DolceraWiki - User contributions [en]

Ureteral Stent

2012-11-19T20:34:45Z

Pramath.malik@dolcera.com:

'''This is a landscape report on the Ureteral stent market, including key company profiles, products, patents and relevant clinical trials.
'''

*'''''What is it?''''' A ureteral stent is a specially designed hollow tube, made of a flexible plastic material that is placed in the ureter.

*'''''Need for a ureteral stent:''''' In patients who have, or might have, an obstruction (blockage) of the kidney, an internal drainage tube called a ‘stent’ is commonly placed in the ureter, the tube between the kidney and the bladder. This is placed there in order to prevent or temporarily relieve the obstruction.

==Background==
[[Image:Ureteral_Stent.png|thumb|200px|<center>[http://www.pnnmedical.com/urology/professionals/products/memokath%E2%84%A2-051-ureter.aspx '''Ureteric Stent''']</center>]]

Ureteral stents are used in urological surgery to maintain patency of the ureter to allow urine drainage from the renal pelvis to the bladder. These devices can be placed by a number of different endourological techniques. They are typically inserted through a cystoscope and may also be inserted intraoperatively. Indwelling ureteral stents help to reduce complications and morbidity subsequent to urological and surgical procedures. Frequently, ureteral stents are used
to facilitate drainage in conjunction with Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) and after endoscopic procedures. They are also used to internally support anastomoses and prevent urine leakage after surgery. Ureteral stenting may almost eliminate the urological complications of renal transplantation.
An antimicrobial ureteral stent, which inhibits encrustation and bacterial colonization while maintaining patient comfort.
* Ureteral stent: resists migration, resists fragmentation, is kink resistant and radiopaque.
* Bacterial colonization: antimicrobial activity for up to two weeks.
* Patient Comfort: stent has a low coefficient of friction (value) for ease of insertion and will soften on implant at body temperature to maintain patient comfort.

'''[[more on background...]]'''

=Market Overview=

Market for ureteral stent can be analyzed by estimating market for each of Ureteral Stent’s fundamental use. Other uses of Ureteral Stent include Post-surgical swelling/infection of uterus, Active kidney infection etc.

'''[[more on market overview...]]'''

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{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"

|<mm>[[Ureteral_Stent_Patent_Categorization.mm|flash|Patent Categorization|600pt]]</mm>

|}

=Patents=

==Patent Search Strategy==
[[Image:Patent Search Strategy.jpg|700px]]

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|'''[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=1008 Ureteral Stent - Dashboard] '''
|width="100"|[[Image:dashboard_thumb.png|center|100px|]]
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= Clinical Trials =

==New trials ==

{|border "1" style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"|<center>'''S.No. '''</center>
| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Title '''</center>
| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"|<center>'''Conditions '''</center>
| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Intervention: Device'''</center>
| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Sponsors and Collaborators '''</center>
|-
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00250406?term=ureteral+stent&rank=1 Assessment of Drug-Eluting Ureteral Stent on Bacterial Adherence and Biofilm Formation]
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|Renal Calculi, Ureteral Obstruction
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| Ureteral Stent
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| Lawson Health Research Institute, Boston Scientific Corporation
|-
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00270504?term=urethral+stent&rank=1 Memokath® 044TW Stent for Treatment of Urethral Stricture]
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Urethral Stricture
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Memokath stenting
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Engineers & Doctors Wallsten Medical Group
|-
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|[http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00581178?term=urologic+stent&rank=3 Study to Determine if There Are Specific Clinical Factors to Determine Stent Encrustation]
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| Kidney Stones
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| N\A
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| University of California, Irvine
|-
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00288457?term=urologic+stent&rank=14 Ureteral Stent Length and Patient Symptoms]
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Kidney Stones
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Ureteral Stent
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Emory University
|-
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>5</center>
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00166361?term=urologic+stent&rank=1 Drainage of Malignant Extrinsic Ureteral Obstruction Using the Memokath Ureteral Stent]
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| Ureteral Obstruction
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|Memokath 051 Ureteral Stent
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| Mayo Clinic Engineers & Doctors Wallsten Medical Group
|-
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00739284?term=urologic+stent&rank=15 A Prospective Comparison Between Ureteral Stent and Nephrostomy Tube for an Urgent Drainage of Obstructed Kidney (JJVsPCN08)]
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Kidney Disease
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Nephrostomy tube and ureteral stent
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Rabin Medical Center
|}

== Concluded trials ==
{| {{table}}
| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"|<center>'''S.No. '''</center>
| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"|<center>'''Title'''</center>
| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"|<center>'''Abstract'''</center>
| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"|<center>'''Enrollment'''</center>
| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"|<center>'''Disorder'''</center>
| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"|<center>'''Conclusion'''</center>
|-
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|<center>1</center>
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| Long-term outcome of permanent urethral stents in the treatment of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia || style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|To evaluate the long-term efficacy of a permanently implanted urethral stent in the treatment of spinally injured patients with detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia.|| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|13|| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|Detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia|| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|Stenting is an effective alternative to sphincterotomy in the long-term, although secondary bladder neck obstruction is a frequent problem.
|-
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
| Nephrostomy Tube or 'JJ' Ureteric Stent in Ureteric Obstruction: Assessment of Patient Perspectives Using Quality-of-Life Survey and Utility Analysis||Upper urinary tract obstruction is often relieved by either a percutaneous nephrostomy tube (PCN) or a ureteric stent. Both can cause considerable morbidity and reduce patient's health-related quality of life (QoL). We have compared the QoL in these 2 groups.||34||Upper urinary tract obstruction||Patients with 'JJ' stents have significantly more irritative urinary symptoms and a high chance of local discomfort than patients with nephrostomy tubes (PCN). However, based on the EuroQol analysis, there is no significant difference in the gross impact on the health-related QoL or the utility between these groups indicating no patient preference for either modality of treatment.
|-
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| Impact of stents on urological complications and health care expenditure in renal transplant recipients: results of a prospective, randomized clinical trial.|| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|A randomized, prospective trial to compare the incidence of early urological complications and health care expenditures in renal transplant recipients with or without ureteral stenting.|| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|201|| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|Renal transplant recipient|| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|Using a ureteral stent at renal transplantation significantly decreases the early urinary complications of urine leakage and obstruction. However, there is a significant increase in urinary tract infections, primarily beyond 30 days after transplantation. Stent removal within 4 weeks of insertion appears advisable.
|}

==Pre-Market Notification==

Some of the companies active in the field of ureteral stents have been represented in the table below.

{| border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"|<center>'''S.No. '''</center>
| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"|<center>'''Company '''</center>
| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Device '''</center>
| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Approval '''</center>
| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Date of Approval '''</center>
| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Material '''</center>
| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Technology '''</center>
| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Indwelling Time (days) '''</center>
|-
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.bardurological.com/products/categoryTwo.aspx?bUnitID=3&catOneID=71 Bard Urological]</center>
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[[Image:InLay_Optima.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>InLay Optima</center>|[http://www.bardurological.com/products/loadProduct.aspx?bUnitID=3∏ID=225 <center>InLay Optima</center>]]]
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=16869 FDA 510(k)]</center>
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Dec 2004</center>
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| Silicone
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| Double pigtail with monofilament suture loop
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>365</center>
|-
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.bostonscientific.com/Device.bsci/,,/method/DevHome/navRelId/1000.1003/seo.serve Boston Scientific]</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| [[Image:Polaris_Loop.png|thumb|center|100px|[http://www.bostonscientific.com/urology-stone/product.html?method=product_detail∏uct_id=10122561#initialLoad1() <center>Polaris Loop</center>]]]
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=10929 FDA 510(k)]</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Mar 2003</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Dual Durometer Percuflex with HydroPlus Coating
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Bladder loop design
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>365</center>
|-
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.cookmedical.com/uro/familyListingAction.do?family=Ureteral+Stents Cook Medical]</center>
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| [[Image:Resonance.png|thumb|center|100px|[http://www.cookmedical.com/uro/dataSheet.do?id=4418 <center>Resonance</center>]]]
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=23620 FDA 510(k)]</center>
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>May 2007</center>
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| Metal
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| Temporary stenting
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>365</center>
|-
| style="padding:0.079cm;" rowspan="2"| <center>'''4'''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;" rowspan="2"| <center>[http://www.fossamedical.com/news.htm Fossa Medical]</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;" rowspan="2"| [[Image:Stone_Sweeper.png|thumb|center|100px|[http://dolcera.com/upload/files/stonesweeper_fossa_trial.pdf <center>Stone Sweeper</center>]]]
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.fossamedical.com/news.htm FDA 510(k)]</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Aug 2002</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;" rowspan="2"| Polyurethane
| style="padding:0.079cm;" rowspan="2"| Spiral radially expanding stent
| style="padding:0.079cm;" rowspan="2"| <center>13</center>
|-
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.fossamedical.com/news.htm CE Mark]</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Sep 2005</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.pnnmedical.com/urology/professionals/products/memokath™-051-ureter.aspx Pnn Medical A/S]</center>
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| [[Image:Memokath_051.png|thumb|center|100px|[http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=4&ved=0CC4QFjAD&url=http://www.hammer.pl/pliki/147_2.pdf&rct=j&q=memokath%20051&ei=MfhATezNIoaqvQP-_ZGtAw&usg=AFQjCNFR-ZFsu33rk6B9Flq1tCsYBZyXMw&cad=rja <center>Memokath 051</center>]]]
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.pnnmedical.com/about-pnn-medical/company-history.aspx CE Mark]</center>
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1995</center>
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| Nickel-titanium shape memory alloy
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| Double fluted ended spiral stent
| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>240</center>
|}

=Products=

The FDA classifies a ureteric stent as follows:
* TITLE 21 - FOOD AND DRUGS
* CHAPTER I - FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
* SUBCHAPTER H - MEDICAL DEVICES
* PART 876 - GASTROENTEROLOGY-UROLOGY DEVICES
* Subpart E - Surgical Devices
* Sec. 876.4620 - Ureteral stent.
* Classification - class II device [http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/SCRIPTS/cdrh/cfdocs/cfCFR/CFR.cfm?fr=876.4620&Term=ureter%20stent Code of Federal Regulations]

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Sr. No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Company'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Device(s)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Approval'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Approval Date'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Material'''
|bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Technology'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Indwelling Time (days)'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Image'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|'''1'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.allium-medical.com/?categoryId=64772 Allium, Israel]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.allium-medical.com/?categoryId=64772 URS]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-165990208.html CE Mark]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Jul, 2007
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Nickel-titanium shape memory alloy covered by polymer
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Self-expanding stent
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[[Image:656px-Allium.jpg|thumb|center|100px|<center>Allium</center>]]

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|[http://www.pnnmedical.com/urology/professionals/products/memokath™-051-ureter.aspx Pnn Medical A/S]
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|[http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=4&ved=0CC4QFjAD&url=http://www.hammer.pl/pliki/147_2.pdf&rct=j&q=memokath%20051&ei=MfhATezNIoaqvQP-_ZGtAw&usg=AFQjCNFR-ZFsu33rk6B9Flq1tCsYBZyXMw&cad=rja Memokath 051]
|align = "center"|[http://www.pnnmedical.com/about-pnn-medical/company-history.aspx CE Mark]
|align = "center"|1995
|rowspan = "2"|Nickel-titanium shape memory alloy
|rowspan = "2"|Double fluted ended spiral stent
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|240
|rowspan = "2"|[[Image:Memokath_051.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Memokath 051</center>]]

|-
|align = "center"|[http://www.zapconnect.com/products/index.cfm/fuseaction/products_display_detail/eregnum/8021561/owner_operator_number/8021561/product_code/FAD/8021561.html FDA Listing]
|align = "center"|Mar, 2004
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1" rowspan = "5"|'''3'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1" rowspan = "5"|[http://www.fossamedical.com/news.htm Fossa Medical]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1" rowspan = "2"|[http://dolcera.com/upload/files/stonesweeper_fossa_trial.pdf Stone Sweeper]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.fossamedical.com/news.htm CE Mark]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Sep, 2005
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1" rowspan = "2"|Polyurethane
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1" rowspan = "2"|Radially expanding stent
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1" rowspan = "2"|13
|rowspan = "2" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[[Image:Stone_Sweeper.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Stone Sweeper</center>]]

|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.fossamedical.com/news.htm FDA 510(k)]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Aug, 2002

|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1" rowspan = "2"|[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/PMNSimple.cfm?db=PMN&ID=K033368 Open lumen stent]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/PMNSimple.cfm?db=PMN&ID=K033368 FDA 510(k)]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Nov, 2003
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1" rowspan = "2"|Polyurethane
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1" rowspan = "2"|Pigtail-tipped stent with <nowiki>’</nowiki>Pusher<nowiki>’</nowiki>
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1" rowspan = "2"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1" rowspan = "2"| [[Image:Open_Lumen.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Open_lumen</center>]]

|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.fossamedical.com/news.htm CE Mark]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Sep, 2005
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/PMNSimple.cfm?db=PMN&ID=K021140 Expanding Ureteral Stent]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/PMNSimple.cfm?db=PMN&ID=K021140 FDA 510(k)]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Jun, 2002
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Polyurethane
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Double pigtail stent with <nowiki>’</nowiki>Pusher<nowiki>’</nowiki>
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"| N/A

