression. <br />
* This technology considerably bolsters functional genomics to aid in the identification of novel genes involved in disease processes and thus can be used for medicament and for delivery as therapeutics. [http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/328/7450/1245 Source]<br />
* RNA interference was known by other names, including post transcriptional gene silencing and quelling. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_interference Source]<br />
<br />
===Effector RNA molecules===<br />
RNAi pathways are guided by small RNAs that include<br />
<br />
'''SiRNA:''' <br />
* Small interfering RNA (siRNA), sometimes known as short interfering RNA or silencing RNA, is a class of 20-25 nucleotide-long double-stranded RNA molecules. <br />
* SiRNAs can also be exogenously (artificially) introduced into cells by various transfection methods to bring about the specific knockdown of a gene of interest. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SiRNA Source]<br />
<br />
'''miRNA:'''<br />
* microRNAs (miRNA) are single-stranded RNA molecules of about 21–23 nucleotides in length, which regulate gene expression. <br />
* miRNAs are encoded by genes from whose DNA they are transcribed but miRNAs are not translated into protein (non-coding RNA); instead each primary transcript (a pri-miRNA) is processed into a short stem-loop structure called a pre-miRNA and finally into a functional miRNA. <br />
* Mature miRNA molecules are partially complementary to one or more messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, and their main function is to down-regulate gene expression. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA Source]<br />
<br />
'''shRNA:'''<br />
* A small hairpin RNA or short hairpin RNA (shRNA) is a sequence of RNA that makes a tight hairpin turn that can be used to silence gene expression via RNA interference. <br />
shRNA uses a vector introduced into cells and utilizes the U6 promoter to ensure that the shRNA is always expressed. This vector is usually passed on to daughter cells, allowing the gene silencing to be inherited. <br />
The shRNA hairpin structure is cleaved by the cellular machinery into siRNA, which is then bound to the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). This complex binds to and cleaves mRNAs which match the siRNA that is bound to it. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_hairpin_RNA Source]<br />
<br />
'''Others:'''<br />
* In addition to miRNAs and siRNAs, other innate RNAi effectors have been identified.<br />
** One class of these is the Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). piRNAs seem to be uniquely expressed in the mammalian germline, particularly in the testes. The functional role of piRNAs is currently unclear, but a role in spermatogenesis is likely. <br />
** A number of other small RNAs associated with RNAi have been identified in different species, including trans-activating siRNAs (tasiRNAs), studied in plants and nematodes, and small scan RNAs (ScnRNAs), found in Tetrahymena. [http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.genom.8.080706.092424?cookieSet=1&journalCode=genom Source]<br />
<br />
==Cellular Mechanism==<br />
<br />
'''The RNA interference pathway:''' Long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) or small hairpin RNA (shRNA) is processed by Dicer to form a small interfering RNA (siRNA), which associates with RNA-induced silencing protein complex (RISC) and mediates target sequence specificity for subsequent mRNA cleavage leading to gene silencing.<br />
<br />
[[Image:mech1.jpg|450 px|center|thumb|RNA Interference mechanism [http://arthritis-research.com/content/figures/ar1168-1.jpg Source]]]<br />
<br />
==Cancer specific Targets==<br />
[[Image:genes1.jpg|700px|center|thumb|'''Cancer specific Targets [http://journals.prous.com/journals/servlet/xmlxsl/pk_journals.xml_summaryn_pr?p_JournalId=3&p_RefId=985937 '''Source]]]<br />
<br />
=='''Intellectual property'''==<br />
<br />
=== Search Strategy===<br />
<br />
Effective search strategy ensures that all key words covering the technology are adequately covered. IPC class limitations help in removing the unwanted patents.<br />
<br />
The search strategy was employed to extract patents disclosing RNAi agents against disease causing target genes. Table below summarizes an exemplary search strategy used to extract patents for BCL2, a target gene for curing cancer.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''S.No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''Concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''Search scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''Query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''No. of Hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|RNAi<br />
|align = "center"|Claims,Title, Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|(siRNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR (short ADJ1 interfering ADJ1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (short ADJ1 interfering ADJ1 nucleic ADJ1 acid<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (short ADJ1 interfering ADJ1 NA<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR siNA OR siNAs OR (si ADJ1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (Small adj1 interfering adj1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>)OR miRNA or (microRNA<nowiki>*</nowiki> or micro adj1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>)OR shRNA or (small adj1 hairpin adj1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>)OR piRNA or (Piwi adj1 interacting adj1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>)OR tasiRNAs or (trans adj1 activating adj1 siRNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR ScnRNAs or (small adj1 scan adj1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>)OR RNAi or(RNA adj1 interference))<br />
|align = "center"|12729<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|IPC<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|a61k or c12q or c12n or c07k or c07h<br />
|align = "center"|1688146<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''BCL2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Full Patent Spec<br />
|align = "center"|(Bcl2 OR (Bcell ADJ1 CLL) OR (Bcell ADJ1 Lymphoma2 ) OR DKFZp781P2092) and Current IPC-R a61k or c12q or c12n or c07k or c07h<br />
|align = "center"|3890<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC" rowspan = "2"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|BCL2 <nowiki>+</nowiki> RNAi <nowiki>+</nowiki>IPC<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"| <br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''1 AND 3'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''633<br>(293 unique records)'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Interactive Taxonomy==<br />
<br />
Grouping specific elements into more general categories is conceptually easier and cleaner than is entertaining hundreds of specific elements separately. We categorize the information from analyzed patents and scientific literate into four levels of taxonomy which allow both “bird’s-eye view” and “in-depth views” of scientific technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:tax2.jpg|800px|center|thumb| '''Interactive Taxonomy''']]<br />
<br />
=='''Top Players and Patenting Activity'''==<br />
<br />
[[Image:bcl2.jpg|800px|center|thumb| '''Bcl-2''']]<br />
<br />
==RNAi Database Dashboard==<br />
<br />
RNAi database dashboard:<br />
<br />
*Categorize and organize large sets of product, patent, and scientific literature<br />
*Analyze client’s competitive position and that of key competitors<br />
*Identify licensing opportunities<br />
*Make build-vs.-buy decisions in new product areas<br />
*Predict product features based on technology and market trends<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:dash1.jpg|1000px|center|thumb| '''Patent Dashboard''']]<br />
<br />
==RNAi Sequence Dashboard==<br />
<br />
Sequence dashboard allows comparison of siRNA agents extracted from patents and scientific literature to the consensus sequence. Since not all the documents disclose the target sequence, the consensus sequence has to be identified and used for sequence dashboard. For example for Bcl-2, consensus sequence is retrieved from NCBI having seq. id [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/179370 '''M14745'''].<br />
<br />
The dashboard also depicts the associated information with RNAi agent on the click of your mouse such as patent number, patent title, length of RNAi agent (siRNA), identity score etc. <br />
<br />
[[Image:seq1.jpg|1000px|center|thumb| '''Sequence Dashboard''']]<br />
<br />
==Experimental data comparison matrix==<br />
<br />
Experimental data may be qualitative or quantitative, each being appropriate for different investigations.<br />
<br />
<br />
Quantitative data was captured from following RNAi experiments for patent focusing on therapeutic application and compared.<br />
<br />
* % inhibition of target mRNA expression<br />
* % encapsulation efficiency <br />
* % transfection efficiency <br />
* % tumor volume reduction<br />
* % cell count reduction <br />
<br />
More such comparison matrix can be prepared for patent having varied focus such as on delivery vehicle, nature of RNAi agents, target gene source, system used to test RNAi etc.<br />
<br />
==='''Patent Focus- Therapeutic Application'''=== <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0" rowspan = "2"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0" rowspan = "2"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99" colspan = "2"|'''Target gene'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FF99CC" colspan = "7"|'''Experimental Details'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''RANK'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''BCL-2'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Others'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Test Model'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Inhibition of Target mRNA Expression (%)'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Encapsulation Efficiency'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Transfection efficiency Increase (%)'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Tumor Volume Reduction (%)'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Cell Count Reduction (%)'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Other Remarks'''</font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"| [http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220070298056%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070298056&RS=DN/20070298056 US20070298056A1]<br />
<br />
|align = "center"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|Human colon cancer (Caco-2) xenografts in nude mice<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|90.08%<br>Day 25 <br>(Fig 2)<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''1'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"| [http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220080038296%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20080038296&RS=DN/20080038296 US20080038296A1]<br />
|align = "center"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|In vivo (Mice)<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|61.29%<br>Day 13<br>(Fig 3)<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''2'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"| [http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220070258952%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070258952&RS=DN/20070258952 US20070258952A1]<br />
|align = "center"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|Human pancreatic carcinoma H79 xenografts<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|49.23%<br>Day 25<br>(Fig 4)<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''2'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"| [http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220070172847%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070172847&RS=DN/20070172847 US20070172847A1]<br />
|align = "center"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|Ramos cells<br />
|align = "center"|80%<br>(Fig 4. B)<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''2'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Ranking of patents''' can be done on the basis of focus of the study, experimental data disclosed, effectiveness of RNAi agent, type of model used to test the RNAi agent, etc. <br />
<br />
Advantages:<br />
*Information disclosure wise sorting available.<br />
*Efficiency of different RNAi agent against target gene can be compared.<br />
*Different models used to test cell line and the efficiency can also be compared.<br />
<br />
===Qualitative Data from Patent Documents=== <br />
<br />
Experiments yielding qualitative data, mentioned below, can’t be compared but are equally important. We did not miss them!<br />
<br />
* Gel electrophoresis<br />
* Gel blots<br />
* Tissue section* Cell staining<br />
* RNAi agent construction<br />
<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Patent/ Publication No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Gel blots'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Gel Electrophorosis'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Tissue section micrograph'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Cell staining micrograph'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''RNAi Agent Construction'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''US20080021205A1'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''US20070275465A1'''<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''WO2007013575A2'''<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''US20070081982A1'''<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''WO2007013575A2'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''US20050266561A1'''<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|-<br />
|} *Mathematically incomparable data disclosed in patents</div>Debanjanhttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Environment_Friendly_Technology_to_Replace_Cadmium_Coatings&diff=7034Environment Friendly Technology to Replace Cadmium Coatings2009-10-08T13:57:54Z<p>Debanjan: /* The Value Proposition */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Agenda ==<br />
<br />
* '''To introduce and explain the benefits of the patented green technology developed by Pratt & Whitney.'''<br />
<br />
* '''To find out interest of the prospects in acquiring the technology on a licensed basis from Pratt & Whitney.'''<br />
<br />
== About Dolcera ==<br />
[[Image:dolcera logo image.jpg|right]]<br />
* Dolcera is an international services firm specializing in intellectual property and market research services. Our clientele includes several fortune 500 companies and global 100 companies. For more information please visit: [http://dolcera.com/ www.dolcera.com]<br />
<br />
* We at Dolcera are partnering with Pratt & whitney to out-license their green technology to replace Ni-Cd coatings used for finishing purposes.<br />
<br />
== About Pratt & Whitney ==<br />
[[Image:pratt logo.jpg|right]]<br />
* Pratt & Whitney is one of the largest aircraft engine manufacturers in the world with a sales revenue of more than $12 Bn and spends more than $250 Mn in research & development.<br />
<br />
* Cutting edge R&D with over a 1000 patents.<br />
<br />
* Has always been at the forefront of technologies for turbine, rocket, reciprocating engines, power systems, etc.<br />
<br />
== Issue at Hand ==<br />
<br />
* It is very difficult to ensure complete protection of steel from corrosive environment at temperatures as high as 900°F.<br />
<br />
* Traditionally used Ni-Cd Coatings involve use of Hexavalent chromium, cadmium and cyanides which are very toxic. Thus, making it difficult to ensure safety of the work environment.<br />
<br />
== Cadmium Qualms ==<br />
[[Image:cadmium plating.jpg|right]]<br />
* Cadmium is a toxin for both animals and plants.<br />
<br />
* Cadmium is known to sublimate in a hard vacuum environment .The sublimation products, which are conductive, can redeposit resulting in short circuits. The sublimation products may also interfere with sensitive optics.<br />
<br />
* Cyanide solutions used in Cadmium plating are highly Toxic.<br />
<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_of_Hazardous_Substances_Directive RoHS] disallows use of cadmium in electrical equipment.<br />
<br />
* Cadmium is subject to the spontaneous growth of Cadmium whiskers. Cadmium whiskers (like tin whiskers) grow spontaneously and are capable of causing electrical failures ranging from parametric deviations to sustained plasma arcing that can result in catastrophic short circuits.[http://www.finishing.com/100/89.shtml Source]<br />
<BR><br />
<BR><br />
<br />
== Environment Friendly solution ==<br />
<br />
* An environment-friendly alternative to Ni-Cd coatings.<br />
* Eliminates materials of concern from the product such as cadmium, hexavalent chromium and cyanides from the plating process.<br />
* Offers equivalent or superior protection to the baseline Ni-Cd coatings.<br />
<br />
== The Unique Process ==<br />
[[Image:Plating Process.jpg|thumb|700px|center|Coating Process]]<br />
<br />
== The Value Proposition ==<br />
<br />
* Not just an idea but a patented & experimentally proven technology. Pratt&Whitney also has a working prototype of the technology.<br />
<br />
* Not very capital intensive, as it utilizes already established processes used for electroplating.<br />
<br />
* A green technology eliminating the use of hazardous cadmium in the coating process.<br />
<br />
== Area of Application ==<br />
[[Image:Area of Application.jpg|thumb|700px|center|Area of Aplication]]<br />
<br />
== Legal Status ==<br />
[[Image:countrywise filing.jpg|thumb|700px|center|Geographic Spread]]<br />
<br />
[[Media:Original patent document.pdf|Click here to download the original patent document]]</div>Debanjanhttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Environment_Friendly_Technology_to_Replace_Cadmium_Coatings&diff=7033Environment Friendly Technology to Replace Cadmium Coatings2009-10-08T13:57:01Z<p>Debanjan: /* The Value Proposition */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Agenda ==<br />
<br />
* '''To introduce and explain the benefits of the patented green technology developed by Pratt & Whitney.'''<br />
<br />
* '''To find out interest of the prospects in acquiring the technology on a licensed basis from Pratt & Whitney.'''<br />
<br />
== About Dolcera ==<br />
[[Image:dolcera logo image.jpg|right]]<br />
* Dolcera is an international services firm specializing in intellectual property and market research services. Our clientele includes several fortune 500 companies and global 100 companies. For more information please visit: [http://dolcera.com/ www.dolcera.com]<br />
<br />
* We at Dolcera are partnering with Pratt & whitney to out-license their green technology to replace Ni-Cd coatings used for finishing purposes.<br />
<br />
== About Pratt & Whitney ==<br />
[[Image:pratt logo.jpg|right]]<br />
* Pratt & Whitney is one of the largest aircraft engine manufacturers in the world with a sales revenue of more than $12 Bn and spends more than $250 Mn in research & development.<br />
<br />
* Cutting edge R&D with over a 1000 patents.<br />
<br />
* Has always been at the forefront of technologies for turbine, rocket, reciprocating engines, power systems, etc.<br />
<br />
== Issue at Hand ==<br />
<br />
* It is very difficult to ensure complete protection of steel from corrosive environment at temperatures as high as 900°F.<br />
<br />
* Traditionally used Ni-Cd Coatings involve use of Hexavalent chromium, cadmium and cyanides which are very toxic. Thus, making it difficult to ensure safety of the work environment.<br />
<br />
== Cadmium Qualms ==<br />
[[Image:cadmium plating.jpg|right]]<br />
* Cadmium is a toxin for both animals and plants.<br />
<br />
* Cadmium is known to sublimate in a hard vacuum environment .The sublimation products, which are conductive, can redeposit resulting in short circuits. The sublimation products may also interfere with sensitive optics.<br />
<br />
* Cyanide solutions used in Cadmium plating are highly Toxic.<br />
<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_of_Hazardous_Substances_Directive RoHS] disallows use of cadmium in electrical equipment.<br />
<br />
* Cadmium is subject to the spontaneous growth of Cadmium whiskers. Cadmium whiskers (like tin whiskers) grow spontaneously and are capable of causing electrical failures ranging from parametric deviations to sustained plasma arcing that can result in catastrophic short circuits.[http://www.finishing.com/100/89.shtml Source]<br />
<BR><br />
<BR><br />
<br />
== Environment Friendly solution ==<br />
<br />
* An environment-friendly alternative to Ni-Cd coatings.<br />
* Eliminates materials of concern from the product such as cadmium, hexavalent chromium and cyanides from the plating process.<br />
* Offers equivalent or superior protection to the baseline Ni-Cd coatings.<br />
<br />
== The Unique Process ==<br />
[[Image:Plating Process.jpg|thumb|700px|center|Coating Process]]<br />
<br />
== The Value Proposition ==<br />
<br />
* Not just an idea but a patented & experimentally proven technology. Pratt&Whitney also has a working prototype of the technology.<br />
<br />
* Not very capital intensive, as it utilizes already established processes used for electroplating.<br />
<br />
* Environment friendly alternative to cadmium coatings.<br />
<br />
== Area of Application ==<br />
[[Image:Area of Application.jpg|thumb|700px|center|Area of Aplication]]<br />
<br />
== Legal Status ==<br />
[[Image:countrywise filing.jpg|thumb|700px|center|Geographic Spread]]<br />
<br />
[[Media:Original patent document.pdf|Click here to download the original patent document]]</div>Debanjanhttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Environment_Friendly_Technology_to_Replace_Cadmium_Coatings&diff=7032Environment Friendly Technology to Replace Cadmium Coatings2009-10-08T13:56:34Z<p>Debanjan: /* Environment Friendly solution */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Agenda ==<br />
<br />
* '''To introduce and explain the benefits of the patented green technology developed by Pratt & Whitney.'''<br />
<br />
* '''To find out interest of the prospects in acquiring the technology on a licensed basis from Pratt & Whitney.'''<br />
<br />
== About Dolcera ==<br />
[[Image:dolcera logo image.jpg|right]]<br />
* Dolcera is an international services firm specializing in intellectual property and market research services. Our clientele includes several fortune 500 companies and global 100 companies. For more information please visit: [http://dolcera.com/ www.dolcera.com]<br />
<br />
* We at Dolcera are partnering with Pratt & whitney to out-license their green technology to replace Ni-Cd coatings used for finishing purposes.<br />
<br />
== About Pratt & Whitney ==<br />
[[Image:pratt logo.jpg|right]]<br />
* Pratt & Whitney is one of the largest aircraft engine manufacturers in the world with a sales revenue of more than $12 Bn and spends more than $250 Mn in research & development.<br />
<br />
* Cutting edge R&D with over a 1000 patents.<br />
<br />
* Has always been at the forefront of technologies for turbine, rocket, reciprocating engines, power systems, etc.<br />
<br />
== Issue at Hand ==<br />
<br />
* It is very difficult to ensure complete protection of steel from corrosive environment at temperatures as high as 900°F.<br />
<br />
* Traditionally used Ni-Cd Coatings involve use of Hexavalent chromium, cadmium and cyanides which are very toxic. Thus, making it difficult to ensure safety of the work environment.<br />
<br />
== Cadmium Qualms ==<br />
[[Image:cadmium plating.jpg|right]]<br />
* Cadmium is a toxin for both animals and plants.<br />
<br />
* Cadmium is known to sublimate in a hard vacuum environment .The sublimation products, which are conductive, can redeposit resulting in short circuits. The sublimation products may also interfere with sensitive optics.<br />
<br />
* Cyanide solutions used in Cadmium plating are highly Toxic.<br />
<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_of_Hazardous_Substances_Directive RoHS] disallows use of cadmium in electrical equipment.<br />
<br />
* Cadmium is subject to the spontaneous growth of Cadmium whiskers. Cadmium whiskers (like tin whiskers) grow spontaneously and are capable of causing electrical failures ranging from parametric deviations to sustained plasma arcing that can result in catastrophic short circuits.[http://www.finishing.com/100/89.shtml Source]<br />
<BR><br />
<BR><br />
<br />
== Environment Friendly solution ==<br />
<br />
* An environment-friendly alternative to Ni-Cd coatings.<br />
* Eliminates materials of concern from the product such as cadmium, hexavalent chromium and cyanides from the plating process.<br />
* Offers equivalent or superior protection to the baseline Ni-Cd coatings.<br />
<br />
== The Unique Process ==<br />
[[Image:Plating Process.jpg|thumb|700px|center|Coating Process]]<br />
<br />
== The Value Proposition ==<br />
<br />
* Not just an idea but a patented & experimentally proven technology.Pratt&Whitney also has a working prototype of the technology.<br />
<br />
* Not very capital intensive, as it utilizes already established processes used for electroplating.<br />
<br />
* Environment friendly alternative to Cadmium coatings.<br />
<br />
== Area of Application ==<br />
[[Image:Area of Application.jpg|thumb|700px|center|Area of Aplication]]<br />
<br />
== Legal Status ==<br />
[[Image:countrywise filing.jpg|thumb|700px|center|Geographic Spread]]<br />
<br />
[[Media:Original patent document.pdf|Click here to download the original patent document]]</div>Debanjanhttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Environment_Friendly_Technology_to_Replace_Cadmium_Coatings&diff=7031Environment Friendly Technology to Replace Cadmium Coatings2009-10-08T13:55:43Z<p>Debanjan: /* Issue at Hand */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Agenda ==<br />
<br />
* '''To introduce and explain the benefits of the patented green technology developed by Pratt & Whitney.'''<br />
<br />
* '''To find out interest of the prospects in acquiring the technology on a licensed basis from Pratt & Whitney.'''<br />
<br />
== About Dolcera ==<br />
[[Image:dolcera logo image.jpg|right]]<br />
* Dolcera is an international services firm specializing in intellectual property and market research services. Our clientele includes several fortune 500 companies and global 100 companies. For more information please visit: [http://dolcera.com/ www.dolcera.com]<br />
<br />
* We at Dolcera are partnering with Pratt & whitney to out-license their green technology to replace Ni-Cd coatings used for finishing purposes.<br />
<br />
== About Pratt & Whitney ==<br />
[[Image:pratt logo.jpg|right]]<br />
* Pratt & Whitney is one of the largest aircraft engine manufacturers in the world with a sales revenue of more than $12 Bn and spends more than $250 Mn in research & development.<br />
<br />
* Cutting edge R&D with over a 1000 patents.<br />
<br />
* Has always been at the forefront of technologies for turbine, rocket, reciprocating engines, power systems, etc.<br />
<br />
== Issue at Hand ==<br />
<br />
* It is very difficult to ensure complete protection of steel from corrosive environment at temperatures as high as 900°F.<br />
<br />
* Traditionally used Ni-Cd Coatings involve use of Hexavalent chromium, cadmium and cyanides which are very toxic. Thus, making it difficult to ensure safety of the work environment.<br />
<br />
== Cadmium Qualms ==<br />
[[Image:cadmium plating.jpg|right]]<br />
* Cadmium is a toxin for both animals and plants.<br />
<br />
* Cadmium is known to sublimate in a hard vacuum environment .The sublimation products, which are conductive, can redeposit resulting in short circuits. The sublimation products may also interfere with sensitive optics.<br />
<br />
* Cyanide solutions used in Cadmium plating are highly Toxic.<br />
<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_of_Hazardous_Substances_Directive RoHS] disallows use of cadmium in electrical equipment.<br />
<br />
* Cadmium is subject to the spontaneous growth of Cadmium whiskers. Cadmium whiskers (like tin whiskers) grow spontaneously and are capable of causing electrical failures ranging from parametric deviations to sustained plasma arcing that can result in catastrophic short circuits.[http://www.finishing.com/100/89.shtml Source]<br />
<BR><br />
<BR><br />
<br />
== Environment Friendly solution ==<br />
<br />
* Environmentally friendly alternative to Ni-Cd coatings.<br />
* Eliminates Materials of Concern from the product such as Cadmium, hexavalent chromium and Cyanides from the plating process.<br />
* Offers equivalent or superior protection to the baseline NiCd coatings.<br />
<br />
== The Unique Process ==<br />
[[Image:Plating Process.jpg|thumb|700px|center|Coating Process]]<br />
<br />
== The Value Proposition ==<br />
<br />
* Not just an idea but a patented & experimentally proven technology.Pratt&Whitney also has a working prototype of the technology.<br />
<br />
* Not very capital intensive, as it utilizes already established processes used for electroplating.<br />
<br />
* Environment friendly alternative to Cadmium coatings.<br />
<br />
== Area of Application ==<br />
[[Image:Area of Application.jpg|thumb|700px|center|Area of Aplication]]<br />
<br />
== Legal Status ==<br />
[[Image:countrywise filing.jpg|thumb|700px|center|Geographic Spread]]<br />
<br />
[[Media:Original patent document.pdf|Click here to download the original patent document]]</div>Debanjanhttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Environment_Friendly_Technology_to_Replace_Cadmium_Coatings&diff=7030Environment Friendly Technology to Replace Cadmium Coatings2009-10-08T13:55:13Z<p>Debanjan: /* About Pratt & Whitney */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Agenda ==<br />
<br />
* '''To introduce and explain the benefits of the patented green technology developed by Pratt & Whitney.'''<br />
<br />
* '''To find out interest of the prospects in acquiring the technology on a licensed basis from Pratt & Whitney.'''<br />
<br />
== About Dolcera ==<br />
[[Image:dolcera logo image.jpg|right]]<br />
* Dolcera is an international services firm specializing in intellectual property and market research services. Our clientele includes several fortune 500 companies and global 100 companies. For more information please visit: [http://dolcera.com/ www.dolcera.com]<br />
<br />
* We at Dolcera are partnering with Pratt & whitney to out-license their green technology to replace Ni-Cd coatings used for finishing purposes.<br />
<br />
== About Pratt & Whitney ==<br />
[[Image:pratt logo.jpg|right]]<br />
* Pratt & Whitney is one of the largest aircraft engine manufacturers in the world with a sales revenue of more than $12 Bn and spends more than $250 Mn in research & development.<br />
<br />
* Cutting edge R&D with over a 1000 patents.<br />
<br />
* Has always been at the forefront of technologies for turbine, rocket, reciprocating engines, power systems, etc.<br />
<br />
== Issue at Hand ==<br />
<br />
* It is very difficult to ensure complete protection of steel from corrosive environment at temperatures as high as 900°F.<br />
<br />
* Traditionally used Ni-Cd Coatings involve use of Hexavalent chromium, cadmium and cyanides which are very toxic. Thus, making it difficult to ensure Safety of the work environment.<br />
<br />
== Cadmium Qualms ==<br />
[[Image:cadmium plating.jpg|right]]<br />
* Cadmium is a toxin for both animals and plants.<br />
<br />
* Cadmium is known to sublimate in a hard vacuum environment .The sublimation products, which are conductive, can redeposit resulting in short circuits. The sublimation products may also interfere with sensitive optics.<br />
<br />
* Cyanide solutions used in Cadmium plating are highly Toxic.<br />
<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_of_Hazardous_Substances_Directive RoHS] disallows use of cadmium in electrical equipment.<br />
<br />
* Cadmium is subject to the spontaneous growth of Cadmium whiskers. Cadmium whiskers (like tin whiskers) grow spontaneously and are capable of causing electrical failures ranging from parametric deviations to sustained plasma arcing that can result in catastrophic short circuits.[http://www.finishing.com/100/89.shtml Source]<br />
<BR><br />
<BR><br />
<br />
== Environment Friendly solution ==<br />
<br />
* Environmentally friendly alternative to Ni-Cd coatings.<br />
* Eliminates Materials of Concern from the product such as Cadmium, hexavalent chromium and Cyanides from the plating process.<br />
* Offers equivalent or superior protection to the baseline NiCd coatings.<br />
<br />
== The Unique Process ==<br />
[[Image:Plating Process.jpg|thumb|700px|center|Coating Process]]<br />
<br />
== The Value Proposition ==<br />
<br />
* Not just an idea but a patented & experimentally proven technology.Pratt&Whitney also has a working prototype of the technology.<br />
<br />
* Not very capital intensive, as it utilizes already established processes used for electroplating.<br />
<br />
* Environment friendly alternative to Cadmium coatings.<br />
<br />
== Area of Application ==<br />
[[Image:Area of Application.jpg|thumb|700px|center|Area of Aplication]]<br />
<br />
== Legal Status ==<br />
[[Image:countrywise filing.jpg|thumb|700px|center|Geographic Spread]]<br />
<br />
[[Media:Original patent document.pdf|Click here to download the original patent document]]</div>Debanjanhttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Silicone_Hydrogel_contact_lens&diff=6990Silicone Hydrogel contact lens2009-10-05T11:56:00Z<p>Debanjan: /* Research Collaborations (from patent searches) */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Contact Lens==<br />
Contact Lenses are shaped pieces of transparent material, which are place on the cornea of the eye, usually with the aim to correct the refractive error (long or short -sightedness) of an individual.<br />
Approximately 120 million people globally wear contact lenses. Over 600 million people need and can afford to wear lenses [http://www.optvissci.com/pt/re/ovs/abstract.00006324-200704000-00021.htm;jsessionid=G46XKGdQHxJRyMKZDVt532XkGkWLkvQw2LPYXgTq1MmghnNkvhSM!2112021004!181195629!8091!-1 Source].<br />
<br />
==Types of Contact Lenses==<br />
There are two [http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/contactlenses/types.html#lc general categories of contact lenses] – soft and rigid gas permeable (RGP).<br />
* '''Soft Contact Lenses'''<br><br />
Soft contact lenses are made of soft, flexible plastics that allow oxygen to pass through to the cornea. Soft contact lenses may be easier to adjust to and are more comfortable than rigid gas permeable lenses. Newer soft lens materials include silicone-hydrogels to provide more oxygen to your eye while you wear your lenses.<br />
* '''Rigid Gas Permeable (RGP) Contact Lenses'''<br><br />
Rigid gas permeable contact lenses (RGPs) are more durable and resistant to deposit buildup, and generally give a clearer, crisper vision. They tend to be less expensive over the life of the lens since they last longer than soft contact lenses. They are easier to handle and less likely to tear. However, they are not as comfortable initially as soft contacts and it may take a few weeks to get used to wearing RGPs, compared to several days for soft contacts.<br />
* '''Extended Wear Contact Lenses''' <br><br />
Extended wear contact lenses are available for overnight or continuous wear ranging from one to six nights or up to 30 days. Extended wear contact lenses are usually soft contact lenses. They are made of flexible plastics that allow oxygen to pass through to the cornea. There are also a very few rigid gas permeable lenses that are designed and approved for overnight wear. Length of continuous wear depends on lens type and your eye care professional’s evaluation of your tolerance for overnight wear. It’s important for the eyes to have a rest without lenses for at least one night following each scheduled removal.<br />
* '''Disposable (Replacement Schedule) Contact Lenses'''<br><br />
The majority of soft contact lens wearers are prescribed some type of frequent replacement schedule. “Disposable,” as defined by the FDA, means used once and discarded. With a true daily wear disposable schedule, a brand new pair of lenses is used each day.<br><br />
Some soft contact lenses are referred to as “disposable” by contact lens sellers, but actually, they are for frequent/planned replacement. With extended wear lenses, the lenses may be worn continuously for the prescribed wearing period (for example, 7 days to 30 days) and then thrown away. When you remove your lenses, make sure to clean and disinfect them properly before reinserting.<br />
* '''Specialized Uses of Contact Lenses:''' Conventional contact lenses correct vision in the same way that glasses do, only they are in contact with the eye. Two types of lenses that serve a different purpose are orthokeratology lenses and decorative (plano) lenses.<br />
* '''Orthokeratology (Ortho-K)'''<br><br />
Orthokeratology, or Ortho-K, is a lens fitting procedure that uses specially designed rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lenses to change the curvature of the cornea to temporarily improve the eye’s ability to focus on objects. This procedure is primarily used for the correction of myopia (nearsightedness).<br />
<br />
Overnight Ortho-K lenses are the most common type of Ortho-K. There are some Ortho-K lenses that are prescribed only for daytime wear. Overnight Ortho-K lenses are commonly prescribed to be worn while sleeping for at least eight hours each night. They are removed upon awakening and not worn during the day. Some people can go all day without their glasses or contact lenses. Others will find that their vision correction will wear off during the day.<br />
* '''Decorative (Plano) Contact Lenses'''<br><br />
Some contact lenses do not correct vision and are intended solely to change the appearance of the eye. These are sometimes called plano, zero-powered or non-corrective lenses. For example, they can temporarily change a brown-eyed person’s eye color to blue, or make a person’s eyes look “weird” by portraying Halloween themes. Even though these decorative lenses don’t correct vision, they’re regulated by the FDA, just like corrective contact lenses. They also carry the same risks to the eye. These risks include:<br />
* conjunctivitis (pink eye)<br />
* corneal ulcers<br />
* corneal abrasion<br />
* vision impairment or blindness<br />
<br />
'''Lens Type - By Implantation''': Collectively, types of contact lenses are as follows [http://www.allaboutvision.com/contacts/#types| Source]<br />
* '''Bifocal Contact Lenses''' - They provide both near and distance vision<br />
* '''Colored Contact Lenses''' - They give your eyes a subtle or dramatic change<br />
* '''Disposable Contact Lenses''' - They enable a healthier wearing experience<br />
* '''Extended Wear Contact Lenses''' - They are for safe overnight wear<br />
* '''Gas Permeable (GP) Contact Lenses''' - They are for the ultimate in crisp vision<br />
* '''Monovision''' - They are an alternative to bifocals for presbyopia<br />
* '''Orthokeratology Lenses''' - They are for overnight corneal reshaping<br />
* '''Prosthetic Contact Lenses''' - They are mask eye injury or disfigurements<br />
* '''Silicone Hydrogel Contacts''' - They transmit more oxygen to your eyes<br />
* '''Special-Effect Contact Lenses''' - They let you become a leopard or cheetah<br />
* '''Specialty Lenses''' - They are for the "hard-to-fit" patient<br />
* '''Toric Contact Lenses''' - They provide good vision if you have astigmatism<br />
<br />
==Classification of lenses==<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Lens Types'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Advantages'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Disadvantages'''<br />
|-<br />
|'''Rigid gas-permeable (RGP)'''<br>Made of slightly flexible plastics that allow oxygen to pass through to the eyes.<br />
|Excellent vision... short adaptation period... comfortable to wear... correct most vision problems... easy to put on and to care for... durable with a relatively long life... available in tints (for handling purposes) and bifocals.<br />
|Require consistent wear to maintain adaptation... can slip off center of eye more easily than other types... debris can easily get under the lenses... requires office visits for follow-up care<br />
|-<br />
|'''Daily-wear soft lenses'''<br>Made of soft, flexible plastic that allows oxygen to pass through to the eyes.<br />
|Very short adaptation period... more comfortable and more difficult to dislodge than RGP lenses... available in tints and bifocals... great for active lifestyles.<br />
|Do not correct all vision problems... vision may not be as sharp as with RGP lenses... require regular office visits for follow-up care... lenses soil easily and must be replaced.<br />
|-<br />
|'''Extended-wear'''<br>Available for overnight wear in soft or RGP lenses.<br />
|Can usually be worn up to seven days without removal.<br />
|Do not correct all vision problems... require regular office visits for follow-up care... increases risk of complication... requires regular monitoring and professional care.<br />
|-<br />
|'''Extended-wear disposable'''<br>Soft lenses worn for an extended period of time, from one to six days and then discarded.<br />
|Require little or no cleaning... minimal risk of eye infection if wearing instructions are followed... available in tints and bifocals... spare lenses available.<br />
|Vision may not be as sharp as RGP lenses... do not correct all vision problems... handling may be more difficult.<br />
|-<br />
|'''Planned replacement'''<br>Soft daily wear lenses that are replaced on a planned schedule, most often either every two weeks, monthly or quarterly.<br />
|Require simplified cleaning and disinfection... good for eye health... available in most prescriptions.<br />
|Vision may not be as sharp as RGP lenses... do not correct all vision problems... handling may be more difficult.<br />
|-<br />
|colspan = "3"|[http://www.aoa.org/x5234.xml American Optometric Association]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Conventional Vs Silicone Hydrogels - Status=== <br />
* Newer Silicone Hydrogel Contact Lenses Offer Significantly Improved Comfort Over Hydrogel Lenses in Adverse Environments. [http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/04-25-2007/0004573573&EDATE=| American Optometry Society]<br />
<br />
* Morgan et al reported for the fifth time on the survey for international contact lens prescribing and suggest that during 2005 non-disposable soft lenses were down to 10 percent of soft lenses prescribed to new patients for all countries surveyed and as low as 1 percent in Norway and 2 percent in the United Kingdom [http://www.clspectrum.com/article.aspx?article=12935| Source]<br />
<br />
* A survey of lens fitting within 15 countries found that silicone hydrogel lens materials now account for more than 90% of soft lens extended-wear fits. The two exceptions: Russia, where silicone hydrogels comprise 78% of soft lens extended wear fits, and the United States, where they account for 48%. In the United States, the number of silicone hydrogel lenses prescribed for daily wear has increased approximately eightfold since 2003 [http://www.revoptom.com/index.asp?ArticleType=SiteSpec&page=osc/105239/lesson.htm| Blue Book of Optometry]<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Silicon Hydrogel Contact lens=== <br />
<br />
They are a new generation of "super-permeable" contact lenses can transmit unprecedented amounts of oxygen to your cornea and, in some cases, enable 30 consecutive days of wear without removal.<br />
<br />
Silicone hydrogel contact lenses represent a breakthrough over traditional hydrogel soft contact lenses, because silicone lets so much oxygen (essential for a healthy cornea) pass through the lens <br><br />
[http://www.allaboutvision.com/contacts/silicone-hydrogel.htm| Source]<br />
====Working====<br />
Traditional soft contact lenses are made from hydrogel polymers (soft, water-containing plastics). The plastic itself is not oxygen permeable, so the water performs the job of carrying oxygen through the lens to the eye. But water can carry only so much oxygen — and the more water a lens contains, the greater its tendency to dehydrate after long periods of wear.<br />
<br />
Silicone is oxygen permeable. So silicone hydrogel lenses use both their water and polymer content to transmit oxygen to the eye.<br />
<br />
====Benefits to wearers include comfort and convenience====<br />
Silicone hydrogel contact lenses contain less water than traditional hydrogel lenses. As a result, they aren<nowiki>’</nowiki>t as prone to dehydration while you<nowiki>’</nowiki>re wearing them. For some people who wear their lenses for long days, this can mean better end-of-day comfort.<br>Silicone hydrogels also have made 30-day contact lens wear — sometimes called "continuous wear" — available once again.<br />
<br />
====Different flavors of silicone hydrogel==== <br />
Because silicone hydrogel lenses provide increased oxygen to your eyes, 30-day wear isn<nowiki>’</nowiki>t the only reason to consider using them. And in fact, not all silicone hydrogel brands are approved for 30 days of wear [http://www.allaboutvision.com/contacts/silicone-hydrogel.htm| Source]<br />
<br />
[[Image:night-and-day-wearing-time.gif|thumb|center|250 px| Flavours]]<br />
<br />
The table shown below describes the current brands of spherical silicone hydrogel lenses available, in order of highest oxygen transmissibility to lowest and two brands of toric (astigmatism correcting) silicone hydrogel lenses [http://www.aclens.com/silicone-hydrogel-contact-lenses.asp| Source]<br />
<br />
[[Image:SiHy table.jpg|thumb|center|800 px| Brands]]<br />
----<br />
<br />
==<span style="color:#C41E3A">Like this report?</span>==<br />
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<br />
==Lens solution==<br />
* Among various lens maker lens solution is important source of revenue and there is lot of research going on in this field.<br />
* Dry eye, which affects up to 34% of the general population, is a condition resulting primarily from a disturbance of the tear film caused by either deficiency (i.e., reduced tear production or excessive evaporation) or poor quality. <br />
* Dry eye symptoms are much more prevalent in patients who wear contact lenses (affecting about 50%) than in the non-lens wearing population. <br />
* Contact lens wearers are 12 times more likely to report symptoms of dry eye than clinical emmetropes and 5 times more likely to report symptoms than spectacle wearer.<br />
* About 18 million contact lens wearers in North America experience dryness symptoms, but on a positive note, about 90% of these patients employ strategies such as reducing their wearing time or use rewetting drops that allow them to continue lens wear. <br />
* Guillon et al. noted that contact lens wearers are more likely to report “dryness” symptoms, whereas nonwearers tend to report symptoms of “soreness” and “burning.” [http://www.optvissci.com/pt/re/ovs/abstract.00006324-200704000-00009.htm;jsessionid=G45QfLQSbf4pdvf6khcv2VTXrhyv1vSPw6xRfhpp11hTBTV19rd1!-170133123!181195628!8091!-1 Source]<br />
<br />
==Future research ideas for improving comfort, reducing complications==<br />
* The advent of silicone hydrogel lenses has indeed shown that in their highest Dk/t modality they virtually eliminate all hypoxic side effects. Further, if Dk/t is maintained above 125 across the whole lens it is a reasonable proposition that it will allow lenses to be worn for decades without corneal metabolic malfunction or physiological failure due to hypoxia. <br />
* The peripheral cornea is an important consideration in both the short-term and long-term health of the cornea, as the limbal region is the source of epithelial stem cells. Current Dk/t at the limbus with thick periphery silicone hydrogel lenses may not be high enough. Thin periphery lens designs should be tried to increase the Dk/t.<br />
* New research directions are necessary to achieve a truly biocompatible lens that causes fewer disturbances to the tear film, cornea, and conjunctiva. Modification of materials, designs, solutions, and better surfaces to limit the adherence of deposits and inhibit microorganism colonization are under investigation.<br />
* Recent studies on antibacterial contact lenses coated with selenium in rabbits and lens cases impregnated with silver in a 1-month clinical trial showed that there was less adhesion of microbes and bacterial contamination in the test lenses and cases than in the control ones. These are promising results, but the components used must be effective against micro-organisms and at the same time not cause any adverse reaction to the ocular tissue. This new technology should reduce the risk of infection and infiltrative corneal conditions during contact lens wear.<br />
* Recent polymer soaking solution additives designed to keep the lens moist over time have made some headway, but a new approach is needed to optimize the polymer-surface-solution to achieve the next breakthrough in comfort. [http://www.optvissci.com/pt/re/ovs/abstract.00006324-200704000-00021.htm;jsessionid=G46XKGdQHxJRyMKZDVt532XkGkWLkvQw2LPYXgTq1MmghnNkvhSM!2112021004!181195629!8091!-1 Source]<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Market Information==<br />
* It has been estimated that about 125 million people use contact lenses worldwide (2%), including 28 to 38 million in the United States and 13 million in Japan.<br />
* By 2009, silicone hydrogel lenses are expected to account for more than two-thirds of U.S. soft contact lens sales (in dollars), according to equity research firm Robert W. Baird & Co.<br />
* Spurred by favorable trends, the world contact lens and lens care solutions market is expected to reach US$6.7 billion by 2010 [http://medical.presslib.com/medical-products/537345.htm Source].<br />
<br />
====Clinical information====<br />
* A British study conducted at the University of Manchester and published in 2005 found that people who slept in traditional hydrogel lenses were five times more likely to develop keratitis than those sleeping in silicone hydrogel lenses.<br />
<br />
====Statistics in USA====<br />
* Currently, more than 34 million people wear contact lenses in the United States.<br />
* Approximately 85% of wearers use soft contact lenses and 15% wear gas permeable hard lenses. <br />
* Eighty percent are using daily wear or flexible wearing schedules whereas 20% of patients use an extended-wear schedule.<br />
* An estimated 4.1 million people were wearing contact lenses in an extended fashion by 1987, with more than 97% of those wearing the lenses for cosmetic correction.<br />
* An incidence of ulcerative keratitis of 0.2% in patients with extended wear, a risk five times that of daily wear contact lenses.<br />
* Because of the concerns of increased risk of infectious keratitis the percentage of people using contact lenses in extended wear in the United States dropped from 21% in 1995 to approximately 10% in 2002.<br />
* A survey of 93 members of the Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists (CLAO) conducted in 2001 indicated that only 10% of ophthalmologists, optometrists, and opticians prescribed extended wear, and that even with the approval and promise of the high-Dk silicone hydrogel lenses only 15% of ophthalmologists and 18% of optometrists anticipated prescribing them for extended wear (CLAO Survey, Foulks GN, 2001). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16458698&dopt=AbstractPlus Source]<br />
<br />
====Medical practioner survey information====<br />
* A recent online survey asked Eye Care Professionals if they prescribed silicone hydrogel contact lenses and given the numerous benefits of these lenses, the results were somewhat of a surprise. Of those participating in the survey, 36% prescribed for 30-day wear, 27% for daily wear, 16% for 7-day wear and a remarkable 21% of eyecare professionals did not even prescribe these lenses. [http://www.imperialoptical.com/news052907.aspx| Source]<br />
* In a survey conducted to find the use of Silicone Hydrogel Contact Lenses by Canadian Optometrists from 2000 – 2006, Soft contact lenses were fit to 91.3% of the patients. Of the soft fits the percentage of silicone hydrogel lenses increased from 5.4% in 2000 to 42.9% in 2006. Initially, silicone hydrogel lenses were prescribed for continuous wear exclusively. In 2004 two new daily wear silicone hydrogel lenses were introduced into the Canadian market. The proportion of silicone hydrogel lenses being fit for daily wear increased from 33.7% in 2004 to 86.1% in 2006. [http://www.siliconehydrogels.org/posters/mar_07.asp| Silicon Hydrogels.org]<br />
<br />
====Company surveys and findings====<br />
* Bausch & Lomb (manufacturer of Purevision, Purevision Toric and Purevision Multifocal contact lenses) reported that 40% of new contact lens fits are now silicone hydrogel contacts. They claim that 94% of wearers of their sector leading Soflens 66 Toric contacts can be migrated to the Purevision Toric lens without a script change.<br />
* Vistakon, manufacturer of the Ultra-Comfort series of contact lenses which comprises the Acuvue Advance, Acuvue Advance for Astigmatism and the Acuvue Oasys says their silicone hydrogels are all addressing the issue of end-of-day comfort for contact lens wearers. Prescription parameter ranges are being expanded for each of these lenses (most recently, plus powers for Oasys were made available). Acuvue Oasys was also recently given FDA approval for up to 7 days of continuous wear. Vistakon claims to have the number one silicone hydrogel with their Acuvue Advance and the number one new-wearer toric in the Advance for Astigmatism [http://www.aclens.com/silicone-hydrogel-contact-lenses.asp| Source]<br />
* A post approval study of one year was conducted by CIBA vision, the study followed the experiences of 6,000 people who were prescribed Night & Day for up to 30 nights of consecutive wear. In the study, the incidence of microbial keratitis (an infection that can result in vision loss) was less than 0.18 percent, and the rate of microbial keratitis resulting in reduction of visual acuity was less than 0.04 percent. These rates are higher than for daily wear, but are still considered reasonable by many as a tradeout for the benefits of continuous wear.<br />
