DolceraWiki - User contributions [en]

OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode

2011-02-21T11:56:36Z

Aartij: /* Concept Table */

==Introduction==
The growing number of electronic devices using organic light emitting diode displays shows that after years of promise, the technology is increasingly finding place in many products. But while OLED displays might challenge LCDs as the screens of choice for smaller gadgets, the technology may not become mainstream for notebook PCs or TVs within this decade.

OLED displays use organic compounds that emit light when exposed to an electric current. They are brighter, have better contrast, offer wider viewing angles, use less power, and provide faster response times than liquid crystal displays. OLED screens' thickness is a third of that of LCDs, since they don't need a back-light, and that makes them a good fit for portable electronics devices.
==Rationale==
*Unlike LCDs, which require backlighting, OLED displays are "emissive" devices, meaning they emit light rather than modulate transmitted or reflected light.
*OLED technology was firstly developed in 1987 at Eastman Kodak Company by Tang and Van Slyke using small-molecule (sm-OLED). In 1990 Richard Friend, Jeremy Burroughes and Donal Bradley discovered electroluminescence capabilities from conjugated polymers so laying down the foundations for a new generation of flat panel displays.
*OLED has the potential to revolutionize the world's $100 billion lighting industry.[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2005725,00.html source]
*A light source that could put the traditional light bulb in the shade has been invented by US scientists.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sci/tech/4906188.stm source]
*OLEDs can provide brighter, crisper displays on electronic devices and use less power than conventional light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or liquid crystal displays (LCDs) used today.[http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/oled.htm source]

==OLED Components==
[[Image:oled structure.png|thumb|center| 300 px|]]
An OLED consists of the following parts:
*Substrate (clear plastic, glass, foil) - The substrate supports the OLED.
* Anode (transparent) - The anode removes electrons (adds electron "holes") when a current flows through the device.
* Organic layers - These layers are made of organic molecules or polymers.
**Conducting layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules that transport "holes" from the anode. One conducting polymer used in OLEDs is polyaniline.
**Emissive layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules (different ones from the conducting layer) that transport electrons from the cathode; this is where light is made. One polymer used in the emissive layer is polyfluorene.
* Cathode (may or may not be transparent depending on the type of OLED) - The cathode injects electrons when a current flows through the device.
==Working of OLED'S==
[[Image:oled WORKING.png|thumb|center| 400 px|]]
*OLEDs emit light in a similar manner to LEDs, through a process called electrophosphorescence.
*The process is as follows:
#The battery or power supply of the device containing the OLED applies a voltage across the OLED.
#An electrical current flows from the cathode to the anode through the organic layers (an electrical current is a flow of electrons).
#* The cathode gives electrons to the emissive layer of organic molecules.
#* The anode removes electrons from the conductive layer of organic molecules. (This is the equivalent to giving electron holes to the conductive layer.)
#At the boundary between the emissive and the conductive layers, electrons find electron holes.
#* When an electron finds an electron hole, the electron fills the hole (it falls into an energy level of the atom that's missing an electron).
#* When this happens, the electron gives up energy in the form of a photon of light (see How Light Works).
# The OLED emits light.
# The color of the light depends on the type of organic molecule in the emissive layer. Manufacturers place several types of organic films on the same OLED to make color displays.
# The intensity or brightness of the light depends on the amount of electrical current applied: the more current, the brighter the light.

==OLED Types==
There are several types of OLEDs
* Passive-matrix OLED
* Active-matrix OLED
* Transparent OLED
* Top-emitting OLED
* Bottom-emitting OLED
* Foldable OLED
* White OLED

===Passive-matrix OLED - PMOLED===
PMOLEDs have strips of cathode, organic layers and strips of anode. The anode strips are arranged perpendicular to the cathode strips. The intersections of the cathode and anode make up the pixels where light is emitted. External circuitry applies current to selected strips of anode and cathode, determining which pixels get turned on and which pixels remain off. Again, the brightness of each pixel is proportional to the amount of applied current.

PMOLEDs are easy to make, but they consume more power than other types of OLED, mainly due to the power needed for the external circuitry. PMOLEDs are most efficient for text and icons and are best suited for small screens (2- to 3-inch diagonal) such as those you find in cell phones, PDAs and MP3 players. Even with the external circuitry, passive-matrix OLEDs consume less battery power than the LCDs that are currently used in these devices.
[[Image:Passive.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Active-matrix OLED - AMOLED===
AMOLEDs have full layers of cathode, organic molecules and anode, but the anode layer overlays a thin film transistor (TFT) array that forms a matrix. The TFT array itself is the circuitry that determines which pixels get turned on to form an image. 