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "7"|'''4'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "7"|[http://www.bostonscientific.com/Device.bsci/,,/method/DevHome/navRelId/1000.1003/seo.serve Boston Scientific]
|align = "center"|Contour
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|Percuflex - proprietary polyolefin copolymer; Hydroplus coating
|Fixed and variable length; Tapered tip
|align = "center"|365
|align = "center" |[[Image:Contour.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Contour</center>]]
|-
|align = "center"|Percuflex
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"| Percuflex
|Pigtail
|align = "center"|365
|align = "center" |[[Image:Percuflex.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Percuflex</center>]]
|-
|align = "center"|Polaris Ultra
|align = "center"|[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/PMNSimple.cfm?db=PMN&id=K010002 FDA 510(k)]
|align = "center"|Jan, 2001
|Dual Durometer Percuflex with HydroPlus Coating; soft Nautilus Bladder Coil.
|Double pigtail
|align = "center"|365
|align = "center" |[[Image:Polaris_Ultra.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Polaris Ultra</center>]]
|-
|align = "center"|Polaris Loop
|align = "center"|[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=10929 FDA 510(k)]
|align = "center"|Mar, 2003
|Dual Durometer Percuflex with HydroPlus Coating
|Bladder loop design
|align = "center"|365
|align = "center" |[[Image:Polaris_Loop.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Polaris Loop</center>]]
|-
|align = "center"|[http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=4&ved=0CCkQFjAD&url=http://www.bostonscientific.com/templatedata/imports/Microsite/Stone-EU/collateral/stone-eu-percuflex-brochure-eng.pdf&rct=j&q=percuflex%20brochure&ei=bIE-Tb79HMnqrAf5-_HRCA&usg=AFQjCNEJ-JOc Retromax Plus]
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|Percuflex material and Hydroplus coating
|Endopyelotomy stent
|align = "center"|Post-procedure healing
|align = "center" |[[Image:Retromax_plus.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Retromax Plus</center>]]
|-
|align = "center"|[http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=4&ved=0CCkQFjAD&url=http://www.bostonscientific.com/templatedata/imports/Microsite/Stone-EU/collateral/stone-eu-percuflex-brochure-eng.pdf&rct=j&q=percuflex%20brochure&ei=bIE-Tb79HMnqrAf5-_HRCA&usg=AFQjCNEJ-JOc Stretch VL Flexima]
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|Hydroplus Coating
|Variable length coil on distal and proximal ends
|align = "center"|90
|align = "center" |[[Image:Stretch_VL_Flexima.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Stretch VL Flexima</center>]]
|-
|align = "center"|[http://dolcera.com/upload/files/drug_eluting_ureteral_stent.pdf Drug-Eluting Stent]
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|Percuflex - proprietary polyolefin copolymer
|Ketorolac trimethamine loaded stent
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"| N/A
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1" rowspan = "6"|'''5'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1" rowspan = "6"|[http://www.cookmedical.com/uro/familyListingAction.do?family=Ureteral+Stents Cook Medical]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.cookmedical.com/uro/dataSheet.do?id=4418 Resonance]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=23620 FDA 510(k)]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|May, 2007
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Metal
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|365
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[[Image:Resonance.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Resonance</center>]]
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.cookmedical.com/uro/dataSheet.do?id=2055 Sof-flex]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|AQ® Hydrophilic Coating
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Radiopaque tip and tether for repositioning
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|180
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[[Image:Sof_flex.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Sof-flex</center>]]
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.cookmedical.com/uro/dataSheet.do?id=3627 Endo-Sof]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|AQ® Hydrophilic Coating
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Double pigtail
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|365
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[[Image:Endo_Sof.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Endo-Sof</center>]]
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.cookmedical.com/uro/dataSheet.do?id=3643 C-Flex]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Double Pigtail
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|180
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[[Image:C_Flex.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>C-Flex</center>]]
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.cookmedical.com/uro/dataSheet.do?id=4692 Smith Universal]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Nephrostomy tube <nowiki>+</nowiki> Ureteral stent
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|60
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[[Image:Smith_Universal.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Smith Universal</center>]]
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/90717.php Endo-Sof Radiance]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/90717.php Launch]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Dec, 2007
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Heparin-bonded stent
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
|-
|align = "center"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|[http://qurological.com/product/ Q Urological]
|align = "center"|[http://qurological.com/product/ pAguaMedicina™ Pediatric Ureteral Stent]
|align = "center"|[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=29056 FDA 510(k)]
|align = "center"|Jan, 2010
|Hydrogel
|Differentially larger end (no pigtail)
|align = "center"|30
|align = "center" |[[Image:pAguaMedicina.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>pAguaMedicina</center>]]
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|'''7'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.bioteq.com.tw/en/products.php?kind=2&series=4 Bioteque Corp.]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Ureteral Stent Set
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.bioteq.com.tw/en/news_detail.php?id=1&query_string= FDA 510(k) ]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Apr, 2010
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|30
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[[Image:bioteque.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Bioteque</center>]]
|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "4"|'''8'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "4"|[http://www.appliedmed.com/products/product_card.aspx?section=professionals&proceGroupID=4&groupName=Urology&catID=37&Name=Ureteral+stents Applied Medical Resources, CA, USA]
|align = "center"|[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=4353 Mesh]
|align = "center"|[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=4353 FDA 510(k)]
|align = "center"|Jul, 2001
|Polyester mesh
|Double-pigtail
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"| N/A
|-
|align = "center"|[http://www.appliedmed.com/products/product_card.aspx?section=professionals&proceGroupID=4&groupName=Urology&catID=37&Name=Ureteral+stents Silhouette ]
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|Coil-reinforced; SL-6® hydrophilic coating
|Patency Device
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" |[[Image:silhouette.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Silhouette</center>]]
|-
|align = "center"|[http://www.appliedmed.com/products/product_card.aspx?section=professionals&proceGroupID=4&groupName=Urology&catID=37&Name=Ureteral+stents Applied Standard]
|align = "center"|[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=124645 FDA 510(k)]
|align = "center"|Jun, 1999
|Proprietary thermoplastic elastomer material; SL-6® hydrophilic coating
|Unique wall construction and enlarged drainage holes
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" |[[Image:Applied_Std1.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Applied Standard</center>]]
|-
|align = "center"|[http://www.appliedmed.com/products/product_card.aspx?section=professionals&proceGroupID=4&groupName=Urology&catID=37&Name=Ureteral+stents 7-10 endopyelotomy]
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|Proprietary thermoplastic elastomer material; SL-6® hydrophilic coating
|Dual Diameter stent
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" |[[Image:Applied_7_10.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Endopyelotomy Stent</center>]]
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1" rowspan = "6"|'''9'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1" rowspan = "6"|[http://www.bardurological.com/products/categoryTwo.aspx?bUnitID=3&catOneID=71 Bard Urological]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.bardurological.com/products/loadProduct.aspx?bUnitID=3&prodID=225 InLay Optima]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=16869 FDA 510(k)]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Dec, 2004
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Silicone
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Double pigtail with monofilament suture loop
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|365
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[[Image:InLay_Optima.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>InLay Optima</center>]]
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.bardurological.com/products/loadProduct.aspx?bUnitID=3&prodID=227 Bardex® Double Pigtail Soft Stent]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=8912 FDA 510(k)]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Jan, 2003
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Silicone
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Attached with suture for ease of removal
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[[Image:Bardex.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Bardex</center>]]
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.bardurological.com/products/loadProduct.aspx?bUnitID=3&prodID=228 Fluoro-4 Silicone Ureteral Stent]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Silicone/tantalum
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[[Image:Fluoro_4.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Fluoro 4</center>]]
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.bardurological.com/products/loadProduct.aspx?bUnitID=3&prodID=230 Figure-4 Silicone Ureteral Stent]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Silicone
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Three dimensional design
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[[Image:Figure_4.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Figure 4</center>]]
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.bardurological.com/products/loadProduct.aspx?bUnitID=3&prodID=226 InLay Ureteral Stent]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=122796 FDA 510(k)]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Dec, 1998
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Silicone
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Tapered tip and lubricious hydrophilic coating
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[[Image:InLay.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>InLay</center>]]
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.bardurological.com/products/loadProduct.aspx?bUnitID=3&prodID=229 Urinary Diversion Stent]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=86128 FDA 510(k)]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Apr, 1991
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Silicone
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[[Image:Urinary_Diversion_Stent.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Urinary Diversion Stent</center>]]
|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "4"|'''10'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "4"|[http://www.coloplast.com/Pages/home.aspx Coloplast-Porges]
|align = "center"|[http://www.porges.ru/catalog.html?cid=251 Vortek]
|align = "center"|[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=121312 FDA 510(k)]
|align = "center"|Oct, 1998
|Silicone
|Double coating for easy maneuverability as well as flexibility
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|[[Image:Vortek.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Vortek</center>]]
|-
|align = "center"|[http://www.porges.ru/catalog.html?cid=248 Biosoft]
|align = "center"|[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=121312 FDA 510(k)]
|align = "center"|Oct, 1998
|Silicone
|Extreme flexibility
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|[[Image:Biosoft.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Biosoft</center>]]
|-
|align = "center"|[http://www.porges.ru/catalog.html?cid=249 Polyurethane]
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|Hard or soft Polyurethane
|Designed for short-term use
|align = "center"| 90
|align = "center"|[[Image:Polyurethane1.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Polyurethane</center>]]
|-
|align = "center"|[http://www.porges.ru/catalog.html?cid=250 Silicone]
|align = "center"|[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=6586 FDA 510k)]
|align = "center"|Oct, 2002
|Silicone
|''Pyatiprofilnaya'' technology
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|[[Image:Silicone1.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Silicone</center>]]
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|'''11'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.teleflex.com/en/emea/productAreas/urology/index.html Teleflex Medical]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=3&ved=0CCQQFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myrusch.com%2Fimages%2Frusch%2Fdocs%2FU62C.pdf&rct=j&q=DD%2Bureteral%2Bstent&ei=CcY-TeDWHcrirAfyr4naCA&usg=AFQjCNHSSc9r_DBwotSa_oszWLYMPRuoYg&cad=rja Rüsch Superglide DD]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=122381 FDA 510(k)]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Jul, 1999
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"| WIRUTHAN® (polyurethane) with hydrogel coating
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"| Directable and detachable
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[[Image:Superglide_DD.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Superglide DD</center>]]
|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''12'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|[http://www.gyrusacmi.com/user/display.cfm?display=cat_menu&maincat=Stone%20Management&catid=122 Gyrus ACMI/Cabot/Acromed/Circon/Surgitek]
|align = "center"|[http://www.gyrusacmi.com/user/display.cfm?display=product&pid=9257&catid=122&maincat=Stone%20Management&catname=Stents Classic closed-tip]
|align = "center"|[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=68160 FDA 510(k)]
|align = "center"|Dec, 1986
|
|Classic Closed Tip
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|[[Image:Gyrus_Closed_Tip.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Classic Closed Tip</center>]]
|-
|align = "center"|[http://www.gyrusacmi.com/user/display.cfm?display=product&pid=9252&catid=122&maincat=Stone%20Management&catname=Stents Classic Double pigtail]
|align = "center"|[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=111987 FDA 510(k)]
|align = "center"|Mar, 1996
|Tecoflex® construction
|Balanced-curled double pigtail design
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|[[Image:Gyrus_Pigtail.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Double Pigtail</center>]]
|-
|align = "center"|[http://www.gyrusacmi.com/user/display.cfm?display=product&pid=9256&catid=122&maincat=Stone%20Management&catname=Stents Double-J]
|align = "center"|[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=74392 FDA 510(k)]
|align = "center"|Apr, 1988
|Silicone
|Double-J closed-tip
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|[[Image:Gyrus_Double_J.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Double_J</center>]]
|-
|align = "center"|[http://www.gyrusacmi.com/user/display.cfm?display=product&pid=9254&catid=122&maincat=Stone%20Management&catname=Stents Lithostent]
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|Tecoflex®
|Grooved design
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|[[Image:Lithostent.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Lithostent</center>]]
|-
|align = "center"|[http://www.gyrusacmi.com/user/display.cfm?display=product&pid=9253&catid=122&maincat=Stone%20Management&catname=Stents Lubri-flex]
|align = "center"|[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=91169 FDA 510(k)]
|align = "center"|Nov, 1991
|Tecoflex®
|“Rememberance” of shape with a chemically bonded wettable solution
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|[[Image:Lubri_Flex.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Lubri-flex</center>]]
|-
|align = "center"|[http://www.gyrusacmi.com/user/display.cfm?display=product&pid=9250&catid=122&maincat=Stone%20Management&catname=Stents Multi-flex]
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|Tecoflex®
|Two durometers with helical kidney curls
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|[[Image:Multi_Flex.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Multi-flex</center>]]
|-
|align = "center"|[http://www.gyrusacmi.com/user/display.cfm?display=product&pid=9255&catid=122&maincat=Stone%20Management&catname=Stents Quadra-Coil multi-length]
|align = "center"|[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=107077 FDA 510(k)]
|align = "center"|Mar, 1996
|Tecoflex®
|Accomodate ureteral lengths from 22cm to 28cm
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|[[Image:Quadra_Coil.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Quadra-Coil</center>]]
|-
|align = "center"|[http://www.gyrusacmi.com/user/display.cfm?display=product&pid=9249&catid=122&maincat=Stone%20Management&catname=Stents Sof-curl]
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|Tecoflex®
|Dual-durometer design and exclusive soft bladder helix
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|[[Image:Sof_curl.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Sof-curl</center>]]
|-
|align = "center"|[http://www.gyrusacmi.com/user/display.cfm?display=product&pid=9258&catid=122&maincat=Stone%20Management&catname=Stents Uroguide]
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|Silicone
|Classic Double J with open tip
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|[[Image:Uroguide.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Uroguide</center>]]
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|'''13'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.amecath.com/ Ameco Medical Industries]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.amecath.com/ Amecath]
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Nitinol; Available with hydrophilic coating
|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Double loop stent
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Short-term and long-term
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[[Image:Amecath.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Amecath</center>]]
|-
|align = "center"|'''14'''
|align = "center"|[http://www.zapconnect.com/companies/index.cfm/fuseaction/companies_detail/eregnum/9681442.html Angiomed-Movaco (C.R. Bard subsidiary)]
|align = "center"|[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/devicesatfda/index.cfm?db=pmn&id=K864225 Ureteral Stent Set]
|align = "center"|[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/devicesatfda/index.cfm?db=pmn&id=K864225 FDA 510(k)]
|align = "center"|Jan, 1987
|Nitinol
|Self-expanding stent
|
|align = "center"|N/A
|-
|}

= Product to Clinical Trial Mapping=

==Clinical Timeline Visualization ==
[[Image:Timeline.jpg]]

[[Media:Ureteral_Stents_Timeline dw.xls|Ureteral Stent Timeline]]

= Product to Patent Mapping =

[[Image:Product_Patent_Mapping_Screen_Shot.png|1000px|centre|thumb|'''Screenshot for the product to patent mapping(Bard and Boston)''']]
* Click [[Media:Product_Patent_Mapping_Bard_Boston.xls|'''Products from Boston Scientific and C R Bard ''']]to download the excel file.
== Mapped Patent vs Not Mapped Patents ==
{|border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|[[Image:CRB_Pat.png|center|500px|thumb|'''C R Bard''']]
|[[Image:BS_pat.png.png|center|500px|thumb|'''Boston Scientific''']]
|-
|}

=Patent-Product-Clinical Trial Mapping=

* To access the Dashboard you have to signup. You can do so by clicking [https://www.dolcera.com/auth/index.php/login '''here''']
*''Use the mouse(click and drag/scroll up or down/click on nodes) to explore nodes in the detailed taxonomy''
*''Click on the red arrow adjacent to the node name to view the content for that particular node in the dashboard''
*''Click on the "+" sign to zoom the mindmap and "-" sign to shrink the mindmap''
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"

|<mm>[[ureteral_stent_mapping1.mm|flash|Ureteral Stent mindmap|600pt]]</mm>

|}

=Insights=

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|bgcolor = "#538ED5"|''' '''
|bgcolor = "#538ED5"|''' '''
|bgcolor = "#538ED5"|'''Boston Scientific'''
|bgcolor = "#538ED5"|'''C R BARD'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#538ED5" rowspan = "4"|'''Products'''
|'''Portfolio'''
|8 Products
|6 Products
|-
|'''Material'''
|Percuflex - Biocompatible Polymer
|Silicone
|-
|'''Coating'''
|Hydroplus
|Licensed from pHreecoat
|-
|'''Shape'''
|Pigtailed and More
|Figure 4 and more
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#538ED5"|'''Clinical Trials'''
|'''Current Trials'''
|Truimph Ureteral stent - Loaded with Triclosan Currently in Phase II (Canada)
|None
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#538ED5" rowspan = "3"|'''Patents'''
|'''Coating'''
|Therapeutic / Medicinal coatings Magnetic nano particles for MRI Imaging Lubricious coatings helping easy insertion
|Therapeutic coatings
|-
|'''Structure'''
|Multiple channels filled with therapeutic agent Multiple collapsible segments preventing fluid passing Renal coil with wick to prevent reflux Stent with beads on its surface Stent with reservoir indicating its release with change in color of urine Expandable and collapsible stent Stents with degradable barbs
|Expandable stents for reducing discomfort
|-
|'''Material'''
|Elastically deformable stents Biodegradable polymer based stents Porous polymer for long term implantation Stent with variable hardness
|Biodegradable polymers Shape memory alloys General polymer based
|-
|}

== Inference ==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="82%"
|bgcolor = "#538ED5"|'''Boston Scientific'''
|bgcolor = "#538ED5"|'''C R BARD'''
|-
|Relatively late entrant with patents filed post mid 90s
|Early mover with patents filed in mid 80s
|-
|Increased patent activity since 2000
|Patent activity never gained traction
|-
|Large number of patents yet to be "productized"
|Few patents yet to be "productized"
|-
|Some products undergoing clinical trails
|No products undergoing clinical trails
|-
|Diverse range of products with variation in material and structure
|Small product portfolio
|-
|Seem to be strengthening they market position
|Seem to be moving focus away from Ureteral stents market
|-
|}

= Competitive Landscape =
==Major Players==
*Boston Scientific Limited, Abbott, Medtronic and Cook Inc. are the major players in ureteral stent research field.
[[Image:Major playersnew.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Major Players]]

==IP Activity==
*Patenting activity has been high growth rate during the period 2001 to 2005 with a peak no. of patents in year 2005, followed by saturation during the period 2006 to 2008 and after that a gradual declination upto year 2010 in the ureteral stent research area.
[[Image:IPactivity3.png|thumb|center|1000px| IP activity over the years]]

==Sales ==

Total Sales in 2010 - 4.04 Billion USD

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Company'''
|bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Total Sales in 2010'''
|bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Urological sales'''
|bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Percentage share'''
|bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Product portfolio'''
|-
|bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Boston Scientific'''
|7800
|661
|8.48
|[http://www.bostonscientific.com/templatedata/imports/Microsite/Stone/collateral/Percuflex-Brochure.pdf Boston_portfolio]
|-
|bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''CR BARD'''
|2700
|702
|26.00
|[https://dolcera.net/teamwiki_prod/index.php/BARD_portfolio BARD_portfolio]
|-
|bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Cook Medical'''
|1700
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|[http://www.cookmedical.com/uro/familyListingAction.do?family=Ureteral+Stents Cook_portfolio]
|-
|bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Medline'''
|4040
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|[http://www.medline.com/irj/catalog/search?initialSearchTerms=ureteral%20stent Medline_portfolio]
|-
|}

[[image:stentshare.jpg |thumb|center|1000px| All figures in USD million ]]

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{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center" "
|style="background:lightgrey" align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''[mailto:info@dolcera.com Buy the customized report from Dolcera]'''
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=[[Backup]]=

Impact on Sales of a Drug going Off-Patent

2012-01-05T18:21:37Z

Pramath.malik@dolcera.com:

This study identifies all the variables affecting the sales of a drug after its patent expiry and establishes a relationship between them. This study covers US only. The need gap for the study is identified by referring to industry and academic literature, news articles and Dolcera<nowiki>’</nowiki>s client interaction. After making an exhaustive list of variables affecting the sales of the drug after its patent expiry, each variable is validated, keeping the scope of the study in mind. A model is then built by running OLS Regression, which establishes the relationship between all these variables. The model also explains the impact of each variable on the sales reduction of the drug going off-patent. It analyzes the significant variables in the model and its implications on the drug going off-patent.

The model built, using OLS Regression, is an outcome of real data points and can be applied to identify the effect of patent expiry on drugs going off-patent in the future. It will give the percentage reduction in sales for a drug after patent expiry on a yearly basis.
 
 
==Introduction==
Patent on a drug holds a lot of importance to the company manufacturing the drug. It means that the company holds exclusive rights to sell the drug (or formulation) throughout the world with no competition for more than 10 years. This encourages the company to market the drug, sell it at a higher price, and reap all the profits for more than a decade. The problem only arises when the drug, which has contributed to a large pie of profits, is going off-patent. This means that it will face a lot of competition from generic substitutes, which will have a huge impact on its sales.