* Focus Night & Day were the subject of a three year study by Ciba Vision. In particular, the study of 317 patients showed that Focus Night & Day wearers had less problems with red eye, reduced dryness (22%) and neo-vascularization (the development of new blood vessels in the cornea) was reduced by 13%. During the first 8 months of 2005, Silicone Hydrogels represented 24% of all soft contact lens sales – more than double the figure for the same period of 2004. Ciba lenses represented almost 50% of silicone hydrogel sales during this time.<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Key Companies===<br />
* Alcon<br />
* Bausch & Lomb<br />
* Ciba Vision<br />
* Jonhson & Johnson (Vistakon)<br />
* Cooper vision<br />
* Art Optical Contact Lens<br />
* RX Optical Corporate<br />
* Unilens <br />
* 1-800 Contacts Inc.<br />
----<br />
<br />
=== Research Collaborations (from patent searches)===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="70%" align="center"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|<font color="#993366">'''Collaborations'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|<font color="#993366">'''No. of records'''</font><br />
|-<br />
|Menicon Co., Ltd. <nowiki>|</nowiki> Shin Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.<br />
|align = "center"|6<br />
|-<br />
|Genencor International, Inc. <nowiki>|</nowiki> The Procter & Gamble Company<br />
|align = "center"|5<br />
|-<br />
|CIBA Vision Corporation <nowiki>|</nowiki> Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organsation<br />
|align = "center"|4<br />
|-<br />
|Shin Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. <nowiki>|</nowiki> Toyo Contact Lens Co., Ltd.<br />
|align = "center"|3<br />
|-<br />
|Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. <nowiki>|</nowiki> Li, Fumian<br />
|align = "center"|2<br />
|-<br />
|Novartis AG <nowiki>|</nowiki> Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation<br />
|align = "center"|2<br />
|-<br />
|California Institute of Technology <nowiki>|</nowiki> The Regents of the University of California<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|Chitogenics, Inc. <nowiki>|</nowiki> The American National Red Cross <nowiki>|</nowiki> Coalition for Hemophilia B<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|Biopolymerix, Inc <nowiki>|</nowiki> Surfacine Development Company, Inc.<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|Organogenesis, Inc. <nowiki>|</nowiki> The President and Fellows of Harvard College<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|Japan Synthetic Rubber Co., Ltd. <nowiki>|</nowiki> Ricky Contact Lens Research Institute Inc.<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|Asahikasei Aime Co. Ltd. <nowiki>|</nowiki> CooperVision, Inc.<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|Southwest Research Institute <nowiki>|</nowiki> Keraplast Technologies, Ltd.<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|Takiron Co. Ltd. <nowiki>|</nowiki> Osaka Municipal Government<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|Adeka Corporation <nowiki>|</nowiki> The Kansai Electric Power CO., INC.<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill <nowiki>|</nowiki> North Carolina State University <nowiki>|</nowiki> Synecor, LLC<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|Quick Med Technologies, inc. <nowiki>|</nowiki> University of Florida Research Foundation, Inc.<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|Combinatorx, Incorporated <nowiki>|</nowiki> Angiotech International Ag<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|Sosei Co., Ltd. <nowiki>|</nowiki> Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd. <nowiki>|</nowiki> Combinatorx incorporated<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|Smart Holograms Limited <nowiki>|</nowiki> Ciba Vision Corporation <nowiki>|</nowiki> Cambridge University Technical Services Ltd.<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|Kuraray Co Ltd <nowiki>|</nowiki> Sagami Chem Res Center<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
----<br />
====Based on general web search====<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|<font color="#993366">'''Company''' '''1'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|<font color="#993366">'''Company''' '''2'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|<font color="#993366">'''Collaboration year'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|<font color="#993366">'''Collaboration type'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|<font color="#993366">'''Collaborated for Link'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|<font color="#993366">'''Link'''</font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|Fenway Partners<br />
|align = "center"|1-800 Contacts Inc.<br />
|align = "center"|2007<br />
|align = "justify"|Buy out<br />
|align = "justify"|Replacement contact lenses<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.pewnews.com/story.asp?sectioncode=44&storycode=42236 Source]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|Implantable Vision Inc<br />
|align = "center"|Ciba Vision Inc.<br />
|align = "center"|2006<br />
|align = "justify"|Licensing agreement<br />
|align = "justify"|Acquire patents and intellectual property regarding an inside-the-eye contact lens for $1 million<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://denver.bizjournals.com/denver/stories/2006/06/26/daily5.html Source]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|Cooper Inc.<br />
|align = "center"|Occular sciences Inc.<br />
|align = "center"|2004<br />
|align = "justify"|Merger<br />
|align = "justify"|Merger will result in worlds 3rd largest contact lens company<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.azom.com/details.asp?newsID=2329 Source]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|Vision CRC<br />
|align = "center"|IER and CCLRU<br />
|align = "center"|2004<br />
|align = "justify"|Research study Collaboration<br />
|align = "justify"|The study is to study rates of corneal infection with contact lenses<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.visioncrc.org/our_activities/myopia.asp Source]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|CIBA Vision<br />
|align = "center"|Wesley Jessen corp.<br />
|align = "center"|2001<br />
|align = "justify"|Merger <br />
|align = "justify"|Merger of two Novartis contact lens subsdiaries<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=23560 Source]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|CRC<br />
|align = "center"|CIBA Vision<br />
|align = "center"|1997<br />
|align = "justify"|Research Collaboration<br />
|align = "justify"|To develop silicone hydrogel contact lens that can be worn for 30 days and nights and also for daily wear lens<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.visioncrc.org/latest_news/Feature%20Project/index.asp Source]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|Allergan<br />
|align = "center"|Ioptex Research global intraocular lens <br />
|align = "center"|1994<br />
|align = "justify"|Licensing agreement<br />
|align = "justify"|Intraocular lens product line<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Allergan-Inc-Company-History.html Source]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council<br />
|align = "center"|Vista Optics Ltd<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "justify"|Jointly funding agreement<br />
|align = "justify"|To develop new generation of ophthalmic biomaterials<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.aston.ac.uk/downloads/marketing/aston_review.pdf Source]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|CIBA vision <br />
|align = "center"|Laboratories Faure <br />
|align = "center"|1993<br />
|align = "justify"|Licensing agreement<br />
|align = "justify"| <br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.cibavision.com/about_worldwide/milestones.shtml Source ]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|Unilens<br />
|align = "center"|Novartis<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "justify"|Licensing agreement<br />
|align = "justify"|Aquaflex and Softcon EW contact lens products<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.bizjournals.com/tampabay/stories/2005/02/21/daily28.html Source]</u></font><br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Venture capital===<br />
* Bausch & Lomb Inc., the eye-products maker rocked last year by financial restatements and the recall of its contact-lens solution, agreed to be bought by private equity firm Warburg Pincus for $3.67 billion in cash. [http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aSqIyHsrQezs&refer=home Source]<br />
<br />
* To develop a handheld reader that takes the glucose readings from the lens and to conduct early clinical trials, CIBA vison has raised CHF 10.7 million (€6.5 million) in a Series A round led by Swiss-based BioMedinvest and Life Sciences Partners, a Dutch venture firm in 2006 [http://swissventures.blogspot.com/2006_02_01_archive.html Source]<br />
<br />
* Bausch & Lomb Ireland has announced a €42m expansion of its contact lens plant in Waterford [http://www.bizplus.ie/news/ Source]<br />
<br />
* E-Dr. Network, Inc. (E-Dr.) announced today that it has received venture capital financing of $8 million led by Noro-Moseley Partners of Atlanta, Georgia, with a co-investment from Benchmark Capital of Menlo Park, California. The company is the leading web-based business-to-business, e-commerce provider in the vision care segment of the U.S. healthcare industry. [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_1999_Dec_16/ai_58271122 Source]<br />
* Scottish Equity Partners (SEP) invested an initial £1 million and in 2002 injected a further £2 million to fund additional production lines at Provis’ manufacturing facility in Hamilton International Technology Park [http://www.sepl.co.uk/venturer/profile_provis.html Source]<br />
<br />
* Ophthonix has raised $35.1 million in "Series D" financing for its vision correcting products/lenses. [http://www.interwest.com/news/releases-portfolio/pr_121406_ophthonix.html Source]<br />
<br />
* Cooper vision in 2005 announed its plans to introduce a two week continous wear re-usable silicon hydrogel lens.<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Patent Search Strategy===<br />
'''Search scope:''' US Granted US Applications EP-A EP-B WO JP (bibliographic data only) DE-C,B DE-A DE-T DE-U GB-A FR-A; Full patent spec.<br><br />
'''Years:''' 1981-2007<br><br />
Text: (((Silicone and hydrogel) or SiHy or siloxane) and (contact adj1 lens*))<br> <br />
'''Number of records:''' 1686 records<br><br />
<br />
===IP Trends over publication years===<br />
[[Image:IP_trend.jpg|thumb|center|1000 px|IP Trends]]<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Technology mapping parameters===<br />
* The technology mapping parameters are based on general study of the silicon hydrogel lens technology.<br />
* These parameters are used as guidelines when studying patent information. The patent information analyzed is then classified into each of these parameters, which in turn provides guidelines of research trends over time and competitor focus areas.<br />
[[Image:SiHy contact lens1.jpg|thumb|center|800 px| Taxonomy]]<br />
----<br />
<br />
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<br></div>Debanjanhttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Silicone_Hydrogel_contact_lens&diff=6989Silicone Hydrogel contact lens2009-10-05T11:54:57Z<p>Debanjan: /* Patent Search Strategy */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Contact Lens==<br />
Contact Lenses are shaped pieces of transparent material, which are place on the cornea of the eye, usually with the aim to correct the refractive error (long or short -sightedness) of an individual.<br />
Approximately 120 million people globally wear contact lenses. Over 600 million people need and can afford to wear lenses [http://www.optvissci.com/pt/re/ovs/abstract.00006324-200704000-00021.htm;jsessionid=G46XKGdQHxJRyMKZDVt532XkGkWLkvQw2LPYXgTq1MmghnNkvhSM!2112021004!181195629!8091!-1 Source].<br />
<br />
==Types of Contact Lenses==<br />
There are two [http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/contactlenses/types.html#lc general categories of contact lenses] – soft and rigid gas permeable (RGP).<br />
* '''Soft Contact Lenses'''<br><br />
Soft contact lenses are made of soft, flexible plastics that allow oxygen to pass through to the cornea. Soft contact lenses may be easier to adjust to and are more comfortable than rigid gas permeable lenses. Newer soft lens materials include silicone-hydrogels to provide more oxygen to your eye while you wear your lenses.<br />
* '''Rigid Gas Permeable (RGP) Contact Lenses'''<br><br />
Rigid gas permeable contact lenses (RGPs) are more durable and resistant to deposit buildup, and generally give a clearer, crisper vision. They tend to be less expensive over the life of the lens since they last longer than soft contact lenses. They are easier to handle and less likely to tear. However, they are not as comfortable initially as soft contacts and it may take a few weeks to get used to wearing RGPs, compared to several days for soft contacts.<br />
* '''Extended Wear Contact Lenses''' <br><br />
Extended wear contact lenses are available for overnight or continuous wear ranging from one to six nights or up to 30 days. Extended wear contact lenses are usually soft contact lenses. They are made of flexible plastics that allow oxygen to pass through to the cornea. There are also a very few rigid gas permeable lenses that are designed and approved for overnight wear. Length of continuous wear depends on lens type and your eye care professional’s evaluation of your tolerance for overnight wear. It’s important for the eyes to have a rest without lenses for at least one night following each scheduled removal.<br />
* '''Disposable (Replacement Schedule) Contact Lenses'''<br><br />
The majority of soft contact lens wearers are prescribed some type of frequent replacement schedule. “Disposable,” as defined by the FDA, means used once and discarded. With a true daily wear disposable schedule, a brand new pair of lenses is used each day.<br><br />
Some soft contact lenses are referred to as “disposable” by contact lens sellers, but actually, they are for frequent/planned replacement. With extended wear lenses, the lenses may be worn continuously for the prescribed wearing period (for example, 7 days to 30 days) and then thrown away. When you remove your lenses, make sure to clean and disinfect them properly before reinserting.<br />
* '''Specialized Uses of Contact Lenses:''' Conventional contact lenses correct vision in the same way that glasses do, only they are in contact with the eye. Two types of lenses that serve a different purpose are orthokeratology lenses and decorative (plano) lenses.<br />
* '''Orthokeratology (Ortho-K)'''<br><br />
Orthokeratology, or Ortho-K, is a lens fitting procedure that uses specially designed rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lenses to change the curvature of the cornea to temporarily improve the eye’s ability to focus on objects. This procedure is primarily used for the correction of myopia (nearsightedness).<br />
<br />
Overnight Ortho-K lenses are the most common type of Ortho-K. There are some Ortho-K lenses that are prescribed only for daytime wear. Overnight Ortho-K lenses are commonly prescribed to be worn while sleeping for at least eight hours each night. They are removed upon awakening and not worn during the day. Some people can go all day without their glasses or contact lenses. Others will find that their vision correction will wear off during the day.<br />
* '''Decorative (Plano) Contact Lenses'''<br><br />
Some contact lenses do not correct vision and are intended solely to change the appearance of the eye. These are sometimes called plano, zero-powered or non-corrective lenses. For example, they can temporarily change a brown-eyed person’s eye color to blue, or make a person’s eyes look “weird” by portraying Halloween themes. Even though these decorative lenses don’t correct vision, they’re regulated by the FDA, just like corrective contact lenses. They also carry the same risks to the eye. These risks include:<br />
* conjunctivitis (pink eye)<br />
* corneal ulcers<br />
* corneal abrasion<br />
* vision impairment or blindness<br />
<br />
'''Lens Type - By Implantation''': Collectively, types of contact lenses are as follows [http://www.allaboutvision.com/contacts/#types| Source]<br />
* '''Bifocal Contact Lenses''' - They provide both near and distance vision<br />
* '''Colored Contact Lenses''' - They give your eyes a subtle or dramatic change<br />
* '''Disposable Contact Lenses''' - They enable a healthier wearing experience<br />
* '''Extended Wear Contact Lenses''' - They are for safe overnight wear<br />
* '''Gas Permeable (GP) Contact Lenses''' - They are for the ultimate in crisp vision<br />
* '''Monovision''' - They are an alternative to bifocals for presbyopia<br />
* '''Orthokeratology Lenses''' - They are for overnight corneal reshaping<br />
* '''Prosthetic Contact Lenses''' - They are mask eye injury or disfigurements<br />
* '''Silicone Hydrogel Contacts''' - They transmit more oxygen to your eyes<br />
* '''Special-Effect Contact Lenses''' - They let you become a leopard or cheetah<br />
* '''Specialty Lenses''' - They are for the "hard-to-fit" patient<br />
* '''Toric Contact Lenses''' - They provide good vision if you have astigmatism<br />
<br />
==Classification of lenses==<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Lens Types'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Advantages'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Disadvantages'''<br />
|-<br />
|'''Rigid gas-permeable (RGP)'''<br>Made of slightly flexible plastics that allow oxygen to pass through to the eyes.<br />
|Excellent vision... short adaptation period... comfortable to wear... correct most vision problems... easy to put on and to care for... durable with a relatively long life... available in tints (for handling purposes) and bifocals.<br />
|Require consistent wear to maintain adaptation... can slip off center of eye more easily than other types... debris can easily get under the lenses... requires office visits for follow-up care<br />
|-<br />
|'''Daily-wear soft lenses'''<br>Made of soft, flexible plastic that allows oxygen to pass through to the eyes.<br />
|Very short adaptation period... more comfortable and more difficult to dislodge than RGP lenses... available in tints and bifocals... great for active lifestyles.<br />
|Do not correct all vision problems... vision may not be as sharp as with RGP lenses... require regular office visits for follow-up care... lenses soil easily and must be replaced.<br />
|-<br />
|'''Extended-wear'''<br>Available for overnight wear in soft or RGP lenses.<br />
|Can usually be worn up to seven days without removal.<br />
|Do not correct all vision problems... require regular office visits for follow-up care... increases risk of complication... requires regular monitoring and professional care.<br />
|-<br />
|'''Extended-wear disposable'''<br>Soft lenses worn for an extended period of time, from one to six days and then discarded.<br />
|Require little or no cleaning... minimal risk of eye infection if wearing instructions are followed... available in tints and bifocals... spare lenses available.<br />
|Vision may not be as sharp as RGP lenses... do not correct all vision problems... handling may be more difficult.<br />
|-<br />
|'''Planned replacement'''<br>Soft daily wear lenses that are replaced on a planned schedule, most often either every two weeks, monthly or quarterly.<br />
|Require simplified cleaning and disinfection... good for eye health... available in most prescriptions.<br />
|Vision may not be as sharp as RGP lenses... do not correct all vision problems... handling may be more difficult.<br />
|-<br />
|colspan = "3"|[http://www.aoa.org/x5234.xml American Optometric Association]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Conventional Vs Silicone Hydrogels - Status=== <br />
* Newer Silicone Hydrogel Contact Lenses Offer Significantly Improved Comfort Over Hydrogel Lenses in Adverse Environments. [http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/04-25-2007/0004573573&EDATE=| American Optometry Society]<br />
<br />
* Morgan et al reported for the fifth time on the survey for international contact lens prescribing and suggest that during 2005 non-disposable soft lenses were down to 10 percent of soft lenses prescribed to new patients for all countries surveyed and as low as 1 percent in Norway and 2 percent in the United Kingdom [http://www.clspectrum.com/article.aspx?article=12935| Source]<br />
<br />
* A survey of lens fitting within 15 countries found that silicone hydrogel lens materials now account for more than 90% of soft lens extended-wear fits. The two exceptions: Russia, where silicone hydrogels comprise 78% of soft lens extended wear fits, and the United States, where they account for 48%. In the United States, the number of silicone hydrogel lenses prescribed for daily wear has increased approximately eightfold since 2003 [http://www.revoptom.com/index.asp?ArticleType=SiteSpec&page=osc/105239/lesson.htm| Blue Book of Optometry]<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Silicon Hydrogel Contact lens=== <br />
<br />
They are a new generation of "super-permeable" contact lenses can transmit unprecedented amounts of oxygen to your cornea and, in some cases, enable 30 consecutive days of wear without removal.<br />
<br />
Silicone hydrogel contact lenses represent a breakthrough over traditional hydrogel soft contact lenses, because silicone lets so much oxygen (essential for a healthy cornea) pass through the lens <br><br />
[http://www.allaboutvision.com/contacts/silicone-hydrogel.htm| Source]<br />
====Working====<br />
Traditional soft contact lenses are made from hydrogel polymers (soft, water-containing plastics). The plastic itself is not oxygen permeable, so the water performs the job of carrying oxygen through the lens to the eye. But water can carry only so much oxygen — and the more water a lens contains, the greater its tendency to dehydrate after long periods of wear.<br />
<br />
Silicone is oxygen permeable. So silicone hydrogel lenses use both their water and polymer content to transmit oxygen to the eye.<br />
<br />
====Benefits to wearers include comfort and convenience====<br />
Silicone hydrogel contact lenses contain less water than traditional hydrogel lenses. As a result, they aren<nowiki>’</nowiki>t as prone to dehydration while you<nowiki>’</nowiki>re wearing them. For some people who wear their lenses for long days, this can mean better end-of-day comfort.<br>Silicone hydrogels also have made 30-day contact lens wear — sometimes called "continuous wear" — available once again.<br />
<br />
====Different flavors of silicone hydrogel==== <br />
Because silicone hydrogel lenses provide increased oxygen to your eyes, 30-day wear isn<nowiki>’</nowiki>t the only reason to consider using them. And in fact, not all silicone hydrogel brands are approved for 30 days of wear [http://www.allaboutvision.com/contacts/silicone-hydrogel.htm| Source]<br />
<br />
[[Image:night-and-day-wearing-time.gif|thumb|center|250 px| Flavours]]<br />
<br />
The table shown below describes the current brands of spherical silicone hydrogel lenses available, in order of highest oxygen transmissibility to lowest and two brands of toric (astigmatism correcting) silicone hydrogel lenses [http://www.aclens.com/silicone-hydrogel-contact-lenses.asp| Source]<br />
<br />
[[Image:SiHy table.jpg|thumb|center|800 px| Brands]]<br />
----<br />
<br />
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<br />
==Lens solution==<br />
* Among various lens maker lens solution is important source of revenue and there is lot of research going on in this field.<br />
* Dry eye, which affects up to 34% of the general population, is a condition resulting primarily from a disturbance of the tear film caused by either deficiency (i.e., reduced tear production or excessive evaporation) or poor quality. <br />
* Dry eye symptoms are much more prevalent in patients who wear contact lenses (affecting about 50%) than in the non-lens wearing population. <br />
* Contact lens wearers are 12 times more likely to report symptoms of dry eye than clinical emmetropes and 5 times more likely to report symptoms than spectacle wearer.<br />
* About 18 million contact lens wearers in North America experience dryness symptoms, but on a positive note, about 90% of these patients employ strategies such as reducing their wearing time or use rewetting drops that allow them to continue lens wear. <br />
* Guillon et al. noted that contact lens wearers are more likely to report “dryness” symptoms, whereas nonwearers tend to report symptoms of “soreness” and “burning.” [http://www.optvissci.com/pt/re/ovs/abstract.00006324-200704000-00009.htm;jsessionid=G45QfLQSbf4pdvf6khcv2VTXrhyv1vSPw6xRfhpp11hTBTV19rd1!-170133123!181195628!8091!-1 Source]<br />
<br />
==Future research ideas for improving comfort, reducing complications==<br />
* The advent of silicone hydrogel lenses has indeed shown that in their highest Dk/t modality they virtually eliminate all hypoxic side effects. Further, if Dk/t is maintained above 125 across the whole lens it is a reasonable proposition that it will allow lenses to be worn for decades without corneal metabolic malfunction or physiological failure due to hypoxia. <br />
* The peripheral cornea is an important consideration in both the short-term and long-term health of the cornea, as the limbal region is the source of epithelial stem cells. Current Dk/t at the limbus with thick periphery silicone hydrogel lenses may not be high enough. Thin periphery lens designs should be tried to increase the Dk/t.<br />
* New research directions are necessary to achieve a truly biocompatible lens that causes fewer disturbances to the tear film, cornea, and conjunctiva. Modification of materials, designs, solutions, and better surfaces to limit the adherence of deposits and inhibit microorganism colonization are under investigation.<br />
* Recent studies on antibacterial contact lenses coated with selenium in rabbits and lens cases impregnated with silver in a 1-month clinical trial showed that there was less adhesion of microbes and bacterial contamination in the test lenses and cases than in the control ones. These are promising results, but the components used must be effective against micro-organisms and at the same time not cause any adverse reaction to the ocular tissue. This new technology should reduce the risk of infection and infiltrative corneal conditions during contact lens wear.<br />
* Recent polymer soaking solution additives designed to keep the lens moist over time have made some headway, but a new approach is needed to optimize the polymer-surface-solution to achieve the next breakthrough in comfort. [http://www.optvissci.com/pt/re/ovs/abstract.00006324-200704000-00021.htm;jsessionid=G46XKGdQHxJRyMKZDVt532XkGkWLkvQw2LPYXgTq1MmghnNkvhSM!2112021004!181195629!8091!-1 Source]<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Market Information==<br />
* It has been estimated that about 125 million people use contact lenses worldwide (2%), including 28 to 38 million in the United States and 13 million in Japan.<br />
* By 2009, silicone hydrogel lenses are expected to account for more than two-thirds of U.S. soft contact lens sales (in dollars), according to equity research firm Robert W. Baird & Co.<br />
* Spurred by favorable trends, the world contact lens and lens care solutions market is expected to reach US$6.7 billion by 2010 [http://medical.presslib.com/medical-products/537345.htm Source].<br />
<br />
====Clinical information====<br />
* A British study conducted at the University of Manchester and published in 2005 found that people who slept in traditional hydrogel lenses were five times more likely to develop keratitis than those sleeping in silicone hydrogel lenses.<br />
<br />
====Statistics in USA====<br />
* Currently, more than 34 million people wear contact lenses in the United States.<br />
* Approximately 85% of wearers use soft contact lenses and 15% wear gas permeable hard lenses. <br />
* Eighty percent are using daily wear or flexible wearing schedules whereas 20% of patients use an extended-wear schedule.<br />
* An estimated 4.1 million people were wearing contact lenses in an extended fashion by 1987, with more than 97% of those wearing the lenses for cosmetic correction.<br />
* An incidence of ulcerative keratitis of 0.2% in patients with extended wear, a risk five times that of daily wear contact lenses.<br />
* Because of the concerns of increased risk of infectious keratitis the percentage of people using contact lenses in extended wear in the United States dropped from 21% in 1995 to approximately 10% in 2002.<br />
* A survey of 93 members of the Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists (CLAO) conducted in 2001 indicated that only 10% of ophthalmologists, optometrists, and opticians prescribed extended wear, and that even with the approval and promise of the high-Dk silicone hydrogel lenses only 15% of ophthalmologists and 18% of optometrists anticipated prescribing them for extended wear (CLAO Survey, Foulks GN, 2001). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16458698&dopt=AbstractPlus Source]<br />
<br />
====Medical practioner survey information====<br />
* A recent online survey asked Eye Care Professionals if they prescribed silicone hydrogel contact lenses and given the numerous benefits of these lenses, the results were somewhat of a surprise. Of those participating in the survey, 36% prescribed for 30-day wear, 27% for daily wear, 16% for 7-day wear and a remarkable 21% of eyecare professionals did not even prescribe these lenses. [http://www.imperialoptical.com/news052907.aspx| Source]<br />
* In a survey conducted to find the use of Silicone Hydrogel Contact Lenses by Canadian Optometrists from 2000 – 2006, Soft contact lenses were fit to 91.3% of the patients. Of the soft fits the percentage of silicone hydrogel lenses increased from 5.4% in 2000 to 42.9% in 2006. Initially, silicone hydrogel lenses were prescribed for continuous wear exclusively. In 2004 two new daily wear silicone hydrogel lenses were introduced into the Canadian market. The proportion of silicone hydrogel lenses being fit for daily wear increased from 33.7% in 2004 to 86.1% in 2006. [http://www.siliconehydrogels.org/posters/mar_07.asp| Silicon Hydrogels.org]<br />
<br />
====Company surveys and findings====<br />
* Bausch & Lomb (manufacturer of Purevision, Purevision Toric and Purevision Multifocal contact lenses) reported that 40% of new contact lens fits are now silicone hydrogel contacts. They claim that 94% of wearers of their sector leading Soflens 66 Toric contacts can be migrated to the Purevision Toric lens without a script change.<br />
* Vistakon, manufacturer of the Ultra-Comfort series of contact lenses which comprises the Acuvue Advance, Acuvue Advance for Astigmatism and the Acuvue Oasys says their silicone hydrogels are all addressing the issue of end-of-day comfort for contact lens wearers. Prescription parameter ranges are being expanded for each of these lenses (most recently, plus powers for Oasys were made available). Acuvue Oasys was also recently given FDA approval for up to 7 days of continuous wear. Vistakon claims to have the number one silicone hydrogel with their Acuvue Advance and the number one new-wearer toric in the Advance for Astigmatism [http://www.aclens.com/silicone-hydrogel-contact-lenses.asp| Source]<br />
* A post approval study of one year was conducted by CIBA vision, the study followed the experiences of 6,000 people who were prescribed Night & Day for up to 30 nights of consecutive wear. In the study, the incidence of microbial keratitis (an infection that can result in vision loss) was less than 0.18 percent, and the rate of microbial keratitis resulting in reduction of visual acuity was less than 0.04 percent. These rates are higher than for daily wear, but are still considered reasonable by many as a tradeout for the benefits of continuous wear.<br />
* Focus Night & Day were the subject of a three year study by Ciba Vision. In particular, the study of 317 patients showed that Focus Night & Day wearers had less problems with red eye, reduced dryness (22%) and neo-vascularization (the development of new blood vessels in the cornea) was reduced by 13%. During the first 8 months of 2005, Silicone Hydrogels represented 24% of all soft contact lens sales – more than double the figure for the same period of 2004. Ciba lenses represented almost 50% of silicone hydrogel sales during this time.<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Key Companies===<br />
* Alcon<br />
* Bausch & Lomb<br />
* Ciba Vision<br />
* Jonhson & Johnson (Vistakon)<br />
* Cooper vision<br />
* Art Optical Contact Lens<br />
* RX Optical Corporate<br />
* Unilens <br />
* 1-800 Contacts Inc.<br />
----<br />
<br />
=== Research Collaborations (from patent searches)===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="70%" align="center"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|<font color="#993366">'''Collaborations'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|<font color="#993366">'''No. of records'''</font><br />
|-<br />
|Menicon Co., Ltd. <nowiki>|</nowiki> Shin Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.<br />
|align = "center"|6<br />
|-<br />
|Genencor International, Inc. <nowiki>|</nowiki> The Procter & Gamble Company<br />
|align = "center"|5<br />
|-<br />
|CIBA Vision Corporation <nowiki>|</nowiki> Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organsation<br />
|align = "center"|4<br />
|-<br />
|Shin Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. <nowiki>|</nowiki> Toyo Contact Lens Co., Ltd.<br />
|align = "center"|3<br />
|-<br />
|Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. <nowiki>|</nowiki> Li, Fumian<br />
|align = "center"|2<br />
|-<br />
|Navartis AG <nowiki>|</nowiki> Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation<br />
|align = "center"|2<br />
|-<br />
|California Institute of Technology <nowiki>|</nowiki> The Regents of the University of California<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|Chitogenics, Inc. <nowiki>|</nowiki> The American National Red Cross <nowiki>|</nowiki> Coalition for Hemophilia B<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|Biopolymerix, Inc <nowiki>|</nowiki> Surfacine Development Company, Inc.<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|Organogenesis, Inc. <nowiki>|</nowiki> The President and Fellows of Harvard College<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|Japan Synthetic Rubber Co., Ltd. <nowiki>|</nowiki> Ricky Contact Lens Research Institute Inc.<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|Asahikasei Aime Co. Ltd. <nowiki>|</nowiki> CooperVision, Inc.<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|Southwest Research Institute <nowiki>|</nowiki> Keraplast Technologies, Ltd.<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|Takiron Co. Ltd. <nowiki>|</nowiki> Osaka Municipal Government<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|Adeka Corporation <nowiki>|</nowiki> The Kansai Electric Power CO., INC.<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill <nowiki>|</nowiki> North Carolina State University <nowiki>|</nowiki> Synecor, LLC<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|Quick Med Technologies, inc. <nowiki>|</nowiki> University of Florida Research Foundation, Inc.<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|Combinatorx, Incorporated <nowiki>|</nowiki> Angiotech International Ag<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|Sosei Co., Ltd. <nowiki>|</nowiki> Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd. <nowiki>|</nowiki> Combinatorx incorporated<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|Smart Holograms Limited <nowiki>|</nowiki> Ciba Vision Corporation <nowiki>|</nowiki> Cambridge University Technical Services Ltd.<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|Kuraray Co Ltd <nowiki>|</nowiki> Sagami Chem Res Center<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
----<br />
====Based on general web search====<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|<font color="#993366">'''Company''' '''1'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|<font color="#993366">'''Company''' '''2'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|<font color="#993366">'''Collaboration year'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|<font color="#993366">'''Collaboration type'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|<font color="#993366">'''Collaborated for Link'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|<font color="#993366">'''Link'''</font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|Fenway Partners<br />
|align = "center"|1-800 Contacts Inc.<br />
|align = "center"|2007<br />
|align = "justify"|Buy out<br />
|align = "justify"|Replacement contact lenses<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.pewnews.com/story.asp?sectioncode=44&storycode=42236 Source]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|Implantable Vision Inc<br />
|align = "center"|Ciba Vision Inc.<br />
|align = "center"|2006<br />
|align = "justify"|Licensing agreement<br />
|align = "justify"|Acquire patents and intellectual property regarding an inside-the-eye contact lens for $1 million<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://denver.bizjournals.com/denver/stories/2006/06/26/daily5.html Source]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|Cooper Inc.<br />
|align = "center"|Occular sciences Inc.<br />
|align = "center"|2004<br />
|align = "justify"|Merger<br />
|align = "justify"|Merger will result in worlds 3rd largest contact lens company<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.azom.com/details.asp?newsID=2329 Source]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|Vision CRC<br />
|align = "center"|IER and CCLRU<br />
|align = "center"|2004<br />
|align = "justify"|Research study Collaboration<br />
|align = "justify"|The study is to study rates of corneal infection with contact lenses<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.visioncrc.org/our_activities/myopia.asp Source]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|CIBA Vision<br />
|align = "center"|Wesley Jessen corp.<br />
|align = "center"|2001<br />
|align = "justify"|Merger <br />
|align = "justify"|Merger of two Novartis contact lens subsdiaries<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=23560 Source]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|CRC<br />
|align = "center"|CIBA Vision<br />
|align = "center"|1997<br />
|align = "justify"|Research Collaboration<br />
|align = "justify"|To develop silicone hydrogel contact lens that can be worn for 30 days and nights and also for daily wear lens<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.visioncrc.org/latest_news/Feature%20Project/index.asp Source]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|Allergan<br />
|align = "center"|Ioptex Research global intraocular lens <br />
|align = "center"|1994<br />
|align = "justify"|Licensing agreement<br />
|align = "justify"|Intraocular lens product line<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Allergan-Inc-Company-History.html Source]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council<br />
|align = "center"|Vista Optics Ltd<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "justify"|Jointly funding agreement<br />
|align = "justify"|To develop new generation of ophthalmic biomaterials<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.aston.ac.uk/downloads/marketing/aston_review.pdf Source]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|CIBA vision <br />
|align = "center"|Laboratories Faure <br />
|align = "center"|1993<br />
|align = "justify"|Licensing agreement<br />
|align = "justify"| <br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.cibavision.com/about_worldwide/milestones.shtml Source ]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|Unilens<br />
|align = "center"|Novartis<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "justify"|Licensing agreement<br />
|align = "justify"|Aquaflex and Softcon EW contact lens products<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.bizjournals.com/tampabay/stories/2005/02/21/daily28.html Source]</u></font><br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Venture capital===<br />
* Bausch & Lomb Inc., the eye-products maker rocked last year by financial restatements and the recall of its contact-lens solution, agreed to be bought by private equity firm Warburg Pincus for $3.67 billion in cash. [http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aSqIyHsrQezs&refer=home Source]<br />
<br />
* To develop a handheld reader that takes the glucose readings from the lens and to conduct early clinical trials, CIBA vison has raised CHF 10.7 million (€6.5 million) in a Series A round led by Swiss-based BioMedinvest and Life Sciences Partners, a Dutch venture firm in 2006 [http://swissventures.blogspot.com/2006_02_01_archive.html Source]<br />
<br />
* Bausch & Lomb Ireland has announced a €42m expansion of its contact lens plant in Waterford [http://www.bizplus.ie/news/ Source]<br />
<br />
* E-Dr. Network, Inc. (E-Dr.) announced today that it has received venture capital financing of $8 million led by Noro-Moseley Partners of Atlanta, Georgia, with a co-investment from Benchmark Capital of Menlo Park, California. The company is the leading web-based business-to-business, e-commerce provider in the vision care segment of the U.S. healthcare industry. [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_1999_Dec_16/ai_58271122 Source]<br />
* Scottish Equity Partners (SEP) invested an initial £1 million and in 2002 injected a further £2 million to fund additional production lines at Provis’ manufacturing facility in Hamilton International Technology Park [http://www.sepl.co.uk/venturer/profile_provis.html Source]<br />
<br />
* Ophthonix has raised $35.1 million in "Series D" financing for its vision correcting products/lenses. [http://www.interwest.com/news/releases-portfolio/pr_121406_ophthonix.html Source]<br />
<br />
* Cooper vision in 2005 announed its plans to introduce a two week continous wear re-usable silicon hydrogel lens.<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Patent Search Strategy===<br />
'''Search scope:''' US Granted US Applications EP-A EP-B WO JP (bibliographic data only) DE-C,B DE-A DE-T DE-U GB-A FR-A; Full patent spec.<br><br />
'''Years:''' 1981-2007<br><br />
Text: (((Silicone and hydrogel) or SiHy or siloxane) and (contact adj1 lens*))<br> <br />
'''Number of records:''' 1686 records<br><br />
<br />
===IP Trends over publication years===<br />
[[Image:IP_trend.jpg|thumb|center|1000 px|IP Trends]]<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Technology mapping parameters===<br />
* The technology mapping parameters are based on general study of the silicon hydrogel lens technology.<br />
* These parameters are used as guidelines when studying patent information. The patent information analyzed is then classified into each of these parameters, which in turn provides guidelines of research trends over time and competitor focus areas.<br />
[[Image:SiHy contact lens1.jpg|thumb|center|800 px| Taxonomy]]<br />
----<br />
<br />
==<span style="color:#C41E3A">Like this report?</span>==<br />
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<br></div>Debanjanhttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=RNAi_Database_sample_wiki&diff=6975RNAi Database sample wiki2009-09-29T16:20:40Z<p>Debanjan: /* RNAi Database Dashboard */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[Image:rnai1.jpg|250 px|right|thumb|RNA Interference [http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/e-market/prodlink/qiasihp.jpg Source]]]<br />
<br />
* '''RNA interference (RNAi)''', is a technique in which exogenous, double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) that are complimentary to known mRNAs, are introduced into a cell to specifically destroy that particular mRNA, thereby diminishing or abolishing gene expression. <br />
* This technology considerably bolsters functional genomics to aid in the identification of novel genes involved in disease processes and thus can be used for medicament and for delivery as therapeutics. [http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/328/7450/1245 Source]<br />
* RNA interference was known by other names, including post transcriptional gene silencing and quelling. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_interference Source]<br />
<br />
===Effector RNA molecules===<br />
RNAi pathways are guided by small RNAs that include<br />
<br />
'''SiRNA:''' <br />
* Small interfering RNA (siRNA), sometimes known as short interfering RNA or silencing RNA, is a class of 20-25 nucleotide-long double-stranded RNA molecules. <br />
* SiRNAs can also be exogenously (artificially) introduced into cells by various transfection methods to bring about the specific knockdown of a gene of interest. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SiRNA Source]<br />
<br />
'''miRNA:'''<br />
* microRNAs (miRNA) are single-stranded RNA molecules of about 21–23 nucleotides in length, which regulate gene expression. <br />
* miRNAs are encoded by genes from whose DNA they are transcribed but miRNAs are not translated into protein (non-coding RNA); instead each primary transcript (a pri-miRNA) is processed into a short stem-loop structure called a pre-miRNA and finally into a functional miRNA. <br />
* Mature miRNA molecules are partially complementary to one or more messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, and their main function is to down-regulate gene expression. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA Source]<br />
<br />
'''shRNA:'''<br />
* A small hairpin RNA or short hairpin RNA (shRNA) is a sequence of RNA that makes a tight hairpin turn that can be used to silence gene expression via RNA interference. <br />
shRNA uses a vector introduced into cells and utilizes the U6 promoter to ensure that the shRNA is always expressed. This vector is usually passed on to daughter cells, allowing the gene silencing to be inherited. <br />
The shRNA hairpin structure is cleaved by the cellular machinery into siRNA, which is then bound to the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). This complex binds to and cleaves mRNAs which match the siRNA that is bound to it. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_hairpin_RNA Source]<br />
<br />
'''Others:'''<br />
* In addition to miRNAs and siRNAs, other innate RNAi effectors have been identified.<br />
** One class of these is the Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). piRNAs seem to be uniquely expressed in the mammalian germline, particularly in the testes. The functional role of piRNAs is currently unclear, but a role in spermatogenesis is likely. <br />
** A number of other small RNAs associated with RNAi have been identified in different species, including trans-activating siRNAs (tasiRNAs), studied in plants and nematodes, and small scan RNAs (ScnRNAs), found in Tetrahymena. [http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.genom.8.080706.092424?cookieSet=1&journalCode=genom Source]<br />
<br />
==Cellular Mechanism==<br />
<br />
'''The RNA interference pathway:''' Long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) or small hairpin RNA (shRNA) is processed by Dicer to form a small interfering RNA (siRNA), which associates with RNA-induced silencing protein complex (RISC) and mediates target sequence specificity for subsequent mRNA cleavage leading to gene silencing.<br />
<br />
[[Image:mech1.jpg|450 px|center|thumb|RNA Interference mechanism [http://arthritis-research.com/content/figures/ar1168-1.jpg Source]]]<br />
<br />
==Cancer specific Targets==<br />
[[Image:genes1.jpg|700px|center|thumb|'''Cancer specific Targets [http://journals.prous.com/journals/servlet/xmlxsl/pk_journals.xml_summaryn_pr?p_JournalId=3&p_RefId=985937 '''Source]]]<br />
<br />
=='''Intellectual property'''==<br />
<br />
=== Search Strategy===<br />
<br />
Effective search strategy ensures that all key words covering the technology are adequately covered. IPC class limitations help in removing the unwanted patents.<br />
<br />
The search strategy was employed to extract patents disclosing RNAi agents against disease causing target genes. Table below summarizes an exemplary search strategy used to extract patents for BCL2, a target gene for curing cancer.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''S.No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''Concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''Search scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''Query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''No. of Hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|RNAi<br />
|align = "center"|Claims,Title, Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|(siRNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR (short ADJ1 interfering ADJ1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (short ADJ1 interfering ADJ1 nucleic ADJ1 acid<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (short ADJ1 interfering ADJ1 NA<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR siNA OR siNAs OR (si ADJ1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (Small adj1 interfering adj1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>)OR miRNA or (microRNA<nowiki>*</nowiki> or micro adj1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>)OR shRNA or (small adj1 hairpin adj1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>)OR piRNA or (Piwi adj1 interacting adj1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>)OR tasiRNAs or (trans adj1 activating adj1 siRNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR ScnRNAs or (small adj1 scan adj1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>)OR RNAi or(RNA adj1 interference))<br />
|align = "center"|12729<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|IPC<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|a61k or c12q or c12n or c07k or c07h<br />
|align = "center"|1688146<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''BCL2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Full Patent Spec<br />
|align = "center"|(Bcl2 OR (Bcell ADJ1 CLL) OR (Bcell ADJ1 Lymphoma2 ) OR DKFZp781P2092) and Current IPC-R a61k or c12q or c12n or c07k or c07h<br />
|align = "center"|3890<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC" rowspan = "2"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|BCL2 <nowiki>+</nowiki> RNAi <nowiki>+</nowiki>IPC<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"| <br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''1 AND 3'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''633<br>(293 unique records)'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Interactive Taxonomy==<br />
<br />
Grouping specific elements into more general categories is conceptually easier and cleaner than is entertaining hundreds of specific elements separately. We categorize the information from analyzed patents and scientific literate into four levels of taxonomy which allow both “bird’s-eye view” and “in-depth views” of scientific technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:tax2.jpg|800px|center|thumb| '''Interactive Taxonomy''']]<br />
<br />
=='''Top Players and Patenting Activity'''==<br />
<br />
[[Image:bcl2.jpg|800px|center|thumb| '''Bcl-2''']]<br />
<br />
==RNAi Database Dashboard==<br />
<br />
RNAi database dashboard:<br />
<br />
*Categorize and organize large sets of product, patent, and scientific literature<br />
*Analyze client’s competitive position and that of key competitors<br />
*Identify licensing opportunities<br />
*Make build-vs.-buy decisions in new product areas<br />
*Predict product features based on technology and market trends<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:dash1.jpg|1000px|center|thumb| '''Patent Dashboard''']]<br />
<br />
==RNAi Sequence Dashboard==<br />
<br />
Sequence dashboard allows comparison of siRNA agents extracted from patents and scientific literature to the consensus sequence. Since not all the documents disclose the target sequence, the consensus sequence has to be identified and used for sequence dashboard. For example for Bcl-2, consensus sequence is retrieved from NCBI having seq. id [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/179370 '''M14745'''].<br />
<br />
The dashboard also depicts the associated information with RNAi agent on the click of your mouse such as patent number, patent title, length of RNAi agent (siRNA), identity score etc. <br />
<br />
[[Image:seq1.jpg|1000px|center|thumb| '''Sequence Dashboard''']]<br />
<br />
==Experimental data comparison matrix==<br />
<br />
Experimental data may be qualitative or quantitative, each being appropriate for different investigations.<br />
<br />
<br />
Quantitative data was captured from following RNAi experiments for patent focusing on therapeutic application and compared.<br />
<br />
* % inhibition of target mRNA expression<br />
* % encapsulation efficiency <br />
* % transfection efficiency <br />
* % tumor volume reduction<br />
* % cell count reduction <br />
<br />
More such comparison matrix can be prepared for patent having varied focus such as on delivery vehicle, nature of RNAi agents, target gene source, system used to test RNAi etc.<br />
<br />
==='''Patent Focus- Therapeutic Application'''=== <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0" rowspan = "2"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0" rowspan = "2"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99" colspan = "2"|'''Target gene'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FF99CC" colspan = "7"|'''Experimental Details'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''RANK'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''BCL-2'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Others'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Test Model'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Inhibition of Target mRNA Expression (%)'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Encapsulation Efficiency'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Transfection efficiency Increase (%)'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Tumor Volume Reduction (%)'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Cell Count Reduction (%)'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Other Remarks'''</font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"| [http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220070298056%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070298056&RS=DN/20070298056 US20070298056A1]<br />
<br />