AMOLEDs consume less power than PMOLEDs because the TFT array requires less power than external circuitry, so they are efficient for large displays. AMOLEDs also have faster refresh rates suitable for video. The best uses for AMOLEDs are computer monitors, large screen TVs and electronic signs or billboards.

[[Image:Activeoled.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Transparent OLED===
Transparent OLEDs have only transparent components (substrate, cathode and anode) and, when turned off, are up to 85 percent as transparent as their substrate. When a transparent OLED display is turned on, it allows light to pass in both directions. A transparent OLED display can be either active- or passive-matrix. This technology can be used for heads-up displays.
[[Image:Transparent.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Top-emitting OLED===
Top-emitting OLEDs have a substrate that is either opaque or reflective. They are best suited to active-matrix design. Manufacturers may use top-emitting OLED displays in smart cards.
[[Image:Topoled.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Foldable OLED===
Foldable OLEDs have substrates made of very flexible metallic foils or plastics. Foldable OLEDs are very lightweight and durable. Their use in devices such as cell phones and PDAs can reduce breakage, a major cause for return or repair. Potentially, foldable OLED displays can be sewn into fabrics for "smart" clothing, such as outdoor survival clothing with an integrated computer chip, cell phone, GPS receiver and OLED display sewn into it.
[[Image:Fold.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===White OLED===
A white organic LED (OLED) incorporating a blue phosphorescent dye and a down-conversion phosphor has achieved a luminous efficacy of 25 lm/W. This high-efficacy device was enabled by lowering the device operating voltage, increasing the outcoupling efficiency, and incorporating highly efficient phosphorescent emitters.
[[Image:White.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

==OLED Advantages and Disadvantages==
'''OLEDs offer many advantages over both LCDs and LEDs:'''
* The plastic, organic layers of an OLED are thinner, lighter and more flexible than the crystalline layers in an LED or LCD.
* Because the light-emitting layers of an OLED are lighter, the substrate of an OLED can be flexible instead of rigid. OLED substrates can be plastic rather than the glass used for LEDs and LCDs.
* OLEDs are brighter than LEDs. Because the organic layers of an OLED are much thinner than the corresponding inorganic crystal layers of an LED, the conductive and emissive layers of an OLED can be multi-layered. Also, LEDs and LCDs require glass for support, and glass absorbs some light. OLEDs do not require glass.
* OLEDs do not require backlighting like LCDs. LCDs work by selectively blocking areas of the backlight to make the images that you see, while OLEDs generate light themselves. Because OLEDs do not require backlighting, they consume much less power than LCDs (most of the LCD power goes to the backlighting). This is especially important for battery-operated devices such as cell phones.
* OLEDs are easier to produce and can be made to larger sizes. Because OLEDs are essentially plastics, they can be made into large, thin sheets. It is much more difficult to grow and lay down so many liquid crystals.
* OLEDs have large fields of view, about 170 degrees. Because LCDs work by blocking light, they have an inherent viewing obstacle from certain angles. OLEDs produce their own light, so they have a much wider viewing range.
'''OLED seems to be the perfect technology for all types of displays, but it also has some problems:'''
* Lifetime - While red and green OLED films have longer lifetimes (46,000 to 230,000 hours), blue organics currently have much shorter lifetimes (up to around 14,000 hours.
* Water - Water can easily damage OLEDs.