In the recent years, a lot of major drugs, which have gone off-patent, have suffered a huge blow to their sales after their patent expiry. Taking the case of Zocor as an example, Merck & Co lost 68.7% of the sales to generic substitutes just a year after its patent expiry in 2006. Its market fell from $2.803 Bn in 2006 to $0.877 Bn in 2007. Similarly, Rocephin lost its patent in 2005 and Roche lost 55% of its sales to generic substitutes in 2006.

Many blockbuster drugs are lined up with patent expiry in the coming years. Lipitor, a blockbuster drug by Pfizer, went off-patent recently in 2011. It contributed to $10.8 billion in sales in 2010, which accounts for 15.8% of total revenue earned by Pfizer in 2010. Plavix, a blockbuster drug by Bristol-Myers Squibb will be going off-patent in 2012. It has contributed to the sales value of $6.666 Bn to Bristol-Myers Squibb in 2010. Humira, which is a blockbuster drug for Breast Cancer, has contributed to the sales value of $6.548 Bn to Abbott Laboratories in 2010. It is going off-patent in 2016.

 
===Need Gap===
In the past, many companies have used marketing techniques, tie-ups with pharmacies and insurance companies to keep up to their sales, even after the patent expiry of the drug. But identifying all the variables and their relationship with sales value is of prime importance before any strategic decision is made.

# There is a need to identify the various factors affecting the sales of the drug going off patent
# Establish relationship between all the variables and the impact of each variable on the sales of a drug going off-patent

 

==Literature Review==
Many academic and industrial research papers were referred to, in order to come up with an exhaustive list of variables for study and values for various variables under study. The list of all the references is listed in the bibliography, towards the end of this report.

The following table gives a '''snapshot of the 2 main references of this study'''. It lists down all the variables used in the research paper, the limitations of the paper and how this study has overcome those limitations.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%" align = "center"
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Name of the Research Paper'''
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Research Conducted by'''
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Year of Study'''
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Objective of the Research Paper'''
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD" width="200px"|'''Variables considered for the study'''
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Limitations of the paper'''
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''How the limitation has been overcome in this paper'''
|-
|bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|Competition in Off-Patent Drug Markets: Issues, Regulation and Evidence
|bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|London School of Economics and Political Science
|align = "right" bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|Jul-07
|bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|This paper develops a model to explain the overall determinants of generic prices post patent expiry, the determinants of generic diffusion, and the relationship between originator branded and generic prices
|bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|1. Generic Market Share 2. Originator Price 3. Number of pharmacies per 1000 inhabitants 4. Time Trend 5. Dummy for reference price
|bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|1. R2 value of the paper is very less 2. The paper considers absolute value of prices which biases the regression output
|bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|1. The R2 value of this study is very good (The model in this paper explains 71% of the data) 2. This paper considers price/reimbursement in ratio scale
|-
|Pricing and Reimbursement in U.S. Pharmaceutical Markets
|Harvard Kennedy School
|align = "right"|Sep-10
|The paper presents a theoretical framework for the pricing of branded pharmaceuticals, without and then in the presence of prescription drug insurance, noting factors affecting the relative impacts of drug insurance on prices and on utilization.
|1. Copayment and Coinsurance 2. Retail and Mail Order Insurance
|No analysis on the regulations and reimbursements in US. It only lists down all the regulations and reimbursements in US.
|This study uses this paper as a reference for retail, mail order coinsurance and copayment calculations for each drug.
|-
|}

This paper uses the above 2 papers as main reference and builds on their theories, to come up with an exhaustive list of variables explaining the reduction in sales of a drug after its patent expiry.

 

==Model Explanation==
The following section explains the methodology for model building, the variables used in the model and their relationship with the reduction in sales of the drug after its patent expiry.

 
===Methodology Used===
# The methodology used for data collection is secondary research.
# An exhaustive list of variables was identified after reading academic and industrial literature.
# The model was then developed with theoretical basis.
# After identifying all the variables affecting the sales of a drug after its patent expiry, data points for each variable were collected.
# OLS Regression was then run on SPSS software to obtain a deterministic first order linear model explaining the relationship between Reduction in sales of the drug going off-patent and other variables.
# The scatter plot was seen to see whether the linear model is a good fit for the data collected and to identify outliers. No outliers were found in the data.
# Variables with high correlation were identified and some variables were eliminated to eliminate correlation to obtain the final model.
# The model was found to have an impressive goodness of fit (i.e. R2 value)

'''Method Used:''' '''OLS Regression'''

 

===Scope of the Study===
The scope of the study is limited to United States. Hence, all the data points taken as input to the model are values for United States only.

 
===Assumptions===
# No generic substitute is discontinued after its launch
# All generic substitutes are launched in the market, as soon as they get FDA approval
# In case of generic entry by same company, it was considered as a competitor drug
# No out of stock conditions
# All the drugs have equal access to the market (Similar Distribution)

 

===Variables used in the Model===
The variables used in this model, to calculate the percentage reduction in sales of a drug going off-patent, takes into account all the major variables affecting the sales of a drug in the pharmaceuticals. These variables have been considered after referring to academic and industrial research. Most of the variables under study are in the ratio scale so as to eliminate the bias created by absolute values on the output of the model.

The following variables have been used in the model to explain the reduction in sales of a drug going off-patent:

# Number of competitors for the drug going off-patent (N)
# Time from Patent Expiry (t)
# Price Ratio (PR)
# Brand Trust (BT)
# Market Growth Rate (MG)
# Drug Growth Rate (DG)
# Government Regulations (GR)
# Reimbursement Ratio (RR)
# % Reduction in the sales of the drug that went off-patent (Si)

 
====Number of competitors for the drug going off-patent (N)====
The variable N represents the number of competitors for the drug going off-patent. The value of N=1 when there is no competition in the market. The value of N goes on increasing as the number of players increase yearly, in the market. The assumption taken while developing the model is that no generic is discontinued after its launch. Hence, the value of N is always incremental or constant. It does not decrease for any drug in the sample considered for study.

:'''N = Number of competitors for the drug going off-patent'''

 
====Time from Patent Expiry (t)====
Time from Patent Expiry (t) is the difference between the present year under study and the year of patent expiry plus one.

:'''t = Present Year – Patent Expiry Year <nowiki>+</nowiki> 1'''

<nowiki>’</nowiki>t<nowiki>’</nowiki> is defined such that its value never approaches zero

 
====Price Ratio (PR)====
Price Ratio (PR) is the ratio of the price of the drug going off-patent to the price of a generic substitute for the same drug. The variable Price has been included in the model in terms of ratio so as to eliminate skewed results due to the absolute difference in the drug prices.

:'''PR = Price of the Drug going off-patent / Price of the generic substitute'''

Note: Both prices (originator drug and generic substitute) are considered only after patent expiry

 
====Brand Trust (BT)====
Brand Trust (BT) is one the very important factors that will influence the decision of the Physician/Pharmacist/Consumer. Since, the drug going off-patent has been in the market for more than 10 years, it must have built trust among the Physicians/Pharmacists/Consumers. The parent company must have marketed the drug throughout its tenure before the patent expiry and must have built a trusted brand. Even if generic substitutes are price competitive, consumers may have loyalty to originator brand. Hence, Brand Trust is one of the most important factors for the sale of the drug even after its patent expiry.

To quantify brand trust in the model, it has been equated to the Brand popularity on the internet. Google Keywords tool has been used to calculate Brand trust. Since the scope of the study is limited to United States, the number of keyword searches has been limited to United States of America. To nullify the effect of very high values of Brand keyword searches, it has been divided by 1000 and included in the model.

:'''BT = Drug Brand keyword monthly searches in United States / 1000'''

Note:

# Brand in this equation refers to the Drug going off-patent only
# The absolute value of Brand Trust has been taken so that the effect of the Brand Popularity can be seen on the Sales of the drug after the patent expiry

 
====Market Growth Rate (MG)====
The growth rate of the medical problem, which the drug going off-patent caters to, has been considered as the Market Growth rate in the model. For example, one of the drugs under study is Pfizer<nowiki>’</nowiki>s Norvasc that went off-patent in 2007, is an Anti-Hypertension Drug. Hence, the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of Anti-Hypertension Drugs, which is 3%, has been taken as the market growth rate for the drug. The absolute value of growth rate has been given as input in the model.

:'''MG = CAGR of the Market''' (Market of the Medical Problem that the drug caters to)

 
====Drug Growth Rate (DG)====
The drug growth rate (DG) is calculated as the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of the sales value in US, for the last 5 years before the patent expiry of the drug. For example, Pfizer<nowiki>’</nowiki>s drug Norvasc went off-patent in 2007. Hence, the CAGR of sales of Norvasc in US during the period 2002-2006 was considered as the Drug growth rate for Norvasc (calculated as 7.08%).

:'''DG = CAGR of the Drug Sales in US in the last 5 years before patent expiry'''

 
====Government Regulations (GR)====
=====Rising government spending on healthcare=====
Generic substitutes are always price competitive because they enter the market only after the patent expiry of the originator brand and hence do not incur any research and development costs. The expenditure on pharmaceuticals as a proportion of healthcare spending has been significantly high in many OECD countries. The following table shows the spending on healthcare and pharmaceuticals in key OECD countries:

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="30%" align="center"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "9"|'''Health and pharmaceutical spending in key OECD countries, 1995 – 2009'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Country'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "4"|'''Total healthcare expenditure as % of GDP'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "4"|'''Total pharmaceuticals expenditure and other non-durables as a % of total health expenditure'''
|-
|bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|''' '''
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''1995'''
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''2000'''
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''2005'''
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''2009'''
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''1995'''
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''2000'''
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''2005'''
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''2009'''
|-
|'''USA'''
|13.7
|13.7
|15.7
|17.4
|8.4
|11.3
|12.1
|12.0
|-
|bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|'''UK'''
|bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|6.8
|bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|7.0
|bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|8.2
|bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|9.8
|bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|15.3
|bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|14.2
|bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|12.8
|bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|11.4
|-
|'''Germany'''
|10.1
|10.3
|10.7
|11.6
|12.8
|13.6
|15.0
|14.9
|-
|bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|'''France'''
|bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|10.4
|bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|10.1
|bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|11.1
|bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|11.8
|bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|15.0
|bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|16.5
|bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|16.7
|bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|16.1
|-
|'''Italy'''
|7.3
|8.1
|8.9
|9.5
|20.7
|22.0
|20.2
|18.2
|-
|bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|'''Spain'''
|bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|7.4
|bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|7.2
|bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|8.3
|bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|9.5
|bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|19.2
|bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|21.3
|bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|20.4
|bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|18.9
|-
|'''Canada'''
|9.0
|8.8
|9.8
|11.4
|13.9
|15.9
|17.2
|17.0
|-
|} 

=====Government policies encouraging use of generics=====
To decrease their expenditure on healthcare and pharmaceuticals, government policies encouraging the use of generics have risen in the past decade. Countries in Europe and North America have implemented aggressive generic policies, aiming to contain the cost of prescription. In Spain, Italy and France, for instance, regulations on reference pricing for generics and generic substitutes have been implemented. In other countries, like UK, generic prescription has been made compulsory. In Europe and North America, to encourage the generic manufacturers, policies like the Bolar Policy have been implemented. Bolar provision is a practice where generic manufacturers are allowed to complete their regulatory processes prior to the patent expiry of the originator molecule. In some countries, the speed of making generics is rewarded by providing a market exclusivity period. Physicians and Pharmacies are incentivized to prescribe generics. The following table gives a snapshot of the Pharmaceutical Policies for generics in some of the OECD countries.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="60%" align="center"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "8"|'''Generic pharmaceutical policies in 7 OECD countries, 2000 - 2006'''
|-
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Measure'''
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''UK'''
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Germany'''
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''France'''
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Italy'''
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Spain'''
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''USA'''
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Canada'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4" colspan = "8"|'''Supply-side'''
|-
|'''Bolar Type regulation'''
|align = "center"|Y
|align = "center"|Y
|align = "center"|Y
|align = "center"|Y
|align = "center"|Y
|align = "center"|Y
|align = "center"|Y
|-
|'''Price Cap'''
|align = "center"|Y
|
|align = "center"|Y
|align = "center"|Y
|align = "center"|Y
|
|
|-
|'''Reference Pricing'''
|
|align = "center"|Y
|align = "center"|Y
|align = "center"|Y
|align = "center"|Y
|
|align = "center"|Y
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4" colspan = "8"|'''Proxy Demand-side'''
|-
|'''Promoting Generic Prescribing'''
|
|align = "center"|Y
|align = "center"|Y
|
|align = "center"|Y
|align = "center"|Y
|align = "center"|Y
|-
|'''Compulsory Generic Prescribing'''
|align = "center"|Y
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''Prescribing Monitoring & Audit'''
|align = "center"|Y
|align = "center"|Y
|align = "center"|Y
|align = "center"|Y
|align = "center"|Y
|align = "center"|Y
|align = "center"|Y
|-
|'''Generic Substitution'''
|
|align = "center"|Y
|align = "center"|Y
|align = "center"|Y
|align = "center"|Y
|align = "center"|Y
|align = "center"|Y
|-
|'''Flat or Regressive Margin'''
|
|align = "center"|Y
|align = "center"|Y
|align = "center"|Y
|align = "center"|Y
|
|
|-
|'''Discounting allowed officially'''
|align = "center"|Y
|
|align = "center"|Y
|
|
|align = "center"|Y
|align = "center"|Y
|-
|'''Clawback'''
|align = "center"|Y
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4" colspan = "8"|'''Demand Side'''
|-
|'''Differential co-pays'''
|
|
|
|
|
|align = "center"|Y
|
|-
|} 

=====Government regulations as a variable in the model=====
The government regulations for a particular country under study is a constant since the regulations on healthcare and pharmaceuticals sector remains constant for all the drugs in a particular country. Since the scope of the study is limited to US only, the variable <nowiki>’</nowiki>government regulations<nowiki>’</nowiki> has been considered to be a constant in the model.

:'''GR = constant''' (for US)

 
====Reimbursement Ratio (RR)====
=====Tiers in the Drug Insurance Plans=====
Reimbursement policies on the amount to be reimbursed on drug purchase have evolved in the United States for the last two decades. Drug benefit cost sharing provisions charge different amounts to different drugs, depending on which <nowiki>’</nowiki>tier<nowiki>’</nowiki> the drug belongs to. The initial drug insurance plans consisted of two tiers, but now-a-days these plans have four tiers. In such an arrangement, the generics usually fall under tier I, where the customer gets a relatively small amount reimbursed. Depending on the manufacturer<nowiki>’</nowiki>s negotiations, the insurer has more preferred brands in the Tier II. The customer gets a larger co-payment if the drug he purchases falls in Tier II. For brands where the manufacturer was unable to negotiate a favorable price, fall in Tier III. Customers get a higher incentive but also have to pay more from their pocket if they purchase these non-preferred brands falling in the third tier. Finally, very costly drugs, such as the oncology and rheumatoid arthritis biologics that can cost thousands of dollars per month are placed in Tier IV.

 
=====Coinsurance and Copayments=====
A Copayment is a fixed-dollar amount that a customer pays each time he buys a drug whereas coinsurance is a percent of the cost incurred in purchasing a drug. The customer is responsible for paying the coinsurance amount, whereas the rest of the amount is reimbursed by the insurance policy. The coinsurance and copayment amounts for a drug differ for mail order and retail order.