|align = "center"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|Human colon cancer (Caco-2) xenografts in nude mice<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|90.08%<br>Day 25 <br>(Fig 2)<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''1'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"| [http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220080038296%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20080038296&RS=DN/20080038296 US20080038296A1]<br />
|align = "center"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|In vivo (Mice)<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|61.29%<br>Day 13<br>(Fig 3)<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''2'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"| [http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220070258952%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070258952&RS=DN/20070258952 US20070258952A1]<br />
|align = "center"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|Human pancreatic carcinoma H79 xenografts<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|49.23%<br>Day 25<br>(Fig 4)<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''2'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"| [http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220070172847%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070172847&RS=DN/20070172847 US20070172847A1]<br />
|align = "center"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|Ramos cells<br />
|align = "center"|80%<br>(Fig 4. B)<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''2'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Ranking of patents''' can be done on the basis of focus of the study, experimental data disclosed, effectiveness of RNAi agent, type of model used to test the RNAi agent, etc. <br />
<br />
Advantages:<br />
*Information disclosure wise sorting available.<br />
*Efficiency of different RNAi agent against target gene can be compared.<br />
*Different models used to test cell line and the efficiency can also be compared.<br />
<br />
===Qualitative Data from Patent Documents=== <br />
<br />
Experiments yielding qualitative data, mentioned below, can’t be compared but are equally important. We did not miss them!<br />
<br />
* Gel electrophoresis<br />
* Gel blots<br />
* Tissue section* Cell staining<br />
* RNAi agent construction<br />
<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Patent/ Publication No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Gel blots'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Gel Electrophorosis'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Tissue section micrograph'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Cell staining micrograph'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''RNAi Agent Construction'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''US20080021205A1'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''US20070275465A1'''<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''WO2007013575A2'''<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''US20070081982A1'''<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''WO2007013575A2'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''US20050266561A1'''<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|-<br />
|} *Mathematically incomparable data disclosed in patents</div>Debanjanhttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=RNAi_Database_sample_wiki&diff=6964RNAi Database sample wiki2009-09-19T23:39:58Z<p>Debanjan: </p>
<hr />
<div>==RNAi Database Dashboard==<br />
[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=550 RNAi Database Dashboard]<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[Image:rnai1.jpg|250 px|right|thumb|RNA Interference [http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/e-market/prodlink/qiasihp.jpg Source]]]<br />
<br />
* '''RNA interference (RNAi)''', is a technique in which exogenous, double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) that are complimentary to known mRNAs, are introduced into a cell to specifically destroy that particular mRNA, thereby diminishing or abolishing gene expression. <br />
* This technology considerably bolsters functional genomics to aid in the identification of novel genes involved in disease processes and thus can be used for medicament and for delivery as therapeutics. [http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/328/7450/1245 Source]<br />
* RNA interference was known by other names, including post transcriptional gene silencing and quelling. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_interference Source]<br />
<br />
===Effector RNA molecules===<br />
RNAi pathways are guided by small RNAs that include<br />
<br />
'''SiRNA:''' <br />
* Small interfering RNA (siRNA), sometimes known as short interfering RNA or silencing RNA, is a class of 20-25 nucleotide-long double-stranded RNA molecules. <br />
* SiRNAs can also be exogenously (artificially) introduced into cells by various transfection methods to bring about the specific knockdown of a gene of interest. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SiRNA Source]<br />
<br />
'''miRNA:'''<br />
* microRNAs (miRNA) are single-stranded RNA molecules of about 21–23 nucleotides in length, which regulate gene expression. <br />
* miRNAs are encoded by genes from whose DNA they are transcribed but miRNAs are not translated into protein (non-coding RNA); instead each primary transcript (a pri-miRNA) is processed into a short stem-loop structure called a pre-miRNA and finally into a functional miRNA. <br />
* Mature miRNA molecules are partially complementary to one or more messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, and their main function is to down-regulate gene expression. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA Source]<br />
<br />
'''shRNA:'''<br />
* A small hairpin RNA or short hairpin RNA (shRNA) is a sequence of RNA that makes a tight hairpin turn that can be used to silence gene expression via RNA interference. <br />
shRNA uses a vector introduced into cells and utilizes the U6 promoter to ensure that the shRNA is always expressed. This vector is usually passed on to daughter cells, allowing the gene silencing to be inherited. <br />
The shRNA hairpin structure is cleaved by the cellular machinery into siRNA, which is then bound to the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). This complex binds to and cleaves mRNAs which match the siRNA that is bound to it. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_hairpin_RNA Source]<br />
<br />
'''Others:'''<br />
* In addition to miRNAs and siRNAs, other innate RNAi effectors have been identified.<br />
** One class of these is the Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). piRNAs seem to be uniquely expressed in the mammalian germline, particularly in the testes. The functional role of piRNAs is currently unclear, but a role in spermatogenesis is likely. <br />
** A number of other small RNAs associated with RNAi have been identified in different species, including trans-activating siRNAs (tasiRNAs), studied in plants and nematodes, and small scan RNAs (ScnRNAs), found in Tetrahymena. [http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.genom.8.080706.092424?cookieSet=1&journalCode=genom Source]<br />
<br />
==Cellular Mechanism==<br />
<br />
'''The RNA interference pathway:''' Long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) or small hairpin RNA (shRNA) is processed by Dicer to form a small interfering RNA (siRNA), which associates with RNA-induced silencing protein complex (RISC) and mediates target sequence specificity for subsequent mRNA cleavage leading to gene silencing.<br />
<br />
[[Image:mech1.jpg|450 px|center|thumb|RNA Interference mechanism [http://arthritis-research.com/content/figures/ar1168-1.jpg Source]]]<br />
<br />
==Cancer specific Targets==<br />
[[Image:genes1.jpg|700px|center|thumb|'''Cancer specific Targets [http://journals.prous.com/journals/servlet/xmlxsl/pk_journals.xml_summaryn_pr?p_JournalId=3&p_RefId=985937 '''Source]]]<br />
<br />
=='''Intellectual property'''==<br />
<br />
=== Search Strategy===<br />
<br />
Effective search strategy ensures that all key words covering the technology are adequately covered. IPC class limitations help in removing the unwanted patents.<br />
<br />
The search strategy was employed to extract patents disclosing RNAi agents against disease causing target genes. Table below summarizes an exemplary search strategy used to extract patents for BCL2, a target gene for curing cancer.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''S.No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''Concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''Search scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''Query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''No. of Hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|RNAi<br />
|align = "center"|Claims,Title, Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|(siRNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR (short ADJ1 interfering ADJ1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (short ADJ1 interfering ADJ1 nucleic ADJ1 acid<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (short ADJ1 interfering ADJ1 NA<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR siNA OR siNAs OR (si ADJ1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (Small adj1 interfering adj1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>)OR miRNA or (microRNA<nowiki>*</nowiki> or micro adj1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>)OR shRNA or (small adj1 hairpin adj1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>)OR piRNA or (Piwi adj1 interacting adj1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>)OR tasiRNAs or (trans adj1 activating adj1 siRNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR ScnRNAs or (small adj1 scan adj1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>)OR RNAi or(RNA adj1 interference))<br />
|align = "center"|12729<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|IPC<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|a61k or c12q or c12n or c07k or c07h<br />
|align = "center"|1688146<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''BCL2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Full Patent Spec<br />
|align = "center"|(Bcl2 OR (Bcell ADJ1 CLL) OR (Bcell ADJ1 Lymphoma2 ) OR DKFZp781P2092) and Current IPC-R a61k or c12q or c12n or c07k or c07h<br />
|align = "center"|3890<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC" rowspan = "2"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|BCL2 <nowiki>+</nowiki> RNAi <nowiki>+</nowiki>IPC<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"| <br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''1 AND 3'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''633<br>(293 unique records)'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Interactive Taxonomy==<br />
<br />
Grouping specific elements into more general categories is conceptually easier and cleaner than is entertaining hundreds of specific elements separately. We categorize the information from analyzed patents and scientific literate into four levels of taxonomy which allow both “bird’s-eye view” and “in-depth views” of scientific technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:tax2.jpg|800px|center|thumb| '''Interactive Taxonomy''']]<br />
<br />
=='''Top Players and Patenting Activity'''==<br />
<br />
[[Image:bcl2.jpg|800px|center|thumb| '''Bcl-2''']]<br />
<br />
==RNAi Database Dashboard==<br />
<br />
RNAi database dashboard:<br />
<br />
*Categorize and organize large sets of product, patent, and scientific literature<br />
*Analyze client’s competitive position and that of key competitors<br />
*Identify licensing opportunities<br />
*Make build-vs.-buy decisions in new product areas<br />
*Predict product features based on technology and market trends<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:dash1.jpg|1000px|center|thumb| '''Patent Dashboard''']]<br />
<br />
==RNAi Sequence Dashboard==<br />
<br />
Sequence dashboard allows comparison of siRNA agents extracted from patents and scientific literature to the consensus sequence. Since not all the documents disclose the target sequence, the consensus sequence has to be identified and used for sequence dashboard. For example for Bcl-2, consensus sequence is retrieved from NCBI having seq. id [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/179370 '''M14745'''].<br />
<br />
The dashboard also depicts the associated information with RNAi agent on the click of your mouse such as patent number, patent title, length of RNAi agent (siRNA), identity score etc. <br />
<br />
[[Image:seq1.jpg|1000px|center|thumb| '''Sequence Dashboard''']]<br />
<br />
==Experimental data comparison matrix==<br />
<br />
Experimental data may be qualitative or quantitative, each being appropriate for different investigations.<br />
<br />
<br />
Quantitative data was captured from following RNAi experiments for patent focusing on therapeutic application and compared.<br />
<br />
* % inhibition of target mRNA expression<br />
* % encapsulation efficiency <br />
* % transfection efficiency <br />
* % tumor volume reduction<br />
* % cell count reduction <br />
<br />
More such comparison matrix can be prepared for patent having varied focus such as on delivery vehicle, nature of RNAi agents, target gene source, system used to test RNAi etc.<br />
<br />
==='''Patent Focus- Therapeutic Application'''=== <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0" rowspan = "2"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0" rowspan = "2"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99" colspan = "2"|'''Target gene'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FF99CC" colspan = "7"|'''Experimental Details'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''RANK'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''BCL-2'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Others'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Test Model'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Inhibition of Target mRNA Expression (%)'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Encapsulation Efficiency'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Transfection efficiency Increase (%)'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Tumor Volume Reduction (%)'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Cell Count Reduction (%)'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Other Remarks'''</font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"| [http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220070298056%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070298056&RS=DN/20070298056 US20070298056A1]<br />
<br />
|align = "center"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|Human colon cancer (Caco-2) xenografts in nude mice<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|90.08%<br>Day 25 <br>(Fig 2)<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''1'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"| [http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220080038296%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20080038296&RS=DN/20080038296 US20080038296A1]<br />
|align = "center"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|In vivo (Mice)<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|61.29%<br>Day 13<br>(Fig 3)<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''2'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"| [http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220070258952%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070258952&RS=DN/20070258952 US20070258952A1]<br />
|align = "center"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|Human pancreatic carcinoma H79 xenografts<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|49.23%<br>Day 25<br>(Fig 4)<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''2'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"| [http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220070172847%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070172847&RS=DN/20070172847 US20070172847A1]<br />
|align = "center"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|Ramos cells<br />
|align = "center"|80%<br>(Fig 4. B)<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''2'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Ranking of patents''' can be done on the basis of focus of the study, experimental data disclosed, effectiveness of RNAi agent, type of model used to test the RNAi agent, etc. <br />
<br />
Advantages:<br />
*Information disclosure wise sorting available.<br />
*Efficiency of different RNAi agent against target gene can be compared.<br />
*Different models used to test cell line and the efficiency can also be compared.<br />
<br />
===Qualitative Data from Patent Documents=== <br />
<br />
Experiments yielding qualitative data, mentioned below, can’t be compared but are equally important. We did not miss them!<br />
<br />
* Gel electrophoresis<br />
* Gel blots<br />
* Tissue section* Cell staining<br />
* RNAi agent construction<br />
<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Patent/ Publication No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Gel blots'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Gel Electrophorosis'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Tissue section micrograph'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Cell staining micrograph'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''RNAi Agent Construction'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''US20080021205A1'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''US20070275465A1'''<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''WO2007013575A2'''<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''US20070081982A1'''<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''WO2007013575A2'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''US20050266561A1'''<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|-<br />
|} *Mathematically incomparable data disclosed in patents</div>Debanjanhttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=RNAi_Database_sample_wiki&diff=6961RNAi Database sample wiki2009-09-16T23:50:05Z<p>Debanjan: </p>
<hr />
<div>==RNAi Database Dashboard==<br />
[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=550 RNAi Database Dashboard]<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[Image:rnai1.jpg|250 px|right|thumb|RNA Interference [http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/e-market/prodlink/qiasihp.jpg Source]]]<br />
<br />
* '''RNA interference (RNAi)''', is a technique in which exogenous, double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) that are complimentary to known mRNAs, are introduced into a cell to specifically destroy that particular mRNA, thereby diminishing or abolishing gene expression. <br />
* This technology considerably bolsters functional genomics to aid in the identification of novel genes involved in disease processes and thus can be used for medicament and for delivery as therapeutics. [http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/328/7450/1245 Source]<br />
* RNA interference was known by other names, including post transcriptional gene silencing and quelling. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_interference Source]<br />
<br />
===Effector RNA molecules===<br />
RNAi pathways are guided by small RNAs that include<br />
<br />
'''SiRNA:''' <br />
* Small interfering RNA (siRNA), sometimes known as short interfering RNA or silencing RNA, is a class of 20-25 nucleotide-long double-stranded RNA molecules. <br />
* SiRNAs can also be exogenously (artificially) introduced into cells by various transfection methods to bring about the specific knockdown of a gene of interest. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SiRNA Source]<br />
<br />
'''miRNA:'''<br />
* microRNAs (miRNA) are single-stranded RNA molecules of about 21–23 nucleotides in length, which regulate gene expression. <br />
* miRNAs are encoded by genes from whose DNA they are transcribed but miRNAs are not translated into protein (non-coding RNA); instead each primary transcript (a pri-miRNA) is processed into a short stem-loop structure called a pre-miRNA and finally into a functional miRNA. <br />
* Mature miRNA molecules are partially complementary to one or more messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, and their main function is to down-regulate gene expression. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA Source]<br />
<br />
'''shRNA:'''<br />
* A small hairpin RNA or short hairpin RNA (shRNA) is a sequence of RNA that makes a tight hairpin turn that can be used to silence gene expression via RNA interference. <br />
shRNA uses a vector introduced into cells and utilizes the U6 promoter to ensure that the shRNA is always expressed. This vector is usually passed on to daughter cells, allowing the gene silencing to be inherited. <br />
The shRNA hairpin structure is cleaved by the cellular machinery into siRNA, which is then bound to the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). This complex binds to and cleaves mRNAs which match the siRNA that is bound to it. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_hairpin_RNA Source]<br />
<br />
'''Others:'''<br />
* In addition to miRNAs and siRNAs, other innate RNAi effectors have been identified.<br />
** One class of these is the Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). piRNAs seem to be uniquely expressed in the mammalian germline, particularly in the testes. The functional role of piRNAs is currently unclear, but a role in spermatogenesis is likely. <br />
** A number of other small RNAs associated with RNAi have been identified in different species, including trans-activating siRNAs (tasiRNAs), studied in plants and nematodes, and small scan RNAs (ScnRNAs), found in Tetrahymena. [http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.genom.8.080706.092424?cookieSet=1&journalCode=genom Source]<br />
<br />
==Cellular Mechanism==<br />
<br />
'''The RNA interference pathway:''' Long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) or small hairpin RNA (shRNA) is processed by Dicer to form a small interfering RNA (siRNA), which associates with RNA-induced silencing protein complex (RISC) and mediates target sequence specificity for subsequent mRNA cleavage leading to gene silencing.<br />
<br />
[[Image:mech1.jpg|450 px|center|thumb|RNA Interference mechanism [http://arthritis-research.com/content/figures/ar1168-1.jpg Source]]]<br />
<br />
==Cancer specific Targets ==<br />
[[Image:genes1.jpg|700px|center|thumb|'''Cancer specific Targets [http://journals.prous.com/journals/servlet/xmlxsl/pk_journals.xml_summaryn_pr?p_JournalId=3&p_RefId=985937 '''Source]]]<br />
<br />
=='''Intellectual property'''==<br />
<br />
=== Search Strategy===<br />
<br />
Effective search strategy ensures that all key words covering the technology are adequately covered. IPC class limitations help in removing the unwanted patents.<br />
<br />
The search strategy was employed to extract patents disclosing RNAi agents against disease causing target genes. Table below summarizes an exemplary search strategy used to extract patents for BCL2, a target gene for curing cancer.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''S.No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''Concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''Search scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''Query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''No. of Hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|RNAi<br />
|align = "center"|Claims,Title, Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|(siRNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR (short ADJ1 interfering ADJ1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (short ADJ1 interfering ADJ1 nucleic ADJ1 acid<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (short ADJ1 interfering ADJ1 NA<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR siNA OR siNAs OR (si ADJ1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (Small adj1 interfering adj1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>)OR miRNA or (microRNA<nowiki>*</nowiki> or micro adj1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>)OR shRNA or (small adj1 hairpin adj1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>)OR piRNA or (Piwi adj1 interacting adj1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>)OR tasiRNAs or (trans adj1 activating adj1 siRNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR ScnRNAs or (small adj1 scan adj1 RNA<nowiki>*</nowiki>)OR RNAi or(RNA adj1 interference))<br />
|align = "center"|12729<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|IPC<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|a61k or c12q or c12n or c07k or c07h<br />
|align = "center"|1688146<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''BCL2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Full Patent Spec<br />
|align = "center"|(Bcl2 OR (Bcell ADJ1 CLL) OR (Bcell ADJ1 Lymphoma2 ) OR DKFZp781P2092) and Current IPC-R a61k or c12q or c12n or c07k or c07h<br />
|align = "center"|3890<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC" rowspan = "2"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|BCL2 <nowiki>+</nowiki> RNAi <nowiki>+</nowiki>IPC<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"| <br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''1 AND 3'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''633<br>(293 unique records)'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Interactive Taxonomy===<br />
<br />
Grouping specific elements into more general categories is conceptually easier and cleaner than is entertaining hundreds of specific elements separately. We categorize the information from analyzed patents and scientific literate into four levels of taxonomy which allow both “bird’s-eye view” and “in-depth views” of scientific technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:tax2.jpg|800px|center|thumb| '''Interactive Taxonomy''']]<br />
<br />
=='''Top Players and Patenting Activity'''==<br />
<br />
[[Image:bcl2.jpg|800px|center|thumb| '''Bcl-2''']]<br />
<br />
==RNAi Database Dashboard==<br />
<br />
RNAi database dashboard:<br />
<br />
*Categorize and organize large sets of product, patent, and scientific literature<br />
*Analyze client’s competitive position and that of key competitors<br />
*Identify licensing opportunities<br />
*Make build-vs.-buy decisions in new product areas<br />
*Predict product features based on technology and market trends<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:dash1.jpg|1000px|center|thumb| '''Patent Dashboard''']]<br />
<br />
==RNAi Sequence Dashboard==<br />
<br />
Sequence dashboard allows comparison of siRNA agents extracted from patents and scientific literature to the consensus sequence. Since not all the documents disclose the target sequence, the consensus sequence has to be identified and used for sequence dashboard. For example for Bcl-2, consensus sequence is retrieved from NCBI having seq. id [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/179370 '''M14745'''].<br />
<br />
The dashboard also depicts the associated information with RNAi agent on the click of your mouse such as patent number, patent title, length of RNAi agent (siRNA), identity score etc. <br />
<br />
[[Image:seq1.jpg|1000px|center|thumb| '''Sequence Dashboard''']]<br />
<br />
==Experimental data comparison matrix==<br />
<br />
Experimental data may be qualitative or quantitative, each being appropriate for different investigations.<br />
<br />
<br />
Quantitative data was captured from following RNAi experiments for patent focusing on therapeutic application and compared.<br />
<br />
* % inhibition of target mRNA expression<br />
* % encapsulation efficiency <br />
* % transfection efficiency <br />
* % tumor volume reduction<br />
* % cell count reduction <br />
<br />
More such comparison matrix can be prepared for patent having varied focus such as on delivery vehicle, nature of RNAi agents, target gene source, system used to test RNAi etc.<br />
<br />
==='''Patent Focus- Therapeutic Application'''=== <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0" rowspan = "2"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0" rowspan = "2"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99" colspan = "2"|'''Target gene'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FF99CC" colspan = "7"|'''Experimental Details'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''RANK'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''BCL-2'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Others'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Test Model'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Inhibition of Target mRNA Expression (%)'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Encapsulation Efficiency'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Transfection efficiency Increase (%)'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Tumor Volume Reduction (%)'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Cell Count Reduction (%)'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CC00"|<font color="#000000">'''Other Remarks'''</font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"| [http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220070298056%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070298056&RS=DN/20070298056 US20070298056A1]<br />
<br />
|align = "center"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|Human colon cancer (Caco-2) xenografts in nude mice<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|90.08%<br>Day 25 <br>(Fig 2)<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''1'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"| [http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220080038296%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20080038296&RS=DN/20080038296 US20080038296A1]<br />
|align = "center"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|In vivo (Mice)<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|61.29%<br>Day 13<br>(Fig 3)<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''2'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"| [http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220070258952%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070258952&RS=DN/20070258952 US20070258952A1]<br />
|align = "center"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|Human pancreatic carcinoma H79 xenografts<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|49.23%<br>Day 25<br>(Fig 4)<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''2'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"| [http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220070172847%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070172847&RS=DN/20070172847 US20070172847A1]<br />
|align = "center"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "center"|Ramos cells<br />
|align = "center"|80%<br>(Fig 4. B)<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center"|No<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''2'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Ranking of patents''' can be done on the basis of focus of the study, experimental data disclosed, effectiveness of RNAi agent, type of model used to test the RNAi agent, etc. <br />
<br />
Advantages:<br />
*Information disclosure wise sorting available.<br />
*Efficiency of different RNAi agent against target gene can be compared.<br />
*Different models used to test cell line and the efficiency can also be compared.<br />
<br />
===Qualitative Data from Patent Documents=== <br />
<br />
Experiments yielding qualitative data, mentioned below, can’t be compared but are equally important. We did not miss them!<br />
<br />
* Gel electrophoresis<br />
* Gel blots<br />
* Tissue section* Cell staining<br />
* RNAi agent construction<br />
<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Patent/ Publication No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Gel blots'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Gel Electrophorosis'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Tissue section micrograph'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Cell staining micrograph'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''RNAi Agent Construction'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''US20080021205A1'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''US20070275465A1'''<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''WO2007013575A2'''<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''US20070081982A1'''<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''WO2007013575A2'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''US20050266561A1'''<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center"|_ _<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Yes<br />
|-<br />
|} *Mathematically incomparable data disclosed in patents</div>Debanjanhttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Biofuels_database_sample_wiki&diff=6960Biofuels database sample wiki2009-09-16T15:24:11Z<p>Debanjan: /* Search Strategy */</p>
<hr />
<div>=='''Introduction'''==<br />
<br />
To create a comprehensive database covering all published patents and scientific literature encompassing various methods for production of various bio-based fuels/alcohols.<br />
<br />
===Objectives===<br />
* There is a need to map the thousands of patents & technical literature documents in Industrial Biotechnology world to fully understand the universe of organisms, enzymes, feedstock, products and by-products and the inter-relationships between them.<br />
* In other words, there is a need for systematic mapping pathways being explored globally.<br />
* To solve the above problem, Dolcera has built a comprehensive database with elaborate categorization for Industrial biotechnology companies helping them map the global innovation in the bio-fuels space to the following basic variables:<br />
** Various feedstock <br />
** Pre-treatment methods for feedstock <br />
** A variety of enzymes, bacteria, fungi, algae, yeast or a modified version of any of these that feed on feedstock <br />
** Output or products that are obtained when the enzymes or bacteria or fungi or yeast feed on these feedstock.<br />
<br />
===Who is it for?===<br />
* '''Research and Development (R&D) leaders''' - If you are a scientist at a Bio-Fuels firm, this database will help you gather the best technical intelligence. It will reveal all the pathways being explored globally. It will also help you compare your inventive thinking against inventions done in the outside world. Remember, 85% of all technical intelligence is available from patents so it is not worth missing!!<br />
* '''IP Attorneys''' - If you are an IP attorney planning IP strategy for your firm, you can compare the research strategy of your firm with all inventions out there. It will help you create a common talking ground with your inventors. <br />
* '''Corporate Strategy Group''' - The Dolcera database will help you refine your technology strategy by allowing you to study competitive strategy of your key competitors. Please bear in mind that 85% of all technical intelligence of your competitors can be studied from patents.<br />
<br />
=='''Overview'''==<br />
[[Image:biofig.jpg|300px|center|]]<br />
Biofuels represent effective means of supplying liquid transportation fuels from renewable resources.Of the biofuel options, alcohol fuels offer the most proven and practicable alternative for the conventional transportation fuels.The energy in biomass can be accessed by turning the raw materials, or feedstocks, into a usable form. Transportation fuels are made from biomass through ''biochemical'' or ''thermochemical processes''. Known as biofuels, these include ethanol, methanol, biodiesel, biocrude, and methane.<br />
<br />
'''Biomass Sources'''<br />
<br />
*Domestic crops<br />
*Energy crops<br />
*Agricultural Waste<br />
*Industrial Waste<br />
*Municipal Wastes<br />
*Cellulose/Hemicellulose rich material - cotton,wood,plant stalks,paper<br />
*Carbohydrates - sugar,starch,monosaccharides,disaccharides,polysaccharides<br />
*Algae<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Biomass Conversion Processes'''<br />
<br />
[[Image:ethanolfs.jpg|thumb|500px|right|'''A typical flowsheet for ethanol production''']]<br />
Thermochemical Processes - The thermochemical conversion of biomass to synthesis gas (syngas) encompasses processes that are carried out in closed systems under reducing (oxygen depleted) or oxidizing (partial oxygen) conditions at high temperatures (typically 1500-2000oF). The primary chemical processes that occur include pyrolysis, oxidation, steam reforming and gasification.<br />
<br />
*Pyrolysis - Rapid thermal decomposition of organic compounds in the absence of oxygen to produce gas,char, and liquids.Thermal pyrolysis and steam reforming of biomass are endothermic and typically require a secondary fuel to supply heat to the reaction chamber. This is often supplied with clean syngas recycled back to externally heat the reactor.<br />
<br />
*Gasification - high temperature (750 – 850 °C) conversion of solid, carbonaceous fuels into flammable gas mixture (syngas).Require oxygen or air for the conversion.<br />
<br />
Biochemical Processes - Biochemical conversion processes utilize acid hydrolysis for the conversion of cellulose to sugars,followed by the fermentation of the sugars to bioethanol.<br />
<br />
*Fermentation - Alcohol fermentation, like anaerobic digestion, is a biological process in which sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose are converted into cellular energy and thereby produce ethanol and carbon dioxide as metabolic waste products.It requires special attention through a series of living reactions.<br />
<br />
*Saccharification - The starch does not itself undergo alcoholic fermentation; it is first converted into maltose and other products by the action of the enzyme diastase (amylase). This diastase is usually supplied by malt - or, in the "amylo" process (described further on) by certain moulds.<br />
<br />
[http://chestofbooks.com/food/beverages/Alcohol-Properties/Saccharification.html Source]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Biofuels from microalgae'''<br />
<br />
[[Image:algaefoto.jpg|200px|right|]]<br />
Microalgae are sunlight-driven cell factories that convert carbon dioxide to potential biofuels, foods,feeds and high-value bioactives.In addition, these photosynthetic microorganisms are useful in bioremediation applications and as nitrogen fixing biofertilizers.Microalgae can provide several different types of renewable biofuels. These include methane produced by anaerobic digestion of the algal biomass;biodiesel derived from microalgal oil and photobiologically produced biohydrogen.<br />
[[Image:oilcontent.jpg|400px|right|]] <br />
Unlike other oil crops, microalgae grow extremely rapidly and many are exceedingly rich in oil. Microalgae commonly double their biomass within 24 h. Biomass doubling times during exponential growth are commonly as short as 3.5 h. Oil content in microalgae can exceed 80% by weight of dry biomass.Oil levels of 20–50% are quite common Oil productivity, that is the mass of oil produced per unit volume of the microalgal broth per day, depends on the algal growth rate and the oil content of the biomass. Microalgae with high oil productivities are desired for producing biodiesel.Microalgal biomass production - Producing microalgal biomass is generally more expensive than growing crops. Photosynthetic growth requires light, carbon dioxide, water and inorganic salts. Temperature must remain generally within 20 to 30 °C.Growth medium must provide the inorganic elements that constitute the algal cell. Essential elements include nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), iron and in some cases silicon.Microalgal biomass contains approximately 50% carbon by dry weight.All of this carbon is typically derived from carbon dioxide. Producing 100 t of algal biomass fixes roughly 183 t of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide must be fed continually during daylight hours.Ideally, microalgal biodiesel would be carbon neutral, as all the power needed for producing and processing the algae would come from biodiesel itself and from methane produced by anaerobic digestion of biomass residue left behind after the oils has been extracted.<br />
<br />
Large-scale production of microalgal biomass generally uses continuous culture during daylight.In this method of operation, fresh culture medium is fed at a constant rate and the same quantity of microalgal broth is withdrawn continuously.The only practicable methods of large-scale production of microalgae are ''raceway ponds'' and ''tubular photobioreactors''.<br />
<br />
Microalgal oils differ from most vegetable oils in being quite rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids with four or more double bonds.For example, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3; five double bonds) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3; six double bonds) occur commonly in algal oils.The extent of unsaturation of microalgal oil and its content of fatty acids with more than 4 double bonds can be reduced easily by partial catalytic hydrogenation of the oil.<br />
<br />
[http://dels.nas.edu/banr/gates1/docs/mtg5docs/bgdocs/biodiesel_microalgae.pdf|'''Source''']<br />
<br />
----<br />
=='''Dashboard'''==<br />
'''The Dolcera Dashboard for the database can be viewed here:'''<br><br />
[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=542'''Dashboard for the Biofuels and Biomaterials Innovations Database''']<br />
<br />
'''NOTE: '''Install the [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/Adobe Flash Player] if you are unable to view the Dashboard<br />
<br />
Features of the Dashboard can be viewed [http://dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Alopecia_Areata_Dashboard_Screenshots here]<br />
===='''Snapshots of the Dashboard'''====<br />
[[Image:Dashboard screen shot1.jpg|thumb|center|850px|'''Dashboard screen shot''']]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Dashboard screen shot21.jpg|thumb|center|850px|'''Dashboard screen shot''']]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=='''Bioalcohol Production Taxonomy '''==<br />
* '''Taxonomy used for the categorization of patents in the Dolcera Dashboard'''<br />
[[Image:Bioalcohol Production Taxonomyupl.JPG|thumb|center|850 px]]<br />
<br />
=='''Biomass Sources Taxonomy sample'''==<br />
[[Image:Biomass Sources Taxonomyup.JPG|thumb|center|650 px]]<br />
<br />
==Interactive taxonomy mind map==<br />
''Use the mouse(click and drag/scroll up or down/click on nodes) to explore nodes in the detailed taxonomy''<br><br />
''Click on the red arrow on the side of a node name to view the content for that particular node in the dashboard''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
| <mm>[[map542.mm|flash|title Production of Bioalcohol|800pt]]</mm><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=='''Patent Analysis'''==<br />
===Sample Analysis===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''S.No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Publication No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Publication Year'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Abstract'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Dolcera summary'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090053777+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090053777%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090053777&RS=DN/20090053777 US20090053777]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|Alliance For Sustainable Energy, Llc<br />
|Process For Concentrated Biomass Saccharification<br />
|Processes for saccharification of pretreated biomass to obtain high concentrations of fermentable sugars are provided. Specifically, a process was developed that uses a fed batch approach with particle size reduction to provide a high dry weight of biomass content enzymatic saccharification reaction, which produces a high sugars concentration hydrolysate, using a low cost reactor system.<br />
|Process for producing high-sugar content hydrolysate from biomass where as on further fermentation of the hydrolysate alcohols namely methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanoletc are produced.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090047718+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090047718%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090047718&RS=DN/20090047718 US20090047718]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|Tetravitae Bioscience, Inc.<br />
|Methods and compositions for producing solvents<br />
|Described herein are methods, compositions and synthetic biology approaches for solvent production, including but not limited to butanol production. Described herein are recombinant bacteria and yeast strains which may be used in production of a solvent, including but not limited to butanol, from lignocellulosic and other plant-based feedstocks. Described herein are methods of producing solvents, including but not limited to butanol, using bacteria and yeast strains. Described herein are methods of producing organisms that display highly efficient butanol production.<br />
|New first recombinant solventogenic organism having altered gene expression involved in solvent production pathway relative to expression in first organism strain prior to its transformation, useful for producing a solvent, e.g. butanol<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090053771+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090053771%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090053771&RS=DN/20090053771 US20090053771]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|Board Of Trustees Of Michigan State University<br />
|Process for making fuels and chemicals from AFEX-treated whole grain or whole plants<br />
|A process for hydrolyzing whole grain or whole plant biomass after an Ammonia Fiber Explosion (AFEX) process step is described. The process preferably uses a biomass that is hydrolyzed using a different combination of enzymes (amylase, cellulase and hemicellulase) to sugars for fermentation to produce ethanol. Harvesting the whole plant inclusive of grains and stalk for ethanol bio-processing is an economical route for future biorefineries. In addition to sugars, various value-added products like proteins and oil can be co-generated.<br />
|Producing sugars from plant biomass involves treating comminuted plant biomass comprising cellulose, hemicellulose, and starch with concentrated ammonia under pressure; and hydrolyzing biomass using enzyme containing amylase and cellulase<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090023187+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090023187%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090023187&RS=DN/20090023187 US20090023187]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|Iogen Energy Corporation<br />
|Method of obtaining a product sugar stream from cellulosic biomass<br />
|A process for obtaining a product sugar stream from cellulosic biomass is disclosed. In one process, the cellulosic biomass is pretreated at a pH between about 0.4 to 2.0 by adding one or more than one acid to produce a pretreated cellulosic biomass comprising acetic acid. One or more than one base is then added to the pretreated cellulosic biomass to adjust the pretreated cellulosic biomass to a pH of about 4.0 to about 6.0 to produce a neutralized cellulosic biomass comprising inorganic salt and acetate salt. The neutralized biomass is then hydrolyzed by cellulase enzymes to produce a crude sugar stream. Insoluble residue is separated from the crude sugar stream and the resulting clarified sugar stream is treated using ion exclusion chromatography at about pH 5.0 to about 10.0 to produce one or more raffinate streams and a product stream. The raffinate stream comprises inorganic salts and acetate salts, and the product stream comprises sugar. The product stream may then be fermented or otherwise further processed. In an alternate process, a product sugar stream is obtained from a crude sugar stream that is produced from conversion of cellulosic biomass to sugar. The cellulosic biomass may be produced using any suitable method. In this process the crude sugar stream is treated using ion exclusion chromatography at about pH 5.0 to about 10.0 to produce one or more than one raffinate stream comprising sulfate and acetate salts, and a product stream comprising sugar, and the product sugar stream is obtained.<br />
|The present invention relates to a method of obtaining a product sugar stream from cellulosic biomass and microbial conversion to ethanol.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090082600+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090082600%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090082600&RS=DN/20090082600 US20090082600]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|Northern Illinois University<br />
|Native homoethanol Pathway for ethanol production in E. coli<br />
|A native homoethanol pathway including chromosomal deletions of genes that are competitive with the native homoethanol pathway, and a highly anaerobically expressed pyruvate dehydrogenase operon. Bacteria including the native homoethanol pathway. A method of making a bacteria derivative including a native homoethanol pathway by deleting genes that are competitive with ethanol production pathways, and performing transcriptional gene fusion and highly anaerobically expressing pyruvate dehydrogenase operon. A method of producing ethanol by fermenting bacteria including the native homoethanol pathway with biomass, and producing ethanol. Ethanol produced by the above method.<br />
|Method of producing ethanol in E.coli the steps of fermenting bacteria including the native homoethanol pathway with biomass with a yield of 90% under anaerobic conditions.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090087897+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090087897%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090087897&RS=DN/20090087897 US20090087897]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company<br />
|Prevention of bacterial growth in fermentation process<br />
|A fermentation process for the production of ethanol from natural sources, such as corn, comprising introducing a fermentable sugar, an inoculant, and a stabilized chlorine dioxide into a fermentation system is disclosed. The stabilized chlorine dioxide is added preventatively to the fermentation system, at concentrations in the fermentation system of acetic acid no greater than 0.30% (weight/volume) and lactic acid no greater than 0.60% (weight/volume). The stabilized chlorine dioxide is added in an amount effective to substantially prevent growth of bacteria.<br />
|A fermentation process to produce ethanol from natural sources, such as corn, comprising introducing a fermentable sugar, an inoculant, and a stabilized chlorine dioxide into a fermentation system forpreventing bacterial infection.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
*[[Media:jpF-term.xls|'''Click here for F-term on target sheet''']] - Dated August 24, 2009<br />
*[[Media:Biofuels sample analysis.xls|'''Click here for Sample Patent Analysis Sheet''']] - Dated July 30, 2009<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Patenting activity by Assignee/Applicant===<br />
<br />
[[Image:Bioalcohol1 Assigne1.jpeg |center|thumb|900px]]<br />
<br />
===Patenting activity by Priority Years===<br />
* NOTE: Patenting Activity graph is based on the earliest Priority years, therefore there is decline in the graph. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Bioalcohol1 prioriti.jpeg|center|thumb|850px]]<br />
<br />
===Continental distribution of patents===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patent2.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|'''Continental Distribution of Patents''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in Europe===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentU4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in Europe''']]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentUO4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''European countries in Others category''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in North America===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patent_NA41111.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in North America''']]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentNAO4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''North American countries in Others category''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in Asia===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentAS4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in Asia''']]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentASO4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Asian countries in Others category''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in Australia===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentAU4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in Australia''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in South America===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentSAO4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in South America''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in Africa===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentAFR4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in Africa''']]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Publications==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===Sample Analysis===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''S.NO'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Abstract'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Authors'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Company'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Citation'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Journal name'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Publication Date'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''1'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VRV-4TWSB5N-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=99895c1c623fb558353188a9f3a365dd Metabolic engineering of microorganisms for biofuels production: from bugs to synthetic biology to fuels]</u></font><br />