==Control Patents==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''S.No'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Date of Publication'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Title'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|1
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7791271.PN.&OS=PN/7791271&RS=PN/7791271 US7791271B2]
|align = "center"|09/07/2010
|Global OLED Technology LLC
|Top-emitting OLED device with light-scattering layer and color-conversion
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|2
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7781961.PN.&OS=PN/7781961&RS=PN/7781961 US7781961B2]
|align = "center"|08/24/2010
|Novaled AG
|Top emitting, electroluminescent component with frequency conversion centres
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|3
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7002293.PN.&OS=PN/7002293&RS=PN/7002293 US7002293B2]
|align = "center"|02/21/2006
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Organic light emitting diode with improved light emission through the cathode
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|4
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6770502.PN.&OS=PN/6770502&RS=PN/6770502 US6770502B2]
|align = "center"|08/03/2004
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Method of manufacturing a top-emitting OLED display device with desiccant structures
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|5
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220080169757%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20080169757&RS=DN/20080169757 US20080169757A1]
|align = "center"|07/17/2008
|TPO Displays Corp.
|Top-emitting organic electroluminescent display
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|6
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060043373%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060043373&RS=DN/20060043373 US20060043373A1]
|align = "center"|03/02/2006
|Industrial Technology Research Institute
|Method for manufacturing a pixel array of top emitting OLED
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|7
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050236629%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050236629&RS=DN/20050236629 US20050236629A1]
|align = "center"|10/27/2005
|None
|Top emission organic light emitting diode display using auxiliary electrode to prevent voltage drop of upper electrode and method of fabricating the same
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|8
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?NUM=EP1489671A2&DB=EPODOC&submitted=true&locale=en_V3&ST=number&compact=false EP1489671A2]
|align = "center"|12/22/2004
|Global OLED Technology LLC
|Method of making a top-emitting oled device having improved power distribution
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|9
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?NUM=EP1029336A1&DB=EPODOC&submitted=true&locale=en_V3&ST=number&compact=false EP1029336A1]
|align = "center"|08/23/2000
|FED CORPORATION
|TOP EMITTING OLED WITH REFRACTORY METAL COMPOUNDS AS BOTTOM CATHODE
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|10
|align = "center"|[http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?WO=2001057904 WO2001057904A1]
|align = "center"|08/09/2001
|eMAGIN CORPORATION
|LOW ABSORPTION SPUTTER PROTECTION LAYER FOR OLED STRUCTURE
|-
|}
==Concept Table==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="55%"
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Top emission'''
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Organic Light Emitting Diode'''
|-
|Top emitting
|OLED
|-
|Top emissive
|polymer LED
|-
|Top emission
|light emitting polymer diode
|-
|TOLED
|organic LED
|-
|TEOLED
|organic electroluminescent diode
|-
|
|FOLED
|-
|
|SM-OLED
|-
|
|small molecule OLED
|-
|
|AMOLED
|-
|
|PMOLED
|-
|}

==Classifications==
===IPC/ ECLA Classes===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''IPC/ ECLA Class'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center"|H01L27/28
|Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid state components formed in or on a common substrate/ including components using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part
|-
|align = "center"|H01L27/32
|Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid state components formed in or on a common substrate/ including components using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part/ with components specially adapted for light emission, e.g. flat-panel displays using organic light-emitting diodes (OLED)
|-
|align = "center"|H01L51/50
|Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof / specially adapted for light emission, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED) or polymer light emitting devices (PLED);
|-
|align = "center"|H01L51/52
|Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof / specially adapted for light emission, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED) or polymer light emitting devices (PLED);/ details of devices
|-
|align = "center"|H01L51/56
|Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof / specially adapted for light emission, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED) or polymer light emitting devices (PLED);/ Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof
|-
|align = "center"|H05B33/08P
|Electroluminescent light sources / Details/ Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application/ for light emitting diodes (LEDs) comprising organic materials, e.g. polymer LEDs (PLEDs) or OLEDs<nowiki>]</nowiki>
|-
|}

===US Classes===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''US Class'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center"|257/040
|Active solid-state devices (e.g., transistors, solid-state diodes)/ Organic semiconductor material
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.018
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.019
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Electrode
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.020
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Electrode/ Encapsulation
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.021
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Electrode/ Arrangements for extracting light from device (e.g., Bragg reflector pair)
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.022
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Multicolor organic light-emitting device (OLED)
|-
|align = "center"|313/504
|Electric lamp and discharge devices/ with luminescent solid or liquid material / Solid-state type / With particular phosphor or electrode material / Organic phosphor
|-
|}

==Taxonomy==
<mm>[[OLED's-1.mm]]</mm>
==Micropatent Search Strategy==
* A search is carried out in Micropatent using a combination of keywords and classifications
* Databases covered: US Granted, US Applications, EP-A, EP-B, WO, JP(bibliographic data), DE-C,B, DE-A, DE-T, DE-U, GB-A, FR-A
 
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No '''</center>
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Search Concepts '''</center>
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''No. of Hits '''</center>
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Criteria '''</center>
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Search Query '''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Classes - OLED </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>63152 hits</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Any Classification
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| H01L005150* OR H01L005152* OR H01L005156 OR H05B003308P OR 257E51.022

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Classes - Organic Semiconductor Devices </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>27601 hits</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Any Classification
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| 313504 OR 257040 OR 257E51.018 OR 257E51.019 OR 257E51.020 OR 257E51.021 OR H01L002728 OR H01L002732