The following tables indicated the average amount reimbursed, in case of retail order and mail order payments:

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="60%" align="center"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "10"|'''Retail Order'''
|-
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|''' '''
|align = "right" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''2001'''
|align = "right" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''2002'''
|align = "right" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''2003'''
|align = "right" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''2004'''
|align = "right" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''2005'''
|align = "right" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''2006'''
|align = "right" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''2007'''
|align = "right" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''2008'''
|align = "right" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''2009'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4" colspan = "10"|'''Average Copayments Retail Order'''
|-
|Tier I
|align = "center"|$7.68
|align = "center"|$8.33
|align = "center"|$8.66
|align = "center"|$9.14
|align = "center"|$9.53
|align = "center"|$9.53
|align = "center"|$8.99
|align = "center"|$9.53
|align = "center"|$9.96
|-
|Tier II
|align = "center"|$16.06
|align = "center"|$17.57
|align = "center"|$19.26
|align = "center"|$20.71
|align = "center"|$21.61
|align = "center"|$21.61
|align = "center"|$23.08
|align = "center"|$24.62
|align = "center"|$25.19
|-
|Tier III
|align = "center"|$30.51
|align = "center"|$33.23
|align = "center"|$35.15
|align = "center"|$37.45
|align = "center"|$39.06
|align = "center"|$39.06
|align = "center"|$39.63
|align = "center"|$41.13
|align = "center"|$42.95
|-
|Tier IV
|align = "center"|0
|align = "center"|0
|align = "center"|0
|align = "center"|0
|align = "center"|0
|align = "center"|0
|align = "center"|0
|align = "center"|0
|align = "center"|$62.11
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4" colspan = "10"|'''Average Coinsurance Retail Order'''
|-
|Tier I
|align = "center"|18%
|align = "center"|19%
|align = "center"|20%
|align = "center"|18%
|align = "center"|19%
|align = "center"|19%
|align = "center"|18%
|align = "center"|20%
|align = "center"|20%
|-
|Tier II
|align = "center"|23%
|align = "center"|23%
|align = "center"|26%
|align = "center"|25%
|align = "center"|27%
|align = "center"|26%
|align = "center"|26%
|align = "center"|26%
|align = "center"|27%
|-
|Tier III
|align = "center"|33%
|align = "center"|37%
|align = "center"|40%
|align = "center"|34%
|align = "center"|38%
|align = "center"|38%
|align = "center"|38%
|align = "center"|42%
|align = "center"|40%
|-
|Tier IV
|align = "center"|0
|align = "center"|0
|align = "center"|0
|align = "center"|30%
|align = "center"|43%
|align = "center"|42%
|align = "center"|27%
|align = "center"|29%
|align = "center"|28%
|-
|} 

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="60%" align="center"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "10"|'''Mail Order'''
|-
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD"| 
|align = "right" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''2001'''
|align = "right" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''2002'''
|align = "right" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''2003'''
|align = "right" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''2004'''
|align = "right" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''2005'''
|align = "right" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''2006'''
|align = "right" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''2007'''
|align = "right" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''2008'''
|align = "right" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''2009'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4" colspan = "10"|'''Average Copayments Retail Order'''
|-
|Tier I
|align = "center"|$12.60
|align = "center"|$14.61
|align = "center"|$16.63
|align = "center"|$17.18
|align = "center"|$17.95
|align = "center"|$17.95
|align = "center"|$17.58
|align = "center"|$19.23
|align = "center"|$20.23
|-
|Tier II
|align = "center"|$26.01
|align = "center"|$31.21
|align = "center"|$37.33
|align = "center"|$39.90
|align = "center"|$41.65
|align = "center"|$41.65
|align = "center"|$47.86
|align = "center"|$51.47
|align = "center"|$51.70
|-
|Tier III
|align = "center"|$55.23
|align = "center"|$60.61
|align = "center"|$67.55
|align = "center"|$74.85
|align = "center"|$77.05
|align = "center"|$77.05
|align = "center"|$80.80
|align = "center"|$85.77
|align = "center"|$99.04
|-
|Tier IV
|align = "center"|0
|align = "center"|0
|align = "center"|0
|align = "center"|0
|align = "center"|0
|align = "center"|0
|align = "center"|0
|align = "center"|0
|align = "center"|$117.79
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4" colspan = "10"|'''Average Coinsurance Retail Order'''
|-
|Tier I
|align = "center"|18%
|align = "center"|18%
|align = "center"|21%
|align = "center"|18%
|align = "center"|19%
|align = "center"|19%
|align = "center"|19%
|align = "center"|19%
|align = "center"|19%
|-
|Tier II
|align = "center"|23%
|align = "center"|23%
|align = "center"|25%
|align = "center"|25%
|align = "center"|27%
|align = "center"|26%
|align = "center"|25%
|align = "center"|25%
|align = "center"|28%
|-
|Tier III
|align = "center"|33%
|align = "center"|41%
|align = "center"|43%
|align = "center"|34%
|align = "center"|38%
|align = "center"|38%
|align = "center"|38%
|align = "center"|40%
|align = "center"|43%
|-
|Tier IV
|align = "center"|0
|align = "center"|0
|align = "center"|0
|align = "center"|30%
|align = "center"|43%
|align = "center"|42%
|align = "center"|27%
|align = "center"|26%
|align = "center"|29%
|-
|} 

 
=====Segmentation of Drug insurance market=====
There are very clear trends over time in customers buying various insurance policies. Coinsurance accounts for 18.3% of the total drug insurance market whereas copayment accounts for 81.7% of the market. Also, 81.2% of the total purchases are made in the retail stores whereas only 18.8% of the drugs are ordered by mail in the United States.

All the above segmentation factors have been taken into consideration while building the model of % reduction in sales of a drug going off-patent.

Therefore, the reimbursement ratio is calculated as the ratio of reimbursement amount on the drug going off-patent to the reimbursement amount on its generic substitute.

:'''RR = Reimbursement on Originator Drug / Reimbursement on Generic Substitute'''

 
====% Reduction in the sales of the drug that went off-patent (Si)====
% Reduction in sales is defined as the reduction in sales after the patent expiry of the drug with the sales value of that drug a year before its patent expiry, as the reference. Hence to calculate Si for each year, the reference year is the sales value of the drug a year before its patent expiry. All the sales value considered for computation is for US only.

:'''Si = (Present Year Sales Value – Sales Value of the Year before Patent Expiry) <nowiki>*</nowiki> 100 / (Sales Value of the Year before Patent Expiry)'''

 
===Regression Model===
Data pertaining to all the above variables was collected and was subjected to OLS regression in SPSS 20. Following model was obtained at the end of regression process

::'''Si = -11.08t - 1.304N - 1.235MG + 0.242BT – 5.739RR - 22.35'''

Si = % Reduction in the sales of the drug that went off-patent

N = Number of competitors for the drug going off-patent

t = Time from Patent Expiry

BT = Brand Trust

MG = Market Growth Rate

RR = Reimbursement Ratio

 
====Goodness-of-Fit====
R2 values and standard error of estimate are shown in table below

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="30%" align="center"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "5"|'''Model Summary'''
|-
|bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''Model'''
|bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''R'''
|bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''R Square'''
|bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''Adjusted R Square'''
|bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''Std. Error of the Estimate'''
|-
|1
|align = "right"|0.84
|align = "right"|0.71
|align = "right"|0.65
|align = "right"|18.86
|-
|} 

R2 value of 0.71 implies that this model explains about 71% variation seen in the reduction of sales of drug seen after patent expiry.

 

====Coefficients and significance of individual variables====
Following table shows the individual coefficients and significance levels are shown in table below

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="60%" align = "center"
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Variable'''
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Beta'''
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Std. Error'''
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''t-value'''
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Significance'''
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Lower Bound'''
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Upper Bound'''
|-
|bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|'''(Constant)'''
|align = "right" bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>22.35
|align = "right" bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|17.32
|align = "right" bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>1.29
|align = "right" bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|0.21
|align = "right" bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>58.10
|align = "right" bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|13.40
|-
|'''t'''
|align = "right"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>11.08
|align = "right"|2.57
|align = "right"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>4.32
|align = "right"|0.00
|align = "right"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>16.38
|align = "right"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>5.78
|-
|bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|'''N'''
|align = "right" bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>1.30
|align = "right" bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|0.85
|align = "right" bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>1.53
|align = "right" bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|0.14
|align = "right" bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>3.06
|align = "right" bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|0.46
|-
|'''MG'''
|align = "right"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>1.24
|align = "right"|1.18
|align = "right"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>1.04
|align = "right"|0.31
|align = "right"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>3.68
|align = "right"|1.21
|-
|bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|'''BT'''
|align = "right" bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|0.24
|align = "right" bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|0.09
|align = "right" bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|2.86
|align = "right" bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|0.01
|align = "right" bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|0.07
|align = "right" bgcolor = "#DCE6F1"|0.42
|-
|'''RR'''
|align = "right"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>5.74
|align = "right"|4.33
|align = "right"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>1.33
|align = "right"|0.20
|align = "right"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>14.68
|align = "right"|3.20
|-
|}

As seen from table most significant variable is Time from expiry followed by Brand Trust, Number of Generic Substitutes, Reimbursement Ratio and Market Growth in decreasing order of significance.

 

===Interpretation of Model===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="60%" align="center"
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Variable'''
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Beta'''
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Interpretation'''
|-
|Time from Expiry
|align = "right"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>11.081
|A year from patent expiry will reduce sales by 11%
|-
|N
|align = "right"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>1.304
|Every additional generic competitor will reduce sales by 1.3%
|-
|Market Growth
|align = "right"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>1.235
|If Market had positive growth rate, higher chances of reduction in sales, Almost 1.235% per cent of growth rate
|-
|Brand Trust
|align = "right"|0.242
|Higher brand trust helps sales of branded drug
|-
|Reimbursement Ratio
|align = "right"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>5.739
|Higher reimbursement ratio implies higher payment for branded drug which reduces sales by 5.73% per unit rise in ratio
|-
|} 

 

==Implications==
Model takes time from expiry, Number of generic substitutes, CAGR of market, brand trust and reimbursement ratio as inputs to predict reduction in sales. Reimbursement ratio and brand trust are the two parameters that can be controlled by branded drug company.

* Branded drugs companies need to build brand value for their product before it expires. Building brand trust thus has spillover effects post-patent expiry which works in favor of the drug.
* Company can have insurance strategy planned which should reduce reimbursement ratio for that particular product.

 
===Further Research===
* This model can further be modified by including variables like discounts given to the Pharmacies.
* The impact of regulations can be included if this model is extrapolated to the global market (or more than one geography)

 
==Bibliography==

Anis A. (1994). Substitution laws, insurance coverage, and generic drug use. ''Medical Care,''32(3):240-256.

Aronson T, Bergman M, Rudholm N. (2001). The Impact of Generic Drug on Brand Name Market Shares: Evidence from Micro Data. ''Review of Industrial Organization'', 19: 425-435.

Berndt E., N. J. (2010). ''Pricing and Reimbursement in U.S. Pharmaceutical Markets.'' Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research.

Berndt ER. (2002). Pharmaceuticals in US Health Care: Determinants of Quantity and Prices. ''Journal of Economic Perspectives'', 16 (4): 45-66.

Caves RE, Whinston ME, Hurwitz MA. (1991). Patent expiration, entry, and competition in the US pharmaceutical industry: an exploratory analysis. ''Brookings Papers on Economic Activity:''

Kanavos P., C.-F. J. (2007). ''Competition in Off-Patent Drug Markets: Issues, Regulation and Evidence.'' London: London School of Economics and Political Science.

''Microeconomics'', pp.1-66, Washington: Brookings Institute.Frank R.G, and Salkever D.S. (1997). Generic entry and the pricing of pharmaceuticals. ''Journal'' ''of Economics and Management Strategy'', 6(1), 75-90.

Suh D-C, Schondelmeyer S, Manning W, Hadsall R, Nyman J. (1999). Price Trends Before and After Patent Expiration in the Pharmaceutical Industry. ''Journal of Research in'' ''Pharmaceutical Economics'', 9(2): 17 – 32.

 

==Appendix==
===Regression output===
====Model Summary====
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="30%" align = "center"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "5"|'''Model Summary'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Model'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''R'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''R Square'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Adjusted R Square'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Std. Error of the Estimate'''
|-
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|.842a
|align = "center"|.709
|align = "center"|.648
|align = "center"|18.86230
|-
|colspan = "5"|a. Predictors: (Constant), RR, MG, t, BT, N
|-
|}

====Scree Plot====

[[Image:Scree Plot - Reduction in Market Share of Drug going off-patent.png |thumb|499px|center]]
 

====ANOVA Output====
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="60%" align = "center"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "7"|'''ANOVA'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4" colspan = "2"|'''Model'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Sum of Squares'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''df'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Mean Square'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''F'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Sig.'''
|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|1
|Regression
|align = "center"|20764.591
|align = "center"|5
|align = "center"|4152.918
|align = "center"|11.673
|align = "center"|.000b
|-
|Residual
|align = "center"|8538.870
|align = "center"|24
|align = "center"|355.786
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|-
|Total
|align = "center"|29303.461
|align = "center"|29
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|-
|colspan = "7"|a. Dependent Variable: Si
|-
|colspan = "7"|b. Predictors: (Constant), RR, MG, t, BT, N
|-
|}

 
====Variable Coefficients and Significance====
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="80%" align = "center"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "9"|'''Coefficients'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4" rowspan = "2"|'''Model'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4" colspan = "4"|'''Unstandardized Coefficients'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Standardized Coefficients'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4" rowspan = "2"|'''t'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4" rowspan = "2"|'''Sig.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''95.0% Confidence Interval for B'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''B'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4" colspan = "2"|'''Std. Error'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Beta'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Lower Bound'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Upper Bound'''
|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "6"|1
|(Constant)
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>22.352
|align = "center"|17.322
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>1.290
|align = "center"|.209
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>58.103
|align = "center"|13.399
|-
|t
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>11.081
|align = "center"|2.567
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>.527
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>4.317
|align = "center"|.000
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>16.379
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>5.784
|-
|N
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>1.304
|align = "center"|.853
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>.240
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>1.529
|align = "center"|.139
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>3.063
|align = "center"|.456
|-
|MG
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>1.235
|align = "center"|1.183
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>.132
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>1.044
|align = "center"|.307
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>3.677
|align = "center"|1.207
|-
|BT
|align = "center"|.242
|align = "center"|.085
|align = "center"|.338
|align = "center"|2.855
|align = "center"|.009
|align = "center"|.067
|align = "center"|.418
|-
|RR
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>5.739
|align = "center"|4.331
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>.193
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>1.325
|align = "center"|.198
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>14.677
|align = "center"|3.200
|-
|colspan = "9"|a. Dependent Variable: Si
|-
|}

 
====Coefficient Correlations====
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="80%" align = "center"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "8"|'''Coefficient Correlations'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4" colspan = "3"|'''Model'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''RR'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''MG'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''t'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''BT'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''N'''
|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "10"|1
|rowspan = "5"|Correlations
|align = "center"|RR
|align = "center"|1.000
|align = "center"|.162
|align = "center"|.215
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>.250
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>.607
|-
|align = "center"|MG
|align = "center"|.162
|align = "center"|1.000
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>.116
|align = "center"|.170
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>.373
|-
|align = "center"|t
|align = "center"|.215
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>.116
|align = "center"|1.000
|align = "center"|.066
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>.321
|-
|align = "center"|BT
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>.250
|align = "center"|.170
|align = "center"|.066
|align = "center"|1.000
|align = "center"|.012
|-
|align = "center"|N
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>.607
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>.373
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>.321
|align = "center"|.012
|align = "center"|1.000
|-
|rowspan = "5"|Covariances
|align = "center"|RR
|align = "center"|18.757
|align = "center"|.829
|align = "center"|2.393
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>.092
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>2.240
|-
|align = "center"|MG
|align = "center"|.829
|align = "center"|1.400
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>.352
|align = "center"|.017
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>.377
|-
|align = "center"|t
|align = "center"|2.393
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>.352
|align = "center"|6.589
|align = "center"|.014
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>.703
|-
|align = "center"|BT
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>.092
|align = "center"|.017
|align = "center"|.014
|align = "center"|.007
|align = "center"|.001
|-
|align = "center"|N
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>2.240
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>.377
|align = "center"|<nowiki>-</nowiki>.703
|align = "center"|.001
|align = "center"|.727
|-
|colspan = "8"|a. Dependent Variable: Si
|-
|}

 
===Data used for the model===
====List of drugs used in the model====
# Biaxin
# Coreg IR/Kredex
# Effexor
# Lamisil
# Lotrel
# Norvasc
# Zithromax

NFC Ecosystem

2011-12-23T20:56:34Z

2011-04-11T17:11:17Z

Pramath.malik@dolcera.com: /* Objective */

==Overview of valuation==

IP valuation is a complex procedure taking into account economic, technology-related as well as juridical factors. The heterogeneity of the factors concerned and the specific purposes addressed in every valuation do not allow adopting one generally-accepted standardized IP valuation model, but there are a variety of different models and tools comprising different approaches. The main approaches are:

# '''Cost based method''' - This method is based on the analysis of costs necessary to replace the IP concerned, as well as on costs that have been invested for the development, application, maintenance and commercialization
# '''Income based method''' - The value derived by this method is based on the expected income attributable to the asset during its remaining economic life. The fair value of asset can be expressed as the present value of the future stream of the economic benefits that are derived from the ownership of the property
# '''Market based method''' - This method assesses the market value by reference to comparable market transactions. The method basically consists of assessing prices and/or profits achieved by third parties in comparable market transactions, such as mergers and acquisitions, sales or the grant of licenses etc

===Why Income method ?===

We have used the '''Discounted Cash Flow''' (income based method) due to following reasons:

* It is a fundamental valuation method
* The value is based on the ability of the asset to generate future positive cash flows
* When appropriately discounted, this method gives the net present value of all the future cash flows
* Future business and market dynamics are considered while calculating future cash flows
* Easy to interpret and understand

==Objective==

* To estimate the market for an IP
* To estimate revenue generated from a particular IP
* To identify the main players
* To identify the importance of the product to the market
* To identify the importance of the patent to the product market

==Analysis for XYZ application number==
The application number XYZ comes under the category of '''Dual mode cellular/Wi-Fi'''.

The major claim of XYZ is that of a multimode communication device -- It is a device that allows a phone or device to have more than one network e.g. Apple i-Phone has both Wi-Fi & Mobile capabilities. Similarly some new phones even claim both GSM & CDMA capabilties.

The Application is a continuity of Patent No. YZW which essential talks about supporting voice communication via packet network.

The Patent is in turn a continuity of Patent No. ZWX which covers communication network system which supports the transmission of both voice and Data.

The patent is in turn a continuity of Patent No. WXZ which in essence is a wireless communication network supporting the trasmission of voice and Data inside a premises.

The filing date of Patent No WXZ is Dec 5th 1992, that means that if granted XYZ will have a period till Dec 5th 2012.