|The ability to generate microorganisms that can produce biofuels similar to petroleum-based transportation fuels would allow the use of existing engines and infrastructure and would save an enormous amount of capital required for replacing the current infrastructure to accommodate biofuels that have properties significantly different from petroleum-based fuels. Several groups have demonstrated the feasibility of manipulating microbes to produce molecules similar to petroleum-derived products, albeit at relatively low productivity (e.g. maximum butanol production is around 20 g/L). For cost-effective production of biofuels, the fuel-producing hosts and pathways must be engineered and optimized. Advances in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology will provide new tools for metabolic engineers to better understand how to rewire the cell in order to create the desired phenotypes for the production of economically viable biofuels.<br />
|Lee, S.K. / Chou, H. / Ham, T.S. / Lee, T.S. / Keasling, J.D.<br />
|Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA USA<br />
|Lee, S.K. / Chou, H. / Ham, T.S. / Lee, T.S. / Keasling, J.D. , Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 19 (6), p.556-563, Dec 2008<br />
|Current Opinion in Biotechnology<br />
|Dec-08<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''2'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VRV-4TF5H30-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=c7e3916aa1cd23b3b157946eb32a2c6d Metabolic engineering for advanced biofuels production from Escherichia coli ]</u></font><br />
|Global energy and environmental problems have stimulated increasing efforts toward synthesizing liquid biofuels as transportation energy. Compared to the traditional biofuel, ethanol, advanced biofuels should offer advantages such as higher energy density, lower hygroscopicity, lower vapor pressure, and compatibility with existing transportation infrastructure. However, these fuels are not synthesized economically using native organisms. Metabolic engineering offers an alternative approach in which synthetic pathways are engineered into user-friendly hosts for the production of these fuel molecules. These hosts could be readily manipulated to improve the production efficiency. This review summarizes recent progress in the engineering of Escherichia coli to produce advanced biofuels.<br />
|Atsumi, S. / Liao, J.C<br />
|Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles CA USA<br />
|Atsumi, S. / Liao, J.C. , Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 19 (5), p.414-419, Oct 2008 <br />
|Current Opinion in Biotechnology<br />
|Oct-08<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''3'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VS2-4W9Y3DX-2&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=96d2892ecb44dd431b303ef075cdc2c9 New microbial fuels: a biotech perspective]</u></font><br />
|Bioethanol and plant oil-derived biodiesel are generally considered first generation biofuels. Recognizing their apparent disadvantages, scientists and engineers are developing more sustainable and economically feasible second generation biofuels. The new microbial fuels summarized here have great potential to become viable replacements or at least supplements of petroleum-derived liquid transportation fuels. Yields and efficiencies of the four metabolic pathways leading to these microbial fuels — mostly designed and optimized in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae using modern tools of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology — and the robustness of the biocatalysts that convert the metabolic intermediates to, in some cases, finished and engine-ready fuels, will determine if they can be commercially successful and contribute to alleviating our dependence on fossil fuels.<br />
|Rude, M.A. / Schirmer, A<br />
|LS9, Inc,CA USA.<br />
|Rude, M.A. / Schirmer, A. , Current Opinion in Microbiology, 12 (3), p.274-281, Jun 2009 <br />
|Current Opinion in Microbiology<br />
|Jun-09<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''4'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TCW-4SM7RJW-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=dfd5735081cc5117cdd60b483257a272 Biofuel alternatives to ethanol: pumping the microbial well ]</u></font><br />
|Engineered microorganisms are currently used for the production of food products, pharmaceuticals, ethanol fuel and more. Even so, the enormous potential of this technology has yet to be fully exploited. The need for sustainable sources of transportation fuels has generated a tremendous interest in technologies that enable biofuel production. Decades of work have produced a considerable knowledge-base for the physiology and pathway engineering of microbes, making microbial engineering an ideal strategy for producing biofuel. Although ethanol currently dominates the biofuel market, some of its inherent physical properties make it a less than ideal product. To highlight additional options, we review advances in microbial engineering for the production of other potential fuel molecules, using a variety of biosynthetic pathways.<br />
|Fortman, J.L. / Chhabra, S. / Mukhopadhyay, A. / Chou, H. / Lee, T.S. / Steen, E. / Keasling, J.D<br />
|Joint BioEnergy Institute, CA USA.<br />
|Fortman, J.L. / Chhabra, S. / Mukhopadhyay, A. / Chou, H. / Lee, T.S. / Steen, E. / Keasling, J.D. , Trends in Biotechnology, 26 (7), p.375-381, Jul 2008<br />
|Trends in Biotechnology<br />
|Jul-08<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''5'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V2P-4TP7H1N-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=17d1798641bf2c6907fa58f27a376ef3 Progress and recent trends in biodiesel fuels ]</u></font><br />
|Fossil fuel resources are decreasing daily. Biodiesel fuels are attracting increasing attention worldwide as blending components or direct replacements for diesel fuel in vehicle engines. Biodiesel fuel typically comprises lower alkyl fatty acid (chain length C14–C22), esters of short-chain alcohols, primarily, methanol or ethanol. Various methods have been reported for the production of biodiesel from vegetable oil, such as direct use and blending, microemulsification, pyrolysis, and transesterification. Among these, transesterification is an attractive and widely accepted technique. The purpose of the transesterification process is to lower the viscosity of the oil. The most important variables affecting methyl ester yield during the transesterification reaction are the molar ratio of alcohol to vegetable oil and the reaction temperature. Methanol is the commonly used alcohol in this process, due in part to its low cost. Methyl esters of vegetable oils have several outstanding advantages over other new-renewable and clean engine fuel alternatives. Biodiesel fuel is a renewable substitute fuel for petroleum diesel or petrodiesel fuel made from vegetable or animal fats; it can be used in any mixture with petrodiesel fuel, as it has very similar characteristics, but it has lower exhaust emissions. Biodiesel fuel has better properties than petrodiesel fuel; it is renewable, biodegradable, non-toxic, and essentially free of sulfur and aromatics. Biodiesel seems to be a realistic fuel for future; it has become more attractive recently because of its environmental benefits. Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly fuel that can be used in any diesel engine without modification<br />
|Demirbas, A.<br />
|Sila Science, Trabzon, Turkey<br />
|Demirbas, A. , Energy Conversion and Management, 50 (1), p.14-34, Jan 2009<br />
|Energy Conversion and Management<br />
|Jan-09<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
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{| style="border:1px solid #AAA; background:#E9E9E9" align="center"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:lightgrey" | Contact Dolcera<br />
|-<br />
| '''Email''': [mailto:info@dolcera.com info@dolcera.com]<br />
|-<br />
| '''Phone''': +1-650-269-7952, +91-40-2355-3493<br />
|}</div>Debanjanhttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Biofuels_database_sample_wiki&diff=6959Biofuels database sample wiki2009-09-16T15:19:43Z<p>Debanjan: /* '''Search strategy''' */</p>
<hr />
<div>=='''Introduction'''==<br />
<br />
To create a comprehensive database covering all published patents and scientific literature encompassing various methods for production of various bio-based fuels/alcohols.<br />
<br />
===Objectives===<br />
* There is a need to map the thousands of patents & technical literature documents in Industrial Biotechnology world to fully understand the universe of organisms, enzymes, feedstock, products and by-products and the inter-relationships between them.<br />
* In other words, there is a need for systematic mapping pathways being explored globally.<br />
* To solve the above problem, Dolcera has built a comprehensive database with elaborate categorization for Industrial biotechnology companies helping them map the global innovation in the bio-fuels space to the following basic variables:<br />
** Various feedstock <br />
** Pre-treatment methods for feedstock <br />
** A variety of enzymes, bacteria, fungi, algae, yeast or a modified version of any of these that feed on feedstock <br />
** Output or products that are obtained when the enzymes or bacteria or fungi or yeast feed on these feedstock.<br />
<br />
===Who is it for?===<br />
* '''Research and Development (R&D) leaders''' - If you are a scientist at a Bio-Fuels firm, this database will help you gather the best technical intelligence. It will reveal all the pathways being explored globally. It will also help you compare your inventive thinking against inventions done in the outside world. Remember, 85% of all technical intelligence is available from patents so it is not worth missing!!<br />
* '''IP Attorneys''' - If you are an IP attorney planning IP strategy for your firm, you can compare the research strategy of your firm with all inventions out there. It will help you create a common talking ground with your inventors. <br />
* '''Corporate Strategy Group''' - The Dolcera database will help you refine your technology strategy by allowing you to study competitive strategy of your key competitors. Please bear in mind that 85% of all technical intelligence of your competitors can be studied from patents.<br />
<br />
=='''Overview'''==<br />
[[Image:biofig.jpg|300px|center|]]<br />
Biofuels represent effective means of supplying liquid transportation fuels from renewable resources.Of the biofuel options, alcohol fuels offer the most proven and practicable alternative for the conventional transportation fuels.The energy in biomass can be accessed by turning the raw materials, or feedstocks, into a usable form. Transportation fuels are made from biomass through ''biochemical'' or ''thermochemical processes''. Known as biofuels, these include ethanol, methanol, biodiesel, biocrude, and methane.<br />
<br />
'''Biomass Sources'''<br />
<br />
*Domestic crops<br />
*Energy crops<br />
*Agricultural Waste<br />
*Industrial Waste<br />
*Municipal Wastes<br />
*Cellulose/Hemicellulose rich material - cotton,wood,plant stalks,paper<br />
*Carbohydrates - sugar,starch,monosaccharides,disaccharides,polysaccharides<br />
*Algae<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Biomass Conversion Processes'''<br />
<br />
[[Image:ethanolfs.jpg|thumb|500px|right|'''A typical flowsheet for ethanol production''']]<br />
Thermochemical Processes - The thermochemical conversion of biomass to synthesis gas (syngas) encompasses processes that are carried out in closed systems under reducing (oxygen depleted) or oxidizing (partial oxygen) conditions at high temperatures (typically 1500-2000oF). The primary chemical processes that occur include pyrolysis, oxidation, steam reforming and gasification.<br />
<br />
*Pyrolysis - Rapid thermal decomposition of organic compounds in the absence of oxygen to produce gas,char, and liquids.Thermal pyrolysis and steam reforming of biomass are endothermic and typically require a secondary fuel to supply heat to the reaction chamber. This is often supplied with clean syngas recycled back to externally heat the reactor.<br />
<br />
*Gasification - high temperature (750 – 850 °C) conversion of solid, carbonaceous fuels into flammable gas mixture (syngas).Require oxygen or air for the conversion.<br />
<br />
Biochemical Processes - Biochemical conversion processes utilize acid hydrolysis for the conversion of cellulose to sugars,followed by the fermentation of the sugars to bioethanol.<br />
<br />
*Fermentation - Alcohol fermentation, like anaerobic digestion, is a biological process in which sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose are converted into cellular energy and thereby produce ethanol and carbon dioxide as metabolic waste products.It requires special attention through a series of living reactions.<br />
<br />
*Saccharification - The starch does not itself undergo alcoholic fermentation; it is first converted into maltose and other products by the action of the enzyme diastase (amylase). This diastase is usually supplied by malt - or, in the "amylo" process (described further on) by certain moulds.<br />
<br />
[http://chestofbooks.com/food/beverages/Alcohol-Properties/Saccharification.html Source]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Biofuels from microalgae'''<br />
<br />
[[Image:algaefoto.jpg|200px|right|]]<br />
Microalgae are sunlight-driven cell factories that convert carbon dioxide to potential biofuels, foods,feeds and high-value bioactives.In addition, these photosynthetic microorganisms are useful in bioremediation applications and as nitrogen fixing biofertilizers.Microalgae can provide several different types of renewable biofuels. These include methane produced by anaerobic digestion of the algal biomass;biodiesel derived from microalgal oil and photobiologically produced biohydrogen.<br />
[[Image:oilcontent.jpg|400px|right|]] <br />
Unlike other oil crops, microalgae grow extremely rapidly and many are exceedingly rich in oil. Microalgae commonly double their biomass within 24 h. Biomass doubling times during exponential growth are commonly as short as 3.5 h. Oil content in microalgae can exceed 80% by weight of dry biomass.Oil levels of 20–50% are quite common Oil productivity, that is the mass of oil produced per unit volume of the microalgal broth per day, depends on the algal growth rate and the oil content of the biomass. Microalgae with high oil productivities are desired for producing biodiesel.Microalgal biomass production - Producing microalgal biomass is generally more expensive than growing crops. Photosynthetic growth requires light, carbon dioxide, water and inorganic salts. Temperature must remain generally within 20 to 30 °C.Growth medium must provide the inorganic elements that constitute the algal cell. Essential elements include nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), iron and in some cases silicon.Microalgal biomass contains approximately 50% carbon by dry weight.All of this carbon is typically derived from carbon dioxide. Producing 100 t of algal biomass fixes roughly 183 t of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide must be fed continually during daylight hours.Ideally, microalgal biodiesel would be carbon neutral, as all the power needed for producing and processing the algae would come from biodiesel itself and from methane produced by anaerobic digestion of biomass residue left behind after the oils has been extracted.<br />
<br />
Large-scale production of microalgal biomass generally uses continuous culture during daylight.In this method of operation, fresh culture medium is fed at a constant rate and the same quantity of microalgal broth is withdrawn continuously.The only practicable methods of large-scale production of microalgae are ''raceway ponds'' and ''tubular photobioreactors''.<br />
<br />
Microalgal oils differ from most vegetable oils in being quite rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids with four or more double bonds.For example, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3; five double bonds) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3; six double bonds) occur commonly in algal oils.The extent of unsaturation of microalgal oil and its content of fatty acids with more than 4 double bonds can be reduced easily by partial catalytic hydrogenation of the oil.<br />
<br />
[http://dels.nas.edu/banr/gates1/docs/mtg5docs/bgdocs/biodiesel_microalgae.pdf|'''Source''']<br />
<br />
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=='''Dashboard'''==<br />
'''The Dolcera Dashboard for the database can be viewed here:'''<br><br />
[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=542'''Dashboard for the Biofuels and Biomaterials Innovations Database''']<br />
<br />
'''NOTE: '''Install the [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/Adobe Flash Player] if you are unable to view the Dashboard<br />
<br />
Features of the Dashboard can be viewed [http://dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Alopecia_Areata_Dashboard_Screenshots here]<br />
===='''Snapshots of the Dashboard'''====<br />
[[Image:Dashboard screen shot1.jpg|thumb|center|850px|'''Dashboard screen shot''']]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Dashboard screen shot21.jpg|thumb|center|850px|'''Dashboard screen shot''']]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=='''Bioalcohol Production Taxonomy '''==<br />
* '''Taxonomy used for the categorization of patents in the Dolcera Dashboard'''<br />
[[Image:Bioalcohol Production Taxonomyupl.JPG|thumb|center|850 px]]<br />
<br />
=='''Biomass Sources Taxonomy sample'''==<br />
[[Image:Biomass Sources Taxonomyup.JPG|thumb|center|650 px]]<br />
<br />
==Interactive taxonomy mind map==<br />
''Use the mouse(click and drag/scroll up or down/click on nodes) to explore nodes in the detailed taxonomy''<br><br />
''Click on the red arrow on the side of a node name to view the content for that particular node in the dashboard''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
| <mm>[[map542.mm|flash|title Production of Bioalcohol|800pt]]</mm><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=='''Patent Analysis'''==<br />
===Sample Analysis===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''S.No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Publication No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Publication Year'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Abstract'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Dolcera summary'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090053777+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090053777%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090053777&RS=DN/20090053777 US20090053777]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|Alliance For Sustainable Energy, Llc<br />
|Process For Concentrated Biomass Saccharification<br />
|Processes for saccharification of pretreated biomass to obtain high concentrations of fermentable sugars are provided. Specifically, a process was developed that uses a fed batch approach with particle size reduction to provide a high dry weight of biomass content enzymatic saccharification reaction, which produces a high sugars concentration hydrolysate, using a low cost reactor system.<br />
|Process for producing high-sugar content hydrolysate from biomass where as on further fermentation of the hydrolysate alcohols namely methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanoletc are produced.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090047718+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090047718%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090047718&RS=DN/20090047718 US20090047718]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|Tetravitae Bioscience, Inc.<br />
|Methods and compositions for producing solvents<br />
|Described herein are methods, compositions and synthetic biology approaches for solvent production, including but not limited to butanol production. Described herein are recombinant bacteria and yeast strains which may be used in production of a solvent, including but not limited to butanol, from lignocellulosic and other plant-based feedstocks. Described herein are methods of producing solvents, including but not limited to butanol, using bacteria and yeast strains. Described herein are methods of producing organisms that display highly efficient butanol production.<br />
|New first recombinant solventogenic organism having altered gene expression involved in solvent production pathway relative to expression in first organism strain prior to its transformation, useful for producing a solvent, e.g. butanol<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090053771+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090053771%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090053771&RS=DN/20090053771 US20090053771]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|Board Of Trustees Of Michigan State University<br />
|Process for making fuels and chemicals from AFEX-treated whole grain or whole plants<br />
|A process for hydrolyzing whole grain or whole plant biomass after an Ammonia Fiber Explosion (AFEX) process step is described. The process preferably uses a biomass that is hydrolyzed using a different combination of enzymes (amylase, cellulase and hemicellulase) to sugars for fermentation to produce ethanol. Harvesting the whole plant inclusive of grains and stalk for ethanol bio-processing is an economical route for future biorefineries. In addition to sugars, various value-added products like proteins and oil can be co-generated.<br />
|Producing sugars from plant biomass involves treating comminuted plant biomass comprising cellulose, hemicellulose, and starch with concentrated ammonia under pressure; and hydrolyzing biomass using enzyme containing amylase and cellulase<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090023187+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090023187%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090023187&RS=DN/20090023187 US20090023187]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|Iogen Energy Corporation<br />
|Method of obtaining a product sugar stream from cellulosic biomass<br />
|A process for obtaining a product sugar stream from cellulosic biomass is disclosed. In one process, the cellulosic biomass is pretreated at a pH between about 0.4 to 2.0 by adding one or more than one acid to produce a pretreated cellulosic biomass comprising acetic acid. One or more than one base is then added to the pretreated cellulosic biomass to adjust the pretreated cellulosic biomass to a pH of about 4.0 to about 6.0 to produce a neutralized cellulosic biomass comprising inorganic salt and acetate salt. The neutralized biomass is then hydrolyzed by cellulase enzymes to produce a crude sugar stream. Insoluble residue is separated from the crude sugar stream and the resulting clarified sugar stream is treated using ion exclusion chromatography at about pH 5.0 to about 10.0 to produce one or more raffinate streams and a product stream. The raffinate stream comprises inorganic salts and acetate salts, and the product stream comprises sugar. The product stream may then be fermented or otherwise further processed. In an alternate process, a product sugar stream is obtained from a crude sugar stream that is produced from conversion of cellulosic biomass to sugar. The cellulosic biomass may be produced using any suitable method. In this process the crude sugar stream is treated using ion exclusion chromatography at about pH 5.0 to about 10.0 to produce one or more than one raffinate stream comprising sulfate and acetate salts, and a product stream comprising sugar, and the product sugar stream is obtained.<br />
|The present invention relates to a method of obtaining a product sugar stream from cellulosic biomass and microbial conversion to ethanol.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090082600+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090082600%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090082600&RS=DN/20090082600 US20090082600]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|Northern Illinois University<br />
|Native homoethanol Pathway for ethanol production in E. coli<br />
|A native homoethanol pathway including chromosomal deletions of genes that are competitive with the native homoethanol pathway, and a highly anaerobically expressed pyruvate dehydrogenase operon. Bacteria including the native homoethanol pathway. A method of making a bacteria derivative including a native homoethanol pathway by deleting genes that are competitive with ethanol production pathways, and performing transcriptional gene fusion and highly anaerobically expressing pyruvate dehydrogenase operon. A method of producing ethanol by fermenting bacteria including the native homoethanol pathway with biomass, and producing ethanol. Ethanol produced by the above method.<br />
|Method of producing ethanol in E.coli the steps of fermenting bacteria including the native homoethanol pathway with biomass with a yield of 90% under anaerobic conditions.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090087897+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090087897%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090087897&RS=DN/20090087897 US20090087897]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company<br />
|Prevention of bacterial growth in fermentation process<br />
|A fermentation process for the production of ethanol from natural sources, such as corn, comprising introducing a fermentable sugar, an inoculant, and a stabilized chlorine dioxide into a fermentation system is disclosed. The stabilized chlorine dioxide is added preventatively to the fermentation system, at concentrations in the fermentation system of acetic acid no greater than 0.30% (weight/volume) and lactic acid no greater than 0.60% (weight/volume). The stabilized chlorine dioxide is added in an amount effective to substantially prevent growth of bacteria.<br />
|A fermentation process to produce ethanol from natural sources, such as corn, comprising introducing a fermentable sugar, an inoculant, and a stabilized chlorine dioxide into a fermentation system forpreventing bacterial infection.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
*[[Media:jpF-term.xls|'''Click here for F-term on target sheet''']] - Dated August 24, 2009<br />
*[[Media:Biofuels sample analysis.xls|'''Click here for Sample Patent Analysis Sheet''']] - Dated July 30, 2009<br />
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===Patenting activity by Assignee/Applicant===<br />
<br />
[[Image:Bioalcohol1 Assigne1.jpeg |center|thumb|900px]]<br />
<br />
===Patenting activity by Priority Years===<br />
* NOTE: Patenting Activity graph is based on the earliest Priority years, therefore there is decline in the graph. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Bioalcohol1 prioriti.jpeg|center|thumb|850px]]<br />
<br />
===Continental distribution of patents===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patent2.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|'''Continental Distribution of Patents''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in Europe===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentU4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in Europe''']]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentUO4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''European countries in Others category''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in North America===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patent_NA41111.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in North America''']]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentNAO4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''North American countries in Others category''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in Asia===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentAS4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in Asia''']]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentASO4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Asian countries in Others category''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in Australia===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentAU4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in Australia''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in South America===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentSAO4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in South America''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in Africa===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentAFR4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in Africa''']]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Publications==<br />
<br />
===Search Strategy===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFCC00"|S.no<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFCC00"|Search Query<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFCC00"|Date<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFCC00"|Hits<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFCC00"|Relevancy<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC00"|1<br />
|align = "justify"|((fermentation OR bioconversion OR biotransformation OR biosynthesis OR biometabolism OR biocatalytic OR biosynthesize) AND (biofuel OR biofuels OR ethanol OR butanol OR propanol OR pentanol OR biogas OR biodiesel OR isobutanol OR bioethanol OR isopropanol OR isopentanol OR octanol OR nonanol OR biooctanol OR biononanol OR hexanol OR heptanol OR biohexanol OR bioheptanol )) AND ((production OR produce OR manufacture))<br />
|align = "center"|1900/01/01 to 2009/08/03<br />
|align = "center"|10,113 hits<br />
|align = "center"|45-50%<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Sample Analysis===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''S.NO'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Abstract'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Authors'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Company'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Citation'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Journal name'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Publication Date'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''1'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VRV-4TWSB5N-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=99895c1c623fb558353188a9f3a365dd Metabolic engineering of microorganisms for biofuels production: from bugs to synthetic biology to fuels]</u></font><br />
|The ability to generate microorganisms that can produce biofuels similar to petroleum-based transportation fuels would allow the use of existing engines and infrastructure and would save an enormous amount of capital required for replacing the current infrastructure to accommodate biofuels that have properties significantly different from petroleum-based fuels. Several groups have demonstrated the feasibility of manipulating microbes to produce molecules similar to petroleum-derived products, albeit at relatively low productivity (e.g. maximum butanol production is around 20 g/L). For cost-effective production of biofuels, the fuel-producing hosts and pathways must be engineered and optimized. Advances in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology will provide new tools for metabolic engineers to better understand how to rewire the cell in order to create the desired phenotypes for the production of economically viable biofuels.<br />
|Lee, S.K. / Chou, H. / Ham, T.S. / Lee, T.S. / Keasling, J.D.<br />
|Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA USA<br />
|Lee, S.K. / Chou, H. / Ham, T.S. / Lee, T.S. / Keasling, J.D. , Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 19 (6), p.556-563, Dec 2008<br />
|Current Opinion in Biotechnology<br />
|Dec-08<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''2'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VRV-4TF5H30-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=c7e3916aa1cd23b3b157946eb32a2c6d Metabolic engineering for advanced biofuels production from Escherichia coli ]</u></font><br />
|Global energy and environmental problems have stimulated increasing efforts toward synthesizing liquid biofuels as transportation energy. Compared to the traditional biofuel, ethanol, advanced biofuels should offer advantages such as higher energy density, lower hygroscopicity, lower vapor pressure, and compatibility with existing transportation infrastructure. However, these fuels are not synthesized economically using native organisms. Metabolic engineering offers an alternative approach in which synthetic pathways are engineered into user-friendly hosts for the production of these fuel molecules. These hosts could be readily manipulated to improve the production efficiency. This review summarizes recent progress in the engineering of Escherichia coli to produce advanced biofuels.<br />
|Atsumi, S. / Liao, J.C<br />
|Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles CA USA<br />
|Atsumi, S. / Liao, J.C. , Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 19 (5), p.414-419, Oct 2008 <br />
|Current Opinion in Biotechnology<br />
|Oct-08<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''3'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VS2-4W9Y3DX-2&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=96d2892ecb44dd431b303ef075cdc2c9 New microbial fuels: a biotech perspective]</u></font><br />
|Bioethanol and plant oil-derived biodiesel are generally considered first generation biofuels. Recognizing their apparent disadvantages, scientists and engineers are developing more sustainable and economically feasible second generation biofuels. The new microbial fuels summarized here have great potential to become viable replacements or at least supplements of petroleum-derived liquid transportation fuels. Yields and efficiencies of the four metabolic pathways leading to these microbial fuels — mostly designed and optimized in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae using modern tools of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology — and the robustness of the biocatalysts that convert the metabolic intermediates to, in some cases, finished and engine-ready fuels, will determine if they can be commercially successful and contribute to alleviating our dependence on fossil fuels.<br />
|Rude, M.A. / Schirmer, A<br />
|LS9, Inc,CA USA.<br />
|Rude, M.A. / Schirmer, A. , Current Opinion in Microbiology, 12 (3), p.274-281, Jun 2009 <br />
|Current Opinion in Microbiology<br />
|Jun-09<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''4'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TCW-4SM7RJW-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=dfd5735081cc5117cdd60b483257a272 Biofuel alternatives to ethanol: pumping the microbial well ]</u></font><br />
|Engineered microorganisms are currently used for the production of food products, pharmaceuticals, ethanol fuel and more. Even so, the enormous potential of this technology has yet to be fully exploited. The need for sustainable sources of transportation fuels has generated a tremendous interest in technologies that enable biofuel production. Decades of work have produced a considerable knowledge-base for the physiology and pathway engineering of microbes, making microbial engineering an ideal strategy for producing biofuel. Although ethanol currently dominates the biofuel market, some of its inherent physical properties make it a less than ideal product. To highlight additional options, we review advances in microbial engineering for the production of other potential fuel molecules, using a variety of biosynthetic pathways.<br />
|Fortman, J.L. / Chhabra, S. / Mukhopadhyay, A. / Chou, H. / Lee, T.S. / Steen, E. / Keasling, J.D<br />
|Joint BioEnergy Institute, CA USA.<br />
|Fortman, J.L. / Chhabra, S. / Mukhopadhyay, A. / Chou, H. / Lee, T.S. / Steen, E. / Keasling, J.D. , Trends in Biotechnology, 26 (7), p.375-381, Jul 2008<br />
|Trends in Biotechnology<br />
|Jul-08<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''5'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V2P-4TP7H1N-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=17d1798641bf2c6907fa58f27a376ef3 Progress and recent trends in biodiesel fuels ]</u></font><br />
|Fossil fuel resources are decreasing daily. Biodiesel fuels are attracting increasing attention worldwide as blending components or direct replacements for diesel fuel in vehicle engines. Biodiesel fuel typically comprises lower alkyl fatty acid (chain length C14–C22), esters of short-chain alcohols, primarily, methanol or ethanol. Various methods have been reported for the production of biodiesel from vegetable oil, such as direct use and blending, microemulsification, pyrolysis, and transesterification. Among these, transesterification is an attractive and widely accepted technique. The purpose of the transesterification process is to lower the viscosity of the oil. The most important variables affecting methyl ester yield during the transesterification reaction are the molar ratio of alcohol to vegetable oil and the reaction temperature. Methanol is the commonly used alcohol in this process, due in part to its low cost. Methyl esters of vegetable oils have several outstanding advantages over other new-renewable and clean engine fuel alternatives. Biodiesel fuel is a renewable substitute fuel for petroleum diesel or petrodiesel fuel made from vegetable or animal fats; it can be used in any mixture with petrodiesel fuel, as it has very similar characteristics, but it has lower exhaust emissions. Biodiesel fuel has better properties than petrodiesel fuel; it is renewable, biodegradable, non-toxic, and essentially free of sulfur and aromatics. Biodiesel seems to be a realistic fuel for future; it has become more attractive recently because of its environmental benefits. Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly fuel that can be used in any diesel engine without modification<br />
|Demirbas, A.<br />
|Sila Science, Trabzon, Turkey<br />
|Demirbas, A. , Energy Conversion and Management, 50 (1), p.14-34, Jan 2009<br />
|Energy Conversion and Management<br />
|Jan-09<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
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<br />
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{| style="border:1px solid #AAA; background:#E9E9E9" align="center"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:lightgrey" | Contact Dolcera<br />
|-<br />
| '''Email''': [mailto:info@dolcera.com info@dolcera.com]<br />
|-<br />
| '''Phone''': +1-650-269-7952, +91-40-2355-3493<br />
|}</div>Debanjanhttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Biofuels_database_sample_wiki&diff=6958Biofuels database sample wiki2009-09-16T15:15:08Z<p>Debanjan: /* Interactive taxonomy mind map */</p>
<hr />
<div>=='''Introduction'''==<br />
<br />
To create a comprehensive database covering all published patents and scientific literature encompassing various methods for production of various bio-based fuels/alcohols.<br />
<br />
===Objectives===<br />
* There is a need to map the thousands of patents & technical literature documents in Industrial Biotechnology world to fully understand the universe of organisms, enzymes, feedstock, products and by-products and the inter-relationships between them.<br />
* In other words, there is a need for systematic mapping pathways being explored globally.<br />
* To solve the above problem, Dolcera has built a comprehensive database with elaborate categorization for Industrial biotechnology companies helping them map the global innovation in the bio-fuels space to the following basic variables:<br />
** Various feedstock <br />
** Pre-treatment methods for feedstock <br />
** A variety of enzymes, bacteria, fungi, algae, yeast or a modified version of any of these that feed on feedstock <br />
** Output or products that are obtained when the enzymes or bacteria or fungi or yeast feed on these feedstock.<br />
<br />
===Who is it for?===<br />
* '''Research and Development (R&D) leaders''' - If you are a scientist at a Bio-Fuels firm, this database will help you gather the best technical intelligence. It will reveal all the pathways being explored globally. It will also help you compare your inventive thinking against inventions done in the outside world. Remember, 85% of all technical intelligence is available from patents so it is not worth missing!!<br />
* '''IP Attorneys''' - If you are an IP attorney planning IP strategy for your firm, you can compare the research strategy of your firm with all inventions out there. It will help you create a common talking ground with your inventors. <br />
* '''Corporate Strategy Group''' - The Dolcera database will help you refine your technology strategy by allowing you to study competitive strategy of your key competitors. Please bear in mind that 85% of all technical intelligence of your competitors can be studied from patents.<br />
<br />
=='''Overview'''==<br />
[[Image:biofig.jpg|300px|center|]]<br />
Biofuels represent effective means of supplying liquid transportation fuels from renewable resources.Of the biofuel options, alcohol fuels offer the most proven and practicable alternative for the conventional transportation fuels.The energy in biomass can be accessed by turning the raw materials, or feedstocks, into a usable form. Transportation fuels are made from biomass through ''biochemical'' or ''thermochemical processes''. Known as biofuels, these include ethanol, methanol, biodiesel, biocrude, and methane.<br />
<br />
'''Biomass Sources'''<br />
<br />
*Domestic crops<br />
*Energy crops<br />
*Agricultural Waste<br />
*Industrial Waste<br />
*Municipal Wastes<br />
*Cellulose/Hemicellulose rich material - cotton,wood,plant stalks,paper<br />
*Carbohydrates - sugar,starch,monosaccharides,disaccharides,polysaccharides<br />
*Algae<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Biomass Conversion Processes'''<br />
<br />
[[Image:ethanolfs.jpg|thumb|500px|right|'''A typical flowsheet for ethanol production''']]<br />
Thermochemical Processes - The thermochemical conversion of biomass to synthesis gas (syngas) encompasses processes that are carried out in closed systems under reducing (oxygen depleted) or oxidizing (partial oxygen) conditions at high temperatures (typically 1500-2000oF). The primary chemical processes that occur include pyrolysis, oxidation, steam reforming and gasification.<br />
<br />
*Pyrolysis - Rapid thermal decomposition of organic compounds in the absence of oxygen to produce gas,char, and liquids.Thermal pyrolysis and steam reforming of biomass are endothermic and typically require a secondary fuel to supply heat to the reaction chamber. This is often supplied with clean syngas recycled back to externally heat the reactor.<br />
<br />
*Gasification - high temperature (750 – 850 °C) conversion of solid, carbonaceous fuels into flammable gas mixture (syngas).Require oxygen or air for the conversion.<br />
<br />
Biochemical Processes - Biochemical conversion processes utilize acid hydrolysis for the conversion of cellulose to sugars,followed by the fermentation of the sugars to bioethanol.<br />
<br />
*Fermentation - Alcohol fermentation, like anaerobic digestion, is a biological process in which sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose are converted into cellular energy and thereby produce ethanol and carbon dioxide as metabolic waste products.It requires special attention through a series of living reactions.<br />
<br />
*Saccharification - The starch does not itself undergo alcoholic fermentation; it is first converted into maltose and other products by the action of the enzyme diastase (amylase). This diastase is usually supplied by malt - or, in the "amylo" process (described further on) by certain moulds.<br />
<br />
[http://chestofbooks.com/food/beverages/Alcohol-Properties/Saccharification.html Source]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Biofuels from microalgae'''<br />
<br />
[[Image:algaefoto.jpg|200px|right|]]<br />
Microalgae are sunlight-driven cell factories that convert carbon dioxide to potential biofuels, foods,feeds and high-value bioactives.In addition, these photosynthetic microorganisms are useful in bioremediation applications and as nitrogen fixing biofertilizers.Microalgae can provide several different types of renewable biofuels. These include methane produced by anaerobic digestion of the algal biomass;biodiesel derived from microalgal oil and photobiologically produced biohydrogen.<br />
[[Image:oilcontent.jpg|400px|right|]] <br />
Unlike other oil crops, microalgae grow extremely rapidly and many are exceedingly rich in oil. Microalgae commonly double their biomass within 24 h. Biomass doubling times during exponential growth are commonly as short as 3.5 h. Oil content in microalgae can exceed 80% by weight of dry biomass.Oil levels of 20–50% are quite common Oil productivity, that is the mass of oil produced per unit volume of the microalgal broth per day, depends on the algal growth rate and the oil content of the biomass. Microalgae with high oil productivities are desired for producing biodiesel.Microalgal biomass production - Producing microalgal biomass is generally more expensive than growing crops. Photosynthetic growth requires light, carbon dioxide, water and inorganic salts. Temperature must remain generally within 20 to 30 °C.Growth medium must provide the inorganic elements that constitute the algal cell. Essential elements include nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), iron and in some cases silicon.Microalgal biomass contains approximately 50% carbon by dry weight.All of this carbon is typically derived from carbon dioxide. Producing 100 t of algal biomass fixes roughly 183 t of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide must be fed continually during daylight hours.Ideally, microalgal biodiesel would be carbon neutral, as all the power needed for producing and processing the algae would come from biodiesel itself and from methane produced by anaerobic digestion of biomass residue left behind after the oils has been extracted.<br />
<br />
Large-scale production of microalgal biomass generally uses continuous culture during daylight.In this method of operation, fresh culture medium is fed at a constant rate and the same quantity of microalgal broth is withdrawn continuously.The only practicable methods of large-scale production of microalgae are ''raceway ponds'' and ''tubular photobioreactors''.<br />
<br />
Microalgal oils differ from most vegetable oils in being quite rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids with four or more double bonds.For example, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3; five double bonds) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3; six double bonds) occur commonly in algal oils.The extent of unsaturation of microalgal oil and its content of fatty acids with more than 4 double bonds can be reduced easily by partial catalytic hydrogenation of the oil.<br />
<br />
[http://dels.nas.edu/banr/gates1/docs/mtg5docs/bgdocs/biodiesel_microalgae.pdf|'''Source''']<br />
<br />
----<br />
=='''Dashboard'''==<br />
'''The Dolcera Dashboard for the database can be viewed here:'''<br><br />
[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=542'''Dashboard for the Biofuels and Biomaterials Innovations Database''']<br />
<br />
'''NOTE: '''Install the [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/Adobe Flash Player] if you are unable to view the Dashboard<br />
<br />
Features of the Dashboard can be viewed [http://dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Alopecia_Areata_Dashboard_Screenshots here]<br />
===='''Snapshots of the Dashboard'''====<br />
[[Image:Dashboard screen shot1.jpg|thumb|center|850px|'''Dashboard screen shot''']]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Dashboard screen shot21.jpg|thumb|center|850px|'''Dashboard screen shot''']]<br />
<br />
== '''Search strategy''' ==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''S.no'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''Concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''Search Query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''1836-date'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Vegetable biomass<br />
|align = "center"|Full patent specification<br />
|((vegetable ADJ1 biomass) OR vegetable<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR hull OR salix OR algae OR plant<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR (sweet ADJ1 corn) OR jatropha OR pulp OR forest<nowiki>*</nowiki>3 OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>grass<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 OR lignocellulos<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 OR cellulos<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 OR bamboo OR hemp OR cannabis OR sisal OR (pongamina ADJ1 pinnata) OR straw OR soapstock OR manure OR timber OR miscanthus OR agricultur<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 OR herbaceous OR food OR shea OR bran OR (switch ADJ1 grass) OR (turf ADJ1 grass) OR buckweat OR (millet ADJ1 husk<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR amaranth<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 OR (agro ADJ1 waste) OR leucaena OR gliricidia OR phytoplankton OR potato OR mahua OR pennycress OR cassava OR (vegetable NEAR waste) OR thistle OR olive OR (apple ADJ1 pulp) OR asparagus OR (Panicum ADJ1 virgatum) OR slash OR pea OR willow OR poplar OR copra OR (elephant ADJ1 grass) OR (Cynara ADJ1 Cardunculus) OR cardoon OR (Copaiba ADJ1 Oil) OR (Jojoba ADJ1 Oil) OR (milk ADJ1 bush) OR euphorbia OR tallow OR pine OR babassu OR cupuassu OR fungi OR (vegetable ADJ1 peel<nowiki>*</nowiki>1)OR potato<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR legnin OR slash OR amaranth<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 OR jute OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>wood<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR (Fallopia ADJ1 convolvulus) OR (Butyrospermum ADJ1 parkii) OR leaves OR leaf OR paper<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR fruit<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR stem<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR aggricultur<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR (municipal ADJ1 waste) OR (vegetable ADJ1 oil) OR grape<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR hyacinth OR biomass<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR kenaf<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR honge OR starch OR carbohydrate<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR stover<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR sunflower OR Pongamia OR waste<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR husk<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR molasse<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR garbage OR scrap<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR triticale<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR excreta OR silage<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR orchard<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR castor<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR hay<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR crop<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR fodder<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR seed<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR oilseed<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR soy<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR (animal ADJ1 fat) OR flax OR cotton<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR mushroom<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR catfish<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR camelina OR cheese OR pine<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR birch OR sawdust OR chicory OR artichoke<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>saccharide<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR microalgae OR algal)<br />
|align = "center"|7818012 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Food Grains<br />
|align = "center"|Full patent specification<br />
| (rice OR wheat OR barley OR cotton OR maize OR corn<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR grain<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR linseed OR (cotton ADJ1 seed) OR peanut<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR rapeseed<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR (petroleum ADJ1 nut ADJ1 oil) OR (flax ADJ1 seed) OR sorghum OR oil<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR soyabean OR legume OR sorghum OR (canola ADJ1 oil) OR (palm ADJ1 oil) OR sunflower OR (antichoke ADJ1 oil) OR (perilla ADJ1 oil) OR (Moringa ADJ1 Oleifera) OR (ben ADJ1 oil) OR (honge ADJ1 Oil) OR sesame OR mustard OR linseed OR oat<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR rye<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR cereal<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR millet<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR groundnut<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR peanut<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR coffee OR seed<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR rapseed OR (oil ADJ1 seed) OR (coconut ADJ1 oil))<br />
|align = "center"| 5474390 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|Sugar crops<br />
|align = "center"|Full patent specification<br />
|(Bagasse OR (Beta ADJ1 vulgaris) OR molasses OR sugarcane OR (sugar ADJ1 beat) OR beetroot OR chard OR (fodder ADJ1 beet) OR Saccharum OR beet<nowiki>*</nowiki>)<br />
|align = "center"|120301 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|Combined Query<br />
|align = "center"|1 OR 2 OR 3<br />
|align = "center"|10132435 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|Alcohols<br />
|align = "center"|Claims,title,abstract<br />