'''*UPDATE - The USPTO has granted the application with a project patent No. XYZ to be issued on 18th Jun 2010, and they have issued an extension of 1885 Days i.e. till May 2016 (est.)
'''

===Dual mode mobile market===

The growth of dual mode mobile handset units and the market share of leading Wi-Fi handset vendors is shown below:

[[Image:Dual mode.jpg|center|550 px|border|thumb|[http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1256113 Source: Gartner], [http://techcrunchies.com/wi-fi-mobile-phones-as-percentage-of-total-mobile-handsets/ Techcrunchies], [http://www.abiresearch.com/press/1593-Mobile+Handset+Demand+Fuels+336.5+Million+Shipments Abiresearch]]]

The market share of leading vendors of WiFi enabled phones as of 2nd quarter of 2009 is shown below

[[Image:Dfg.JPG|center|535 px|border|thumb|[http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-10390525-1.html Source: CNET]]]

===Importance of dual mode mobile phones===

* Mobile voice-over-IP applications will reach 278 million users, generating $32.2 billion in annual revenues by 2013, a third of that going to reluctant cellular operators

* "The participants include a broad spectrum of mobile VoIP industry participants, including start-ups, online VoIP providers, mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs), and mobile virtual network enablers (MVNEs)—and the mobile operators themselves; all of whom are leveraging, or will leverage, very different opportunities associated with mobile VoIP," says Frank Dickson, analyst with Arizona-based research firm In-Stat

* "Sooner or later, mobile operators will be forced to deploy their own VoIP services, since next-generation networks, such as Long Term Evolution and WiMAX are all-IP and don’t support circuit voice," explained John Blau, a German-based research associate with Unstrung Insider

* By 2019, half of all mobile calls will be over all-IP networks, according to reports published earlier this year

[http://www.wi-fiplanet.com/columns/article.php/3840816 Source: Wi-Fi Planet], [http://www.voipmonitor.net/CategoryView,category,VoIP%2BReports.aspx VOIP Monitor]
 

===Importance of IP to the product market===

Application Number - XYZ

===='''Focus of the patent'''====
Multi-mode communication device and method of its operation
 
===='''Device specification'''====
* Device capable of working on two communication network interfaces i.e. cellular & WLAN or Wi-Fi
* Device having transceivers for communication with respective communication networks & processor for routing the calls to any one of the communication networks based on the mode of communication and cost of use of communication network
* Transceiver of the device which communicates via WLAN network, communicates at app. 2.4 gigahertz using spread spectrum technique i.e. frequency hopping spread spectrum technique
* One of the transceivers is disposed on a user removable circuit card which is compliant with a Personal Computer Memory Card Interface Association (PCMCIA)

===='''Method of communication'''====
* Detecting an action (one of voice, a key press, and handwritten) by a user
* Determining a type of call (voice call, a data call, and a voice and data call) based upon the user action
* Selecting (based on evaluating a cost of use of a communication network) at least one wireless communication interface from the plurality of wireless communication interfaces based upon the type of call (voice call, a data call, and a voice and data call)
* Establishing call communication via the at least one wireless communication interface; and exchanging information (representative of voice or others) via the at least one wireless communication interface
 

===Valuation for XYZ application number===

====Steps of valuation====

For the estimation of value of patent number XYZ!, the following methodology was used:
[[Image:presentation1.jpg|800px|thumb|center|Steps in valuation]]

As indicated by [http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&at=31&locale=en_EP&FT=D&CC=US&NR=2005008002A1&KC=A1 Espacenet] all the forms in which the patent has been published are restricted to US, thus for the same reason, we shall restrict our analysis to the US too.

====The working sheet====
You can download the [http://dolcera.com/wiki/images/Business_Evaluation.xls'''interactive'''] excel sheet containing dummy estimates.

Snapshots of the same are shown below

1. Front sheet

[[Image:Bcom_a.JPG|1000px|thumb|center|Front sheet]]

2. Calculation of p & q values for Bass Diffusion

[[Image:Bcom_c.JPG|1000px|thumb|center|Calculation of p & q values for Bass diffusion]]

3. DCF Calculation

[[Image:Bcom_d.JPG|1000px|thumb|center| DCF calculation]]

====Assumptions====
There are two types of assumptions
* Qualitative - These form the bases of the analysis, these can be amended post feasibility discussions
* Quantitative - These are easily easily changeable in the interactive excel sheet linked above

The assumptions in the analysis are as given below:

Qualitative:
# The forecast by TechCrunch for Wifi enabled devices till 2013 are accurate
# Wifi Enabled Phones are a suitable proxy for this device
# This is a disruptive innovation, not an incremental innovation over current dual mode devices
# There is no competition during the life of the patent enforcement
# Demand to be independent of pricing strategy

All these issues can be tackled by enriching the model as per your requirement and taking suitable qualitative assumptions, we can discuss over the same e.g. Issues 1 & 2 can be tackled with use of more apt proxies, 4 & 5 by enriching the Bass diffusion Model, and 3 by segmentation modeling

For alternative scenarios, one can alter the quantitative inputs in the form of :
# Expected market size at maturity (analyst estimate)
# WACC of Broadcom (taken from wikinvest)
# Average price of device (from discussion with client)
# Average usage of device by consumer (taking mobile phone usage as a proxy)
# Royalty Rate (client discussion)

Valuation Sample

2011-04-11T17:10:56Z

Pramath.malik@dolcera.com: /* Methodology */

==Overview of valuation==

IP valuation is a complex procedure taking into account economic, technology-related as well as juridical factors. The heterogeneity of the factors concerned and the specific purposes addressed in every valuation do not allow adopting one generally-accepted standardized IP valuation model, but there are a variety of different models and tools comprising different approaches. The main approaches are:

# '''Cost based method''' - This method is based on the analysis of costs necessary to replace the IP concerned, as well as on costs that have been invested for the development, application, maintenance and commercialization
# '''Income based method''' - The value derived by this method is based on the expected income attributable to the asset during its remaining economic life. The fair value of asset can be expressed as the present value of the future stream of the economic benefits that are derived from the ownership of the property
# '''Market based method''' - This method assesses the market value by reference to comparable market transactions. The method basically consists of assessing prices and/or profits achieved by third parties in comparable market transactions, such as mergers and acquisitions, sales or the grant of licenses etc

===Why Income method ?===

We have used the '''Discounted Cash Flow''' (income based method) due to following reasons:

* It is a fundamental valuation method
* The value is based on the ability of the asset to generate future positive cash flows
* When appropriately discounted, this method gives the net present value of all the future cash flows
* Future business and market dynamics are considered while calculating future cash flows
* Easy to interpret and understand

==Objective==

* To estimate the market for an IP
* To estimate revenue generated from a particular IP
* To identify the main players
* To identify the importance of the product to the market
* To identify the importance of the patent to the product market

==Analysis for XYZ application number==
The application number XYZ comes under the category of '''Dual mode cellular/Wi-Fi'''.

The major claim of XYZ is that of a multimode communication device -- It is a device that allows a phone or device to have more than one network e.g. Apple i-Phone has both Wi-Fi & Mobile capabilities. Similarly some new phones even claim both GSM & CDMA capabilties.

The Application is a continuity of Patent No. YZW which essential talks about supporting voice communication via packet network.

The Patent is in turn a continuity of Patent No. ZWX which covers communication network system which supports the transmission of both voice and Data.

The patent is in turn a continuity of Patent No. WXZ which in essence is a wireless communication network supporting the trasmission of voice and Data inside a premises.

The filing date of Patent No WXZ is Dec 5th 1992, that means that if granted XYZ will have a period till Dec 5th 2012.

'''*UPDATE - The USPTO has granted the application with a project patent No. XYZ to be issued on 18th Jun 2010, and they have issued an extension of 1885 Days i.e. till May 2016 (est.)
'''

===Dual mode mobile market===

The growth of dual mode mobile handset units and the market share of leading Wi-Fi handset vendors is shown below:

[[Image:Dual mode.jpg|center|550 px|border|thumb|[http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1256113 Source: Gartner], [http://techcrunchies.com/wi-fi-mobile-phones-as-percentage-of-total-mobile-handsets/ Techcrunchies], [http://www.abiresearch.com/press/1593-Mobile+Handset+Demand+Fuels+336.5+Million+Shipments Abiresearch]]]

The market share of leading vendors of WiFi enabled phones as of 2nd quarter of 2009 is shown below

[[Image:Dfg.JPG|center|535 px|border|thumb|[http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-10390525-1.html Source: CNET]]]

===Importance of dual mode mobile phones===

* Mobile voice-over-IP applications will reach 278 million users, generating $32.2 billion in annual revenues by 2013, a third of that going to reluctant cellular operators

* "The participants include a broad spectrum of mobile VoIP industry participants, including start-ups, online VoIP providers, mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs), and mobile virtual network enablers (MVNEs)—and the mobile operators themselves; all of whom are leveraging, or will leverage, very different opportunities associated with mobile VoIP," says Frank Dickson, analyst with Arizona-based research firm In-Stat

* "Sooner or later, mobile operators will be forced to deploy their own VoIP services, since next-generation networks, such as Long Term Evolution and WiMAX are all-IP and don’t support circuit voice," explained John Blau, a German-based research associate with Unstrung Insider

* By 2019, half of all mobile calls will be over all-IP networks, according to reports published earlier this year

[http://www.wi-fiplanet.com/columns/article.php/3840816 Source: Wi-Fi Planet], [http://www.voipmonitor.net/CategoryView,category,VoIP%2BReports.aspx VOIP Monitor]
 

===Importance of IP to the product market===

Application Number - XYZ

===='''Focus of the patent'''====
Multi-mode communication device and method of its operation
 
===='''Device specification'''====
* Device capable of working on two communication network interfaces i.e. cellular & WLAN or Wi-Fi
* Device having transceivers for communication with respective communication networks & processor for routing the calls to any one of the communication networks based on the mode of communication and cost of use of communication network
* Transceiver of the device which communicates via WLAN network, communicates at app. 2.4 gigahertz using spread spectrum technique i.e. frequency hopping spread spectrum technique
* One of the transceivers is disposed on a user removable circuit card which is compliant with a Personal Computer Memory Card Interface Association (PCMCIA)

===='''Method of communication'''====
* Detecting an action (one of voice, a key press, and handwritten) by a user
* Determining a type of call (voice call, a data call, and a voice and data call) based upon the user action
* Selecting (based on evaluating a cost of use of a communication network) at least one wireless communication interface from the plurality of wireless communication interfaces based upon the type of call (voice call, a data call, and a voice and data call)
* Establishing call communication via the at least one wireless communication interface; and exchanging information (representative of voice or others) via the at least one wireless communication interface
 

===Valuation for XYZ application number===

====Steps of valuation====

For the estimation of value of patent number XYZ!, the following methodology was used:
[[Image:presentation1.jpg|800px|thumb|center|Steps in valuation]]

As indicated by [http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&at=31&locale=en_EP&FT=D&CC=US&NR=2005008002A1&KC=A1 Espacenet] all the forms in which the patent has been published are restricted to US, thus for the same reason, we shall restrict our analysis to the US too.

====The working sheet====
You can download the [http://dolcera.com/wiki/images/Business_Evaluation.xls'''interactive'''] excel sheet containing dummy estimates.

Snapshots of the same are shown below

1. Front sheet

[[Image:Bcom_a.JPG|1000px|thumb|center|Front sheet]]

2. Calculation of p & q values for Bass Diffusion

[[Image:Bcom_c.JPG|1000px|thumb|center|Calculation of p & q values for Bass diffusion]]

3. DCF Calculation

[[Image:Bcom_d.JPG|1000px|thumb|center| DCF calculation]]

====Assumptions====
There are two types of assumptions
* Qualitative - These form the bases of the analysis, these can be amended post feasibility discussions
* Quantitative - These are easily easily changeable in the interactive excel sheet linked above

The assumptions in the analysis are as given below:

Qualitative:
# The forecast by TechCrunch for Wifi enabled devices till 2013 are accurate
# Wifi Enabled Phones are a suitable proxy for this device
# This is a disruptive innovation, not an incremental innovation over current dual mode devices
# There is no competition during the life of the patent enforcement
# Demand to be independent of pricing strategy

All these issues can be tackled by enriching the model as per your requirement and taking suitable qualitative assumptions, we can discuss over the same e.g. Issues 1 & 2 can be tackled with use of more apt proxies, 4 & 5 by enriching the Bass diffusion Model, and 3 by segmentation modeling

For alternative scenarios, one can alter the quantitative inputs in the form of :
# Expected market size at maturity (analyst estimate)
# WACC of Broadcom (taken from wikinvest)
# Average price of device (from discussion with client)
# Average usage of device by consumer (taking mobile phone usage as a proxy)
# Royalty Rate (client discussion)

LTE

2011-02-07T09:59:50Z

Pramath.malik@dolcera.com: /* Background description */

==Rationale==
* LTE is the most suited technology as it provides higher data rates required for the future and is an advancement over widely used GSM/EDGE/HSPA
* A number of corporate giants are looking towards LTE as the technology enabling future communication
* The following factors are expected to be obtained with the realization of LTE
** Reduced cost per bit
** Increased service provisioning - more services at lower cost with better user experience
** Flexibility of use of existing and new frequency bands
** Simplified architecture, Open interfaces
** Allow for reasonable terminal power consumption

==Background description==

LTE (Long Term Evolution), is the latest standard in the mobile network technology that came into existence because of the growing needs of faster data rates. It is a 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), which realized this technology. LTE is an advancement to previously realized technologies such as GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSxPA etc.Although LTE is often marketed as 4G, first-release LTE is actually a 3.9G technology since it does not fully comply with the IMT Advanced 4G requirements.

Update - LTE-Advanced has been granted 4G compliance given the significant improvement they provide over 3G technologies [http://www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/press_releases/2010/48.aspx]
[[Image:299.jpg|centre|300px|thumb|[http://www.unwiredview.com/2009/02/18/verizon-att-lte-details LTE technology ]]]
Voice traffic will be supported mainly as Voice over IP (VoIP) enabling better integration with other multimedia services.LTE is being designed to be a high data rate and low latency system. LTE is also aimed at minimizing cost and power consumption while ensuring backward-compatibility and a cost effective migration from UMTS systems.
[http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/cellulartelecomms/lte-long-term-evolution/3g-lte-basics.php LTE tutorial]

==Technical details==

===Performance requirements===
LTE is expected to support different types of services including web browsing, FTP, video streaming, VoIP, online gaming, real time video, push-to-talk and push-to-view. Therefore, it is being designed to be a high data rate and low latency system as indicated by the key performance criteria shown below.

[[Image:per.jpg|500px|thumb|centre|[http://www.motorola.com/staticfiles/Business/Solutions/Industry%20Solutions/Service%20Providers/Wireless%20Operators/LTE/_Document/Static%20Files/6834_MotDoc_New.pdf '''Performance Requirements''']]]

==LTE architecture==
[[Image:arch.jpg|700px|thumb|centre|[http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/whitepapers/lte_overview.pdf LTE architecture]]]

===Protocol stack===
[[Image:prot.jpg|600px|thumb|centre|[http://www.ericsson.com/res/thecompany/docs/journal_conference_papers/wireless_access/IEEE-Com-Mag-April-2009-LTE-SAE-Rel-8-link-layer-design.pdf Protocol stack of LTE]]]

===Data flow ===
The data flow through protocol stack can be shown as
[[Image:dataf.jpg|600px|thumb|centre|[http://www.ericsson.com/res/thecompany/docs/journal_conference_papers/wireless_access/IEEE-Com-Mag-April-2009-LTE-SAE-Rel-8-link-layer-design.pdf Dataflow]]]

===LTE frame structure===

In order to maintain synchronization and manage different types of information exchange that need to be carried between the base-station or eNodeB and the User Equipment (UE), LTE system has a defined LTE frame and sub frame structure for the E-UTRA or Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access

There are two types of LTE frame structure:

* '''Type 1:used for the LTE FDD mode systems'''
** The basic type 1 LTE frame has an overall length of 10 ms. This is then divided into a total of 20 individual slots. LTE sub frames then consist of two slots - in other words there are ten LTE sub frames within a frame.

[[Image:type1f.jpg|thumb|centre|600px|[http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/cellulartelecomms/lte-long-term-evolution/lte-frame-subframe-structure.php LTE frame structure]]]

* '''Type 2:used for the LTE TDD systems'''
** The frame structure for the type 2 frames used on LTE TDD is somewhat different. The 10 ms frame comprises two half frames, each 5 ms long. The LTE half-frames are further split into five sub frames, each 1ms long.

[[Image:type2f.jpg|thumb|centre|600px|[http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/cellulartelecomms/lte-long-term-evolution/lte-frame-subframe-structure.php LTE frame structure]]]

* The subframes may be divided into standard sub frames of special sub frames. The special sub frames consist of three fields
** DwPTS - Downlink Pilot Time Slot
** GP - Guard Period
** UpPTS - Uplink Pilot Time Slot.