|align = "center"|bioalcohol<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR ethanol OR (ethyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR (methyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR methylcarbinol OR (anhydrous ADJ1 alcohol) OR (ethyl ADJ1 hydrate) OR (ethyl ADJ1 hydroxide) OR anhydrol OR bioethanol OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>methanol OR (methyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR (methyl ADJ1 hydrate) OR (methyl ADJ1 hydroxide) OR methylol OR carbinol OR (wood ADJ1 naptha) OR biomethanol OR propanol OR (propyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR biopropanol OR (propan ADJ3 o<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR butanol OR (butyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR biobutanol OR (butan ADJ3 o<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (propyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR propylcarbinol OR Butylalcohol OR methylolpropane OR (methylol ADJ1 propane) OR (Alcohol ADJ1 butylique) OR hydroxybutane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 butane) OR pentanol OR (pentyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR biopentanol OR (amyl ADj1 alcohol) OR amylalcohol OR (Butyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR butylcarbinol OR hexanol OR amylcarbinol OR (amyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR (capryl ADJ1 alcohol) OR caprylalcohol OR (pentyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR (hexyl ADj1 alcohol) OR hydroxyhexane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 hexane) OR biohexanol OR (Caproic ADJ1 alcohol) OR (hexan ADJ3 o<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR heptanol OR (heptyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR bioheptanol OR (heptan ADJ3 o<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR Gentanol OR (Enanthic ADJ1 alcohol) OR hydroxyheptane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 heptane) OR (Hexyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR ((C3 OR C4 OR c5 OR c6 OR C7 OR C8 OR C9) ADJ1 alcohol) OR octanol OR biooctanol OR (octyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR (octan ADJ3 o<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR ethylhexanol OR (ethyl ADJ1 hexanol) OR hydroxyoctane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 octane) OR amylethylcarbinol OR (amyl ADJ1 ethyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR (Caprylic ADJ1 alcohol) OR (Capryl ADJ1 alcohol) OR (ethyl ADJ1 amyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR ethylamylcarbinol OR (heptyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR nonanol OR (nonyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR (nonan ADJ3 o<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR octylcarbinol OR (octyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR hydroxynonane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 nonane) OR alcohol* OR glycol<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR (pantan ADJ1 o<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR biofuel<nowiki>*</nowiki>)<br />
|align = "center"|835737 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|Current IPC<br />
|C12P000702 OR C12P000706 OR C12P000704 OR C12P000708 OR C12P000710 OR C12P000712 OR C12P000714 OR C12P000716 OR C12P000720 OR C12P000728 OR C12P000736 OR C12P000754 OR C12P000752 OR C12P000740 OR C07C003104 OR C07C003108 OR C12F000304 OR C12F000308 OR C12C001107 OR C12C001109 OR C12C001100 OR C12C001110 OR C12C000500 OR C07C002976<br />
|align = "center"|23724 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|Combined Query<br />
|align = "center"|4 AND 5 AND 6<br />
|align = "center"|6462 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|Biodiesel production<br />
|align = "center"|Full patent specification<br />
| (biodiesel OR (bio ADJ1 diesel) OR (methyl ADJ1 ester<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (methyl ADJ1 soyate) OR (methyl ADJ1 tallowate) OR biofuel<nowiki>*</nowiki>)SAME (production OR prepar<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR synthes<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR produce OR produced OR bioproduction OR biosynthesis OR biometabolic OR bioconversion OR biotransformation OR yeast OR bacteria OR microb<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR micro<nowiki>*</nowiki>1organism)<br />
|align = "center"|69672 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|Algea<br />
|align = "center"|Claims,title,abstract<br />
|(algae OR microalgea OR algal OR Bacillariophyceae OR Chlorophyceae OR Cyanophyceae OR Xanthophyceaei OR Chrysophyceae OR Chlorella OR Crypthecodinium OR Schizocytrium OR Nannochloropsis OR Ulkenia OR Dunaliella OR Cyclotella OR Navicula OR Nitzschia OR Cyclotella OR Phaeodactylum OR Thaustochytrids OR Botryococcus braunii OR (Chlorella ADJ1 protothecoides))<br />
|align = "center"|12914 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|Combined Query<br />
|align = "center"|8 AND 9<br />
|align = "center"|588 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''11'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|Combined Query<br />
|align = "center"|10 OR 7<br />
|align = "center"|7015 hits('''3932 unique hits)'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
=== INPADOC Search Query ===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''S.no'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''Concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''Search Query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''Years'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''Hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Title,abstract'''<br />
|align = "center"|INPADOC<br />
|(bioalcohol<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR ethanol OR (ethyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR (methyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR methylcarbinol OR (anhydrous ADJ1 alcohol) OR (ethyl ADJ1 hydrate) OR (ethyl ADJ1 hydroxide) OR anhydrol OR bioethanol OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>methanol OR (methyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR (methyl ADJ1 hydrate) OR (methyl ADJ1 hydroxide) OR methylol OR carbinol OR (wood ADJ1 naptha) OR biomethanol OR propanol OR (propyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR biopropanol OR butanol OR (butyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR biobutanol OR (propyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR propylcarbinol OR Butylalcohol OR methylolpropane OR (methylol ADJ1 propane) OR (Alcohol ADJ1 butylique) OR hydroxybutane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 butane) OR pentanol OR (pentyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR biopentanol OR (amyl ADj1 alcohol) OR amylalcohol OR (Butyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR butylcarbinol OR hexanol OR amylcarbinol OR (amyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR (capryl ADJ1 alcohol) OR caprylalcohol OR (pentyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR (hexyl ADj1 alcohol) OR hydroxyhexane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 hexane) OR biohexanol OR (Caproic ADJ1 alcohol) OR heptanol OR (heptyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR bioheptanol OR Gentanol OR (Enanthic ADJ1 alcohol) OR hydroxyheptane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 heptane) OR (Hexyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR octanol OR biooctanol OR (octyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR ethylhexanol OR (ethyl ADJ1 hexanol) OR hydroxyoctane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 octane) OR amylethylcarbinol OR (amyl ADJ1 ethyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR (Caprylic ADJ1 alcohol) OR (Capryl ADJ1 alcohol) OR (ethyl ADJ1 amyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR ethylamylcarbinol OR (heptyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR nonanol OR (nonyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR octylcarbinol OR (octyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR hydroxynonane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 nonane) OR glycol<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR biofuel<nowiki>*</nowiki>)<br />
|align = "center"|1836-date<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF">497701 hits</font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''IPC'''<br />
|align = "center"|INPADOC<br />
|align = "center"|C12P OR B01D OR C12C OR C12D<br />
|align = "center"|1836-date<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF">538899 hits</font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Limit by country code'''<br />
|align = "center"|INPADOC<br />
|align = "center"| US OR WO OR DE OR EP OR FR OR JP OR GB<br />
|align = "center"|1836-date<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF">350751 hits</font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Combined Query'''<br />
|align = "center"|2 NOT 3<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF">188138 hits</font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99" colspan = "3"|'''Final Query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|1 AND 4<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|<font color="#0000FF">5392 '''(2931 unique records)'''</font><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=== F-term search ===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="47%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC" colspan = "3"|'''F-Term Search in JPO'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|'''Topic'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|'''Term'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|'''Description'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|'''Theme for F Term'''<br />
|align = "center"|4B064<br />
|align = "center"|Production of compounds from microorganisms<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080" rowspan = "3"|'''F-Terms'''<br />
|align = "center"|AC01<br />
|align = "center"|Alcohol<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|AC03<br />
|align = "center"|Ethanol<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|AC04<br />
|align = "center"|Butanol<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
*'''Number of records: 804'''<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=='''Bioalcohol Production Taxonomy '''==<br />
* '''Taxonomy used for the categorization of patents in the Dolcera Dashboard'''<br />
[[Image:Bioalcohol Production Taxonomyupl.JPG|thumb|center|850 px]]<br />
<br />
=='''Biomass Sources Taxonomy sample'''==<br />
[[Image:Biomass Sources Taxonomyup.JPG|thumb|center|650 px]]<br />
<br />
==Interactive taxonomy mind map==<br />
''Use the mouse(click and drag/scroll up or down/click on nodes) to explore nodes in the detailed taxonomy''<br><br />
''Click on the red arrow on the side of a node name to view the content for that particular node in the dashboard''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
| <mm>[[map542.mm|flash|title Production of Bioalcohol|800pt]]</mm><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=='''Patent Analysis'''==<br />
===Sample Analysis===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''S.No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Publication No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Publication Year'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Abstract'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Dolcera summary'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090053777+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090053777%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090053777&RS=DN/20090053777 US20090053777]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|Alliance For Sustainable Energy, Llc<br />
|Process For Concentrated Biomass Saccharification<br />
|Processes for saccharification of pretreated biomass to obtain high concentrations of fermentable sugars are provided. Specifically, a process was developed that uses a fed batch approach with particle size reduction to provide a high dry weight of biomass content enzymatic saccharification reaction, which produces a high sugars concentration hydrolysate, using a low cost reactor system.<br />
|Process for producing high-sugar content hydrolysate from biomass where as on further fermentation of the hydrolysate alcohols namely methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanoletc are produced.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090047718+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090047718%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090047718&RS=DN/20090047718 US20090047718]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|Tetravitae Bioscience, Inc.<br />
|Methods and compositions for producing solvents<br />
|Described herein are methods, compositions and synthetic biology approaches for solvent production, including but not limited to butanol production. Described herein are recombinant bacteria and yeast strains which may be used in production of a solvent, including but not limited to butanol, from lignocellulosic and other plant-based feedstocks. Described herein are methods of producing solvents, including but not limited to butanol, using bacteria and yeast strains. Described herein are methods of producing organisms that display highly efficient butanol production.<br />
|New first recombinant solventogenic organism having altered gene expression involved in solvent production pathway relative to expression in first organism strain prior to its transformation, useful for producing a solvent, e.g. butanol<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090053771+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090053771%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090053771&RS=DN/20090053771 US20090053771]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|Board Of Trustees Of Michigan State University<br />
|Process for making fuels and chemicals from AFEX-treated whole grain or whole plants<br />
|A process for hydrolyzing whole grain or whole plant biomass after an Ammonia Fiber Explosion (AFEX) process step is described. The process preferably uses a biomass that is hydrolyzed using a different combination of enzymes (amylase, cellulase and hemicellulase) to sugars for fermentation to produce ethanol. Harvesting the whole plant inclusive of grains and stalk for ethanol bio-processing is an economical route for future biorefineries. In addition to sugars, various value-added products like proteins and oil can be co-generated.<br />
|Producing sugars from plant biomass involves treating comminuted plant biomass comprising cellulose, hemicellulose, and starch with concentrated ammonia under pressure; and hydrolyzing biomass using enzyme containing amylase and cellulase<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090023187+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090023187%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090023187&RS=DN/20090023187 US20090023187]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|Iogen Energy Corporation<br />
|Method of obtaining a product sugar stream from cellulosic biomass<br />
|A process for obtaining a product sugar stream from cellulosic biomass is disclosed. In one process, the cellulosic biomass is pretreated at a pH between about 0.4 to 2.0 by adding one or more than one acid to produce a pretreated cellulosic biomass comprising acetic acid. One or more than one base is then added to the pretreated cellulosic biomass to adjust the pretreated cellulosic biomass to a pH of about 4.0 to about 6.0 to produce a neutralized cellulosic biomass comprising inorganic salt and acetate salt. The neutralized biomass is then hydrolyzed by cellulase enzymes to produce a crude sugar stream. Insoluble residue is separated from the crude sugar stream and the resulting clarified sugar stream is treated using ion exclusion chromatography at about pH 5.0 to about 10.0 to produce one or more raffinate streams and a product stream. The raffinate stream comprises inorganic salts and acetate salts, and the product stream comprises sugar. The product stream may then be fermented or otherwise further processed. In an alternate process, a product sugar stream is obtained from a crude sugar stream that is produced from conversion of cellulosic biomass to sugar. The cellulosic biomass may be produced using any suitable method. In this process the crude sugar stream is treated using ion exclusion chromatography at about pH 5.0 to about 10.0 to produce one or more than one raffinate stream comprising sulfate and acetate salts, and a product stream comprising sugar, and the product sugar stream is obtained.<br />
|The present invention relates to a method of obtaining a product sugar stream from cellulosic biomass and microbial conversion to ethanol.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090082600+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090082600%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090082600&RS=DN/20090082600 US20090082600]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|Northern Illinois University<br />
|Native homoethanol Pathway for ethanol production in E. coli<br />
|A native homoethanol pathway including chromosomal deletions of genes that are competitive with the native homoethanol pathway, and a highly anaerobically expressed pyruvate dehydrogenase operon. Bacteria including the native homoethanol pathway. A method of making a bacteria derivative including a native homoethanol pathway by deleting genes that are competitive with ethanol production pathways, and performing transcriptional gene fusion and highly anaerobically expressing pyruvate dehydrogenase operon. A method of producing ethanol by fermenting bacteria including the native homoethanol pathway with biomass, and producing ethanol. Ethanol produced by the above method.<br />
|Method of producing ethanol in E.coli the steps of fermenting bacteria including the native homoethanol pathway with biomass with a yield of 90% under anaerobic conditions.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090087897+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090087897%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090087897&RS=DN/20090087897 US20090087897]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company<br />
|Prevention of bacterial growth in fermentation process<br />
|A fermentation process for the production of ethanol from natural sources, such as corn, comprising introducing a fermentable sugar, an inoculant, and a stabilized chlorine dioxide into a fermentation system is disclosed. The stabilized chlorine dioxide is added preventatively to the fermentation system, at concentrations in the fermentation system of acetic acid no greater than 0.30% (weight/volume) and lactic acid no greater than 0.60% (weight/volume). The stabilized chlorine dioxide is added in an amount effective to substantially prevent growth of bacteria.<br />
|A fermentation process to produce ethanol from natural sources, such as corn, comprising introducing a fermentable sugar, an inoculant, and a stabilized chlorine dioxide into a fermentation system forpreventing bacterial infection.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
*[[Media:jpF-term.xls|'''Click here for F-term on target sheet''']] - Dated August 24, 2009<br />
*[[Media:Biofuels sample analysis.xls|'''Click here for Sample Patent Analysis Sheet''']] - Dated July 30, 2009<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Patenting activity by Assignee/Applicant===<br />
<br />
[[Image:Bioalcohol1 Assigne1.jpeg |center|thumb|900px]]<br />
<br />
===Patenting activity by Priority Years===<br />
* NOTE: Patenting Activity graph is based on the earliest Priority years, therefore there is decline in the graph. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Bioalcohol1 prioriti.jpeg|center|thumb|850px]]<br />
<br />
===Continental distribution of patents===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patent2.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|'''Continental Distribution of Patents''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in Europe===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentU4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in Europe''']]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentUO4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''European countries in Others category''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in North America===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patent_NA41111.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in North America''']]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentNAO4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''North American countries in Others category''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in Asia===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentAS4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in Asia''']]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentASO4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Asian countries in Others category''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in Australia===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentAU4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in Australia''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in South America===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentSAO4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in South America''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in Africa===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentAFR4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in Africa''']]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Publications==<br />
<br />
===Search Strategy===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFCC00"|S.no<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFCC00"|Search Query<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFCC00"|Date<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFCC00"|Hits<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFCC00"|Relevancy<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC00"|1<br />
|align = "justify"|((fermentation OR bioconversion OR biotransformation OR biosynthesis OR biometabolism OR biocatalytic OR biosynthesize) AND (biofuel OR biofuels OR ethanol OR butanol OR propanol OR pentanol OR biogas OR biodiesel OR isobutanol OR bioethanol OR isopropanol OR isopentanol OR octanol OR nonanol OR biooctanol OR biononanol OR hexanol OR heptanol OR biohexanol OR bioheptanol )) AND ((production OR produce OR manufacture))<br />
|align = "center"|1900/01/01 to 2009/08/03<br />
|align = "center"|10,113 hits<br />
|align = "center"|45-50%<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Sample Analysis===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''S.NO'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Abstract'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Authors'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Company'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Citation'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Journal name'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Publication Date'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''1'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VRV-4TWSB5N-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=99895c1c623fb558353188a9f3a365dd Metabolic engineering of microorganisms for biofuels production: from bugs to synthetic biology to fuels]</u></font><br />
|The ability to generate microorganisms that can produce biofuels similar to petroleum-based transportation fuels would allow the use of existing engines and infrastructure and would save an enormous amount of capital required for replacing the current infrastructure to accommodate biofuels that have properties significantly different from petroleum-based fuels. Several groups have demonstrated the feasibility of manipulating microbes to produce molecules similar to petroleum-derived products, albeit at relatively low productivity (e.g. maximum butanol production is around 20 g/L). For cost-effective production of biofuels, the fuel-producing hosts and pathways must be engineered and optimized. Advances in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology will provide new tools for metabolic engineers to better understand how to rewire the cell in order to create the desired phenotypes for the production of economically viable biofuels.<br />
|Lee, S.K. / Chou, H. / Ham, T.S. / Lee, T.S. / Keasling, J.D.<br />
|Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA USA<br />
|Lee, S.K. / Chou, H. / Ham, T.S. / Lee, T.S. / Keasling, J.D. , Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 19 (6), p.556-563, Dec 2008<br />
|Current Opinion in Biotechnology<br />
|Dec-08<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''2'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VRV-4TF5H30-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=c7e3916aa1cd23b3b157946eb32a2c6d Metabolic engineering for advanced biofuels production from Escherichia coli ]</u></font><br />
|Global energy and environmental problems have stimulated increasing efforts toward synthesizing liquid biofuels as transportation energy. Compared to the traditional biofuel, ethanol, advanced biofuels should offer advantages such as higher energy density, lower hygroscopicity, lower vapor pressure, and compatibility with existing transportation infrastructure. However, these fuels are not synthesized economically using native organisms. Metabolic engineering offers an alternative approach in which synthetic pathways are engineered into user-friendly hosts for the production of these fuel molecules. These hosts could be readily manipulated to improve the production efficiency. This review summarizes recent progress in the engineering of Escherichia coli to produce advanced biofuels.<br />
|Atsumi, S. / Liao, J.C<br />
|Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles CA USA<br />
|Atsumi, S. / Liao, J.C. , Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 19 (5), p.414-419, Oct 2008 <br />
|Current Opinion in Biotechnology<br />
|Oct-08<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''3'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VS2-4W9Y3DX-2&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=96d2892ecb44dd431b303ef075cdc2c9 New microbial fuels: a biotech perspective]</u></font><br />
|Bioethanol and plant oil-derived biodiesel are generally considered first generation biofuels. Recognizing their apparent disadvantages, scientists and engineers are developing more sustainable and economically feasible second generation biofuels. The new microbial fuels summarized here have great potential to become viable replacements or at least supplements of petroleum-derived liquid transportation fuels. Yields and efficiencies of the four metabolic pathways leading to these microbial fuels — mostly designed and optimized in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae using modern tools of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology — and the robustness of the biocatalysts that convert the metabolic intermediates to, in some cases, finished and engine-ready fuels, will determine if they can be commercially successful and contribute to alleviating our dependence on fossil fuels.<br />
|Rude, M.A. / Schirmer, A<br />
|LS9, Inc,CA USA.<br />
|Rude, M.A. / Schirmer, A. , Current Opinion in Microbiology, 12 (3), p.274-281, Jun 2009 <br />
|Current Opinion in Microbiology<br />
|Jun-09<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''4'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TCW-4SM7RJW-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=dfd5735081cc5117cdd60b483257a272 Biofuel alternatives to ethanol: pumping the microbial well ]</u></font><br />
|Engineered microorganisms are currently used for the production of food products, pharmaceuticals, ethanol fuel and more. Even so, the enormous potential of this technology has yet to be fully exploited. The need for sustainable sources of transportation fuels has generated a tremendous interest in technologies that enable biofuel production. Decades of work have produced a considerable knowledge-base for the physiology and pathway engineering of microbes, making microbial engineering an ideal strategy for producing biofuel. Although ethanol currently dominates the biofuel market, some of its inherent physical properties make it a less than ideal product. To highlight additional options, we review advances in microbial engineering for the production of other potential fuel molecules, using a variety of biosynthetic pathways.<br />
|Fortman, J.L. / Chhabra, S. / Mukhopadhyay, A. / Chou, H. / Lee, T.S. / Steen, E. / Keasling, J.D<br />
|Joint BioEnergy Institute, CA USA.<br />
|Fortman, J.L. / Chhabra, S. / Mukhopadhyay, A. / Chou, H. / Lee, T.S. / Steen, E. / Keasling, J.D. , Trends in Biotechnology, 26 (7), p.375-381, Jul 2008<br />
|Trends in Biotechnology<br />
|Jul-08<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''5'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V2P-4TP7H1N-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=17d1798641bf2c6907fa58f27a376ef3 Progress and recent trends in biodiesel fuels ]</u></font><br />
|Fossil fuel resources are decreasing daily. Biodiesel fuels are attracting increasing attention worldwide as blending components or direct replacements for diesel fuel in vehicle engines. Biodiesel fuel typically comprises lower alkyl fatty acid (chain length C14–C22), esters of short-chain alcohols, primarily, methanol or ethanol. Various methods have been reported for the production of biodiesel from vegetable oil, such as direct use and blending, microemulsification, pyrolysis, and transesterification. Among these, transesterification is an attractive and widely accepted technique. The purpose of the transesterification process is to lower the viscosity of the oil. The most important variables affecting methyl ester yield during the transesterification reaction are the molar ratio of alcohol to vegetable oil and the reaction temperature. Methanol is the commonly used alcohol in this process, due in part to its low cost. Methyl esters of vegetable oils have several outstanding advantages over other new-renewable and clean engine fuel alternatives. Biodiesel fuel is a renewable substitute fuel for petroleum diesel or petrodiesel fuel made from vegetable or animal fats; it can be used in any mixture with petrodiesel fuel, as it has very similar characteristics, but it has lower exhaust emissions. Biodiesel fuel has better properties than petrodiesel fuel; it is renewable, biodegradable, non-toxic, and essentially free of sulfur and aromatics. Biodiesel seems to be a realistic fuel for future; it has become more attractive recently because of its environmental benefits. Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly fuel that can be used in any diesel engine without modification<br />
|Demirbas, A.<br />
|Sila Science, Trabzon, Turkey<br />
|Demirbas, A. , Energy Conversion and Management, 50 (1), p.14-34, Jan 2009<br />
|Energy Conversion and Management<br />
|Jan-09<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
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{| style="border:1px solid #AAA; background:#E9E9E9" align="center"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:lightgrey" | Contact Dolcera<br />
|-<br />
| '''Email''': [mailto:info@dolcera.com info@dolcera.com]<br />
|-<br />
| '''Phone''': +1-650-269-7952, +91-40-2355-3493<br />
|}</div>Debanjanhttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Biofuels_database_sample_wiki&diff=6957Biofuels database sample wiki2009-09-16T15:13:41Z<p>Debanjan: /* Interactive taxonomy mind map */</p>
<hr />
<div>=='''Introduction'''==<br />
<br />
To create a comprehensive database covering all published patents and scientific literature encompassing various methods for production of various bio-based fuels/alcohols.<br />
<br />
===Objectives===<br />
* There is a need to map the thousands of patents & technical literature documents in Industrial Biotechnology world to fully understand the universe of organisms, enzymes, feedstock, products and by-products and the inter-relationships between them.<br />
* In other words, there is a need for systematic mapping pathways being explored globally.<br />
* To solve the above problem, Dolcera has built a comprehensive database with elaborate categorization for Industrial biotechnology companies helping them map the global innovation in the bio-fuels space to the following basic variables:<br />
** Various feedstock <br />
** Pre-treatment methods for feedstock <br />
** A variety of enzymes, bacteria, fungi, algae, yeast or a modified version of any of these that feed on feedstock <br />
** Output or products that are obtained when the enzymes or bacteria or fungi or yeast feed on these feedstock.<br />
<br />
===Who is it for?===<br />
* '''Research and Development (R&D) leaders''' - If you are a scientist at a Bio-Fuels firm, this database will help you gather the best technical intelligence. It will reveal all the pathways being explored globally. It will also help you compare your inventive thinking against inventions done in the outside world. Remember, 85% of all technical intelligence is available from patents so it is not worth missing!!<br />
* '''IP Attorneys''' - If you are an IP attorney planning IP strategy for your firm, you can compare the research strategy of your firm with all inventions out there. It will help you create a common talking ground with your inventors. <br />
* '''Corporate Strategy Group''' - The Dolcera database will help you refine your technology strategy by allowing you to study competitive strategy of your key competitors. Please bear in mind that 85% of all technical intelligence of your competitors can be studied from patents.<br />
<br />
=='''Overview'''==<br />
[[Image:biofig.jpg|300px|center|]]<br />
Biofuels represent effective means of supplying liquid transportation fuels from renewable resources.Of the biofuel options, alcohol fuels offer the most proven and practicable alternative for the conventional transportation fuels.The energy in biomass can be accessed by turning the raw materials, or feedstocks, into a usable form. Transportation fuels are made from biomass through ''biochemical'' or ''thermochemical processes''. Known as biofuels, these include ethanol, methanol, biodiesel, biocrude, and methane.<br />
<br />
'''Biomass Sources'''<br />
<br />
*Domestic crops<br />
*Energy crops<br />
*Agricultural Waste<br />
*Industrial Waste<br />
*Municipal Wastes<br />
*Cellulose/Hemicellulose rich material - cotton,wood,plant stalks,paper<br />
*Carbohydrates - sugar,starch,monosaccharides,disaccharides,polysaccharides<br />
*Algae<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Biomass Conversion Processes'''<br />
<br />
[[Image:ethanolfs.jpg|thumb|500px|right|'''A typical flowsheet for ethanol production''']]<br />
Thermochemical Processes - The thermochemical conversion of biomass to synthesis gas (syngas) encompasses processes that are carried out in closed systems under reducing (oxygen depleted) or oxidizing (partial oxygen) conditions at high temperatures (typically 1500-2000oF). The primary chemical processes that occur include pyrolysis, oxidation, steam reforming and gasification.<br />
<br />
*Pyrolysis - Rapid thermal decomposition of organic compounds in the absence of oxygen to produce gas,char, and liquids.Thermal pyrolysis and steam reforming of biomass are endothermic and typically require a secondary fuel to supply heat to the reaction chamber. This is often supplied with clean syngas recycled back to externally heat the reactor.<br />
<br />
*Gasification - high temperature (750 – 850 °C) conversion of solid, carbonaceous fuels into flammable gas mixture (syngas).Require oxygen or air for the conversion.<br />
<br />
Biochemical Processes - Biochemical conversion processes utilize acid hydrolysis for the conversion of cellulose to sugars,followed by the fermentation of the sugars to bioethanol.<br />
<br />
*Fermentation - Alcohol fermentation, like anaerobic digestion, is a biological process in which sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose are converted into cellular energy and thereby produce ethanol and carbon dioxide as metabolic waste products.It requires special attention through a series of living reactions.<br />
<br />
*Saccharification - The starch does not itself undergo alcoholic fermentation; it is first converted into maltose and other products by the action of the enzyme diastase (amylase). This diastase is usually supplied by malt - or, in the "amylo" process (described further on) by certain moulds.<br />
<br />
[http://chestofbooks.com/food/beverages/Alcohol-Properties/Saccharification.html Source]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Biofuels from microalgae'''<br />
<br />
[[Image:algaefoto.jpg|200px|right|]]<br />
Microalgae are sunlight-driven cell factories that convert carbon dioxide to potential biofuels, foods,feeds and high-value bioactives.In addition, these photosynthetic microorganisms are useful in bioremediation applications and as nitrogen fixing biofertilizers.Microalgae can provide several different types of renewable biofuels. These include methane produced by anaerobic digestion of the algal biomass;biodiesel derived from microalgal oil and photobiologically produced biohydrogen.<br />
[[Image:oilcontent.jpg|400px|right|]] <br />
Unlike other oil crops, microalgae grow extremely rapidly and many are exceedingly rich in oil. Microalgae commonly double their biomass within 24 h. Biomass doubling times during exponential growth are commonly as short as 3.5 h. Oil content in microalgae can exceed 80% by weight of dry biomass.Oil levels of 20–50% are quite common Oil productivity, that is the mass of oil produced per unit volume of the microalgal broth per day, depends on the algal growth rate and the oil content of the biomass. Microalgae with high oil productivities are desired for producing biodiesel.Microalgal biomass production - Producing microalgal biomass is generally more expensive than growing crops. Photosynthetic growth requires light, carbon dioxide, water and inorganic salts. Temperature must remain generally within 20 to 30 °C.Growth medium must provide the inorganic elements that constitute the algal cell. Essential elements include nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), iron and in some cases silicon.Microalgal biomass contains approximately 50% carbon by dry weight.All of this carbon is typically derived from carbon dioxide. Producing 100 t of algal biomass fixes roughly 183 t of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide must be fed continually during daylight hours.Ideally, microalgal biodiesel would be carbon neutral, as all the power needed for producing and processing the algae would come from biodiesel itself and from methane produced by anaerobic digestion of biomass residue left behind after the oils has been extracted.<br />
<br />
Large-scale production of microalgal biomass generally uses continuous culture during daylight.In this method of operation, fresh culture medium is fed at a constant rate and the same quantity of microalgal broth is withdrawn continuously.The only practicable methods of large-scale production of microalgae are ''raceway ponds'' and ''tubular photobioreactors''.<br />
<br />
Microalgal oils differ from most vegetable oils in being quite rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids with four or more double bonds.For example, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3; five double bonds) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3; six double bonds) occur commonly in algal oils.The extent of unsaturation of microalgal oil and its content of fatty acids with more than 4 double bonds can be reduced easily by partial catalytic hydrogenation of the oil.<br />
<br />
[http://dels.nas.edu/banr/gates1/docs/mtg5docs/bgdocs/biodiesel_microalgae.pdf|'''Source''']<br />
<br />
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=='''Dashboard'''==<br />
'''The Dolcera Dashboard for the database can be viewed here:'''<br><br />
[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=542'''Dashboard for the Biofuels and Biomaterials Innovations Database''']<br />
<br />
'''NOTE: '''Install the [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/Adobe Flash Player] if you are unable to view the Dashboard<br />
<br />
Features of the Dashboard can be viewed [http://dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Alopecia_Areata_Dashboard_Screenshots here]<br />
===='''Snapshots of the Dashboard'''====<br />
[[Image:Dashboard screen shot1.jpg|thumb|center|850px|'''Dashboard screen shot''']]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Dashboard screen shot21.jpg|thumb|center|850px|'''Dashboard screen shot''']]<br />
<br />
== '''Search strategy''' ==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''S.no'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''Concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''Search Query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''1836-date'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Vegetable biomass<br />
|align = "center"|Full patent specification<br />
|((vegetable ADJ1 biomass) OR vegetable<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR hull OR salix OR algae OR plant<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR (sweet ADJ1 corn) OR jatropha OR pulp OR forest<nowiki>*</nowiki>3 OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>grass<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 OR lignocellulos<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 OR cellulos<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 OR bamboo OR hemp OR cannabis OR sisal OR (pongamina ADJ1 pinnata) OR straw OR soapstock OR manure OR timber OR miscanthus OR agricultur<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 OR herbaceous OR food OR shea OR bran OR (switch ADJ1 grass) OR (turf ADJ1 grass) OR buckweat OR (millet ADJ1 husk<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR amaranth<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 OR (agro ADJ1 waste) OR leucaena OR gliricidia OR phytoplankton OR potato OR mahua OR pennycress OR cassava OR (vegetable NEAR waste) OR thistle OR olive OR (apple ADJ1 pulp) OR asparagus OR (Panicum ADJ1 virgatum) OR slash OR pea OR willow OR poplar OR copra OR (elephant ADJ1 grass) OR (Cynara ADJ1 Cardunculus) OR cardoon OR (Copaiba ADJ1 Oil) OR (Jojoba ADJ1 Oil) OR (milk ADJ1 bush) OR euphorbia OR tallow OR pine OR babassu OR cupuassu OR fungi OR (vegetable ADJ1 peel<nowiki>*</nowiki>1)OR potato<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR legnin OR slash OR amaranth<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 OR jute OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>wood<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR (Fallopia ADJ1 convolvulus) OR (Butyrospermum ADJ1 parkii) OR leaves OR leaf OR paper<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR fruit<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR stem<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR aggricultur<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR (municipal ADJ1 waste) OR (vegetable ADJ1 oil) OR grape<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR hyacinth OR biomass<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR kenaf<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR honge OR starch OR carbohydrate<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR stover<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR sunflower OR Pongamia OR waste<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR husk<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR molasse<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR garbage OR scrap<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR triticale<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR excreta OR silage<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR orchard<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR castor<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR hay<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR crop<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR fodder<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR seed<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR oilseed<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR soy<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR (animal ADJ1 fat) OR flax OR cotton<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR mushroom<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR catfish<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR camelina OR cheese OR pine<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR birch OR sawdust OR chicory OR artichoke<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>saccharide<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR microalgae OR algal)<br />
|align = "center"|7818012 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Food Grains<br />
|align = "center"|Full patent specification<br />
| (rice OR wheat OR barley OR cotton OR maize OR corn<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR grain<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR linseed OR (cotton ADJ1 seed) OR peanut<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR rapeseed<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR (petroleum ADJ1 nut ADJ1 oil) OR (flax ADJ1 seed) OR sorghum OR oil<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR soyabean OR legume OR sorghum OR (canola ADJ1 oil) OR (palm ADJ1 oil) OR sunflower OR (antichoke ADJ1 oil) OR (perilla ADJ1 oil) OR (Moringa ADJ1 Oleifera) OR (ben ADJ1 oil) OR (honge ADJ1 Oil) OR sesame OR mustard OR linseed OR oat<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR rye<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR cereal<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR millet<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR groundnut<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR peanut<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR coffee OR seed<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR rapseed OR (oil ADJ1 seed) OR (coconut ADJ1 oil))<br />
|align = "center"| 5474390 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|Sugar crops<br />
|align = "center"|Full patent specification<br />
|(Bagasse OR (Beta ADJ1 vulgaris) OR molasses OR sugarcane OR (sugar ADJ1 beat) OR beetroot OR chard OR (fodder ADJ1 beet) OR Saccharum OR beet<nowiki>*</nowiki>)<br />
|align = "center"|120301 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|Combined Query<br />
|align = "center"|1 OR 2 OR 3<br />
|align = "center"|10132435 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|Alcohols<br />
|align = "center"|Claims,title,abstract<br />
|align = "center"|bioalcohol<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR ethanol OR (ethyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR (methyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR methylcarbinol OR (anhydrous ADJ1 alcohol) OR (ethyl ADJ1 hydrate) OR (ethyl ADJ1 hydroxide) OR anhydrol OR bioethanol OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>methanol OR (methyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR (methyl ADJ1 hydrate) OR (methyl ADJ1 hydroxide) OR methylol OR carbinol OR (wood ADJ1 naptha) OR biomethanol OR propanol OR (propyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR biopropanol OR (propan ADJ3 o<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR butanol OR (butyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR biobutanol OR (butan ADJ3 o<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (propyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR propylcarbinol OR Butylalcohol OR methylolpropane OR (methylol ADJ1 propane) OR (Alcohol ADJ1 butylique) OR hydroxybutane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 butane) OR pentanol OR (pentyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR biopentanol OR (amyl ADj1 alcohol) OR amylalcohol OR (Butyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR butylcarbinol OR hexanol OR amylcarbinol OR (amyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR (capryl ADJ1 alcohol) OR caprylalcohol OR (pentyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR (hexyl ADj1 alcohol) OR hydroxyhexane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 hexane) OR biohexanol OR (Caproic ADJ1 alcohol) OR (hexan ADJ3 o<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR heptanol OR (heptyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR bioheptanol OR (heptan ADJ3 o<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR Gentanol OR (Enanthic ADJ1 alcohol) OR hydroxyheptane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 heptane) OR (Hexyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR ((C3 OR C4 OR c5 OR c6 OR C7 OR C8 OR C9) ADJ1 alcohol) OR octanol OR biooctanol OR (octyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR (octan ADJ3 o<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR ethylhexanol OR (ethyl ADJ1 hexanol) OR hydroxyoctane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 octane) OR amylethylcarbinol OR (amyl ADJ1 ethyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR (Caprylic ADJ1 alcohol) OR (Capryl ADJ1 alcohol) OR (ethyl ADJ1 amyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR ethylamylcarbinol OR (heptyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR nonanol OR (nonyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR (nonan ADJ3 o<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR octylcarbinol OR (octyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR hydroxynonane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 nonane) OR alcohol* OR glycol<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR (pantan ADJ1 o<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR biofuel<nowiki>*</nowiki>)<br />
|align = "center"|835737 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|Current IPC<br />
|C12P000702 OR C12P000706 OR C12P000704 OR C12P000708 OR C12P000710 OR C12P000712 OR C12P000714 OR C12P000716 OR C12P000720 OR C12P000728 OR C12P000736 OR C12P000754 OR C12P000752 OR C12P000740 OR C07C003104 OR C07C003108 OR C12F000304 OR C12F000308 OR C12C001107 OR C12C001109 OR C12C001100 OR C12C001110 OR C12C000500 OR C07C002976<br />
|align = "center"|23724 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|Combined Query<br />
|align = "center"|4 AND 5 AND 6<br />
|align = "center"|6462 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|Biodiesel production<br />
|align = "center"|Full patent specification<br />
| (biodiesel OR (bio ADJ1 diesel) OR (methyl ADJ1 ester<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (methyl ADJ1 soyate) OR (methyl ADJ1 tallowate) OR biofuel<nowiki>*</nowiki>)SAME (production OR prepar<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR synthes<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR produce OR produced OR bioproduction OR biosynthesis OR biometabolic OR bioconversion OR biotransformation OR yeast OR bacteria OR microb<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR micro<nowiki>*</nowiki>1organism)<br />
|align = "center"|69672 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|Algea<br />
|align = "center"|Claims,title,abstract<br />
|(algae OR microalgea OR algal OR Bacillariophyceae OR Chlorophyceae OR Cyanophyceae OR Xanthophyceaei OR Chrysophyceae OR Chlorella OR Crypthecodinium OR Schizocytrium OR Nannochloropsis OR Ulkenia OR Dunaliella OR Cyclotella OR Navicula OR Nitzschia OR Cyclotella OR Phaeodactylum OR Thaustochytrids OR Botryococcus braunii OR (Chlorella ADJ1 protothecoides))<br />
|align = "center"|12914 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|Combined Query<br />
|align = "center"|8 AND 9<br />
|align = "center"|588 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''11'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|Combined Query<br />
|align = "center"|10 OR 7<br />
|align = "center"|7015 hits('''3932 unique hits)'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
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<br />
<br />
=== INPADOC Search Query ===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''S.no'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''Concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''Search Query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''Years'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''Hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Title,abstract'''<br />
|align = "center"|INPADOC<br />
|(bioalcohol<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR ethanol OR (ethyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR (methyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR methylcarbinol OR (anhydrous ADJ1 alcohol) OR (ethyl ADJ1 hydrate) OR (ethyl ADJ1 hydroxide) OR anhydrol OR bioethanol OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>methanol OR (methyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR (methyl ADJ1 hydrate) OR (methyl ADJ1 hydroxide) OR methylol OR carbinol OR (wood ADJ1 naptha) OR biomethanol OR propanol OR (propyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR biopropanol OR butanol OR (butyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR biobutanol OR (propyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR propylcarbinol OR Butylalcohol OR methylolpropane OR (methylol ADJ1 propane) OR (Alcohol ADJ1 butylique) OR hydroxybutane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 butane) OR pentanol OR (pentyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR biopentanol OR (amyl ADj1 alcohol) OR amylalcohol OR (Butyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR butylcarbinol OR hexanol OR amylcarbinol OR (amyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR (capryl ADJ1 alcohol) OR caprylalcohol OR (pentyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR (hexyl ADj1 alcohol) OR hydroxyhexane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 hexane) OR biohexanol OR (Caproic ADJ1 alcohol) OR heptanol OR (heptyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR bioheptanol OR Gentanol OR (Enanthic ADJ1 alcohol) OR hydroxyheptane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 heptane) OR (Hexyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR octanol OR biooctanol OR (octyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR ethylhexanol OR (ethyl ADJ1 hexanol) OR hydroxyoctane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 octane) OR amylethylcarbinol OR (amyl ADJ1 ethyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR (Caprylic ADJ1 alcohol) OR (Capryl ADJ1 alcohol) OR (ethyl ADJ1 amyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR ethylamylcarbinol OR (heptyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR nonanol OR (nonyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR octylcarbinol OR (octyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR hydroxynonane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 nonane) OR glycol<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR biofuel<nowiki>*</nowiki>)<br />
|align = "center"|1836-date<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF">497701 hits</font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''IPC'''<br />
|align = "center"|INPADOC<br />
|align = "center"|C12P OR B01D OR C12C OR C12D<br />