==LTE enabling technologies==

* '''OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)'''
** It is used in the downlink communication of LTE as it can support high data rates
* '''SC-FDMA (Single Carrier FDMA)'''
** It is used in the uplink communication of LTE as it helps in reducing terminal power consumption
* '''MIMO (Multi-Input Multi-Output)'''
** Helps in obtaining increased data rates with usage of many antennas.
* '''System Architecture Evolution(SAE)'''
** New core network architecture to support the high-throughput / low latency LTE access system
** Simplified network architecture
** All IP network
** All services are via PS domain only, No CS domain
** Support mobility between multiple heterogeneous access system
* '''Fractional frequency reuse'''
** Helps in reusing the frequency so that spectral efficiency can be improved

==Taxonomy==
<mm>[[LTE-taxonomy.mm]]</mm>

==MIMO(Multiple Input Multiple Output)==

Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technologies introduced in LTE such as spatial multiplexing, transmit diversity, and beamforming are key components for providing higher peak rate at a better system efficiency, which are essential for supporting future broadband data service over wireless links.In Long Term Evolution (LTE), MIMO technologies have been widely used to improve downlink peak rate, cell coverage, as well as average cell throughput.

To achieve this diverse set of objectives, LTE adopted various MIMO technologies including transmit diversity, single user (SU)-MIMO, multiuser (MU)-MIMO, closed-loop rank-1 precoding, and dedicated beamforming. [http://www.hindawi.com/journals/wcn/2009/302092.html MIMO in LTE]
[[Image:mimo.jpg|thumb|700px|centre|[http://www.radion.co.in/mimo_basics MIMO working]]]

==Concept table for MIMO==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|S.no
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|MIMO
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|OFDMA
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|SCFDMA
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|Interference
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|SDMA
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|HARQ
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|Multipath
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|LTE
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|Others
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|1
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Multiple adj input<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj multiple adj output<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|OFDM
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|scfdma
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|interference near3 mitigate<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Space adj2 time adj2 transmit adj2 diversity
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|HARQ
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Multipath near2 effect<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|LTE
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|channel adj2 quality adj2 indication adj2 channel<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|2
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Distributed adj transmission adj directional adj reception
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|(orthogonal adj frequency adj division) near2 multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|SINGLE adj CARRIER adj FREQUENCY adj DIVISION adj MULTIPLE adj ACCESS<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|interference near3 cancel<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|antenna adj2 multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Hybrid adj automatic adj repeat adj request
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Multipath near2 propagat<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Long term evolution
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|CQICH
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|3
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|DTDR
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|ofdma
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|scfdm
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|interference near3 reduc<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|SDMA
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|feedback adj2 mechani<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Multipath near2 phenomenon
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Evolved packet system
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Downlink adj2 Channel adj2 Descriptor adj2 message<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|4
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|transmission adj2 diversit<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|(orthogonal adj frequency adj division) near2 (multiple adj access)
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|single adj carrier adj frequency adj division adj multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|interference near3 null<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Space adj2 division adj2 multiple adj2 access
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Hybrid ARQ
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|System architecture evolution
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|adaptive adj2 modulation adj2 coding
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|5
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|SFBC
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|discrete adj multi adj tone
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|SC-FDMA
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Space adj2 domain adj2 multiple adj2 access
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|ARQ
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|E-UTRA<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|pre adj coding<nowiki>*</nowiki>3
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|6
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Space adj2 frequency adj2 block adj coding
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|DMT
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|DFT-spread adj OFDM
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|plural<nowiki>*</nowiki> near2 (spatial adj streams
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|automatic adj repeat adj request
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|per adj2 antenna adj2 rate adj2 control
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|7
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|SU adj2 MIMO
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|(adaptive ADJ modulation*)
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|DFT-S-OFDMA
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|spatial adj2 adaptation
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Automatic Repeat Query
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|permutation adj2 mode adj2 selection
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|8
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|MU adj2 MIMO
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|sofdm
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Interleaved adj FDMA
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|adaptive adj2 transmi<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|9
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|space adj2 time adj2 cod<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Interleaved adj Frequency adj Division adj Multiple adj Access
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Bell adj2 Labs adj2 Layer adj2 Space adj2 Time
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|10
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|multiple adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|IFDMA
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|spatial adj2 multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|11
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|multi adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Discrete adj Fourier adj Transform adj Spread adj Orthogonal adj Frequency adj Multiple adj Access
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|12
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|multiple adj transmit<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj2 receive<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|DFT- SOFDM
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|13
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|plural<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj2 antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|14
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|atleast adj2 two adj2 antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|15
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|layer adj map<nowiki>*</nowiki>4
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|16
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|beam adj2 steer<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|17
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|smart adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>1
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|18
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|spatial adj multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>3
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|19
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|multiple adj transmit<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>1
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|20
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|multiple adj receive<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>1
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|21
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Adaptive adj2 antenna adj2 steer<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|22
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|beam adj2 forming
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|23
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|eigenmode adj2 multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|-
|}

==Control patents==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''S.No'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Title'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Abstract'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7295624.PN.&OS=PN/7295624&RS=PN/7295624 US7295624]
|Wireless system with hybrid automatic retransmission request in interference-limited communications
|A wireless receiver for receiving signals from an interference-limited transmitter in an interference-limited system comprising at least one transmit antenna, wherein the signals comprise a plurality of symbols. The receiver comprises a plurality of receive antennas and collection circuitry for collecting a plurality of signal samples with at least one symbol and interference effects. The receiver also comprises suppression circuitry, accumulation circuitry, circuitry for providing estimates of a group of bits, error detection circuitry and circuitry for requesting the transmitter to transmit a retransmission of a packet in response to detecting an error.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6873606.PN.&OS=PN/6873606&RS=PN/6873606 US6873606]
|Rate adaptive transmission scheme for MIMO systems
|A rate adaptive transmission scheme for MIMO systems, which can transmit a variable number of data symbol streams, provide transmit diversity for each data symbol stream, and fully utilize the total transmit power of the system and the full power of each antenna. In one method, at least one data symbol stream is received for transmission from a plurality of antennas. Each data symbol stream is scaled with a respective weight corresponding to the amount of transmit power allocated to that stream. The scaled data symbol stream(s) are multiplied with a transmit basis matrix to provide a plurality of transmit symbol streams for the plurality of antennas. The transmit basis matrix (e.g., a Walsh-Hadamard matrix or a DFT matrix) is defined such that each data symbol stream is transmitted from all antennas and each transmit symbol stream is transmitted at (or near) the full power for the associated antenna.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7233625.PN.&OS=PN/7233625&RS=PN/7233625 US7233625]
|Preamble design for multiple input--multiple output (MIMO), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system
|One or more preambles are inserted into frames of Orthogonal Frequency Multiplexing (OFDM)-Multiple Input, Multiple Output (MIMO) signals. The preamble is received by the antennas of a receiver, decoded and compared to known values to provide synchronization, framing, channels estimation, offsets and other corrections to the transmitted signal.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7248559.PN.&OS=PN/7248559&RS=PN/7248559 US7248559]
|Scattered pilot pattern and channel estimation method for MIMO-OFDM systems
|A method and apparatus are provided for reducing the number of pilot symbols within a MIMO-OFDM communication system, and for improving channel estimation within such a system. For each transmitting antenna in an OFDM transmitter, pilot symbols are encoded so as to be unique to the transmitting antenna. The encoded pilot symbols are then inserted into an OFDM frame to form a diamond lattice, the diamond lattices for the different transmitting antennae using the same frequencies but being offset from each other by a single symbol in the time domain. At the OFDM receiver, a channel response is estimated for a symbol central to each diamond of the diamond lattice using a two-dimensional interpolation. The estimated channel responses are smoothed in the frequency domain. The channel responses of remaining symbols are then estimated by interpolation in the frequency domain.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7548506.PN.&OS=PN/7548506&RS=PN/7548506 US7548506]
|System access and synchronization methods for MIMO OFDM communications systems and physical layer packet and preamble design
|A method and apparatus are provided for performing acquisition, synchronization and cell selection within an MIMO-OFDM communication system. A coarse synchronization is performed to determine a searching window. A fine synchronization is then performed by measuring correlations between subsets of signal samples, whose first signal sample lies within the searching window, and known values. The correlations are performed in the frequency domain of the received signal. In a multiple-output OFDM system, each antenna of the OFDM transmitter has a unique known value. The known value is transmitted as pairs of consecutive pilot symbols, each pair of pilot symbols being transmitted at the same subset of sub-carrier frequencies within the OFDM frame.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7120395.PN.&OS=PN/7120395&RS=PN/7120395 US7120395]
|MIMO communications
|The present invention allows a wireless communication system, such as a base station, to select N antennas from an associated group of M antennas for transmitting multiple streams of data to a given user. Based on the channel conditions between the M antennas of the wireless communication system and the multiple antennas at the receiver, the N antennas to use for transmission are selected to enhance channel capacity, signal-to-noise ratios, or a combination thereof. The channel conditions are measured at the receiver, and may be sent back to the wireless communication system for processing or may be processed at the receiver, wherein instructions are transmitted back to the wireless communication system to control antenna selection.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7283499.PN.&OS=PN/7283499&RS=PN/7283499 US7283499]
|Simplified practical rank and mechanism, and associated method, to adapt MIMO modulation in a multi-carrier system with feedback
|A method of adapting transmission parameters in a multicarrier communication system having multiple transmit antennas and/or multiple receive antennas, whereby a statistical parameter of a wideband channel is computed, one type of matrix modulation scheme is selected to be used for a given multicarrier modulation symbol, one type of signal constellation is selected to be used for a given multicarrier modulation symbol, and one concatenated channel coding rate is selected to be used for a given multicarrier modulation symbol. Multicarrier modulation symbols are then transmitted using the selected matrix modulation scheme, signal constellation, and concatenated channel coding rate.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7194040.PN.&OS=PN/7194040&RS=PN/7194040 US7194040]
|Beam-steering and beam-forming for wideband MIMO/MISO systems
|Techniques to perform beam-steering and beam-forming to transmit data on a single eigenmode in a wideband multiple-input channel. In one method, a steering vector is obtained for each of a number of subbands. Depending on how the steering vectors are defined, beam-steering or beam-forming can be achieved for each subband. The total transmit power is allocated to the subbands based on a particular power allocation scheme (e.g., full channel inversion, selective channel inversion, water-filling, or uniform). A scaling value is then obtained for each subband based on its allocated transmit power. Data to be transmitted is coded and modulated to provide modulation symbols. The modulation symbols to be transmitted on each subband are scaled with the subband<nowiki>’</nowiki>s scaling value and further preconditioned with the subband<nowiki>’</nowiki>s steering vector. A stream of preconditioned symbols is then formed for each transmit antenna.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7336727.PN.&OS=PN/7336727&RS=PN/7336727 US7336727]
|Generalized m-rank beamformers for MIMO systems using successive quantization
|The telecommunications system described herein implements a multi-rank beamformer for use in wireless systems equipped with multiple transmit and multiple receive antennas. The multi-rank beamformer uses finite-rate feedback of channel conditions to achieves close to theoretical performance indicated by the water-filling algorithm, while avoiding the computational complexity associated with space time codes. In addition, the multi-rank beamforming system described herein improves on the performance of unit rank beamforming methods by maintaining the gains over space time codes over a broader range of transmission rate
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7702029.PN.&OS=PN/7702029&RS=PN/7702029 US7702029]
|MIMO precoding enabling spatial multiplexing, power allocation and adaptive modulation and coding
|In a closed-loop wireless communication system, a codebook-based feedback mechanism is provided to enable non-unitary precoding for multi-stream transmission, where in each stream is optimized with suitable transmission power allocation and AMC. The codebook-based feedback mechanism uses a precoding codebook having a power allocation matrix which is constrained to specify that beamforming always applies full power to a predetermined beam. With this constraint, a one-bit power allocation feedback index may be used to switch between beamforming and spatial multiplexing.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''11'''
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220080247479%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20080247479&RS=DN/20080247479 US20080247479]
|Pilot Scheme For A Mimo Communication System
|The present invention employs a pilot scheme for frequency division multiple access (FDM) communication systems, such as single carrier FDM communication systems. A given transmit time interval will include numerous traffic symbols and two or more short pilot symbols, which are spaced apart from one another by at least one traffic symbol and will have a Fourier transform length that is less than the Fourier transform length of any given traffic symbol. Multiple transmitters will generate pilot information and modulate the pilot information onto sub-carriers of the short pilot symbols in an orthogonal manner. Each transmitter may use different sub-carriers within the time and frequency domain, which is encompassed by the short pilot symbols within the transmit time interval. Alternatively, each transmitter may uniquely encode the pilot information using a unique code division multiplexed code and modulate the encoded pilot information onto common sub-carriers of the short pilot symbols.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''12'''
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7630356.PN.&OS=PN/7630356&RS=PN/7630356 US7630356]
|Methods for supporting MIMO transmission in OFDM applications
|Aspects of the present invention provide MAC enhancements to support the PHY features of a MIMO-OFDMA framework. The MAC enhancements involve DL burst assignment to support adaptive MIMO transmission, UL burst assignment to support adaptive MIMO transmission, fast feedback channel operation to support wireless terminal dynamic feedback of MIMO mode selection, for example space time transmit diversity (STTD) or spatial multiplexing (SM), and/or permutation mode selection, for example diversity or adjacent subcarrier mode, dynamic CQICH allocation and de-allocation and the use of CQICH_ID for DL burst allocation. One or more of these enhancements is included in a given implementation. Methods are also provided for implementing the MAC enhancements.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''13'''
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220080165875%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20080165875&RS=DN/20080165875 US20080165875]
|Multi-user MIMO-SDMA for finite rate feedback systems
|A multi-user MIMO downlink beamforming system with limited feedback is provided to enable preceding for multi-stream transmission, where a channel codeword (u.sub.i) and one or more channel quality indicator values (CQI.sub.A, CQI.sub.B) are computed at the user equipment on the basis of maximizing a predetermined SINR performance metric (.rho..sub.i) which estimates the receive signal-to-noise-ratio (SINR) at the user equipment . The computed codeword (u.sub.i) and CQI values (or differential values related thereto) are quantized and fed back to help the base station which applies a correction to the appropriate CQI value in the course of designing the transmit beamforming vectors w and determining the appropriate modulation and coding level to be used for downlink data transmission.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''14'''
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220100142455%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20100142455&RS=DN/20100142455 US20100142455]
|Systems and methods for uplink power control
|A method for uplink power control is described. A user equipment (UE) power class may be determined. An uplink multiple access scheme may also be determined. The maximum transmission power for the UE may further be determined according to the determined uplink multiple access scheme and the UE power class.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''15'''
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040082356%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040082356&RS=DN/20040082356 US20040082356]
|MIMO WLAN system
|A multiple-access MIMO WLAN system that employs MIMO, OFDM, and TDD. The system uses a channel structure with a number of configurable transport channels, supports multiple rates and transmission modes, which are configurable based on channel conditions and user terminal capabilities, employs a pilot structure with several types of pilot (e.g., beacon, MIMO, steered reference, and carrier pilots) for different functions, implements rate, timing, and power control loops for proper system operation, and employs random access for system access by the user terminals, fast acknowledgment, and quick resource assignments. Calibration may be performed to account for differences in the frequency responses of transmit/receive chains at the access point and user terminals. The spatial processing may then be simplified by taking advantage of the reciprocal nature of the downlink and uplink and the calibration.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''16'''
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220090046800%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090046800&RS=DN/20090046800 US20090046800]
|Feedback and rate adaptation for MIMO transmission in a Time Division Duplexed (TDD) communication system
|Techniques for sending a MIMO transmission in a wireless communication system are described. In one design, a transmitter sends a first reference signal to a receiver. The receiver selects a precoding matrix based on the first reference signal and in accordance with a selection criterion. The receiver estimates noise and interference at the receiver and determines channel quality indicator (CQI) or modulation and coding scheme (MCS) information based on the precoding matrix and the estimated noise and interference. The receiver sends the CQI or MCS information and a second reference signal to the transmitter. The transmitter selects the precoding matrix based on the second reference signal and in accordance with the same selection criterion used by the receiver. The transmitter then sends a MIMO transmission to the receiver based on the CQI or MCS information obtained from the receiver and the precoding matrix selected by the transmitter.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''17'''
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220080188259%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20080188259&RS=DN/20080188259 US20080188259]
|CQI reporting for MIMO transmissionin a wireless communication system
|Techniques for determining and reporting channel quality indicator (CQI) information are described. A user equipment (UE) may determine a transmit power per channelization code, P.sub.OVSF, based on the available transmit power and a designated number of channelization codes, e.g., by uniformly distributing the available transmit power across all transport blocks and all of the designated number of channelization codes. The UE may estimate SINRs of multiple transport blocks based on P.sub.OVSF, determine CQI indices for the transport blocks based on the SINRs, and send the CQI indices to a Node B. The Node B may send multiple transport blocks to the UE based on the CQI indices. The Node B may send the transport blocks (i) with the designated number of channelization codes at P.sub.OVSF or (ii) with a second number of channelization codes at P.sub.OVSF, with the transport block sizes being scaled based on the designated and second numbers of channelization codes.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''18'''
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220090086849%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090086849&RS=DN/20090086849 US20090086849]
|Method and apparatus of improved circular buffer rate matching for turbo-coded MIMO-OFDM wireless systems
|Methods and apparatus for determining the starting points of redundancy version transmissions in a circular rate matching operation. At least one block of information bits to be transmitted are encoded to generate a plurality of coded bits, which are then segmented into a plurality of sub-blocks of coded bits. Each of the sub-blocks of coded bits is interleaved by using a certain interleaver. The interleaved coded bits of the plurality of sub-blocks are collected and filled into a circular buffer having a plurality of redundancy versions in the circular buffer, with each redundancy version corresponding to a starting bit index in the circular buffer. For each transmission, a subset of bits are selected from the circular buffer by selecting a redundancy version from among the plurality of redundancy version. The selected subset of bits are modulated by using a certain modulation scheme, and are transmitted via at least one antenna. The redundancy versions of the circular being determined such that in at least one pair of redundancy versions, the number of bits between the starting point of a first redundancy version and the starting point of a second redundancy version is not divisible by at least one modulation order.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''19'''
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060045169%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060045169&RS=DN/20060045169 US20060045169]
|Coded-bit scrambling for multi-stream communication in a mimo channel
|In one embodiment, a multi-input/multi-output system includes a receiver , processor, coded bit scrambler, coded bit descrambler , and transmitter . The receiver generates demodulated symbol streams corresponding to a received signal. The processor generates coded bit sequences from source bit streams when operating in a transmit mode and bit log-likelihood ratio sequences from the information bit streams when operating in a receive mode. The coded bit scrambler scrambles the coded bit sequences to generate scrambled bit streams when in the transmit mode. The coded bit descrambler descrambles the log-likelihood ratio sequences by a real-valued descrambling sequence when operating in the receive mode, and also removes the effect of a scrambling sequence. The transmitter generates a transmit signal corresponding to the scrambled bit streams.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''20'''
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220070105503%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070105503&RS=DN/20070105503 US20070105503]
|Systems and methods for reducing uplink resources to provide channel performance feedback for adjustment of downlink MIMO channel data rates
|Systems and methods for improving the performance of a MIMO wireless communication system by reducing the amount of uplink resources that are needed to provide channel performance feedback for the adjustment of data rates on the downlink MIMO channels. In one embodiment, a method comprises encoding each of a set of data streams according to corresponding data rates, permuting the data streams on a set of MIMO channels according to a full permutation of combinations, transmitting the permuted data streams, receiving the permuted data streams, decoding and determining an SNR for each of the data streams, computing a condensed SNR metric for the set of data streams, providing the condensed metric as feedback, determining a set of individual SNR metrics for the data streams based on the condensed SNR metric, and adjusting the data rates at which the data streams are encoded based on the individual SNR metrics.
|-
|}

==Search strategy (Micropat)==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''S.no'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Timeline'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Databases'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''No of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''1'''
|Full spec
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|MIMO
|(MIMO OR (Multiple adj input<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj multiple adj output<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (Distributed adj transmission adj directional adj reception) OR (transmission adj2 diversit<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (Space adj2 frequency adj2 block adj cod<nowiki>*</nowiki>3) OR (SU adj2 MIMO) OR (MU adj2 MIMO) OR (space adj2 time adj2 cod<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (multiple adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (multi adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (multiple adj transmit<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj2 receive<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (plural<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj2 antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (atleast adj2 two adj2 antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (layer adj map<nowiki>*</nowiki>4) OR (beam adj2 steer<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (smart adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (spatial adj multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>3) OR (multiple adj transmit<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (multiple adj receive<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (Adaptive adj2 antenna adj2 steer<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (beam adj2 forming) OR (eigenmode adj2 multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>))
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''112290 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''2'''
|Full spec
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|OFDMA
|OFDM or ((orthogonal adj frequency adj division) near2 multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or ofdma or ((orthogonal adj frequency adj division ) near2 (multiple adj access)) or SOFDM or (discrete ADJ multi ADJ tone) or (adaptive ADJ modulation<nowiki>*</nowiki>)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''66762 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''3'''
|Full spec
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|SCFDMA
|scfdma or (SINGLE adj CARRIER adj FREQUENCY adj DIVISION adj MULTIPLE adj ACCESS<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or scfdm or (single adj carrier adj frequency adj division adj multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or ("SC-FDMA") or (DFT-spread adj OFDM) or ("DFT-S-OFDMA ") or (Interleaved adj FDMA ) or (Interleaved adj Frequency adj Division adj Multiple adj Access ) or ("IFDMA" ) or (" Discrete adj Fourier adj Transform adj Spread adj Orthogonal adj Frequency adj Multiple adj Access ") or (" DFT- SOFDM ")
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''5701 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''4'''
|Full spec
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|Interference
|(interference near3 mitigate<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or (interference near3 cancel<nowiki>*</nowiki> ) or (interference near3 reduc<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or (interference near3 null<nowiki>*</nowiki> )
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''93407 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''5'''
|Full spec
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|SDMA
|(Space adj2 time adj2 transmit adj2 diversity) or (antenna adj2 multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or SDMA or (Space adj2 division adj2 multiple adj2 access) or (Space adj2 domain adj2 multiple adj2 access) or (plural<nowiki>*</nowiki> near2 (spatial adj streams)) or (spatial adj2 adaptation) or (adaptive adj2 transmi<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or (Bell adj2 Labs adj2 Layer adj2 Space adj2 Time) or (spatial adj2 multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''14886 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''6'''
|Full spec
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|HARQ
|HARQ or (Hybrid adj automatic adj repeat adj request) or (Hybrid adj2 ARQ) or (ARQ ) or (automatic adj repeat adj request ) or (Automatic adj Repeat adj Query ) or (feedback adj2 mechani<nowiki>*</nowiki>)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''54419 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''7'''
|Full spec
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|Multipath
|Multipath near2 (effect<nowiki>*</nowiki> or propagati<nowiki>*</nowiki> or phenomenon) or interference near3 (mitigate<nowiki>*</nowiki> or reduc<nowiki>*</nowiki> or cancel<nowiki>*</nowiki> or null<nowiki>*</nowiki>)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''103119 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''8'''
|Full spec
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|LTE Synonyms
|(LTE OR (long ADJ term ADJ evolution) OR (evolved ADJ packet ADJ system) OR (system ADJ architecture ADJ evolution) OR (E ADJ UTRA<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR EUTRA<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR (evolved ADJ UMTS ADJ terrestrial ADJ radio ADJ access))
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''29270 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''9'''
|Full spec
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|Others
|(channel adj2 quality adj2 indicat<nowiki>*</nowiki>3 adj2 channel<nowiki>*</nowiki> ) or (CQICH) or (Downlink adj2 Channel adj2 Descriptor adj2 message<nowiki>*</nowiki> ) or (adaptive adj2 modulation adj2 coding ) or (pre adj coding<nowiki>*</nowiki>3 ) or (per adj2 antenna adj2 rate adj2 control ) or (permutation adj2 mode adj2 selection )
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''8917 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''10'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|Combined Query
|2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''225024 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''11'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|Combined Query
|1 and 10
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''35704 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''12'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFFF99" colspan = "4"|'''Final result in Full spec'''
|bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''No of unique records'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|''' 15233 Relevancy = 45%'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''13'''
|IPC and ECLA class
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|MIMO
|H04B0007<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H04L000102 OR H04L000106 OR H01Q0001<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H01Q0003<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H01Q0005<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H01Q0021<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H01Q0025<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H01Q0009<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H04B000702M OR H04B000704B OR H04B000704M OR H04B000704M3B OR H04B000704M3M OR H04B000704M5 OR H04B000704S OR H04B000706B OR H04B000706B1 OR H04B000706B1R OR H04B000706B2 OR H04B000706B2F OR H04B000706C OR H04B000706C1 OR H04B000706C1B OR H04B000706C1D OR H04B000706C1F3C OR H04B000706C1F5R OR H04B000706C1F5T OR H04B000706C2 OR H04B000706C2C OR H04B000706C2D OR H04B000706C3 OR H04B000706C4 OR H04B000706H OR H04B000706H1 OR H04B000706H2 OR H04B000706H3 OR H04B000706M OR H04B000708B OR H04B000708B2 OR H04B000708B2C OR H04B000708B2R OR H04B000708B4<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H04B000708C OR H04B000708H<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H04B000708P<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H04B000708S<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H04L000100B7<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H04L000100B7B1 OR H04L000106F<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''330557 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''14'''
|IPC and ECLA class
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|OFDMA
|H04J000104 OR H03D0000100 OR H04B0007204 OR H04B0007208 OR H04J000105 OR H04J000900 OR H04J001100 OR H04J001100 OR H04J001318 OR H04K000100 OR H04L000500 OR H04L002500 OR H04W007200 OR H04L000500A2A1 OR H04B000706C1F7C OR H04B0007204B OR H04B0007204D OR H04L000106T7A OR H04L000500A OR H04L000500A2A1 OR H04L0027227A3
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''84933 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''15'''
|IPC and ECLA class
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|SCFDMA
|H04J000100 OR H03D0000100 OR H04B0007204 OR H04B0007208 OR H04J000900 OR H04K000100 OR H04L000500 OR H04L002500 OR H04W007200 OR H04L002736A OR H04B000706C1F7C OR H04B0007204B OR H04B0007204D OR H04L000106T7A OR H04L000500A OR H04L000500A2A1 OR H04L000500A2A1 OR H04L002720D1 OR H04L0027227A3
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''79709 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''16'''
|IPC and ECLA class
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|Interference
|H04B001500 OR H04B00110 OR H04B001500 OR H04W005202 OR H04W007204 OR H04W009200 OR H04W007208B OR H04B000169U7 OR H04L002503B OR H04L000100B5E3 OR H04W005202E6
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''42592 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''17'''
|IPC and ECLA class
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|SDMA
|H04L000106 OR H04L000106T<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H04L000106T7K
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''8715 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''18'''
|IPC and ECLA class
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|HARQ
|H04L000118 OR H04L000118C OR H04L000118D<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H04L000118H OR H04L000118P OR H04L000100B
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''16574 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''19'''
|IPC and ECLA class
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|Multipath
|H04B000702 OR G01S001922 OR H04B000110 OR H04B000702 OR H04W005224 OR H04W007208 OR H04B000110M OR H04W007208B OR G01S000100S1A3 OR G01S000100S2C4 OR G01S001344C OR H04W005224J
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''46753 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''20'''
|IPC and ECLA class
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|LTE Synonyms
|H04L001256 OR H04L001240F3 OR H04L001256C
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''163607 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''21'''
|Claims
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|MIMO
|(MIMO OR (Multiple adj input<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj multiple adj output<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (Distributed adj transmission adj directional adj reception) OR (transmission adj2 diversit<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (Space adj2 frequency adj2 block adj cod<nowiki>*</nowiki>3) OR (SU adj2 MIMO) OR (MU adj2 MIMO) OR (space adj2 time adj2 cod<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (multiple adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (multi adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (multiple adj transmit<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj2 receive<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (plural<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj2 antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (atleast adj2 two adj2 antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (layer adj map<nowiki>*</nowiki>4) OR (beam adj2 steer<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (smart adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (spatial adj multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>3) OR (multiple adj transmit<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (multiple adj receive<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (Adaptive adj2 antenna adj2 steer<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (beam adj2 forming) OR (eigenmode adj2 multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>))
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''31273 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''22'''
|Claims
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|OFDMA
|OFDM or ((orthogonal adj frequency adj division) near2 multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or ofdma or ((orthogonal adj frequency adj division ) near2 (multiple adj access)) or SOFDM or (discrete ADJ multi ADJ tone) or (adaptive ADJ modulation<nowiki>*</nowiki>)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''16525 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''23'''
|Claims
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|SCFDMA
|scfdma or (SINGLE adj CARRIER adj FREQUENCY adj DIVISION adj MULTIPLE adj ACCESS<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or scfdm or (single adj carrier adj frequency adj division adj multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or ("SC-FDMA") or (DFT-spread adj OFDM) or ("DFT-S-OFDMA ") or (Interleaved adj FDMA ) or (Interleaved adj Frequency adj Division adj Multiple adj Access ) or ("IFDMA" ) or (" Discrete adj Fourier adj Transform adj Spread adj Orthogonal adj Frequency adj Multiple adj Access ") or (" DFT- SOFDM ")
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''482 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''24'''
|Claims
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|Interference
|(interference near3 mitigate<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or (interference near3 cancel<nowiki>*</nowiki> ) or (interference near3 reduc<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or (interference near3 null<nowiki>*</nowiki> )
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''9937 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''25'''
|Claims
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|SDMA
|(Space adj2 time adj2 transmit adj2 diversity) or (antenna adj2 multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or SDMA or (Space adj2 division adj2 multiple adj2 access) or (Space adj2 domain adj2 multiple adj2 access) or (plural<nowiki>*</nowiki> near2 (spatial adj streams)) or (spatial adj2 adaptation) or (adaptive adj2 transmi<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or (Bell adj2 Labs adj2 Layer adj2 Space adj2 Time) or (spatial adj2 multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''2096 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''26'''
|Claims
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|HARQ
|HARQ or (Hybrid adj automatic adj repeat adj request) or (Hybrid adj2 ARQ) or (ARQ ) or (automatic adj repeat adj request ) or (Automatic adj Repeat adj Query ) or (feedback adj2 mechani<nowiki>*</nowiki>)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''6601 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''27'''
|Claims
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|Multipath
|Multipath near2 (effect<nowiki>*</nowiki> or propagati<nowiki>*</nowiki> or phenomenon) or interference near3 (mitigate<nowiki>*</nowiki> or reduc<nowiki>*</nowiki> or cancel<nowiki>*</nowiki> or null<nowiki>*</nowiki>)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''10409 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''28'''
|Claims
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|LTE Synonyms
|(LTE OR (long ADJ term ADJ evolution) OR (evolved ADJ packet ADJ system) OR (system ADJ architecture ADJ evolution) OR (E ADJ UTRA<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR EUTRA<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR (evolved ADJ UMTS ADJ terrestrial ADJ radio ADJ access))
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''3584 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''29'''
|Claims
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|Others
|(channel adj2 quality adj2 indicat<nowiki>*</nowiki>3 adj2 channel<nowiki>*</nowiki> ) or (CQICH) or (Downlink adj2 Channel adj2 Descriptor adj2 message<nowiki>*</nowiki> ) or (adaptive adj2 modulation adj2 coding ) or (pre adj coding<nowiki>*</nowiki>3 ) or (per adj2 antenna adj2 rate adj2 control ) or (permutation adj2 mode adj2 selection )
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''1236 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''30'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|Combined Query
|22 or 23 or 24 or 25 or 26 or 27 or 28 or 29
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''37953 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''31'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|Combined Query
|21 and 30
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''4760 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''32'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|MIMO with OFDMA
|(21 and 13) and (22 or 14)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''2994 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''33'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|MIMO with SCFDMA
|(21 and 13) and (23 or 15)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''1219 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''34'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|MIMO with Interference
|(21 and 13) and (24 or 16)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''1178 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''35'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|MIMO with SDMA
|(21 and 13) and (25 or 17)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''3033 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''36'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|MIMO with HARQ
|(21 and 13) and (26 or 18)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''365 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''37'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|MIMO with Multipath
|(21 and 13) and (27 or 19)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''3433 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''38'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|MIMO with LTE Synonyms
|(21 and 13) and (28 or 20)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''462 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''39'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|MIMO with Others
|(21 and 13) and 29
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''259 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''40'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|Combined query
|32 or 33 or 34 or 35 or 36 or 37 or 38 or 39
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''7288 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''41'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|Combined query
|40 Not 11
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''1393 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''42'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|
|bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''No of unique records of Query 41'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''761 '''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''43'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#999999" colspan = "4"|'''Final Query'''
|bgcolor = "#999999"|'''12 or 42'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#999999"|'''15994 Relevancy = 44% '''
|-
|}
'''Disclaimer:''' As there is a restriction of 20000 patents in micropat for creating the worksheet. The patents were divided into two groups based on the earliest priority date and then reduced to a single member family. Therefore there could be some patent family overlap.