|align = "center"|1836-date<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF">538899 hits</font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Limit by country code'''<br />
|align = "center"|INPADOC<br />
|align = "center"| US OR WO OR DE OR EP OR FR OR JP OR GB<br />
|align = "center"|1836-date<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF">350751 hits</font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Combined Query'''<br />
|align = "center"|2 NOT 3<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF">188138 hits</font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99" colspan = "3"|'''Final Query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|1 AND 4<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|<font color="#0000FF">5392 '''(2931 unique records)'''</font><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=== F-term search ===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="47%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC" colspan = "3"|'''F-Term Search in JPO'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|'''Topic'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|'''Term'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|'''Description'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|'''Theme for F Term'''<br />
|align = "center"|4B064<br />
|align = "center"|Production of compounds from microorganisms<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080" rowspan = "3"|'''F-Terms'''<br />
|align = "center"|AC01<br />
|align = "center"|Alcohol<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|AC03<br />
|align = "center"|Ethanol<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|AC04<br />
|align = "center"|Butanol<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
*'''Number of records: 804'''<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=='''Bioalcohol Production Taxonomy '''==<br />
* '''Taxonomy used for the categorization of patents in the Dolcera Dashboard'''<br />
[[Image:Bioalcohol Production Taxonomyupl.JPG|thumb|center|850 px]]<br />
<br />
=='''Biomass Sources Taxonomy sample'''==<br />
[[Image:Biomass Sources Taxonomyup.JPG|thumb|center|650 px]]<br />
<br />
==Interactive taxonomy mind map==<br />
''Use the mouse(click and drag/scroll up or down/click on nodes) to explore nodes in the detailed taxonomy''<br><br />
''Click on the red arrow on the side of a node name to view the content for that particular node in the dashboard''<br />
<br />
<mm>[[map542.mm|flash|title Production of Bioalcohol|800pt]]</mm><br />
<br />
=='''Patent Analysis'''==<br />
===Sample Analysis===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''S.No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Publication No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Publication Year'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Abstract'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Dolcera summary'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090053777+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090053777%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090053777&RS=DN/20090053777 US20090053777]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|Alliance For Sustainable Energy, Llc<br />
|Process For Concentrated Biomass Saccharification<br />
|Processes for saccharification of pretreated biomass to obtain high concentrations of fermentable sugars are provided. Specifically, a process was developed that uses a fed batch approach with particle size reduction to provide a high dry weight of biomass content enzymatic saccharification reaction, which produces a high sugars concentration hydrolysate, using a low cost reactor system.<br />
|Process for producing high-sugar content hydrolysate from biomass where as on further fermentation of the hydrolysate alcohols namely methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanoletc are produced.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090047718+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090047718%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090047718&RS=DN/20090047718 US20090047718]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|Tetravitae Bioscience, Inc.<br />
|Methods and compositions for producing solvents<br />
|Described herein are methods, compositions and synthetic biology approaches for solvent production, including but not limited to butanol production. Described herein are recombinant bacteria and yeast strains which may be used in production of a solvent, including but not limited to butanol, from lignocellulosic and other plant-based feedstocks. Described herein are methods of producing solvents, including but not limited to butanol, using bacteria and yeast strains. Described herein are methods of producing organisms that display highly efficient butanol production.<br />
|New first recombinant solventogenic organism having altered gene expression involved in solvent production pathway relative to expression in first organism strain prior to its transformation, useful for producing a solvent, e.g. butanol<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090053771+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090053771%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090053771&RS=DN/20090053771 US20090053771]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|Board Of Trustees Of Michigan State University<br />
|Process for making fuels and chemicals from AFEX-treated whole grain or whole plants<br />
|A process for hydrolyzing whole grain or whole plant biomass after an Ammonia Fiber Explosion (AFEX) process step is described. The process preferably uses a biomass that is hydrolyzed using a different combination of enzymes (amylase, cellulase and hemicellulase) to sugars for fermentation to produce ethanol. Harvesting the whole plant inclusive of grains and stalk for ethanol bio-processing is an economical route for future biorefineries. In addition to sugars, various value-added products like proteins and oil can be co-generated.<br />
|Producing sugars from plant biomass involves treating comminuted plant biomass comprising cellulose, hemicellulose, and starch with concentrated ammonia under pressure; and hydrolyzing biomass using enzyme containing amylase and cellulase<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090023187+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090023187%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090023187&RS=DN/20090023187 US20090023187]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|Iogen Energy Corporation<br />
|Method of obtaining a product sugar stream from cellulosic biomass<br />
|A process for obtaining a product sugar stream from cellulosic biomass is disclosed. In one process, the cellulosic biomass is pretreated at a pH between about 0.4 to 2.0 by adding one or more than one acid to produce a pretreated cellulosic biomass comprising acetic acid. One or more than one base is then added to the pretreated cellulosic biomass to adjust the pretreated cellulosic biomass to a pH of about 4.0 to about 6.0 to produce a neutralized cellulosic biomass comprising inorganic salt and acetate salt. The neutralized biomass is then hydrolyzed by cellulase enzymes to produce a crude sugar stream. Insoluble residue is separated from the crude sugar stream and the resulting clarified sugar stream is treated using ion exclusion chromatography at about pH 5.0 to about 10.0 to produce one or more raffinate streams and a product stream. The raffinate stream comprises inorganic salts and acetate salts, and the product stream comprises sugar. The product stream may then be fermented or otherwise further processed. In an alternate process, a product sugar stream is obtained from a crude sugar stream that is produced from conversion of cellulosic biomass to sugar. The cellulosic biomass may be produced using any suitable method. In this process the crude sugar stream is treated using ion exclusion chromatography at about pH 5.0 to about 10.0 to produce one or more than one raffinate stream comprising sulfate and acetate salts, and a product stream comprising sugar, and the product sugar stream is obtained.<br />
|The present invention relates to a method of obtaining a product sugar stream from cellulosic biomass and microbial conversion to ethanol.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090082600+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090082600%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090082600&RS=DN/20090082600 US20090082600]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|Northern Illinois University<br />
|Native homoethanol Pathway for ethanol production in E. coli<br />
|A native homoethanol pathway including chromosomal deletions of genes that are competitive with the native homoethanol pathway, and a highly anaerobically expressed pyruvate dehydrogenase operon. Bacteria including the native homoethanol pathway. A method of making a bacteria derivative including a native homoethanol pathway by deleting genes that are competitive with ethanol production pathways, and performing transcriptional gene fusion and highly anaerobically expressing pyruvate dehydrogenase operon. A method of producing ethanol by fermenting bacteria including the native homoethanol pathway with biomass, and producing ethanol. Ethanol produced by the above method.<br />
|Method of producing ethanol in E.coli the steps of fermenting bacteria including the native homoethanol pathway with biomass with a yield of 90% under anaerobic conditions.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090087897+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090087897%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090087897&RS=DN/20090087897 US20090087897]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company<br />
|Prevention of bacterial growth in fermentation process<br />
|A fermentation process for the production of ethanol from natural sources, such as corn, comprising introducing a fermentable sugar, an inoculant, and a stabilized chlorine dioxide into a fermentation system is disclosed. The stabilized chlorine dioxide is added preventatively to the fermentation system, at concentrations in the fermentation system of acetic acid no greater than 0.30% (weight/volume) and lactic acid no greater than 0.60% (weight/volume). The stabilized chlorine dioxide is added in an amount effective to substantially prevent growth of bacteria.<br />
|A fermentation process to produce ethanol from natural sources, such as corn, comprising introducing a fermentable sugar, an inoculant, and a stabilized chlorine dioxide into a fermentation system forpreventing bacterial infection.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
*[[Media:jpF-term.xls|'''Click here for F-term on target sheet''']] - Dated August 24, 2009<br />
*[[Media:Biofuels sample analysis.xls|'''Click here for Sample Patent Analysis Sheet''']] - Dated July 30, 2009<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Patenting activity by Assignee/Applicant===<br />
<br />
[[Image:Bioalcohol1 Assigne1.jpeg |center|thumb|900px]]<br />
<br />
===Patenting activity by Priority Years===<br />
* NOTE: Patenting Activity graph is based on the earliest Priority years, therefore there is decline in the graph. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Bioalcohol1 prioriti.jpeg|center|thumb|850px]]<br />
<br />
===Continental distribution of patents===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patent2.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|'''Continental Distribution of Patents''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in Europe===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentU4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in Europe''']]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentUO4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''European countries in Others category''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in North America===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patent_NA41111.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in North America''']]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentNAO4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''North American countries in Others category''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in Asia===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentAS4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in Asia''']]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentASO4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Asian countries in Others category''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in Australia===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentAU4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in Australia''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in South America===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentSAO4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in South America''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in Africa===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentAFR4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in Africa''']]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Publications==<br />
<br />
===Search Strategy===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFCC00"|S.no<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFCC00"|Search Query<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFCC00"|Date<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFCC00"|Hits<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFCC00"|Relevancy<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC00"|1<br />
|align = "justify"|((fermentation OR bioconversion OR biotransformation OR biosynthesis OR biometabolism OR biocatalytic OR biosynthesize) AND (biofuel OR biofuels OR ethanol OR butanol OR propanol OR pentanol OR biogas OR biodiesel OR isobutanol OR bioethanol OR isopropanol OR isopentanol OR octanol OR nonanol OR biooctanol OR biononanol OR hexanol OR heptanol OR biohexanol OR bioheptanol )) AND ((production OR produce OR manufacture))<br />
|align = "center"|1900/01/01 to 2009/08/03<br />
|align = "center"|10,113 hits<br />
|align = "center"|45-50%<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Sample Analysis===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''S.NO'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Abstract'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Authors'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Company'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Citation'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Journal name'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Publication Date'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''1'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VRV-4TWSB5N-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=99895c1c623fb558353188a9f3a365dd Metabolic engineering of microorganisms for biofuels production: from bugs to synthetic biology to fuels]</u></font><br />
|The ability to generate microorganisms that can produce biofuels similar to petroleum-based transportation fuels would allow the use of existing engines and infrastructure and would save an enormous amount of capital required for replacing the current infrastructure to accommodate biofuels that have properties significantly different from petroleum-based fuels. Several groups have demonstrated the feasibility of manipulating microbes to produce molecules similar to petroleum-derived products, albeit at relatively low productivity (e.g. maximum butanol production is around 20 g/L). For cost-effective production of biofuels, the fuel-producing hosts and pathways must be engineered and optimized. Advances in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology will provide new tools for metabolic engineers to better understand how to rewire the cell in order to create the desired phenotypes for the production of economically viable biofuels.<br />
|Lee, S.K. / Chou, H. / Ham, T.S. / Lee, T.S. / Keasling, J.D.<br />
|Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA USA<br />
|Lee, S.K. / Chou, H. / Ham, T.S. / Lee, T.S. / Keasling, J.D. , Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 19 (6), p.556-563, Dec 2008<br />
|Current Opinion in Biotechnology<br />
|Dec-08<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''2'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VRV-4TF5H30-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=c7e3916aa1cd23b3b157946eb32a2c6d Metabolic engineering for advanced biofuels production from Escherichia coli ]</u></font><br />
|Global energy and environmental problems have stimulated increasing efforts toward synthesizing liquid biofuels as transportation energy. Compared to the traditional biofuel, ethanol, advanced biofuels should offer advantages such as higher energy density, lower hygroscopicity, lower vapor pressure, and compatibility with existing transportation infrastructure. However, these fuels are not synthesized economically using native organisms. Metabolic engineering offers an alternative approach in which synthetic pathways are engineered into user-friendly hosts for the production of these fuel molecules. These hosts could be readily manipulated to improve the production efficiency. This review summarizes recent progress in the engineering of Escherichia coli to produce advanced biofuels.<br />
|Atsumi, S. / Liao, J.C<br />
|Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles CA USA<br />
|Atsumi, S. / Liao, J.C. , Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 19 (5), p.414-419, Oct 2008 <br />
|Current Opinion in Biotechnology<br />
|Oct-08<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''3'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VS2-4W9Y3DX-2&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=96d2892ecb44dd431b303ef075cdc2c9 New microbial fuels: a biotech perspective]</u></font><br />
|Bioethanol and plant oil-derived biodiesel are generally considered first generation biofuels. Recognizing their apparent disadvantages, scientists and engineers are developing more sustainable and economically feasible second generation biofuels. The new microbial fuels summarized here have great potential to become viable replacements or at least supplements of petroleum-derived liquid transportation fuels. Yields and efficiencies of the four metabolic pathways leading to these microbial fuels — mostly designed and optimized in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae using modern tools of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology — and the robustness of the biocatalysts that convert the metabolic intermediates to, in some cases, finished and engine-ready fuels, will determine if they can be commercially successful and contribute to alleviating our dependence on fossil fuels.<br />
|Rude, M.A. / Schirmer, A<br />
|LS9, Inc,CA USA.<br />
|Rude, M.A. / Schirmer, A. , Current Opinion in Microbiology, 12 (3), p.274-281, Jun 2009 <br />
|Current Opinion in Microbiology<br />
|Jun-09<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''4'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TCW-4SM7RJW-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=dfd5735081cc5117cdd60b483257a272 Biofuel alternatives to ethanol: pumping the microbial well ]</u></font><br />
|Engineered microorganisms are currently used for the production of food products, pharmaceuticals, ethanol fuel and more. Even so, the enormous potential of this technology has yet to be fully exploited. The need for sustainable sources of transportation fuels has generated a tremendous interest in technologies that enable biofuel production. Decades of work have produced a considerable knowledge-base for the physiology and pathway engineering of microbes, making microbial engineering an ideal strategy for producing biofuel. Although ethanol currently dominates the biofuel market, some of its inherent physical properties make it a less than ideal product. To highlight additional options, we review advances in microbial engineering for the production of other potential fuel molecules, using a variety of biosynthetic pathways.<br />
|Fortman, J.L. / Chhabra, S. / Mukhopadhyay, A. / Chou, H. / Lee, T.S. / Steen, E. / Keasling, J.D<br />
|Joint BioEnergy Institute, CA USA.<br />
|Fortman, J.L. / Chhabra, S. / Mukhopadhyay, A. / Chou, H. / Lee, T.S. / Steen, E. / Keasling, J.D. , Trends in Biotechnology, 26 (7), p.375-381, Jul 2008<br />
|Trends in Biotechnology<br />
|Jul-08<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''5'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V2P-4TP7H1N-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=17d1798641bf2c6907fa58f27a376ef3 Progress and recent trends in biodiesel fuels ]</u></font><br />
|Fossil fuel resources are decreasing daily. Biodiesel fuels are attracting increasing attention worldwide as blending components or direct replacements for diesel fuel in vehicle engines. Biodiesel fuel typically comprises lower alkyl fatty acid (chain length C14–C22), esters of short-chain alcohols, primarily, methanol or ethanol. Various methods have been reported for the production of biodiesel from vegetable oil, such as direct use and blending, microemulsification, pyrolysis, and transesterification. Among these, transesterification is an attractive and widely accepted technique. The purpose of the transesterification process is to lower the viscosity of the oil. The most important variables affecting methyl ester yield during the transesterification reaction are the molar ratio of alcohol to vegetable oil and the reaction temperature. Methanol is the commonly used alcohol in this process, due in part to its low cost. Methyl esters of vegetable oils have several outstanding advantages over other new-renewable and clean engine fuel alternatives. Biodiesel fuel is a renewable substitute fuel for petroleum diesel or petrodiesel fuel made from vegetable or animal fats; it can be used in any mixture with petrodiesel fuel, as it has very similar characteristics, but it has lower exhaust emissions. Biodiesel fuel has better properties than petrodiesel fuel; it is renewable, biodegradable, non-toxic, and essentially free of sulfur and aromatics. Biodiesel seems to be a realistic fuel for future; it has become more attractive recently because of its environmental benefits. Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly fuel that can be used in any diesel engine without modification<br />
|Demirbas, A.<br />
|Sila Science, Trabzon, Turkey<br />
|Demirbas, A. , Energy Conversion and Management, 50 (1), p.14-34, Jan 2009<br />
|Energy Conversion and Management<br />
|Jan-09<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
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{| style="border:1px solid #AAA; background:#E9E9E9" align="center"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:lightgrey" | Contact Dolcera<br />
|-<br />
| '''Email''': [mailto:info@dolcera.com info@dolcera.com]<br />
|-<br />
| '''Phone''': +1-650-269-7952, +91-40-2355-3493<br />
|}</div>Debanjanhttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=File:Map542.mm&diff=6956File:Map542.mm2009-09-16T15:11:47Z<p>Debanjan: </p>
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<div></div>Debanjanhttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=File:JpF-term.xls&diff=6955File:JpF-term.xls2009-09-16T14:25:59Z<p>Debanjan: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Debanjanhttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Biofuels_database_sample_wiki&diff=6954Biofuels database sample wiki2009-09-16T14:22:57Z<p>Debanjan: /* Sample Analysis */</p>
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<div>=='''Introduction'''==<br />
<br />
To create a comprehensive database covering all published patents and scientific literature encompassing various methods for production of various bio-based fuels/alcohols.<br />
<br />
===Objectives===<br />
* There is a need to map the thousands of patents & technical literature documents in Industrial Biotechnology world to fully understand the universe of organisms, enzymes, feedstock, products and by-products and the inter-relationships between them.<br />
* In other words, there is a need for systematic mapping pathways being explored globally.<br />
* To solve the above problem, Dolcera has built a comprehensive database with elaborate categorization for Industrial biotechnology companies helping them map the global innovation in the bio-fuels space to the following basic variables:<br />
** Various feedstock <br />
** Pre-treatment methods for feedstock <br />
** A variety of enzymes, bacteria, fungi, algae, yeast or a modified version of any of these that feed on feedstock <br />
** Output or products that are obtained when the enzymes or bacteria or fungi or yeast feed on these feedstock.<br />
<br />
===Who is it for?===<br />
* '''Research and Development (R&D) leaders''' - If you are a scientist at a Bio-Fuels firm, this database will help you gather the best technical intelligence. It will reveal all the pathways being explored globally. It will also help you compare your inventive thinking against inventions done in the outside world. Remember, 85% of all technical intelligence is available from patents so it is not worth missing!!<br />
* '''IP Attorneys''' - If you are an IP attorney planning IP strategy for your firm, you can compare the research strategy of your firm with all inventions out there. It will help you create a common talking ground with your inventors. <br />
* '''Corporate Strategy Group''' - The Dolcera database will help you refine your technology strategy by allowing you to study competitive strategy of your key competitors. Please bear in mind that 85% of all technical intelligence of your competitors can be studied from patents.<br />
<br />
=='''Overview'''==<br />
[[Image:biofig.jpg|300px|center|]]<br />
Biofuels represent effective means of supplying liquid transportation fuels from renewable resources.Of the biofuel options, alcohol fuels offer the most proven and practicable alternative for the conventional transportation fuels.The energy in biomass can be accessed by turning the raw materials, or feedstocks, into a usable form. Transportation fuels are made from biomass through ''biochemical'' or ''thermochemical processes''. Known as biofuels, these include ethanol, methanol, biodiesel, biocrude, and methane.<br />
<br />
'''Biomass Sources'''<br />
<br />
*Domestic crops<br />
*Energy crops<br />
*Agricultural Waste<br />
*Industrial Waste<br />
*Municipal Wastes<br />
*Cellulose/Hemicellulose rich material - cotton,wood,plant stalks,paper<br />
*Carbohydrates - sugar,starch,monosaccharides,disaccharides,polysaccharides<br />
*Algae<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Biomass Conversion Processes'''<br />
<br />
[[Image:ethanolfs.jpg|thumb|500px|right|'''A typical flowsheet for ethanol production''']]<br />
Thermochemical Processes - The thermochemical conversion of biomass to synthesis gas (syngas) encompasses processes that are carried out in closed systems under reducing (oxygen depleted) or oxidizing (partial oxygen) conditions at high temperatures (typically 1500-2000oF). The primary chemical processes that occur include pyrolysis, oxidation, steam reforming and gasification.<br />
<br />
*Pyrolysis - Rapid thermal decomposition of organic compounds in the absence of oxygen to produce gas,char, and liquids.Thermal pyrolysis and steam reforming of biomass are endothermic and typically require a secondary fuel to supply heat to the reaction chamber. This is often supplied with clean syngas recycled back to externally heat the reactor.<br />
<br />
*Gasification - high temperature (750 – 850 °C) conversion of solid, carbonaceous fuels into flammable gas mixture (syngas).Require oxygen or air for the conversion.<br />
<br />
Biochemical Processes - Biochemical conversion processes utilize acid hydrolysis for the conversion of cellulose to sugars,followed by the fermentation of the sugars to bioethanol.<br />
<br />
*Fermentation - Alcohol fermentation, like anaerobic digestion, is a biological process in which sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose are converted into cellular energy and thereby produce ethanol and carbon dioxide as metabolic waste products.It requires special attention through a series of living reactions.<br />
<br />
*Saccharification - The starch does not itself undergo alcoholic fermentation; it is first converted into maltose and other products by the action of the enzyme diastase (amylase). This diastase is usually supplied by malt - or, in the "amylo" process (described further on) by certain moulds.<br />
<br />
[http://chestofbooks.com/food/beverages/Alcohol-Properties/Saccharification.html Source]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Biofuels from microalgae'''<br />
<br />
[[Image:algaefoto.jpg|200px|right|]]<br />
Microalgae are sunlight-driven cell factories that convert carbon dioxide to potential biofuels, foods,feeds and high-value bioactives.In addition, these photosynthetic microorganisms are useful in bioremediation applications and as nitrogen fixing biofertilizers.Microalgae can provide several different types of renewable biofuels. These include methane produced by anaerobic digestion of the algal biomass;biodiesel derived from microalgal oil and photobiologically produced biohydrogen.<br />
[[Image:oilcontent.jpg|400px|right|]] <br />
Unlike other oil crops, microalgae grow extremely rapidly and many are exceedingly rich in oil. Microalgae commonly double their biomass within 24 h. Biomass doubling times during exponential growth are commonly as short as 3.5 h. Oil content in microalgae can exceed 80% by weight of dry biomass.Oil levels of 20–50% are quite common Oil productivity, that is the mass of oil produced per unit volume of the microalgal broth per day, depends on the algal growth rate and the oil content of the biomass. Microalgae with high oil productivities are desired for producing biodiesel.Microalgal biomass production - Producing microalgal biomass is generally more expensive than growing crops. Photosynthetic growth requires light, carbon dioxide, water and inorganic salts. Temperature must remain generally within 20 to 30 °C.Growth medium must provide the inorganic elements that constitute the algal cell. Essential elements include nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), iron and in some cases silicon.Microalgal biomass contains approximately 50% carbon by dry weight.All of this carbon is typically derived from carbon dioxide. Producing 100 t of algal biomass fixes roughly 183 t of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide must be fed continually during daylight hours.Ideally, microalgal biodiesel would be carbon neutral, as all the power needed for producing and processing the algae would come from biodiesel itself and from methane produced by anaerobic digestion of biomass residue left behind after the oils has been extracted.<br />
<br />
Large-scale production of microalgal biomass generally uses continuous culture during daylight.In this method of operation, fresh culture medium is fed at a constant rate and the same quantity of microalgal broth is withdrawn continuously.The only practicable methods of large-scale production of microalgae are ''raceway ponds'' and ''tubular photobioreactors''.<br />
<br />
Microalgal oils differ from most vegetable oils in being quite rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids with four or more double bonds.For example, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3; five double bonds) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3; six double bonds) occur commonly in algal oils.The extent of unsaturation of microalgal oil and its content of fatty acids with more than 4 double bonds can be reduced easily by partial catalytic hydrogenation of the oil.<br />
<br />
[http://dels.nas.edu/banr/gates1/docs/mtg5docs/bgdocs/biodiesel_microalgae.pdf|'''Source''']<br />
<br />
----<br />
=='''Dashboard'''==<br />
'''The Dolcera Dashboard for the database can be viewed here:'''<br><br />
[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=542'''Dashboard for the Biofuels and Biomaterials Innovations Database''']<br />
<br />
'''NOTE: '''Install the [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/Adobe Flash Player] if you are unable to view the Dashboard<br />
<br />
Features of the Dashboard can be viewed [http://dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Alopecia_Areata_Dashboard_Screenshots here]<br />
===='''Snapshots of the Dashboard'''====<br />
[[Image:Dashboard screen shot1.jpg|thumb|center|850px|'''Dashboard screen shot''']]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Dashboard screen shot21.jpg|thumb|center|850px|'''Dashboard screen shot''']]<br />
<br />
== '''Search strategy''' ==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''S.no'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''Concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''Search Query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''1836-date'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Vegetable biomass<br />
|align = "center"|Full patent specification<br />
|((vegetable ADJ1 biomass) OR vegetable<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR hull OR salix OR algae OR plant<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR (sweet ADJ1 corn) OR jatropha OR pulp OR forest<nowiki>*</nowiki>3 OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>grass<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 OR lignocellulos<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 OR cellulos<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 OR bamboo OR hemp OR cannabis OR sisal OR (pongamina ADJ1 pinnata) OR straw OR soapstock OR manure OR timber OR miscanthus OR agricultur<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 OR herbaceous OR food OR shea OR bran OR (switch ADJ1 grass) OR (turf ADJ1 grass) OR buckweat OR (millet ADJ1 husk<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR amaranth<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 OR (agro ADJ1 waste) OR leucaena OR gliricidia OR phytoplankton OR potato OR mahua OR pennycress OR cassava OR (vegetable NEAR waste) OR thistle OR olive OR (apple ADJ1 pulp) OR asparagus OR (Panicum ADJ1 virgatum) OR slash OR pea OR willow OR poplar OR copra OR (elephant ADJ1 grass) OR (Cynara ADJ1 Cardunculus) OR cardoon OR (Copaiba ADJ1 Oil) OR (Jojoba ADJ1 Oil) OR (milk ADJ1 bush) OR euphorbia OR tallow OR pine OR babassu OR cupuassu OR fungi OR (vegetable ADJ1 peel<nowiki>*</nowiki>1)OR potato<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR legnin OR slash OR amaranth<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 OR jute OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>wood<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR (Fallopia ADJ1 convolvulus) OR (Butyrospermum ADJ1 parkii) OR leaves OR leaf OR paper<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR fruit<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR stem<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR aggricultur<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR (municipal ADJ1 waste) OR (vegetable ADJ1 oil) OR grape<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR hyacinth OR biomass<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR kenaf<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR honge OR starch OR carbohydrate<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR stover<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR sunflower OR Pongamia OR waste<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR husk<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR molasse<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR garbage OR scrap<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR triticale<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR excreta OR silage<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR orchard<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR castor<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR hay<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR crop<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR fodder<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR seed<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR oilseed<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR soy<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR (animal ADJ1 fat) OR flax OR cotton<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR mushroom<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR catfish<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR camelina OR cheese OR pine<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR birch OR sawdust OR chicory OR artichoke<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>saccharide<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR microalgae OR algal)<br />
|align = "center"|7818012 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Food Grains<br />
|align = "center"|Full patent specification<br />
| (rice OR wheat OR barley OR cotton OR maize OR corn<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR grain<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR linseed OR (cotton ADJ1 seed) OR peanut<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR rapeseed<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR (petroleum ADJ1 nut ADJ1 oil) OR (flax ADJ1 seed) OR sorghum OR oil<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR soyabean OR legume OR sorghum OR (canola ADJ1 oil) OR (palm ADJ1 oil) OR sunflower OR (antichoke ADJ1 oil) OR (perilla ADJ1 oil) OR (Moringa ADJ1 Oleifera) OR (ben ADJ1 oil) OR (honge ADJ1 Oil) OR sesame OR mustard OR linseed OR oat<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR rye<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR cereal<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR millet<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR groundnut<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR peanut<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR coffee OR seed<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR rapseed OR (oil ADJ1 seed) OR (coconut ADJ1 oil))<br />
|align = "center"| 5474390 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|Sugar crops<br />
|align = "center"|Full patent specification<br />
|(Bagasse OR (Beta ADJ1 vulgaris) OR molasses OR sugarcane OR (sugar ADJ1 beat) OR beetroot OR chard OR (fodder ADJ1 beet) OR Saccharum OR beet<nowiki>*</nowiki>)<br />
|align = "center"|120301 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|Combined Query<br />
|align = "center"|1 OR 2 OR 3<br />
|align = "center"|10132435 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|Alcohols<br />
|align = "center"|Claims,title,abstract<br />
|align = "center"|bioalcohol<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR ethanol OR (ethyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR (methyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR methylcarbinol OR (anhydrous ADJ1 alcohol) OR (ethyl ADJ1 hydrate) OR (ethyl ADJ1 hydroxide) OR anhydrol OR bioethanol OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>methanol OR (methyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR (methyl ADJ1 hydrate) OR (methyl ADJ1 hydroxide) OR methylol OR carbinol OR (wood ADJ1 naptha) OR biomethanol OR propanol OR (propyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR biopropanol OR (propan ADJ3 o<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR butanol OR (butyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR biobutanol OR (butan ADJ3 o<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (propyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR propylcarbinol OR Butylalcohol OR methylolpropane OR (methylol ADJ1 propane) OR (Alcohol ADJ1 butylique) OR hydroxybutane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 butane) OR pentanol OR (pentyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR biopentanol OR (amyl ADj1 alcohol) OR amylalcohol OR (Butyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR butylcarbinol OR hexanol OR amylcarbinol OR (amyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR (capryl ADJ1 alcohol) OR caprylalcohol OR (pentyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR (hexyl ADj1 alcohol) OR hydroxyhexane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 hexane) OR biohexanol OR (Caproic ADJ1 alcohol) OR (hexan ADJ3 o<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR heptanol OR (heptyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR bioheptanol OR (heptan ADJ3 o<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR Gentanol OR (Enanthic ADJ1 alcohol) OR hydroxyheptane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 heptane) OR (Hexyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR ((C3 OR C4 OR c5 OR c6 OR C7 OR C8 OR C9) ADJ1 alcohol) OR octanol OR biooctanol OR (octyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR (octan ADJ3 o<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR ethylhexanol OR (ethyl ADJ1 hexanol) OR hydroxyoctane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 octane) OR amylethylcarbinol OR (amyl ADJ1 ethyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR (Caprylic ADJ1 alcohol) OR (Capryl ADJ1 alcohol) OR (ethyl ADJ1 amyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR ethylamylcarbinol OR (heptyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR nonanol OR (nonyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR (nonan ADJ3 o<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR octylcarbinol OR (octyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR hydroxynonane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 nonane) OR alcohol* OR glycol<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR (pantan ADJ1 o<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR biofuel<nowiki>*</nowiki>)<br />
|align = "center"|835737 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|Current IPC<br />
|C12P000702 OR C12P000706 OR C12P000704 OR C12P000708 OR C12P000710 OR C12P000712 OR C12P000714 OR C12P000716 OR C12P000720 OR C12P000728 OR C12P000736 OR C12P000754 OR C12P000752 OR C12P000740 OR C07C003104 OR C07C003108 OR C12F000304 OR C12F000308 OR C12C001107 OR C12C001109 OR C12C001100 OR C12C001110 OR C12C000500 OR C07C002976<br />
|align = "center"|23724 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|Combined Query<br />
|align = "center"|4 AND 5 AND 6<br />
|align = "center"|6462 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|Biodiesel production<br />
|align = "center"|Full patent specification<br />
| (biodiesel OR (bio ADJ1 diesel) OR (methyl ADJ1 ester<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (methyl ADJ1 soyate) OR (methyl ADJ1 tallowate) OR biofuel<nowiki>*</nowiki>)SAME (production OR prepar<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR synthes<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR produce OR produced OR bioproduction OR biosynthesis OR biometabolic OR bioconversion OR biotransformation OR yeast OR bacteria OR microb<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR micro<nowiki>*</nowiki>1organism)<br />
|align = "center"|69672 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|Algea<br />
|align = "center"|Claims,title,abstract<br />
|(algae OR microalgea OR algal OR Bacillariophyceae OR Chlorophyceae OR Cyanophyceae OR Xanthophyceaei OR Chrysophyceae OR Chlorella OR Crypthecodinium OR Schizocytrium OR Nannochloropsis OR Ulkenia OR Dunaliella OR Cyclotella OR Navicula OR Nitzschia OR Cyclotella OR Phaeodactylum OR Thaustochytrids OR Botryococcus braunii OR (Chlorella ADJ1 protothecoides))<br />
|align = "center"|12914 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|Combined Query<br />
|align = "center"|8 AND 9<br />
|align = "center"|588 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''11'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|Combined Query<br />
|align = "center"|10 OR 7<br />
|align = "center"|7015 hits('''3932 unique hits)'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
=== INPADOC Search Query ===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''S.no'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''Concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''Search Query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''Years'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''Hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Title,abstract'''<br />
|align = "center"|INPADOC<br />
|(bioalcohol<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR ethanol OR (ethyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR (methyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR methylcarbinol OR (anhydrous ADJ1 alcohol) OR (ethyl ADJ1 hydrate) OR (ethyl ADJ1 hydroxide) OR anhydrol OR bioethanol OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>methanol OR (methyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR (methyl ADJ1 hydrate) OR (methyl ADJ1 hydroxide) OR methylol OR carbinol OR (wood ADJ1 naptha) OR biomethanol OR propanol OR (propyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR biopropanol OR butanol OR (butyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR biobutanol OR (propyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR propylcarbinol OR Butylalcohol OR methylolpropane OR (methylol ADJ1 propane) OR (Alcohol ADJ1 butylique) OR hydroxybutane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 butane) OR pentanol OR (pentyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR biopentanol OR (amyl ADj1 alcohol) OR amylalcohol OR (Butyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR butylcarbinol OR hexanol OR amylcarbinol OR (amyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR (capryl ADJ1 alcohol) OR caprylalcohol OR (pentyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR (hexyl ADj1 alcohol) OR hydroxyhexane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 hexane) OR biohexanol OR (Caproic ADJ1 alcohol) OR heptanol OR (heptyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR bioheptanol OR Gentanol OR (Enanthic ADJ1 alcohol) OR hydroxyheptane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 heptane) OR (Hexyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR octanol OR biooctanol OR (octyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR ethylhexanol OR (ethyl ADJ1 hexanol) OR hydroxyoctane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 octane) OR amylethylcarbinol OR (amyl ADJ1 ethyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR (Caprylic ADJ1 alcohol) OR (Capryl ADJ1 alcohol) OR (ethyl ADJ1 amyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR ethylamylcarbinol OR (heptyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR nonanol OR (nonyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR octylcarbinol OR (octyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR hydroxynonane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 nonane) OR glycol<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR biofuel<nowiki>*</nowiki>)<br />
|align = "center"|1836-date<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF">497701 hits</font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''IPC'''<br />
|align = "center"|INPADOC<br />
|align = "center"|C12P OR B01D OR C12C OR C12D<br />
|align = "center"|1836-date<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF">538899 hits</font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Limit by country code'''<br />
|align = "center"|INPADOC<br />
|align = "center"| US OR WO OR DE OR EP OR FR OR JP OR GB<br />
|align = "center"|1836-date<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF">350751 hits</font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Combined Query'''<br />
|align = "center"|2 NOT 3<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF">188138 hits</font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99" colspan = "3"|'''Final Query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|1 AND 4<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|<font color="#0000FF">5392 '''(2931 unique records)'''</font><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=== F-term search ===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="47%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC" colspan = "3"|'''F-Term Search in JPO'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|'''Topic'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|'''Term'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|'''Description'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|'''Theme for F Term'''<br />
|align = "center"|4B064<br />
|align = "center"|Production of compounds from microorganisms<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080" rowspan = "3"|'''F-Terms'''<br />
|align = "center"|AC01<br />
|align = "center"|Alcohol<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|AC03<br />
|align = "center"|Ethanol<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|AC04<br />
|align = "center"|Butanol<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
*'''Number of records: 804'''<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=='''Bioalcohol Production Taxonomy '''==<br />
* '''Taxonomy used for the categorization of patents in the Dolcera Dashboard'''<br />
[[Image:Bioalcohol Production Taxonomyupl.JPG|thumb|center|850 px]]<br />
<br />
=='''Biomass Sources Taxonomy sample'''==<br />
[[Image:Biomass Sources Taxonomyup.JPG|thumb|center|650 px]]<br />
<br />
==Interactive taxonomy mind map==<br />
''Use the mouse(click and drag/scroll up or down/click on nodes) to explore nodes in the detailed taxonomy''<br><br />
''Click on the red arrow on the side of a node name to view the content for that particular node in the dashboard''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|<mm>[[map542.mm|flash|title Production of Bioalcohol|800pt]]</mm><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=='''Patent Analysis'''==<br />
===Sample Analysis===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''S.No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Publication No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Publication Year'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Abstract'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Dolcera summary'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090053777+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090053777%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090053777&RS=DN/20090053777 US20090053777]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|Alliance For Sustainable Energy, Llc<br />
|Process For Concentrated Biomass Saccharification<br />
|Processes for saccharification of pretreated biomass to obtain high concentrations of fermentable sugars are provided. Specifically, a process was developed that uses a fed batch approach with particle size reduction to provide a high dry weight of biomass content enzymatic saccharification reaction, which produces a high sugars concentration hydrolysate, using a low cost reactor system.<br />
|Process for producing high-sugar content hydrolysate from biomass where as on further fermentation of the hydrolysate alcohols namely methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanoletc are produced.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090047718+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090047718%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090047718&RS=DN/20090047718 US20090047718]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|Tetravitae Bioscience, Inc.<br />
|Methods and compositions for producing solvents<br />
|Described herein are methods, compositions and synthetic biology approaches for solvent production, including but not limited to butanol production. Described herein are recombinant bacteria and yeast strains which may be used in production of a solvent, including but not limited to butanol, from lignocellulosic and other plant-based feedstocks. Described herein are methods of producing solvents, including but not limited to butanol, using bacteria and yeast strains. Described herein are methods of producing organisms that display highly efficient butanol production.<br />
|New first recombinant solventogenic organism having altered gene expression involved in solvent production pathway relative to expression in first organism strain prior to its transformation, useful for producing a solvent, e.g. butanol<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090053771+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090053771%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090053771&RS=DN/20090053771 US20090053771]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|Board Of Trustees Of Michigan State University<br />
|Process for making fuels and chemicals from AFEX-treated whole grain or whole plants<br />
|A process for hydrolyzing whole grain or whole plant biomass after an Ammonia Fiber Explosion (AFEX) process step is described. The process preferably uses a biomass that is hydrolyzed using a different combination of enzymes (amylase, cellulase and hemicellulase) to sugars for fermentation to produce ethanol. Harvesting the whole plant inclusive of grains and stalk for ethanol bio-processing is an economical route for future biorefineries. In addition to sugars, various value-added products like proteins and oil can be co-generated.<br />
|Producing sugars from plant biomass involves treating comminuted plant biomass comprising cellulose, hemicellulose, and starch with concentrated ammonia under pressure; and hydrolyzing biomass using enzyme containing amylase and cellulase<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090023187+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090023187%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090023187&RS=DN/20090023187 US20090023187]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|Iogen Energy Corporation<br />
|Method of obtaining a product sugar stream from cellulosic biomass<br />
|A process for obtaining a product sugar stream from cellulosic biomass is disclosed. In one process, the cellulosic biomass is pretreated at a pH between about 0.4 to 2.0 by adding one or more than one acid to produce a pretreated cellulosic biomass comprising acetic acid. One or more than one base is then added to the pretreated cellulosic biomass to adjust the pretreated cellulosic biomass to a pH of about 4.0 to about 6.0 to produce a neutralized cellulosic biomass comprising inorganic salt and acetate salt. The neutralized biomass is then hydrolyzed by cellulase enzymes to produce a crude sugar stream. Insoluble residue is separated from the crude sugar stream and the resulting clarified sugar stream is treated using ion exclusion chromatography at about pH 5.0 to about 10.0 to produce one or more raffinate streams and a product stream. The raffinate stream comprises inorganic salts and acetate salts, and the product stream comprises sugar. The product stream may then be fermented or otherwise further processed. In an alternate process, a product sugar stream is obtained from a crude sugar stream that is produced from conversion of cellulosic biomass to sugar. The cellulosic biomass may be produced using any suitable method. In this process the crude sugar stream is treated using ion exclusion chromatography at about pH 5.0 to about 10.0 to produce one or more than one raffinate stream comprising sulfate and acetate salts, and a product stream comprising sugar, and the product sugar stream is obtained.<br />