==Search strategy (Thomson Innovation)==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''S.no'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Timeline'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Databases'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''No of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''1'''
|Full spec
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|MIMO
|(MIMO OR (Multiple adj input<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj multiple adj output<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (Distributed adj transmission adj directional adj reception) OR (transmission adj2 diversit<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (Space adj2 frequency adj2 block adj cod<nowiki>*</nowiki>3) OR (SU adj2 MIMO) OR (MU adj2 MIMO) OR (space adj2 time adj2 cod<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (multiple adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (multi adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (multiple adj transmit<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj2 receive<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (plural<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj2 antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (atleast adj2 two adj2 antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (layer adj map<nowiki>*</nowiki>4) OR (beam adj2 steer<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (smart adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (spatial adj multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>3) OR (multiple adj transmit<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (multiple adj receive<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (Adaptive adj2 antenna adj2 steer<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (beam adj2 forming) OR (eigenmode adj2 multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>))
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''156834 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''2'''
|Full spec
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|OFDMA
|OFDM or ((orthogonal adj frequency adj division) near2 multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or ofdma or ((orthogonal adj frequency adj division ) near2 (multiple adj access)) or SOFDM or (discrete ADJ multi ADJ tone) or (adaptive ADJ modulation<nowiki>*</nowiki>)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''115047 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''3'''
|Full spec
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|SCFDMA
|scfdma or (SINGLE adj CARRIER adj FREQUENCY adj DIVISION adj MULTIPLE adj ACCESS<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or scfdm or (single adj carrier adj frequency adj division adj multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or (SC-FDMA) or (DFT-spread adj OFDM) or (DFT-S-OFDMA ) or (Interleaved adj FDMA ) or (Interleaved adj Frequency adj Division adj Multiple adj Access ) or (IFDMA) or (Discrete adj Fourier adj Transform adj Spread adj Orthogonal adj Frequency adj Multiple adj Access) or (DFT- SOFDM)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''9897 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''4'''
|Full spec
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|Interference
|(interference near3 mitigate<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or (interference near3 cancel<nowiki>*</nowiki> ) or (interference near3 reduc<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or (interference near3 null<nowiki>*</nowiki> )
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''139479 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''5'''
|Full spec
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|SDMA
|(Space adj2 time adj2 transmit adj2 diversity) or (antenna adj2 multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or SDMA or (Space adj2 division adj2 multiple adj2 access) or (Space adj2 domain adj2 multiple adj2 access) or (plural<nowiki>*</nowiki> near2 (spatial adj streams)) or (spatial adj2 adaptation) or (adaptive adj2 transmi<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or (Bell adj2 Labs adj2 Layer adj2 Space adj2 Time) or (spatial adj2 multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''21381 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''6'''
|Full spec
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|HARQ
|HARQ or (Hybrid adj automatic adj repeat adj request) or (Hybrid adj2 ARQ) or (ARQ ) or (automatic adj repeat adj request ) or (Automatic adj Repeat adj Query ) or (feedback adj2 mechani<nowiki>*</nowiki>)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''68710 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''7'''
|Full spec
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|Multipath
|Multipath near2 (effect<nowiki>*</nowiki> or propagati<nowiki>*</nowiki> or phenomenon) or interference near3 (mitigate<nowiki>*</nowiki> or reduc<nowiki>*</nowiki> or cancel<nowiki>*</nowiki> or null<nowiki>*</nowiki>)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''151714 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''8'''
|Full spec
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|LTE Synonyms
|(LTE OR (long ADJ term ADJ evolution) OR (evolved ADJ packet ADJ system) OR (system ADJ architecture ADJ evolution) OR (E ADJ UTRA<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR EUTRA<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR (evolved ADJ UMTS ADJ terrestrial ADJ radio ADJ access))
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''40642 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''9'''
|Full spec
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|Others
|(channel adj2 quality adj2 indicat<nowiki>*</nowiki>3 adj2 channel<nowiki>*</nowiki> ) or (CQICH) or (Downlink adj2 Channel adj2 Descriptor adj2 message<nowiki>*</nowiki> ) or (adaptive adj2 modulation adj2 coding ) or (pre adj coding<nowiki>*</nowiki>3 ) or (per adj2 antenna adj2 rate adj2 control ) or (permutation adj2 mode adj2 selection )
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''13853 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''10'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|Combined Query
|2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''336636 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''11'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|Combined Query
|1 and 10
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''50421 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''12'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFFF99" colspan = "4"|'''Final result in Full spec'''
|bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''No of unique INPADOC families'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|''' 12684 Relevancy = 46%'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''13'''
|IPC and ECLA class
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|MIMO
|H04B0007<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H04L000102 OR H04L000106 OR H01Q0001<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H01Q0003<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H01Q0005<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H01Q0021<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H01Q0025<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H01Q0009<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H04B000702M OR H04B000704B OR H04B000704M OR H04B000704M3B OR H04B000704M3M OR H04B000704M5 OR H04B000704S OR H04B000706B OR H04B000706B1 OR H04B000706B1R OR H04B000706B2 OR H04B000706B2F OR H04B000706C OR H04B000706C1 OR H04B000706C1B OR H04B000706C1D OR H04B000706C1F3C OR H04B000706C1F5R OR H04B000706C1F5T OR H04B000706C2 OR H04B000706C2C OR H04B000706C2D OR H04B000706C3 OR H04B000706C4 OR H04B000706H OR H04B000706H1 OR H04B000706H2 OR H04B000706H3 OR H04B000706M OR H04B000708B OR H04B000708B2 OR H04B000708B2C OR H04B000708B2R OR H04B000708B4<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H04B000708C OR H04B000708H<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H04B000708P<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H04B000708S<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H04L000100B7<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H04L000100B7B1 OR H04L000106F<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''770144 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''14'''
|IPC and ECLA class
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|OFDMA
|H04J000104 OR H03D0000100 OR H04B0007204 OR H04B0007208 OR H04J000105 OR H04J000900 OR H04J001100 OR H04J001100 OR H04J001318 OR H04K000100 OR H04L000500 OR H04L002500 OR H04W007200 OR H04L000500A2A1 OR H04B000706C1F7C OR H04B0007204B OR H04B0007204D OR H04L000106T7A OR H04L000500A OR H04L000500A2A1 OR H04L0027227A3
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''229099 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''15'''
|IPC and ECLA class
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|SCFDMA
|H04J000100 OR H03D0000100 OR H04B0007204 OR H04B0007208 OR H04J000900 OR H04K000100 OR H04L000500 OR H04L002500 OR H04W007200 OR H04L002736A OR H04B000706C1F7C OR H04B0007204B OR H04B0007204D OR H04L000106T7A OR H04L000500A OR H04L000500A2A1 OR H04L000500A2A1 OR H04L002720D1 OR H04L0027227A3
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''220007 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''16'''
|IPC and ECLA class
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|Interference
|H04B001500 OR H04B00110 OR H04B001500 OR H04W005202 OR H04W007204 OR H04W009200 OR H04W007208B OR H04B000169U7 OR H04L002503B OR H04L000100B5E3 OR H04W005202E6
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''117952 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''17'''
|IPC and ECLA class
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|SDMA
|H04L000106 OR H04L000106T<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H04L000106T7K
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''18726 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''18'''
|IPC and ECLA class
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|HARQ
|H04L000118 OR H04L000118C OR H04L000118D<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H04L000118H OR H04L000118P OR H04L000100B
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''38973 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''19'''
|IPC and ECLA class
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|Multipath
|H04B000702 OR G01S001922 OR H04B000110 OR H04B000702 OR H04W005224 OR H04W007208 OR H04B000110M OR H04W007208B OR G01S000100S1A3 OR G01S000100S2C4 OR G01S001344C OR H04W005224J
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''122203 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''20'''
|IPC and ECLA class
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|LTE Synonyms
|H04L001256 OR H04L001240F3 OR H04L001256C
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''358633 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''21'''
|Claims
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|MIMO
|(MIMO OR (Multiple adj input<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj multiple adj output<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (Distributed adj transmission adj directional adj reception) OR (transmission adj2 diversit<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (Space adj2 frequency adj2 block adj cod<nowiki>*</nowiki>3) OR (SU adj2 MIMO) OR (MU adj2 MIMO) OR (space adj2 time adj2 cod<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (multiple adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (multi adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (multiple adj transmit<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj2 receive<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (plural<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj2 antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (atleast adj2 two adj2 antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (layer adj map<nowiki>*</nowiki>4) OR (beam adj2 steer<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (smart adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (spatial adj multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>3) OR (multiple adj transmit<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (multiple adj receive<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (Adaptive adj2 antenna adj2 steer<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (beam adj2 forming) OR (eigenmode adj2 multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>))
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''39213 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''22'''
|Claims
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|OFDMA
|OFDM or ((orthogonal adj frequency adj division) near2 multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or ofdma or ((orthogonal adj frequency adj division ) near2 (multiple adj access)) or SOFDM or (discrete ADJ multi ADJ tone) or (adaptive ADJ modulation<nowiki>*</nowiki>)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''25885 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''23'''
|Claims
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|SCFDMA
|scfdma or (SINGLE adj CARRIER adj FREQUENCY adj DIVISION adj MULTIPLE adj ACCESS<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or scfdm or (single adj carrier adj frequency adj division adj multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or (SC-FDMA) or (DFT-spread adj OFDM) or (DFT-S-OFDMA) or (Interleaved adj FDMA ) or (Interleaved adj Frequency adj Division adj Multiple adj Access ) or (IFDMA) or (Discrete adj Fourier adj Transform adj Spread adj Orthogonal adj Frequency adj Multiple adj Access) or (DFT- SOFDM)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''836 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''24'''
|Claims
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|Interference
|(interference near3 mitigate<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or (interference near3 cancel<nowiki>*</nowiki> ) or (interference near3 reduc<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or (interference near3 null<nowiki>*</nowiki> )
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''11741 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''25'''
|Claims
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|SDMA
|(Space adj2 time adj2 transmit adj2 diversity) or (antenna adj2 multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or SDMA or (Space adj2 division adj2 multiple adj2 access) or (Space adj2 domain adj2 multiple adj2 access) or (plural<nowiki>*</nowiki> near2 (spatial adj streams)) or (spatial adj2 adaptation) or (adaptive adj2 transmi<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or (Bell adj2 Labs adj2 Layer adj2 Space adj2 Time) or (spatial adj2 multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''3007 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''26'''
|Claims
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|HARQ
|HARQ or (Hybrid adj automatic adj repeat adj request) or (Hybrid adj2 ARQ) or (ARQ ) or (automatic adj repeat adj request ) or (Automatic adj Repeat adj Query ) or (feedback adj2 mechani<nowiki>*</nowiki>)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''8964 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''27'''
|Claims
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|Multipath
|Multipath near2 (effect<nowiki>*</nowiki> or propagati<nowiki>*</nowiki> or phenomenon) or interference near3 (mitigate<nowiki>*</nowiki> or reduc<nowiki>*</nowiki> or cancel<nowiki>*</nowiki> or null<nowiki>*</nowiki>)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''12281 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''28'''
|Claims
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|LTE Synonyms
|(LTE OR (long ADJ term ADJ evolution) OR (evolved ADJ packet ADJ system) OR (system ADJ architecture ADJ evolution) OR (E ADJ UTRA<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR EUTRA<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR (evolved ADJ UMTS ADJ terrestrial ADJ radio ADJ access))
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''4976 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''29'''
|Claims
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|Others
|(channel adj2 quality adj2 indicat<nowiki>*</nowiki>3 adj2 channel<nowiki>*</nowiki> ) or (CQICH) or (Downlink adj2 Channel adj2 Descriptor adj2 message<nowiki>*</nowiki> ) or (adaptive adj2 modulation adj2 coding ) or (pre adj coding<nowiki>*</nowiki>3 ) or (per adj2 antenna adj2 rate adj2 control ) or (permutation adj2 mode adj2 selection )
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''2167 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''30'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|Combined Query
|22 or 23 or 24 or 25 or 26 or 27 or 28 or 29
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''53692 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''31'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|Combined Query
|21 and 30
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''6969 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''32'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|MIMO with OFDMA
|(21 and 13) and (22 or 14)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''3921 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''33'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|MIMO with SCFDMA
|(21 and 13) and (23 or 15)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''1513 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''34'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|MIMO with Interference
|(21 and 13) and (24 or 16)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''1603 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''35'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|MIMO with SDMA
|(21 and 13) and (25 or 17)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''2946 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''36'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|MIMO with HARQ
|(21 and 13) and (26 or 18)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''503 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''37'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|MIMO with Multipath
|(21 and 13) and (27 or 19)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''2946 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''38'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|MIMO with LTE Synonyms
|(21 and 13) and (28 or 20)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''428 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''39'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|MIMO with Others
|(21 and 13) and 29
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''582 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''40'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|Combined query
|32 or 33 or 34 or 35 or 36 or 37 or 38 or 39
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''5798 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''41'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|Combined query
|40 Not 11
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''0 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''42'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|
|bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''No of unique INPADOC families of Query 41'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''0 '''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''43'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#999999" colspan = "4"|'''Final Query'''
|bgcolor = "#999999"|'''12 or 42'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#999999"|'''12684 Relevancy = 46% '''
|-
|}

==Patent mapping by graphical analysis==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|bgcolor = "#FABF8F"|'''Sno.'''
|bgcolor = "#FABF8F"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''
|bgcolor = "#FABF8F"|'''Title'''
|bgcolor = "#FABF8F"|'''Figure analyzed'''
|bgcolor = "#FABF8F"|'''Analyzed result'''
|bgcolor = "#FABF8F"|'''Standard mapped into'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FABF8F"|1
|align = "center"|[http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220070217538%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070217538&RS=DN/20070217538 US20070217538A1]
|Systems and methods for improving performance of multiple spatial communication channels
|align = "center"| [[Media:2007.pdf|Figure 4]]
|align = "center"| DL data rate: 220 M bps for 3x3 advanced MIMO-SVD
|align = "center"|[http://www.3gpp.org/LTE LTE release 8, category 4]
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FABF8F"|2
|align = "center"|[http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220090232229%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090232229&RS=DN/20090232229 US20090232229A1]
|Device, system and method of resource allocation in a wireless network
|align = "center"|[[Media:2009.pdf|Figure 2A]]
|align = "center"| DL data rate: 210 M bps for a 2x2 MIMO at cell centre
|align = "center"|[http://www.3gpp.org/LTE LTE release 8, category 5]
|-
|}

==Patent ranking==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|bgcolor = "#FABF8F"|'''Sno.'''
|bgcolor = "#FABF8F"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''
|bgcolor = "#FABF8F"|'''US Class (primary)'''
|bgcolor = "#FABF8F"|'''Title'''
|bgcolor = "#FABF8F"|'''Publication Year'''
|bgcolor = "#FABF8F"|'''Priority Year(s)'''
|bgcolor = "#FABF8F"|'''Legal status'''
|bgcolor = "#FABF8F"|'''Rank'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FABF8F"|1
|align = "center"|[http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220070217538%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070217538&RS=DN/20070217538 US20070217538A1]
|align = "center"|375267
|Systems and methods for improving performance of multiple spatial communication channels
|align = "center"|2007
|align = "center"|2006
|align = "center"|Patented Case
|align = "center"|1
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FABF8F"|2
|align = "center"|[http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220090232229%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090232229&RS=DN/20090232229 US20090232229A1]
|align = "center"|375260
|Device, system and method of resource allocation in a wireless network
|align = "center"|2009
|align = "center"|2008
|align = "center"|Docketed New Case - Ready for Examination
|align = "center"|2
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FABF8F"|3
|align = "center"|[http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220080187066%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20080187066&RS=DN/20080187066 US20080187066A1]
|align = "center"|375267
|Detection method and apparatus for a multi-stream MIMO
|align = "center"|2008
|align = "center"|2007
|align = "center"|Non Final Action Mailed
|align = "center"|2
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FABF8F"|4
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7796546.PN.&OS=PN/7796546&RS=PN/7796546 US7796546B2]
|align = "center"|370315
|Apparatus and method for supporting multiple links in a network using frequency bands
|align = "center"|2007
|align = "center"|2006
|align = "center"|Patented Case
|align = "center"|4
|-
|}

'''Disclaimer:''' Patent ranking has been done according to the following logic:
*'''Rank-1:''' Granted + LTE-MIMO related (claims)
*'''Rank-2''': Published + LTE-MIMO related (claims)
*'''Rank-3''': LTE-MIMO related (Full spec )
*'''Rank-4''': May be relevant or Abandoned or Expired

==Company wise distribution of IP==
[[Image:t30f.jpg|thumb|1200px|centre|Company wise distribution of IP]]

'''Note:'''
* The subsidiaries of '''Nokia''' includes : Nokia Telecommunication Oy and Nokia Siemens.
* The subsidiaries of Ericsson includes : Ericsson GE Mobile Communications Inc, LM Ericsson, ST-Ericsson,Sony Ericcson.
* The Subsidiaries of Alcatel includes : Alcatel-Lucent, Alcatel Shangai bell company, Alcatel Transmission, Lucent Technologies, CIT Alcatel.
* The Subsidiaries of NTT includes : Nippondenso Co, NTT Docomo.
* The subsidiaries of NEC Corp includes : NEC Access technica Ltd.,NEC Laboratories.
* The subsidiaries of Phlilps includes : Philips Electronics, Philips Intellectual property & standards.
* The subsidiaries of Fujistu includes : Fujistu ten Limited, Fujitsu Microelectronics Limited.
* The subsidiaries of AT&T includes : AT&T Mobility, AT & T BLS Intellectual Property, AT&T Bell Laboratories, AT&T Wireless Services Inc., BellSouth Intellectual Property Corporation.

==Filing trends over the years==
[[Image:ftf.jpg|thumb|1000px|centre|Filing trends over the years]]

==Filing trends for top 10 companies==
[[Image:t10f.jpg|thumb|1000px|centre|Filing trends for top 10 companies]]

==Year by year trends of top 5 companies==
[[Image:fttf.jpg|thumb|1000px|centre|Year by year trends of top 5 companies]]

==References==
* Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall, Johan Sköld, Per Beming, "3G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband", 2nd edition, Academic Press, 2008,
* Mustafa Ergen, "Mobile Broadband - Including WiMAX and LTE", Springer, NY, 2009
* Stefania Sesia, Issam Toufik, and Matthew Baker, "LTE - The UMTS Long Term Evolution - From Theory to Practice", John Wiley & Sons, 2009,
* Borko Furht, Syed A. Ahson, "Long Term Evolution: 3GPP LTE Radio And Cellular Technology", CRC Press, 2009,
* Ezio Biglieri, Robert calderbank, Anthony Constantinides et.al ,"MIMO Wireless Communications" Cambridge University Press, 2007
----
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