|The present invention relates to a method of obtaining a product sugar stream from cellulosic biomass and microbial conversion to ethanol.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090082600+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090082600%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090082600&RS=DN/20090082600 US20090082600]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|Northern Illinois University<br />
|Native homoethanol Pathway for ethanol production in E. coli<br />
|A native homoethanol pathway including chromosomal deletions of genes that are competitive with the native homoethanol pathway, and a highly anaerobically expressed pyruvate dehydrogenase operon. Bacteria including the native homoethanol pathway. A method of making a bacteria derivative including a native homoethanol pathway by deleting genes that are competitive with ethanol production pathways, and performing transcriptional gene fusion and highly anaerobically expressing pyruvate dehydrogenase operon. A method of producing ethanol by fermenting bacteria including the native homoethanol pathway with biomass, and producing ethanol. Ethanol produced by the above method.<br />
|Method of producing ethanol in E.coli the steps of fermenting bacteria including the native homoethanol pathway with biomass with a yield of 90% under anaerobic conditions.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090087897+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090087897%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090087897&RS=DN/20090087897 US20090087897]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company<br />
|Prevention of bacterial growth in fermentation process<br />
|A fermentation process for the production of ethanol from natural sources, such as corn, comprising introducing a fermentable sugar, an inoculant, and a stabilized chlorine dioxide into a fermentation system is disclosed. The stabilized chlorine dioxide is added preventatively to the fermentation system, at concentrations in the fermentation system of acetic acid no greater than 0.30% (weight/volume) and lactic acid no greater than 0.60% (weight/volume). The stabilized chlorine dioxide is added in an amount effective to substantially prevent growth of bacteria.<br />
|A fermentation process to produce ethanol from natural sources, such as corn, comprising introducing a fermentable sugar, an inoculant, and a stabilized chlorine dioxide into a fermentation system forpreventing bacterial infection.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
*[[Media:jpF-term.xls|'''Click here for F-term on target sheet''']] - Dated August 24, 2009<br />
*[[Media:Biofuels sample analysis.xls|'''Click here for Sample Patent Analysis Sheet''']] - Dated July 30, 2009<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Patenting activity by Assignee/Applicant===<br />
<br />
[[Image:Bioalcohol1 Assigne1.jpeg |center|thumb|900px]]<br />
<br />
===Patenting activity by Priority Years===<br />
* NOTE: Patenting Activity graph is based on the earliest Priority years, therefore there is decline in the graph. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Bioalcohol1 prioriti.jpeg|center|thumb|850px]]<br />
<br />
===Continental distribution of patents===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patent2.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|'''Continental Distribution of Patents''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in Europe===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentU4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in Europe''']]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentUO4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''European countries in Others category''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in North America===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patent_NA41111.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in North America''']]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentNAO4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''North American countries in Others category''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in Asia===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentAS4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in Asia''']]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentASO4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Asian countries in Others category''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in Australia===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentAU4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in Australia''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in South America===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentSAO4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in South America''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in Africa===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentAFR4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in Africa''']]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Publications==<br />
<br />
===Search Strategy===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFCC00"|S.no<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFCC00"|Search Query<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFCC00"|Date<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFCC00"|Hits<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFCC00"|Relevancy<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC00"|1<br />
|align = "justify"|((fermentation OR bioconversion OR biotransformation OR biosynthesis OR biometabolism OR biocatalytic OR biosynthesize) AND (biofuel OR biofuels OR ethanol OR butanol OR propanol OR pentanol OR biogas OR biodiesel OR isobutanol OR bioethanol OR isopropanol OR isopentanol OR octanol OR nonanol OR biooctanol OR biononanol OR hexanol OR heptanol OR biohexanol OR bioheptanol )) AND ((production OR produce OR manufacture))<br />
|align = "center"|1900/01/01 to 2009/08/03<br />
|align = "center"|10,113 hits<br />
|align = "center"|45-50%<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Sample Analysis===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''S.NO'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Abstract'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Authors'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Company'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Citation'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Journal name'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Publication Date'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''1'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VRV-4TWSB5N-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=99895c1c623fb558353188a9f3a365dd Metabolic engineering of microorganisms for biofuels production: from bugs to synthetic biology to fuels]</u></font><br />
|The ability to generate microorganisms that can produce biofuels similar to petroleum-based transportation fuels would allow the use of existing engines and infrastructure and would save an enormous amount of capital required for replacing the current infrastructure to accommodate biofuels that have properties significantly different from petroleum-based fuels. Several groups have demonstrated the feasibility of manipulating microbes to produce molecules similar to petroleum-derived products, albeit at relatively low productivity (e.g. maximum butanol production is around 20 g/L). For cost-effective production of biofuels, the fuel-producing hosts and pathways must be engineered and optimized. Advances in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology will provide new tools for metabolic engineers to better understand how to rewire the cell in order to create the desired phenotypes for the production of economically viable biofuels.<br />
|Lee, S.K. / Chou, H. / Ham, T.S. / Lee, T.S. / Keasling, J.D.<br />
|Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA USA<br />
|Lee, S.K. / Chou, H. / Ham, T.S. / Lee, T.S. / Keasling, J.D. , Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 19 (6), p.556-563, Dec 2008<br />
|Current Opinion in Biotechnology<br />
|Dec-08<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''2'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VRV-4TF5H30-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=c7e3916aa1cd23b3b157946eb32a2c6d Metabolic engineering for advanced biofuels production from Escherichia coli ]</u></font><br />
|Global energy and environmental problems have stimulated increasing efforts toward synthesizing liquid biofuels as transportation energy. Compared to the traditional biofuel, ethanol, advanced biofuels should offer advantages such as higher energy density, lower hygroscopicity, lower vapor pressure, and compatibility with existing transportation infrastructure. However, these fuels are not synthesized economically using native organisms. Metabolic engineering offers an alternative approach in which synthetic pathways are engineered into user-friendly hosts for the production of these fuel molecules. These hosts could be readily manipulated to improve the production efficiency. This review summarizes recent progress in the engineering of Escherichia coli to produce advanced biofuels.<br />
|Atsumi, S. / Liao, J.C<br />
|Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles CA USA<br />
|Atsumi, S. / Liao, J.C. , Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 19 (5), p.414-419, Oct 2008 <br />
|Current Opinion in Biotechnology<br />
|Oct-08<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''3'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VS2-4W9Y3DX-2&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=96d2892ecb44dd431b303ef075cdc2c9 New microbial fuels: a biotech perspective]</u></font><br />
|Bioethanol and plant oil-derived biodiesel are generally considered first generation biofuels. Recognizing their apparent disadvantages, scientists and engineers are developing more sustainable and economically feasible second generation biofuels. The new microbial fuels summarized here have great potential to become viable replacements or at least supplements of petroleum-derived liquid transportation fuels. Yields and efficiencies of the four metabolic pathways leading to these microbial fuels — mostly designed and optimized in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae using modern tools of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology — and the robustness of the biocatalysts that convert the metabolic intermediates to, in some cases, finished and engine-ready fuels, will determine if they can be commercially successful and contribute to alleviating our dependence on fossil fuels.<br />
|Rude, M.A. / Schirmer, A<br />
|LS9, Inc,CA USA.<br />
|Rude, M.A. / Schirmer, A. , Current Opinion in Microbiology, 12 (3), p.274-281, Jun 2009 <br />
|Current Opinion in Microbiology<br />
|Jun-09<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''4'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TCW-4SM7RJW-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=dfd5735081cc5117cdd60b483257a272 Biofuel alternatives to ethanol: pumping the microbial well ]</u></font><br />
|Engineered microorganisms are currently used for the production of food products, pharmaceuticals, ethanol fuel and more. Even so, the enormous potential of this technology has yet to be fully exploited. The need for sustainable sources of transportation fuels has generated a tremendous interest in technologies that enable biofuel production. Decades of work have produced a considerable knowledge-base for the physiology and pathway engineering of microbes, making microbial engineering an ideal strategy for producing biofuel. Although ethanol currently dominates the biofuel market, some of its inherent physical properties make it a less than ideal product. To highlight additional options, we review advances in microbial engineering for the production of other potential fuel molecules, using a variety of biosynthetic pathways.<br />
|Fortman, J.L. / Chhabra, S. / Mukhopadhyay, A. / Chou, H. / Lee, T.S. / Steen, E. / Keasling, J.D<br />
|Joint BioEnergy Institute, CA USA.<br />
|Fortman, J.L. / Chhabra, S. / Mukhopadhyay, A. / Chou, H. / Lee, T.S. / Steen, E. / Keasling, J.D. , Trends in Biotechnology, 26 (7), p.375-381, Jul 2008<br />
|Trends in Biotechnology<br />
|Jul-08<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''5'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V2P-4TP7H1N-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=17d1798641bf2c6907fa58f27a376ef3 Progress and recent trends in biodiesel fuels ]</u></font><br />
|Fossil fuel resources are decreasing daily. Biodiesel fuels are attracting increasing attention worldwide as blending components or direct replacements for diesel fuel in vehicle engines. Biodiesel fuel typically comprises lower alkyl fatty acid (chain length C14–C22), esters of short-chain alcohols, primarily, methanol or ethanol. Various methods have been reported for the production of biodiesel from vegetable oil, such as direct use and blending, microemulsification, pyrolysis, and transesterification. Among these, transesterification is an attractive and widely accepted technique. The purpose of the transesterification process is to lower the viscosity of the oil. The most important variables affecting methyl ester yield during the transesterification reaction are the molar ratio of alcohol to vegetable oil and the reaction temperature. Methanol is the commonly used alcohol in this process, due in part to its low cost. Methyl esters of vegetable oils have several outstanding advantages over other new-renewable and clean engine fuel alternatives. Biodiesel fuel is a renewable substitute fuel for petroleum diesel or petrodiesel fuel made from vegetable or animal fats; it can be used in any mixture with petrodiesel fuel, as it has very similar characteristics, but it has lower exhaust emissions. Biodiesel fuel has better properties than petrodiesel fuel; it is renewable, biodegradable, non-toxic, and essentially free of sulfur and aromatics. Biodiesel seems to be a realistic fuel for future; it has become more attractive recently because of its environmental benefits. Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly fuel that can be used in any diesel engine without modification<br />
|Demirbas, A.<br />
|Sila Science, Trabzon, Turkey<br />
|Demirbas, A. , Energy Conversion and Management, 50 (1), p.14-34, Jan 2009<br />
|Energy Conversion and Management<br />
|Jan-09<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
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{| style="border:1px solid #AAA; background:#E9E9E9" align="center"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:lightgrey" | Contact Dolcera<br />
|-<br />
| '''Email''': [mailto:info@dolcera.com info@dolcera.com]<br />
|-<br />
| '''Phone''': +1-650-269-7952, +91-40-2355-3493<br />
|}</div>Debanjanhttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=File:Biofuels_sample_analysis.xls&diff=6953File:Biofuels sample analysis.xls2009-09-16T14:22:05Z<p>Debanjan: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Debanjanhttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=File:JpF.xls&diff=6952File:JpF.xls2009-09-16T14:20:11Z<p>Debanjan: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Debanjanhttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Biofuels_database_sample_wiki&diff=6951Biofuels database sample wiki2009-09-16T14:17:18Z<p>Debanjan: </p>
<hr />
<div>=='''Introduction'''==<br />
<br />
To create a comprehensive database covering all published patents and scientific literature encompassing various methods for production of various bio-based fuels/alcohols.<br />
<br />
===Objectives===<br />
* There is a need to map the thousands of patents & technical literature documents in Industrial Biotechnology world to fully understand the universe of organisms, enzymes, feedstock, products and by-products and the inter-relationships between them.<br />
* In other words, there is a need for systematic mapping pathways being explored globally.<br />
* To solve the above problem, Dolcera has built a comprehensive database with elaborate categorization for Industrial biotechnology companies helping them map the global innovation in the bio-fuels space to the following basic variables:<br />
** Various feedstock <br />
** Pre-treatment methods for feedstock <br />
** A variety of enzymes, bacteria, fungi, algae, yeast or a modified version of any of these that feed on feedstock <br />
** Output or products that are obtained when the enzymes or bacteria or fungi or yeast feed on these feedstock.<br />
<br />
===Who is it for?===<br />
* '''Research and Development (R&D) leaders''' - If you are a scientist at a Bio-Fuels firm, this database will help you gather the best technical intelligence. It will reveal all the pathways being explored globally. It will also help you compare your inventive thinking against inventions done in the outside world. Remember, 85% of all technical intelligence is available from patents so it is not worth missing!!<br />
* '''IP Attorneys''' - If you are an IP attorney planning IP strategy for your firm, you can compare the research strategy of your firm with all inventions out there. It will help you create a common talking ground with your inventors. <br />
* '''Corporate Strategy Group''' - The Dolcera database will help you refine your technology strategy by allowing you to study competitive strategy of your key competitors. Please bear in mind that 85% of all technical intelligence of your competitors can be studied from patents.<br />
<br />
=='''Overview'''==<br />
[[Image:biofig.jpg|300px|center|]]<br />
Biofuels represent effective means of supplying liquid transportation fuels from renewable resources.Of the biofuel options, alcohol fuels offer the most proven and practicable alternative for the conventional transportation fuels.The energy in biomass can be accessed by turning the raw materials, or feedstocks, into a usable form. Transportation fuels are made from biomass through ''biochemical'' or ''thermochemical processes''. Known as biofuels, these include ethanol, methanol, biodiesel, biocrude, and methane.<br />
<br />
'''Biomass Sources'''<br />
<br />
*Domestic crops<br />
*Energy crops<br />
*Agricultural Waste<br />
*Industrial Waste<br />
*Municipal Wastes<br />
*Cellulose/Hemicellulose rich material - cotton,wood,plant stalks,paper<br />
*Carbohydrates - sugar,starch,monosaccharides,disaccharides,polysaccharides<br />
*Algae<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Biomass Conversion Processes'''<br />
<br />
[[Image:ethanolfs.jpg|thumb|500px|right|'''A typical flowsheet for ethanol production''']]<br />
Thermochemical Processes - The thermochemical conversion of biomass to synthesis gas (syngas) encompasses processes that are carried out in closed systems under reducing (oxygen depleted) or oxidizing (partial oxygen) conditions at high temperatures (typically 1500-2000oF). The primary chemical processes that occur include pyrolysis, oxidation, steam reforming and gasification.<br />
<br />
*Pyrolysis - Rapid thermal decomposition of organic compounds in the absence of oxygen to produce gas,char, and liquids.Thermal pyrolysis and steam reforming of biomass are endothermic and typically require a secondary fuel to supply heat to the reaction chamber. This is often supplied with clean syngas recycled back to externally heat the reactor.<br />
<br />
*Gasification - high temperature (750 – 850 °C) conversion of solid, carbonaceous fuels into flammable gas mixture (syngas).Require oxygen or air for the conversion.<br />
<br />
Biochemical Processes - Biochemical conversion processes utilize acid hydrolysis for the conversion of cellulose to sugars,followed by the fermentation of the sugars to bioethanol.<br />
<br />
*Fermentation - Alcohol fermentation, like anaerobic digestion, is a biological process in which sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose are converted into cellular energy and thereby produce ethanol and carbon dioxide as metabolic waste products.It requires special attention through a series of living reactions.<br />
<br />
*Saccharification - The starch does not itself undergo alcoholic fermentation; it is first converted into maltose and other products by the action of the enzyme diastase (amylase). This diastase is usually supplied by malt - or, in the "amylo" process (described further on) by certain moulds.<br />
<br />
[http://chestofbooks.com/food/beverages/Alcohol-Properties/Saccharification.html Source]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Biofuels from microalgae'''<br />
<br />
[[Image:algaefoto.jpg|200px|right|]]<br />
Microalgae are sunlight-driven cell factories that convert carbon dioxide to potential biofuels, foods,feeds and high-value bioactives.In addition, these photosynthetic microorganisms are useful in bioremediation applications and as nitrogen fixing biofertilizers.Microalgae can provide several different types of renewable biofuels. These include methane produced by anaerobic digestion of the algal biomass;biodiesel derived from microalgal oil and photobiologically produced biohydrogen.<br />
[[Image:oilcontent.jpg|400px|right|]] <br />
Unlike other oil crops, microalgae grow extremely rapidly and many are exceedingly rich in oil. Microalgae commonly double their biomass within 24 h. Biomass doubling times during exponential growth are commonly as short as 3.5 h. Oil content in microalgae can exceed 80% by weight of dry biomass.Oil levels of 20–50% are quite common Oil productivity, that is the mass of oil produced per unit volume of the microalgal broth per day, depends on the algal growth rate and the oil content of the biomass. Microalgae with high oil productivities are desired for producing biodiesel.Microalgal biomass production - Producing microalgal biomass is generally more expensive than growing crops. Photosynthetic growth requires light, carbon dioxide, water and inorganic salts. Temperature must remain generally within 20 to 30 °C.Growth medium must provide the inorganic elements that constitute the algal cell. Essential elements include nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), iron and in some cases silicon.Microalgal biomass contains approximately 50% carbon by dry weight.All of this carbon is typically derived from carbon dioxide. Producing 100 t of algal biomass fixes roughly 183 t of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide must be fed continually during daylight hours.Ideally, microalgal biodiesel would be carbon neutral, as all the power needed for producing and processing the algae would come from biodiesel itself and from methane produced by anaerobic digestion of biomass residue left behind after the oils has been extracted.<br />
<br />
Large-scale production of microalgal biomass generally uses continuous culture during daylight.In this method of operation, fresh culture medium is fed at a constant rate and the same quantity of microalgal broth is withdrawn continuously.The only practicable methods of large-scale production of microalgae are ''raceway ponds'' and ''tubular photobioreactors''.<br />
<br />
Microalgal oils differ from most vegetable oils in being quite rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids with four or more double bonds.For example, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3; five double bonds) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3; six double bonds) occur commonly in algal oils.The extent of unsaturation of microalgal oil and its content of fatty acids with more than 4 double bonds can be reduced easily by partial catalytic hydrogenation of the oil.<br />
<br />
[http://dels.nas.edu/banr/gates1/docs/mtg5docs/bgdocs/biodiesel_microalgae.pdf|'''Source''']<br />
<br />
----<br />
=='''Dashboard'''==<br />
'''The Dolcera Dashboard for the database can be viewed here:'''<br><br />
[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=542'''Dashboard for the Biofuels and Biomaterials Innovations Database''']<br />
<br />
'''NOTE: '''Install the [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/Adobe Flash Player] if you are unable to view the Dashboard<br />
<br />
Features of the Dashboard can be viewed [http://dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Alopecia_Areata_Dashboard_Screenshots here]<br />
===='''Snapshots of the Dashboard'''====<br />
[[Image:Dashboard screen shot1.jpg|thumb|center|850px|'''Dashboard screen shot''']]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Dashboard screen shot21.jpg|thumb|center|850px|'''Dashboard screen shot''']]<br />
<br />
== '''Search strategy''' ==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''S.no'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''Concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''Search Query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''1836-date'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Vegetable biomass<br />
|align = "center"|Full patent specification<br />
|((vegetable ADJ1 biomass) OR vegetable<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR hull OR salix OR algae OR plant<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR (sweet ADJ1 corn) OR jatropha OR pulp OR forest<nowiki>*</nowiki>3 OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>grass<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 OR lignocellulos<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 OR cellulos<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 OR bamboo OR hemp OR cannabis OR sisal OR (pongamina ADJ1 pinnata) OR straw OR soapstock OR manure OR timber OR miscanthus OR agricultur<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 OR herbaceous OR food OR shea OR bran OR (switch ADJ1 grass) OR (turf ADJ1 grass) OR buckweat OR (millet ADJ1 husk<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR amaranth<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 OR (agro ADJ1 waste) OR leucaena OR gliricidia OR phytoplankton OR potato OR mahua OR pennycress OR cassava OR (vegetable NEAR waste) OR thistle OR olive OR (apple ADJ1 pulp) OR asparagus OR (Panicum ADJ1 virgatum) OR slash OR pea OR willow OR poplar OR copra OR (elephant ADJ1 grass) OR (Cynara ADJ1 Cardunculus) OR cardoon OR (Copaiba ADJ1 Oil) OR (Jojoba ADJ1 Oil) OR (milk ADJ1 bush) OR euphorbia OR tallow OR pine OR babassu OR cupuassu OR fungi OR (vegetable ADJ1 peel<nowiki>*</nowiki>1)OR potato<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR legnin OR slash OR amaranth<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 OR jute OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>wood<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR (Fallopia ADJ1 convolvulus) OR (Butyrospermum ADJ1 parkii) OR leaves OR leaf OR paper<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR fruit<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR stem<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR aggricultur<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR (municipal ADJ1 waste) OR (vegetable ADJ1 oil) OR grape<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR hyacinth OR biomass<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR kenaf<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR honge OR starch OR carbohydrate<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR stover<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR sunflower OR Pongamia OR waste<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR husk<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR molasse<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR garbage OR scrap<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR triticale<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR excreta OR silage<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR orchard<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR castor<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR hay<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR crop<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR fodder<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR seed<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR oilseed<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR soy<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR (animal ADJ1 fat) OR flax OR cotton<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR mushroom<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR catfish<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR camelina OR cheese OR pine<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR birch OR sawdust OR chicory OR artichoke<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>saccharide<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR microalgae OR algal)<br />
|align = "center"|7818012 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Food Grains<br />
|align = "center"|Full patent specification<br />
| (rice OR wheat OR barley OR cotton OR maize OR corn<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR grain<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR linseed OR (cotton ADJ1 seed) OR peanut<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR rapeseed<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR (petroleum ADJ1 nut ADJ1 oil) OR (flax ADJ1 seed) OR sorghum OR oil<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR soyabean OR legume OR sorghum OR (canola ADJ1 oil) OR (palm ADJ1 oil) OR sunflower OR (antichoke ADJ1 oil) OR (perilla ADJ1 oil) OR (Moringa ADJ1 Oleifera) OR (ben ADJ1 oil) OR (honge ADJ1 Oil) OR sesame OR mustard OR linseed OR oat<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR rye<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR cereal<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR millet<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR groundnut<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR peanut<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR coffee OR seed<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR rapseed OR (oil ADJ1 seed) OR (coconut ADJ1 oil))<br />
|align = "center"| 5474390 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|Sugar crops<br />
|align = "center"|Full patent specification<br />
|(Bagasse OR (Beta ADJ1 vulgaris) OR molasses OR sugarcane OR (sugar ADJ1 beat) OR beetroot OR chard OR (fodder ADJ1 beet) OR Saccharum OR beet<nowiki>*</nowiki>)<br />
|align = "center"|120301 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|Combined Query<br />
|align = "center"|1 OR 2 OR 3<br />
|align = "center"|10132435 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|Alcohols<br />
|align = "center"|Claims,title,abstract<br />
|align = "center"|bioalcohol<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR ethanol OR (ethyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR (methyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR methylcarbinol OR (anhydrous ADJ1 alcohol) OR (ethyl ADJ1 hydrate) OR (ethyl ADJ1 hydroxide) OR anhydrol OR bioethanol OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>methanol OR (methyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR (methyl ADJ1 hydrate) OR (methyl ADJ1 hydroxide) OR methylol OR carbinol OR (wood ADJ1 naptha) OR biomethanol OR propanol OR (propyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR biopropanol OR (propan ADJ3 o<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR butanol OR (butyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR biobutanol OR (butan ADJ3 o<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (propyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR propylcarbinol OR Butylalcohol OR methylolpropane OR (methylol ADJ1 propane) OR (Alcohol ADJ1 butylique) OR hydroxybutane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 butane) OR pentanol OR (pentyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR biopentanol OR (amyl ADj1 alcohol) OR amylalcohol OR (Butyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR butylcarbinol OR hexanol OR amylcarbinol OR (amyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR (capryl ADJ1 alcohol) OR caprylalcohol OR (pentyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR (hexyl ADj1 alcohol) OR hydroxyhexane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 hexane) OR biohexanol OR (Caproic ADJ1 alcohol) OR (hexan ADJ3 o<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR heptanol OR (heptyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR bioheptanol OR (heptan ADJ3 o<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR Gentanol OR (Enanthic ADJ1 alcohol) OR hydroxyheptane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 heptane) OR (Hexyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR ((C3 OR C4 OR c5 OR c6 OR C7 OR C8 OR C9) ADJ1 alcohol) OR octanol OR biooctanol OR (octyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR (octan ADJ3 o<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR ethylhexanol OR (ethyl ADJ1 hexanol) OR hydroxyoctane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 octane) OR amylethylcarbinol OR (amyl ADJ1 ethyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR (Caprylic ADJ1 alcohol) OR (Capryl ADJ1 alcohol) OR (ethyl ADJ1 amyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR ethylamylcarbinol OR (heptyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR nonanol OR (nonyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR (nonan ADJ3 o<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR octylcarbinol OR (octyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR hydroxynonane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 nonane) OR alcohol* OR glycol<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR (pantan ADJ1 o<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR biofuel<nowiki>*</nowiki>)<br />
|align = "center"|835737 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|Current IPC<br />
|C12P000702 OR C12P000706 OR C12P000704 OR C12P000708 OR C12P000710 OR C12P000712 OR C12P000714 OR C12P000716 OR C12P000720 OR C12P000728 OR C12P000736 OR C12P000754 OR C12P000752 OR C12P000740 OR C07C003104 OR C07C003108 OR C12F000304 OR C12F000308 OR C12C001107 OR C12C001109 OR C12C001100 OR C12C001110 OR C12C000500 OR C07C002976<br />
|align = "center"|23724 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|Combined Query<br />
|align = "center"|4 AND 5 AND 6<br />
|align = "center"|6462 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|Biodiesel production<br />
|align = "center"|Full patent specification<br />
| (biodiesel OR (bio ADJ1 diesel) OR (methyl ADJ1 ester<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (methyl ADJ1 soyate) OR (methyl ADJ1 tallowate) OR biofuel<nowiki>*</nowiki>)SAME (production OR prepar<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR synthes<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR produce OR produced OR bioproduction OR biosynthesis OR biometabolic OR bioconversion OR biotransformation OR yeast OR bacteria OR microb<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR micro<nowiki>*</nowiki>1organism)<br />
|align = "center"|69672 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|Algea<br />
|align = "center"|Claims,title,abstract<br />
|(algae OR microalgea OR algal OR Bacillariophyceae OR Chlorophyceae OR Cyanophyceae OR Xanthophyceaei OR Chrysophyceae OR Chlorella OR Crypthecodinium OR Schizocytrium OR Nannochloropsis OR Ulkenia OR Dunaliella OR Cyclotella OR Navicula OR Nitzschia OR Cyclotella OR Phaeodactylum OR Thaustochytrids OR Botryococcus braunii OR (Chlorella ADJ1 protothecoides))<br />
|align = "center"|12914 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|Combined Query<br />
|align = "center"|8 AND 9<br />
|align = "center"|588 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''11'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|Combined Query<br />
|align = "center"|10 OR 7<br />
|align = "center"|7015 hits('''3932 unique hits)'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
=== INPADOC Search Query ===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''S.no'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''Concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''Search Query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''Years'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''Hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Title,abstract'''<br />
|align = "center"|INPADOC<br />
|(bioalcohol<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR ethanol OR (ethyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR (methyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR methylcarbinol OR (anhydrous ADJ1 alcohol) OR (ethyl ADJ1 hydrate) OR (ethyl ADJ1 hydroxide) OR anhydrol OR bioethanol OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>methanol OR (methyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR (methyl ADJ1 hydrate) OR (methyl ADJ1 hydroxide) OR methylol OR carbinol OR (wood ADJ1 naptha) OR biomethanol OR propanol OR (propyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR biopropanol OR butanol OR (butyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR biobutanol OR (propyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR propylcarbinol OR Butylalcohol OR methylolpropane OR (methylol ADJ1 propane) OR (Alcohol ADJ1 butylique) OR hydroxybutane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 butane) OR pentanol OR (pentyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR biopentanol OR (amyl ADj1 alcohol) OR amylalcohol OR (Butyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR butylcarbinol OR hexanol OR amylcarbinol OR (amyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR (capryl ADJ1 alcohol) OR caprylalcohol OR (pentyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR (hexyl ADj1 alcohol) OR hydroxyhexane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 hexane) OR biohexanol OR (Caproic ADJ1 alcohol) OR heptanol OR (heptyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR bioheptanol OR Gentanol OR (Enanthic ADJ1 alcohol) OR hydroxyheptane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 heptane) OR (Hexyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR octanol OR biooctanol OR (octyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR ethylhexanol OR (ethyl ADJ1 hexanol) OR hydroxyoctane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 octane) OR amylethylcarbinol OR (amyl ADJ1 ethyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR (Caprylic ADJ1 alcohol) OR (Capryl ADJ1 alcohol) OR (ethyl ADJ1 amyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR ethylamylcarbinol OR (heptyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR nonanol OR (nonyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR octylcarbinol OR (octyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR hydroxynonane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 nonane) OR glycol<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR biofuel<nowiki>*</nowiki>)<br />
|align = "center"|1836-date<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF">497701 hits</font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''IPC'''<br />
|align = "center"|INPADOC<br />
|align = "center"|C12P OR B01D OR C12C OR C12D<br />
|align = "center"|1836-date<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF">538899 hits</font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Limit by country code'''<br />
|align = "center"|INPADOC<br />
|align = "center"| US OR WO OR DE OR EP OR FR OR JP OR GB<br />
|align = "center"|1836-date<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF">350751 hits</font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Combined Query'''<br />
|align = "center"|2 NOT 3<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF">188138 hits</font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99" colspan = "3"|'''Final Query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|1 AND 4<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|<font color="#0000FF">5392 '''(2931 unique records)'''</font><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=== F-term search ===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="47%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC" colspan = "3"|'''F-Term Search in JPO'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|'''Topic'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|'''Term'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|'''Description'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|'''Theme for F Term'''<br />
|align = "center"|4B064<br />
|align = "center"|Production of compounds from microorganisms<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080" rowspan = "3"|'''F-Terms'''<br />
|align = "center"|AC01<br />
|align = "center"|Alcohol<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|AC03<br />
|align = "center"|Ethanol<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|AC04<br />
|align = "center"|Butanol<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
*'''Number of records: 804'''<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=='''Bioalcohol Production Taxonomy '''==<br />
* '''Taxonomy used for the categorization of patents in the Dolcera Dashboard'''<br />
[[Image:Bioalcohol Production Taxonomyupl.JPG|thumb|center|850 px]]<br />
<br />
=='''Biomass Sources Taxonomy sample'''==<br />
[[Image:Biomass Sources Taxonomyup.JPG|thumb|center|650 px]]<br />
<br />
==Interactive taxonomy mind map==<br />
''Use the mouse(click and drag/scroll up or down/click on nodes) to explore nodes in the detailed taxonomy''<br><br />
''Click on the red arrow on the side of a node name to view the content for that particular node in the dashboard''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|<mm>[[map542.mm|flash|title Production of Bioalcohol|800pt]]</mm><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=='''Patent Analysis'''==<br />
===Sample Analysis===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''S.No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Publication No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Publication Year'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Abstract'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Dolcera summary'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090053777+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090053777%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090053777&RS=DN/20090053777 US20090053777]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|Alliance For Sustainable Energy, Llc<br />
|Process For Concentrated Biomass Saccharification<br />
|Processes for saccharification of pretreated biomass to obtain high concentrations of fermentable sugars are provided. Specifically, a process was developed that uses a fed batch approach with particle size reduction to provide a high dry weight of biomass content enzymatic saccharification reaction, which produces a high sugars concentration hydrolysate, using a low cost reactor system.<br />
|Process for producing high-sugar content hydrolysate from biomass where as on further fermentation of the hydrolysate alcohols namely methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanoletc are produced.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090047718+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090047718%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090047718&RS=DN/20090047718 US20090047718]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|Tetravitae Bioscience, Inc.<br />
|Methods and compositions for producing solvents<br />
|Described herein are methods, compositions and synthetic biology approaches for solvent production, including but not limited to butanol production. Described herein are recombinant bacteria and yeast strains which may be used in production of a solvent, including but not limited to butanol, from lignocellulosic and other plant-based feedstocks. Described herein are methods of producing solvents, including but not limited to butanol, using bacteria and yeast strains. Described herein are methods of producing organisms that display highly efficient butanol production.<br />
|New first recombinant solventogenic organism having altered gene expression involved in solvent production pathway relative to expression in first organism strain prior to its transformation, useful for producing a solvent, e.g. butanol<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090053771+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090053771%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090053771&RS=DN/20090053771 US20090053771]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|Board Of Trustees Of Michigan State University<br />
|Process for making fuels and chemicals from AFEX-treated whole grain or whole plants<br />
|A process for hydrolyzing whole grain or whole plant biomass after an Ammonia Fiber Explosion (AFEX) process step is described. The process preferably uses a biomass that is hydrolyzed using a different combination of enzymes (amylase, cellulase and hemicellulase) to sugars for fermentation to produce ethanol. Harvesting the whole plant inclusive of grains and stalk for ethanol bio-processing is an economical route for future biorefineries. In addition to sugars, various value-added products like proteins and oil can be co-generated.<br />
|Producing sugars from plant biomass involves treating comminuted plant biomass comprising cellulose, hemicellulose, and starch with concentrated ammonia under pressure; and hydrolyzing biomass using enzyme containing amylase and cellulase<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090023187+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090023187%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090023187&RS=DN/20090023187 US20090023187]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|Iogen Energy Corporation<br />
|Method of obtaining a product sugar stream from cellulosic biomass<br />
|A process for obtaining a product sugar stream from cellulosic biomass is disclosed. In one process, the cellulosic biomass is pretreated at a pH between about 0.4 to 2.0 by adding one or more than one acid to produce a pretreated cellulosic biomass comprising acetic acid. One or more than one base is then added to the pretreated cellulosic biomass to adjust the pretreated cellulosic biomass to a pH of about 4.0 to about 6.0 to produce a neutralized cellulosic biomass comprising inorganic salt and acetate salt. The neutralized biomass is then hydrolyzed by cellulase enzymes to produce a crude sugar stream. Insoluble residue is separated from the crude sugar stream and the resulting clarified sugar stream is treated using ion exclusion chromatography at about pH 5.0 to about 10.0 to produce one or more raffinate streams and a product stream. The raffinate stream comprises inorganic salts and acetate salts, and the product stream comprises sugar. The product stream may then be fermented or otherwise further processed. In an alternate process, a product sugar stream is obtained from a crude sugar stream that is produced from conversion of cellulosic biomass to sugar. The cellulosic biomass may be produced using any suitable method. In this process the crude sugar stream is treated using ion exclusion chromatography at about pH 5.0 to about 10.0 to produce one or more than one raffinate stream comprising sulfate and acetate salts, and a product stream comprising sugar, and the product sugar stream is obtained.<br />
|The present invention relates to a method of obtaining a product sugar stream from cellulosic biomass and microbial conversion to ethanol.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090082600+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090082600%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090082600&RS=DN/20090082600 US20090082600]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|Northern Illinois University<br />
|Native homoethanol Pathway for ethanol production in E. coli<br />
|A native homoethanol pathway including chromosomal deletions of genes that are competitive with the native homoethanol pathway, and a highly anaerobically expressed pyruvate dehydrogenase operon. Bacteria including the native homoethanol pathway. A method of making a bacteria derivative including a native homoethanol pathway by deleting genes that are competitive with ethanol production pathways, and performing transcriptional gene fusion and highly anaerobically expressing pyruvate dehydrogenase operon. A method of producing ethanol by fermenting bacteria including the native homoethanol pathway with biomass, and producing ethanol. Ethanol produced by the above method.<br />
|Method of producing ethanol in E.coli the steps of fermenting bacteria including the native homoethanol pathway with biomass with a yield of 90% under anaerobic conditions.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090087897+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090087897%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090087897&RS=DN/20090087897 US20090087897]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company<br />
|Prevention of bacterial growth in fermentation process<br />
|A fermentation process for the production of ethanol from natural sources, such as corn, comprising introducing a fermentable sugar, an inoculant, and a stabilized chlorine dioxide into a fermentation system is disclosed. The stabilized chlorine dioxide is added preventatively to the fermentation system, at concentrations in the fermentation system of acetic acid no greater than 0.30% (weight/volume) and lactic acid no greater than 0.60% (weight/volume). The stabilized chlorine dioxide is added in an amount effective to substantially prevent growth of bacteria.<br />
|A fermentation process to produce ethanol from natural sources, such as corn, comprising introducing a fermentable sugar, an inoculant, and a stabilized chlorine dioxide into a fermentation system forpreventing bacterial infection.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
*[[Media:jp.xls|'''Click here for F-term on target sheet''']] - Dated August 24, 2009<br />
*[[Media:Biofuels sample analysis.xls|'''Click here for Sample Patent Analysis Sheet''']] - Dated July 30, 2009<br />
<br />
<br />
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<br />
===Patenting activity by Assignee/Applicant===<br />
<br />
[[Image:Bioalcohol1 Assigne1.jpeg |center|thumb|900px]]<br />
<br />
===Patenting activity by Priority Years===<br />
* NOTE: Patenting Activity graph is based on the earliest Priority years, therefore there is decline in the graph. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Bioalcohol1 prioriti.jpeg|center|thumb|850px]]<br />
<br />
===Continental distribution of patents===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patent2.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|'''Continental Distribution of Patents''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in Europe===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentU4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in Europe''']]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentUO4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''European countries in Others category''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in North America===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patent_NA41111.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in North America''']]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentNAO4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''North American countries in Others category''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in Asia===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentAS4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in Asia''']]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentASO4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Asian countries in Others category''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in Australia===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentAU4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in Australia''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in South America===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentSAO4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in South America''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in Africa===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentAFR4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in Africa''']]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Publications==<br />
<br />
===Search Strategy===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFCC00"|S.no<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFCC00"|Search Query<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFCC00"|Date<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFCC00"|Hits<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFCC00"|Relevancy<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC00"|1<br />
|align = "justify"|((fermentation OR bioconversion OR biotransformation OR biosynthesis OR biometabolism OR biocatalytic OR biosynthesize) AND (biofuel OR biofuels OR ethanol OR butanol OR propanol OR pentanol OR biogas OR biodiesel OR isobutanol OR bioethanol OR isopropanol OR isopentanol OR octanol OR nonanol OR biooctanol OR biononanol OR hexanol OR heptanol OR biohexanol OR bioheptanol )) AND ((production OR produce OR manufacture))<br />
|align = "center"|1900/01/01 to 2009/08/03<br />
|align = "center"|10,113 hits<br />
|align = "center"|45-50%<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Sample Analysis===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''S.NO'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Abstract'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Authors'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Company'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Citation'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Journal name'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Publication Date'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''1'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VRV-4TWSB5N-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=99895c1c623fb558353188a9f3a365dd Metabolic engineering of microorganisms for biofuels production: from bugs to synthetic biology to fuels]</u></font><br />
|The ability to generate microorganisms that can produce biofuels similar to petroleum-based transportation fuels would allow the use of existing engines and infrastructure and would save an enormous amount of capital required for replacing the current infrastructure to accommodate biofuels that have properties significantly different from petroleum-based fuels. Several groups have demonstrated the feasibility of manipulating microbes to produce molecules similar to petroleum-derived products, albeit at relatively low productivity (e.g. maximum butanol production is around 20 g/L). For cost-effective production of biofuels, the fuel-producing hosts and pathways must be engineered and optimized. Advances in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology will provide new tools for metabolic engineers to better understand how to rewire the cell in order to create the desired phenotypes for the production of economically viable biofuels.<br />
|Lee, S.K. / Chou, H. / Ham, T.S. / Lee, T.S. / Keasling, J.D.<br />
|Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA USA<br />
|Lee, S.K. / Chou, H. / Ham, T.S. / Lee, T.S. / Keasling, J.D. , Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 19 (6), p.556-563, Dec 2008<br />
|Current Opinion in Biotechnology<br />
|Dec-08<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''2'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VRV-4TF5H30-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=c7e3916aa1cd23b3b157946eb32a2c6d Metabolic engineering for advanced biofuels production from Escherichia coli ]</u></font><br />
|Global energy and environmental problems have stimulated increasing efforts toward synthesizing liquid biofuels as transportation energy. Compared to the traditional biofuel, ethanol, advanced biofuels should offer advantages such as higher energy density, lower hygroscopicity, lower vapor pressure, and compatibility with existing transportation infrastructure. However, these fuels are not synthesized economically using native organisms. Metabolic engineering offers an alternative approach in which synthetic pathways are engineered into user-friendly hosts for the production of these fuel molecules. These hosts could be readily manipulated to improve the production efficiency. This review summarizes recent progress in the engineering of Escherichia coli to produce advanced biofuels.<br />
|Atsumi, S. / Liao, J.C<br />
|Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles CA USA<br />
|Atsumi, S. / Liao, J.C. , Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 19 (5), p.414-419, Oct 2008 <br />
|Current Opinion in Biotechnology<br />
|Oct-08<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''3'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VS2-4W9Y3DX-2&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=96d2892ecb44dd431b303ef075cdc2c9 New microbial fuels: a biotech perspective]</u></font><br />
|Bioethanol and plant oil-derived biodiesel are generally considered first generation biofuels. Recognizing their apparent disadvantages, scientists and engineers are developing more sustainable and economically feasible second generation biofuels. The new microbial fuels summarized here have great potential to become viable replacements or at least supplements of petroleum-derived liquid transportation fuels. Yields and efficiencies of the four metabolic pathways leading to these microbial fuels — mostly designed and optimized in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae using modern tools of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology — and the robustness of the biocatalysts that convert the metabolic intermediates to, in some cases, finished and engine-ready fuels, will determine if they can be commercially successful and contribute to alleviating our dependence on fossil fuels.<br />
|Rude, M.A. / Schirmer, A<br />
|LS9, Inc,CA USA.<br />
|Rude, M.A. / Schirmer, A. , Current Opinion in Microbiology, 12 (3), p.274-281, Jun 2009 <br />
|Current Opinion in Microbiology<br />
|Jun-09<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''4'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TCW-4SM7RJW-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=dfd5735081cc5117cdd60b483257a272 Biofuel alternatives to ethanol: pumping the microbial well ]</u></font><br />
|Engineered microorganisms are currently used for the production of food products, pharmaceuticals, ethanol fuel and more. Even so, the enormous potential of this technology has yet to be fully exploited. The need for sustainable sources of transportation fuels has generated a tremendous interest in technologies that enable biofuel production. Decades of work have produced a considerable knowledge-base for the physiology and pathway engineering of microbes, making microbial engineering an ideal strategy for producing biofuel. Although ethanol currently dominates the biofuel market, some of its inherent physical properties make it a less than ideal product. To highlight additional options, we review advances in microbial engineering for the production of other potential fuel molecules, using a variety of biosynthetic pathways.<br />
|Fortman, J.L. / Chhabra, S. / Mukhopadhyay, A. / Chou, H. / Lee, T.S. / Steen, E. / Keasling, J.D<br />
|Joint BioEnergy Institute, CA USA.<br />
|Fortman, J.L. / Chhabra, S. / Mukhopadhyay, A. / Chou, H. / Lee, T.S. / Steen, E. / Keasling, J.D. , Trends in Biotechnology, 26 (7), p.375-381, Jul 2008<br />
|Trends in Biotechnology<br />
|Jul-08<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''5'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V2P-4TP7H1N-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=17d1798641bf2c6907fa58f27a376ef3 Progress and recent trends in biodiesel fuels ]</u></font><br />
|Fossil fuel resources are decreasing daily. Biodiesel fuels are attracting increasing attention worldwide as blending components or direct replacements for diesel fuel in vehicle engines. Biodiesel fuel typically comprises lower alkyl fatty acid (chain length C14–C22), esters of short-chain alcohols, primarily, methanol or ethanol. Various methods have been reported for the production of biodiesel from vegetable oil, such as direct use and blending, microemulsification, pyrolysis, and transesterification. Among these, transesterification is an attractive and widely accepted technique. The purpose of the transesterification process is to lower the viscosity of the oil. The most important variables affecting methyl ester yield during the transesterification reaction are the molar ratio of alcohol to vegetable oil and the reaction temperature. Methanol is the commonly used alcohol in this process, due in part to its low cost. Methyl esters of vegetable oils have several outstanding advantages over other new-renewable and clean engine fuel alternatives. Biodiesel fuel is a renewable substitute fuel for petroleum diesel or petrodiesel fuel made from vegetable or animal fats; it can be used in any mixture with petrodiesel fuel, as it has very similar characteristics, but it has lower exhaust emissions. Biodiesel fuel has better properties than petrodiesel fuel; it is renewable, biodegradable, non-toxic, and essentially free of sulfur and aromatics. Biodiesel seems to be a realistic fuel for future; it has become more attractive recently because of its environmental benefits. Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly fuel that can be used in any diesel engine without modification<br />
|Demirbas, A.<br />
|Sila Science, Trabzon, Turkey<br />
|Demirbas, A. , Energy Conversion and Management, 50 (1), p.14-34, Jan 2009<br />
|Energy Conversion and Management<br />
|Jan-09<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
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{| style="border:1px solid #AAA; background:#E9E9E9" align="center"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:lightgrey" | Contact Dolcera<br />
|-<br />
| '''Email''': [mailto:info@dolcera.com info@dolcera.com]<br />
|-<br />
| '''Phone''': +1-650-269-7952, +91-40-2355-3493<br />
|}</div>Debanjanhttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Biofuels_database_sample_wiki&diff=6950Biofuels database sample wiki2009-09-16T14:16:34Z<p>Debanjan: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
=='''Introduction'''==<br />
<br />
To create a comprehensive database covering all published patents and scientific literature encompassing various methods for production of various bio-based fuels/alcohols.<br />
<br />
===Objectives===<br />
* There is a need to map the thousands of patents & technical literature documents in Industrial Biotechnology world to fully understand the universe of organisms, enzymes, feedstock, products and by-products and the inter-relationships between them.<br />
* In other words, there is a need for systematic mapping pathways being explored globally.<br />
* To solve the above problem, Dolcera has built a comprehensive database with elaborate categorization for Industrial biotechnology companies helping them map the global innovation in the bio-fuels space to the following basic variables:<br />
** Various feedstock <br />
** Pre-treatment methods for feedstock <br />
** A variety of enzymes, bacteria, fungi, algae, yeast or a modified version of any of these that feed on feedstock <br />
** Output or products that are obtained when the enzymes or bacteria or fungi or yeast feed on these feedstock.<br />
<br />
===Who is it for?===<br />
* '''Research and Development (R&D) leaders''' - If you are a scientist at a Bio-Fuels firm, this database will help you gather the best technical intelligence. It will reveal all the pathways being explored globally. It will also help you compare your inventive thinking against inventions done in the outside world. Remember, 85% of all technical intelligence is available from patents so it is not worth missing!!<br />
* '''IP Attorneys''' - If you are an IP attorney planning IP strategy for your firm, you can compare the research strategy of your firm with all inventions out there. It will help you create a common talking ground with your inventors. <br />
* '''Corporate Strategy Group''' - The Dolcera database will help you refine your technology strategy by allowing you to study competitive strategy of your key competitors. Please bear in mind that 85% of all technical intelligence of your competitors can be studied from patents.<br />
<br />
=='''Overview'''==<br />
[[Image:biofig.jpg|300px|center|]]<br />
Biofuels represent effective means of supplying liquid transportation fuels from renewable resources.Of the biofuel options, alcohol fuels offer the most proven and practicable alternative for the conventional transportation fuels.The energy in biomass can be accessed by turning the raw materials, or feedstocks, into a usable form. Transportation fuels are made from biomass through ''biochemical'' or ''thermochemical processes''. Known as biofuels, these include ethanol, methanol, biodiesel, biocrude, and methane.<br />
<br />
'''Biomass Sources'''<br />
<br />
*Domestic crops<br />
*Energy crops<br />
*Agricultural Waste<br />
*Industrial Waste<br />
*Municipal Wastes<br />
*Cellulose/Hemicellulose rich material - cotton,wood,plant stalks,paper<br />
*Carbohydrates - sugar,starch,monosaccharides,disaccharides,polysaccharides<br />
*Algae<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Biomass Conversion Processes'''<br />
<br />
[[Image:ethanolfs.jpg|thumb|500px|right|'''A typical flowsheet for ethanol production''']]<br />
Thermochemical Processes - The thermochemical conversion of biomass to synthesis gas (syngas) encompasses processes that are carried out in closed systems under reducing (oxygen depleted) or oxidizing (partial oxygen) conditions at high temperatures (typically 1500-2000oF). The primary chemical processes that occur include pyrolysis, oxidation, steam reforming and gasification.<br />
<br />
*Pyrolysis - Rapid thermal decomposition of organic compounds in the absence of oxygen to produce gas,char, and liquids.Thermal pyrolysis and steam reforming of biomass are endothermic and typically require a secondary fuel to supply heat to the reaction chamber. This is often supplied with clean syngas recycled back to externally heat the reactor.<br />
<br />
*Gasification - high temperature (750 – 850 °C) conversion of solid, carbonaceous fuels into flammable gas mixture (syngas).Require oxygen or air for the conversion.<br />
<br />
Biochemical Processes - Biochemical conversion processes utilize acid hydrolysis for the conversion of cellulose to sugars,followed by the fermentation of the sugars to bioethanol.<br />
<br />
*Fermentation - Alcohol fermentation, like anaerobic digestion, is a biological process in which sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose are converted into cellular energy and thereby produce ethanol and carbon dioxide as metabolic waste products.It requires special attention through a series of living reactions.<br />
<br />
*Saccharification - The starch does not itself undergo alcoholic fermentation; it is first converted into maltose and other products by the action of the enzyme diastase (amylase). This diastase is usually supplied by malt - or, in the "amylo" process (described further on) by certain moulds.<br />
<br />
[http://chestofbooks.com/food/beverages/Alcohol-Properties/Saccharification.html Source]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Biofuels from microalgae'''<br />
<br />
[[Image:algaefoto.jpg|200px|right|]]<br />
Microalgae are sunlight-driven cell factories that convert carbon dioxide to potential biofuels, foods,feeds and high-value bioactives.In addition, these photosynthetic microorganisms are useful in bioremediation applications and as nitrogen fixing biofertilizers.Microalgae can provide several different types of renewable biofuels. These include methane produced by anaerobic digestion of the algal biomass;biodiesel derived from microalgal oil and photobiologically produced biohydrogen.<br />
[[Image:oilcontent.jpg|400px|right|]] <br />
Unlike other oil crops, microalgae grow extremely rapidly and many are exceedingly rich in oil. Microalgae commonly double their biomass within 24 h. Biomass doubling times during exponential growth are commonly as short as 3.5 h. Oil content in microalgae can exceed 80% by weight of dry biomass.Oil levels of 20–50% are quite common Oil productivity, that is the mass of oil produced per unit volume of the microalgal broth per day, depends on the algal growth rate and the oil content of the biomass. Microalgae with high oil productivities are desired for producing biodiesel.Microalgal biomass production - Producing microalgal biomass is generally more expensive than growing crops. Photosynthetic growth requires light, carbon dioxide, water and inorganic salts. Temperature must remain generally within 20 to 30 °C.Growth medium must provide the inorganic elements that constitute the algal cell. Essential elements include nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), iron and in some cases silicon.Microalgal biomass contains approximately 50% carbon by dry weight.All of this carbon is typically derived from carbon dioxide. Producing 100 t of algal biomass fixes roughly 183 t of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide must be fed continually during daylight hours.Ideally, microalgal biodiesel would be carbon neutral, as all the power needed for producing and processing the algae would come from biodiesel itself and from methane produced by anaerobic digestion of biomass residue left behind after the oils has been extracted.<br />
<br />
Large-scale production of microalgal biomass generally uses continuous culture during daylight.In this method of operation, fresh culture medium is fed at a constant rate and the same quantity of microalgal broth is withdrawn continuously.The only practicable methods of large-scale production of microalgae are ''raceway ponds'' and ''tubular photobioreactors''.<br />
<br />
Microalgal oils differ from most vegetable oils in being quite rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids with four or more double bonds.For example, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3; five double bonds) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3; six double bonds) occur commonly in algal oils.The extent of unsaturation of microalgal oil and its content of fatty acids with more than 4 double bonds can be reduced easily by partial catalytic hydrogenation of the oil.<br />
<br />
[http://dels.nas.edu/banr/gates1/docs/mtg5docs/bgdocs/biodiesel_microalgae.pdf|'''Source''']<br />
<br />
----<br />
=='''Dashboard'''==<br />
'''The Dolcera Dashboard for the database can be viewed here:'''<br><br />
[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=542'''Dashboard for the Biofuels and Biomaterials Innovations Database''']<br />
<br />
'''NOTE: '''Install the [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/Adobe Flash Player] if you are unable to view the Dashboard<br />
<br />
Features of the Dashboard can be viewed [http://dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Alopecia_Areata_Dashboard_Screenshots here]<br />
===='''Snapshots of the Dashboard'''====<br />
[[Image:Dashboard screen shot1.jpg|thumb|center|850px|'''Dashboard screen shot''']]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Dashboard screen shot21.jpg|thumb|center|850px|'''Dashboard screen shot''']]<br />
<br />
== '''Search strategy''' ==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''S.no'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''Concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''Search Query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''1836-date'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Vegetable biomass<br />
|align = "center"|Full patent specification<br />
|((vegetable ADJ1 biomass) OR vegetable<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR hull OR salix OR algae OR plant<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR (sweet ADJ1 corn) OR jatropha OR pulp OR forest<nowiki>*</nowiki>3 OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>grass<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 OR lignocellulos<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 OR cellulos<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 OR bamboo OR hemp OR cannabis OR sisal OR (pongamina ADJ1 pinnata) OR straw OR soapstock OR manure OR timber OR miscanthus OR agricultur<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 OR herbaceous OR food OR shea OR bran OR (switch ADJ1 grass) OR (turf ADJ1 grass) OR buckweat OR (millet ADJ1 husk<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR amaranth<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 OR (agro ADJ1 waste) OR leucaena OR gliricidia OR phytoplankton OR potato OR mahua OR pennycress OR cassava OR (vegetable NEAR waste) OR thistle OR olive OR (apple ADJ1 pulp) OR asparagus OR (Panicum ADJ1 virgatum) OR slash OR pea OR willow OR poplar OR copra OR (elephant ADJ1 grass) OR (Cynara ADJ1 Cardunculus) OR cardoon OR (Copaiba ADJ1 Oil) OR (Jojoba ADJ1 Oil) OR (milk ADJ1 bush) OR euphorbia OR tallow OR pine OR babassu OR cupuassu OR fungi OR (vegetable ADJ1 peel<nowiki>*</nowiki>1)OR potato<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR legnin OR slash OR amaranth<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 OR jute OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>wood<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR (Fallopia ADJ1 convolvulus) OR (Butyrospermum ADJ1 parkii) OR leaves OR leaf OR paper<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR fruit<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR stem<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR aggricultur<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR (municipal ADJ1 waste) OR (vegetable ADJ1 oil) OR grape<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR hyacinth OR biomass<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR kenaf<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR honge OR starch OR carbohydrate<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR stover<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR sunflower OR Pongamia OR waste<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR husk<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR molasse<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR garbage OR scrap<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR triticale<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR excreta OR silage<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR orchard<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR castor<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR hay<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR crop<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR fodder<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR seed<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR oilseed<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR soy<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR (animal ADJ1 fat) OR flax OR cotton<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR mushroom<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR catfish<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR camelina OR cheese OR pine<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR birch OR sawdust OR chicory OR artichoke<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>saccharide<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR microalgae OR algal)<br />
|align = "center"|7818012 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Food Grains<br />
|align = "center"|Full patent specification<br />
| (rice OR wheat OR barley OR cotton OR maize OR corn<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR grain<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR linseed OR (cotton ADJ1 seed) OR peanut<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR rapeseed<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR (petroleum ADJ1 nut ADJ1 oil) OR (flax ADJ1 seed) OR sorghum OR oil<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR soyabean OR legume OR sorghum OR (canola ADJ1 oil) OR (palm ADJ1 oil) OR sunflower OR (antichoke ADJ1 oil) OR (perilla ADJ1 oil) OR (Moringa ADJ1 Oleifera) OR (ben ADJ1 oil) OR (honge ADJ1 Oil) OR sesame OR mustard OR linseed OR oat<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR rye<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR cereal<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR millet<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR groundnut<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR peanut<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR coffee OR seed<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR rapseed OR (oil ADJ1 seed) OR (coconut ADJ1 oil))<br />
|align = "center"| 5474390 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|Sugar crops<br />
|align = "center"|Full patent specification<br />
|(Bagasse OR (Beta ADJ1 vulgaris) OR molasses OR sugarcane OR (sugar ADJ1 beat) OR beetroot OR chard OR (fodder ADJ1 beet) OR Saccharum OR beet<nowiki>*</nowiki>)<br />
|align = "center"|120301 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|Combined Query<br />
|align = "center"|1 OR 2 OR 3<br />
|align = "center"|10132435 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|Alcohols<br />
|align = "center"|Claims,title,abstract<br />
|align = "center"|bioalcohol<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR ethanol OR (ethyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR (methyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR methylcarbinol OR (anhydrous ADJ1 alcohol) OR (ethyl ADJ1 hydrate) OR (ethyl ADJ1 hydroxide) OR anhydrol OR bioethanol OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>methanol OR (methyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR (methyl ADJ1 hydrate) OR (methyl ADJ1 hydroxide) OR methylol OR carbinol OR (wood ADJ1 naptha) OR biomethanol OR propanol OR (propyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR biopropanol OR (propan ADJ3 o<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR butanol OR (butyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR biobutanol OR (butan ADJ3 o<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (propyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR propylcarbinol OR Butylalcohol OR methylolpropane OR (methylol ADJ1 propane) OR (Alcohol ADJ1 butylique) OR hydroxybutane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 butane) OR pentanol OR (pentyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR biopentanol OR (amyl ADj1 alcohol) OR amylalcohol OR (Butyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR butylcarbinol OR hexanol OR amylcarbinol OR (amyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR (capryl ADJ1 alcohol) OR caprylalcohol OR (pentyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR (hexyl ADj1 alcohol) OR hydroxyhexane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 hexane) OR biohexanol OR (Caproic ADJ1 alcohol) OR (hexan ADJ3 o<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR heptanol OR (heptyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR bioheptanol OR (heptan ADJ3 o<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR Gentanol OR (Enanthic ADJ1 alcohol) OR hydroxyheptane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 heptane) OR (Hexyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR ((C3 OR C4 OR c5 OR c6 OR C7 OR C8 OR C9) ADJ1 alcohol) OR octanol OR biooctanol OR (octyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR (octan ADJ3 o<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR ethylhexanol OR (ethyl ADJ1 hexanol) OR hydroxyoctane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 octane) OR amylethylcarbinol OR (amyl ADJ1 ethyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR (Caprylic ADJ1 alcohol) OR (Capryl ADJ1 alcohol) OR (ethyl ADJ1 amyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR ethylamylcarbinol OR (heptyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR nonanol OR (nonyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR (nonan ADJ3 o<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR octylcarbinol OR (octyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR hydroxynonane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 nonane) OR alcohol* OR glycol<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR (pantan ADJ1 o<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR biofuel<nowiki>*</nowiki>)<br />
|align = "center"|835737 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|Current IPC<br />
|C12P000702 OR C12P000706 OR C12P000704 OR C12P000708 OR C12P000710 OR C12P000712 OR C12P000714 OR C12P000716 OR C12P000720 OR C12P000728 OR C12P000736 OR C12P000754 OR C12P000752 OR C12P000740 OR C07C003104 OR C07C003108 OR C12F000304 OR C12F000308 OR C12C001107 OR C12C001109 OR C12C001100 OR C12C001110 OR C12C000500 OR C07C002976<br />
|align = "center"|23724 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|Combined Query<br />
|align = "center"|4 AND 5 AND 6<br />
|align = "center"|6462 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|Biodiesel production<br />
|align = "center"|Full patent specification<br />
| (biodiesel OR (bio ADJ1 diesel) OR (methyl ADJ1 ester<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (methyl ADJ1 soyate) OR (methyl ADJ1 tallowate) OR biofuel<nowiki>*</nowiki>)SAME (production OR prepar<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR synthes<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR produce OR produced OR bioproduction OR biosynthesis OR biometabolic OR bioconversion OR biotransformation OR yeast OR bacteria OR microb<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR micro<nowiki>*</nowiki>1organism)<br />
|align = "center"|69672 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|Algea<br />
|align = "center"|Claims,title,abstract<br />
|(algae OR microalgea OR algal OR Bacillariophyceae OR Chlorophyceae OR Cyanophyceae OR Xanthophyceaei OR Chrysophyceae OR Chlorella OR Crypthecodinium OR Schizocytrium OR Nannochloropsis OR Ulkenia OR Dunaliella OR Cyclotella OR Navicula OR Nitzschia OR Cyclotella OR Phaeodactylum OR Thaustochytrids OR Botryococcus braunii OR (Chlorella ADJ1 protothecoides))<br />
|align = "center"|12914 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|Combined Query<br />
|align = "center"|8 AND 9<br />
|align = "center"|588 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''11'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|Combined Query<br />
|align = "center"|10 OR 7<br />
|align = "center"|7015 hits('''3932 unique hits)'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
=== INPADOC Search Query ===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''S.no'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''Concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''Search Query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''Years'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''Hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Title,abstract'''<br />
|align = "center"|INPADOC<br />
|(bioalcohol<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR ethanol OR (ethyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR (methyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR methylcarbinol OR (anhydrous ADJ1 alcohol) OR (ethyl ADJ1 hydrate) OR (ethyl ADJ1 hydroxide) OR anhydrol OR bioethanol OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>methanol OR (methyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR (methyl ADJ1 hydrate) OR (methyl ADJ1 hydroxide) OR methylol OR carbinol OR (wood ADJ1 naptha) OR biomethanol OR propanol OR (propyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR biopropanol OR butanol OR (butyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR biobutanol OR (propyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR propylcarbinol OR Butylalcohol OR methylolpropane OR (methylol ADJ1 propane) OR (Alcohol ADJ1 butylique) OR hydroxybutane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 butane) OR pentanol OR (pentyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR biopentanol OR (amyl ADj1 alcohol) OR amylalcohol OR (Butyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR butylcarbinol OR hexanol OR amylcarbinol OR (amyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR (capryl ADJ1 alcohol) OR caprylalcohol OR (pentyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR (hexyl ADj1 alcohol) OR hydroxyhexane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 hexane) OR biohexanol OR (Caproic ADJ1 alcohol) OR heptanol OR (heptyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR bioheptanol OR Gentanol OR (Enanthic ADJ1 alcohol) OR hydroxyheptane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 heptane) OR (Hexyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR octanol OR biooctanol OR (octyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR ethylhexanol OR (ethyl ADJ1 hexanol) OR hydroxyoctane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 octane) OR amylethylcarbinol OR (amyl ADJ1 ethyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR (Caprylic ADJ1 alcohol) OR (Capryl ADJ1 alcohol) OR (ethyl ADJ1 amyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR ethylamylcarbinol OR (heptyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR nonanol OR (nonyl ADJ1 alcohol) OR octylcarbinol OR (octyl ADJ1 carbinol) OR hydroxynonane OR (hydroxy ADJ1 nonane) OR glycol<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR biofuel<nowiki>*</nowiki>)<br />
|align = "center"|1836-date<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF">497701 hits</font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''IPC'''<br />
|align = "center"|INPADOC<br />
|align = "center"|C12P OR B01D OR C12C OR C12D<br />
|align = "center"|1836-date<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF">538899 hits</font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Limit by country code'''<br />
|align = "center"|INPADOC<br />
|align = "center"| US OR WO OR DE OR EP OR FR OR JP OR GB<br />
|align = "center"|1836-date<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF">350751 hits</font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Combined Query'''<br />
|align = "center"|2 NOT 3<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF">188138 hits</font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFFF"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99" colspan = "3"|'''Final Query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|1 AND 4<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|<font color="#0000FF">5392 '''(2931 unique records)'''</font><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=== F-term search ===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="47%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCFFCC" colspan = "3"|'''F-Term Search in JPO'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|'''Topic'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|'''Term'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|'''Description'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080"|'''Theme for F Term'''<br />
|align = "center"|4B064<br />
|align = "center"|Production of compounds from microorganisms<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#808080" rowspan = "3"|'''F-Terms'''<br />
|align = "center"|AC01<br />
|align = "center"|Alcohol<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|AC03<br />
|align = "center"|Ethanol<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|AC04<br />
|align = "center"|Butanol<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
*'''Number of records: 804'''<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=='''Bioalcohol Production Taxonomy '''==<br />
* '''Taxonomy used for the categorization of patents in the Dolcera Dashboard'''<br />
[[Image:Bioalcohol Production Taxonomyupl.JPG|thumb|center|850 px]]<br />
<br />
=='''Biomass Sources Taxonomy sample'''==<br />
[[Image:Biomass Sources Taxonomyup.JPG|thumb|center|650 px]]<br />
<br />
==Interactive taxonomy mind map==<br />
''Use the mouse(click and drag/scroll up or down/click on nodes) to explore nodes in the detailed taxonomy''<br><br />
''Click on the red arrow on the side of a node name to view the content for that particular node in the dashboard''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|<mm>[[map542.mm|flash|title Production of Bioalcohol|800pt]]</mm><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=='''Patent Analysis'''==<br />
===Sample Analysis===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''S.No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Publication No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Publication Year'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Abstract'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Dolcera summary'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090053777+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090053777%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090053777&RS=DN/20090053777 US20090053777]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|Alliance For Sustainable Energy, Llc<br />
|Process For Concentrated Biomass Saccharification<br />
|Processes for saccharification of pretreated biomass to obtain high concentrations of fermentable sugars are provided. Specifically, a process was developed that uses a fed batch approach with particle size reduction to provide a high dry weight of biomass content enzymatic saccharification reaction, which produces a high sugars concentration hydrolysate, using a low cost reactor system.<br />
|Process for producing high-sugar content hydrolysate from biomass where as on further fermentation of the hydrolysate alcohols namely methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanoletc are produced.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090047718+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090047718%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090047718&RS=DN/20090047718 US20090047718]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|Tetravitae Bioscience, Inc.<br />
|Methods and compositions for producing solvents<br />
|Described herein are methods, compositions and synthetic biology approaches for solvent production, including but not limited to butanol production. Described herein are recombinant bacteria and yeast strains which may be used in production of a solvent, including but not limited to butanol, from lignocellulosic and other plant-based feedstocks. Described herein are methods of producing solvents, including but not limited to butanol, using bacteria and yeast strains. Described herein are methods of producing organisms that display highly efficient butanol production.<br />
|New first recombinant solventogenic organism having altered gene expression involved in solvent production pathway relative to expression in first organism strain prior to its transformation, useful for producing a solvent, e.g. butanol<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090053771+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090053771%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090053771&RS=DN/20090053771 US20090053771]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|Board Of Trustees Of Michigan State University<br />
|Process for making fuels and chemicals from AFEX-treated whole grain or whole plants<br />
|A process for hydrolyzing whole grain or whole plant biomass after an Ammonia Fiber Explosion (AFEX) process step is described. The process preferably uses a biomass that is hydrolyzed using a different combination of enzymes (amylase, cellulase and hemicellulase) to sugars for fermentation to produce ethanol. Harvesting the whole plant inclusive of grains and stalk for ethanol bio-processing is an economical route for future biorefineries. In addition to sugars, various value-added products like proteins and oil can be co-generated.<br />
|Producing sugars from plant biomass involves treating comminuted plant biomass comprising cellulose, hemicellulose, and starch with concentrated ammonia under pressure; and hydrolyzing biomass using enzyme containing amylase and cellulase<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090023187+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090023187%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090023187&RS=DN/20090023187 US20090023187]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|Iogen Energy Corporation<br />
|Method of obtaining a product sugar stream from cellulosic biomass<br />
|A process for obtaining a product sugar stream from cellulosic biomass is disclosed. In one process, the cellulosic biomass is pretreated at a pH between about 0.4 to 2.0 by adding one or more than one acid to produce a pretreated cellulosic biomass comprising acetic acid. One or more than one base is then added to the pretreated cellulosic biomass to adjust the pretreated cellulosic biomass to a pH of about 4.0 to about 6.0 to produce a neutralized cellulosic biomass comprising inorganic salt and acetate salt. The neutralized biomass is then hydrolyzed by cellulase enzymes to produce a crude sugar stream. Insoluble residue is separated from the crude sugar stream and the resulting clarified sugar stream is treated using ion exclusion chromatography at about pH 5.0 to about 10.0 to produce one or more raffinate streams and a product stream. The raffinate stream comprises inorganic salts and acetate salts, and the product stream comprises sugar. The product stream may then be fermented or otherwise further processed. In an alternate process, a product sugar stream is obtained from a crude sugar stream that is produced from conversion of cellulosic biomass to sugar. The cellulosic biomass may be produced using any suitable method. In this process the crude sugar stream is treated using ion exclusion chromatography at about pH 5.0 to about 10.0 to produce one or more than one raffinate stream comprising sulfate and acetate salts, and a product stream comprising sugar, and the product sugar stream is obtained.<br />
|The present invention relates to a method of obtaining a product sugar stream from cellulosic biomass and microbial conversion to ethanol.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090082600+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090082600%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090082600&RS=DN/20090082600 US20090082600]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|Northern Illinois University<br />
|Native homoethanol Pathway for ethanol production in E. coli<br />
|A native homoethanol pathway including chromosomal deletions of genes that are competitive with the native homoethanol pathway, and a highly anaerobically expressed pyruvate dehydrogenase operon. Bacteria including the native homoethanol pathway. A method of making a bacteria derivative including a native homoethanol pathway by deleting genes that are competitive with ethanol production pathways, and performing transcriptional gene fusion and highly anaerobically expressing pyruvate dehydrogenase operon. A method of producing ethanol by fermenting bacteria including the native homoethanol pathway with biomass, and producing ethanol. Ethanol produced by the above method.<br />
|Method of producing ethanol in E.coli the steps of fermenting bacteria including the native homoethanol pathway with biomass with a yield of 90% under anaerobic conditions.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=20090087897+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=0&f=S&l=5020090087897%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090087897&RS=DN/20090087897 US20090087897]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|2009<br />
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company<br />
|Prevention of bacterial growth in fermentation process<br />
|A fermentation process for the production of ethanol from natural sources, such as corn, comprising introducing a fermentable sugar, an inoculant, and a stabilized chlorine dioxide into a fermentation system is disclosed. The stabilized chlorine dioxide is added preventatively to the fermentation system, at concentrations in the fermentation system of acetic acid no greater than 0.30% (weight/volume) and lactic acid no greater than 0.60% (weight/volume). The stabilized chlorine dioxide is added in an amount effective to substantially prevent growth of bacteria.<br />
|A fermentation process to produce ethanol from natural sources, such as corn, comprising introducing a fermentable sugar, an inoculant, and a stabilized chlorine dioxide into a fermentation system forpreventing bacterial infection.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
*[[Media:jp.xls|'''Click here for F-term on target sheet''']] - Dated August 24, 2009<br />
*[[Media:Biofuels sample analysis.xls|'''Click here for Sample Patent Analysis Sheet''']] - Dated July 30, 2009<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Patenting activity by Assignee/Applicant===<br />
<br />
[[Image:Bioalcohol1 Assigne1.jpeg |center|thumb|900px]]<br />
<br />
===Patenting activity by Priority Years===<br />
* NOTE: Patenting Activity graph is based on the earliest Priority years, therefore there is decline in the graph. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Bioalcohol1 prioriti.jpeg|center|thumb|850px]]<br />
<br />
===Continental distribution of patents===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patent2.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|'''Continental Distribution of Patents''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in Europe===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentU4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in Europe''']]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentUO4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''European countries in Others category''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in North America===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patent_NA41111.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in North America''']]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentNAO4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''North American countries in Others category''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in Asia===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentAS4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in Asia''']]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentASO4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Asian countries in Others category''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in Australia===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentAU4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in Australia''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in South America===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentSAO4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in South America''']]<br />
<br />
===Patent distribution in Africa===<br />
[[Image:Geographical distribution of patentAFR4.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|'''Patent distribution in Africa''']]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Publications==<br />
<br />
===Search Strategy===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFCC00"|S.no<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFCC00"|Search Query<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFCC00"|Date<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFCC00"|Hits<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFCC00"|Relevancy<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC00"|1<br />
|align = "justify"|((fermentation OR bioconversion OR biotransformation OR biosynthesis OR biometabolism OR biocatalytic OR biosynthesize) AND (biofuel OR biofuels OR ethanol OR butanol OR propanol OR pentanol OR biogas OR biodiesel OR isobutanol OR bioethanol OR isopropanol OR isopentanol OR octanol OR nonanol OR biooctanol OR biononanol OR hexanol OR heptanol OR biohexanol OR bioheptanol )) AND ((production OR produce OR manufacture))<br />
|align = "center"|1900/01/01 to 2009/08/03<br />
|align = "center"|10,113 hits<br />
|align = "center"|45-50%<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Sample Analysis===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''S.NO'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Abstract'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Authors'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Company'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Citation'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Journal name'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Publication Date'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''1'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VRV-4TWSB5N-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=99895c1c623fb558353188a9f3a365dd Metabolic engineering of microorganisms for biofuels production: from bugs to synthetic biology to fuels]</u></font><br />
|The ability to generate microorganisms that can produce biofuels similar to petroleum-based transportation fuels would allow the use of existing engines and infrastructure and would save an enormous amount of capital required for replacing the current infrastructure to accommodate biofuels that have properties significantly different from petroleum-based fuels. Several groups have demonstrated the feasibility of manipulating microbes to produce molecules similar to petroleum-derived products, albeit at relatively low productivity (e.g. maximum butanol production is around 20 g/L). For cost-effective production of biofuels, the fuel-producing hosts and pathways must be engineered and optimized. Advances in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology will provide new tools for metabolic engineers to better understand how to rewire the cell in order to create the desired phenotypes for the production of economically viable biofuels.<br />
|Lee, S.K. / Chou, H. / Ham, T.S. / Lee, T.S. / Keasling, J.D.<br />
|Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA USA<br />
|Lee, S.K. / Chou, H. / Ham, T.S. / Lee, T.S. / Keasling, J.D. , Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 19 (6), p.556-563, Dec 2008<br />
|Current Opinion in Biotechnology<br />
|Dec-08<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''2'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VRV-4TF5H30-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=c7e3916aa1cd23b3b157946eb32a2c6d Metabolic engineering for advanced biofuels production from Escherichia coli ]</u></font><br />
|Global energy and environmental problems have stimulated increasing efforts toward synthesizing liquid biofuels as transportation energy. Compared to the traditional biofuel, ethanol, advanced biofuels should offer advantages such as higher energy density, lower hygroscopicity, lower vapor pressure, and compatibility with existing transportation infrastructure. However, these fuels are not synthesized economically using native organisms. Metabolic engineering offers an alternative approach in which synthetic pathways are engineered into user-friendly hosts for the production of these fuel molecules. These hosts could be readily manipulated to improve the production efficiency. This review summarizes recent progress in the engineering of Escherichia coli to produce advanced biofuels.<br />
|Atsumi, S. / Liao, J.C<br />
|Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles CA USA<br />
|Atsumi, S. / Liao, J.C. , Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 19 (5), p.414-419, Oct 2008 <br />
|Current Opinion in Biotechnology<br />
|Oct-08<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''3'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VS2-4W9Y3DX-2&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=96d2892ecb44dd431b303ef075cdc2c9 New microbial fuels: a biotech perspective]</u></font><br />
|Bioethanol and plant oil-derived biodiesel are generally considered first generation biofuels. Recognizing their apparent disadvantages, scientists and engineers are developing more sustainable and economically feasible second generation biofuels. The new microbial fuels summarized here have great potential to become viable replacements or at least supplements of petroleum-derived liquid transportation fuels. Yields and efficiencies of the four metabolic pathways leading to these microbial fuels — mostly designed and optimized in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae using modern tools of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology — and the robustness of the biocatalysts that convert the metabolic intermediates to, in some cases, finished and engine-ready fuels, will determine if they can be commercially successful and contribute to alleviating our dependence on fossil fuels.<br />
|Rude, M.A. / Schirmer, A<br />
|LS9, Inc,CA USA.<br />
|Rude, M.A. / Schirmer, A. , Current Opinion in Microbiology, 12 (3), p.274-281, Jun 2009 <br />
|Current Opinion in Microbiology<br />
|Jun-09<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''4'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TCW-4SM7RJW-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=dfd5735081cc5117cdd60b483257a272 Biofuel alternatives to ethanol: pumping the microbial well ]</u></font><br />
|Engineered microorganisms are currently used for the production of food products, pharmaceuticals, ethanol fuel and more. Even so, the enormous potential of this technology has yet to be fully exploited. The need for sustainable sources of transportation fuels has generated a tremendous interest in technologies that enable biofuel production. Decades of work have produced a considerable knowledge-base for the physiology and pathway engineering of microbes, making microbial engineering an ideal strategy for producing biofuel. Although ethanol currently dominates the biofuel market, some of its inherent physical properties make it a less than ideal product. To highlight additional options, we review advances in microbial engineering for the production of other potential fuel molecules, using a variety of biosynthetic pathways.<br />
|Fortman, J.L. / Chhabra, S. / Mukhopadhyay, A. / Chou, H. / Lee, T.S. / Steen, E. / Keasling, J.D<br />
|Joint BioEnergy Institute, CA USA.<br />
|Fortman, J.L. / Chhabra, S. / Mukhopadhyay, A. / Chou, H. / Lee, T.S. / Steen, E. / Keasling, J.D. , Trends in Biotechnology, 26 (7), p.375-381, Jul 2008<br />
|Trends in Biotechnology<br />
|Jul-08<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''5'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V2P-4TP7H1N-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=17d1798641bf2c6907fa58f27a376ef3 Progress and recent trends in biodiesel fuels ]</u></font><br />
|Fossil fuel resources are decreasing daily. Biodiesel fuels are attracting increasing attention worldwide as blending components or direct replacements for diesel fuel in vehicle engines. Biodiesel fuel typically comprises lower alkyl fatty acid (chain length C14–C22), esters of short-chain alcohols, primarily, methanol or ethanol. Various methods have been reported for the production of biodiesel from vegetable oil, such as direct use and blending, microemulsification, pyrolysis, and transesterification. Among these, transesterification is an attractive and widely accepted technique. The purpose of the transesterification process is to lower the viscosity of the oil. The most important variables affecting methyl ester yield during the transesterification reaction are the molar ratio of alcohol to vegetable oil and the reaction temperature. Methanol is the commonly used alcohol in this process, due in part to its low cost. Methyl esters of vegetable oils have several outstanding advantages over other new-renewable and clean engine fuel alternatives. Biodiesel fuel is a renewable substitute fuel for petroleum diesel or petrodiesel fuel made from vegetable or animal fats; it can be used in any mixture with petrodiesel fuel, as it has very similar characteristics, but it has lower exhaust emissions. Biodiesel fuel has better properties than petrodiesel fuel; it is renewable, biodegradable, non-toxic, and essentially free of sulfur and aromatics. Biodiesel seems to be a realistic fuel for future; it has become more attractive recently because of its environmental benefits. Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly fuel that can be used in any diesel engine without modification<br />
|Demirbas, A.<br />
|Sila Science, Trabzon, Turkey<br />
|Demirbas, A. , Energy Conversion and Management, 50 (1), p.14-34, Jan 2009<br />
|Energy Conversion and Management<br />
|Jan-09<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
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