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Top emission keywords </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1141 hits</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Claims, Title or Abstract
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| ((Top emitting) or (TOLED) or (TEOLED) or (TE-OLED) or (Top adj2 emitting) or (Top adj2 emissive) or (Top adj2 emission)) adj ((Light adj emitting adj polymer) OR (Organic adj electro-luminescence adj diode) OR (organic adj electroluminescent adj diode) OR (Ploymer adj light adj emitting adj diode) OR (Organic adj light adj emitting adj device) OR (Self-luminous adj diode) OR (OLED) OR (Organic LED arrays) OR (Organic adj light adj emitting adj diode) OR (Organic adj light adj emission adj diode) OR (Polymer adj light adj emission adj device) OR (organic adj electroluminescent device) OR (OEL) OR (OLEDs))

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>OLED keywords </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>39392 hits</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Claims, Title or Abstract
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| (((organic or (small adj molecule*1) or polymer*1) adj (lightemitting or (light adj (emitting or emission)) or electroluminescen*2 or (electro adj luminescen*2))) near3 diode*1) Or OLED*2 or SMLED*2 or PLED*2 or (light adj (emitting or emission) adj polymer*1) or ((organic or (small adj molecule*1) or polymer*1) near3 LED*2)

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>5</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Top emissioin OLED keywords </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>429 hits</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Claims, Title or Abstract
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| (((((organic or (small adj molecule*1) or polymer*1) adj (lightemitting or (light adj (emitting or emission)) or electroluminescen*2 or (electro adj luminescen*2))) near3 diode*1) Or OLED*2 or SMLED*2 or PLED*2 or (light adj (emitting or emission) adj polymer*1) or ((organic or (small adj molecule*1) or polymer*1) near3 LED*2)) AND ((top adj3 (emissi*2 or emitting)))) or (TE adj OLED*2)

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Top emission keywords AND OLED classes </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>809 hits</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Combined query
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| 1 and 3

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>LED Keywords </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1617014 hits</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Claims, Title or Abstract
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| ((lightemitting or (light adj (emitting or emission)) or electroluminescen*2 or (electro adj luminescen*2)) near3 diode*1) or LED*2 or OLED*2 or SMLED*2 or PLED*2

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Top emission keywords AND Organic semiconductor devices classes AND Top emission keywords </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>224 hits</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Combined query
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| 2 and 7 and 3

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>9</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Top emissioin OLED keywords </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1506 hits</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Full patent spec.
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| (((((organic or (small adj molecule*1) or polymer*1) adj (lightemitting or (light adj (emitting or emission)) or electroluminescen*2 or (electro adj luminescen*2))) near3 diode*1) Or OLED*2 or SMLED*2 or PLED*2 or (light adj (emitting or emission) adj polymer*1) or ((organic or (small adj molecule*1) or polymer*1) near3 LED*2)) near3 ((top adj3 (emissi*2 or emitting)))) or (TE adj OLED*2)

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>German Keywords </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1430 hits</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Full patent spec.
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| ((top adj3 (emissi*2 or emitting)) or (Top near2 emittierende*1)) near3 ((organische near2 (LED*1 or Leuchtdiode*1)) or (Licht adj emittierende adj Polymer*1) or OLED*1)

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>11</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>French Keywords </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1412 hits</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Full patent spec.
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| ((top adj3 (émissive or émettant)) or (démission adj top) or (top adj3 (emissi*2 or emitting))) near3 ((diode*1 near3 électroluminescente near3 organique*1) or ((Polymère*1 or organiques) adj2 LED*1) or (polymère*1 near3 émettant near3 lumière) or OLED*1)

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>12</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"|
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2113 hits (1132 Families) '''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Combined query
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| 5 or 6 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>13</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Control Patents </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10 hits </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Patent/Publication No.
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| WO2001057904A1 OR EP1029336A1 OR EP1489671A2 OR US20050236629A1 OR US20060043373A1 OR US20080169757A1 OR US6770502B2 OR US7002293B2 OR US7781961B2 OR US7791271B2

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>14</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"|
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10 hits </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Combined query
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| 12 AND 13

|}

==Landscape Analysis Of Top-Emmission OLED==
===IP Landscape===

* We have chosen the top emission OLED's as the area of focus.
* The top emission OLED's have been facing challenges to achieve optimimum efficiencies in terms of light reflection. Also, it's been a challenge to increase the life time of the top emission OLED's. Lots of initiative is seen in this direction, and below is a snapshot of research work done by organizations worldwide to achieve higher efficiency levels through better design.

[[Image:IPactivity.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

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===Competitor Landscape===
[[Image:Assignee.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

===Competitor Mapping===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''#'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Assignee Name'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2001'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2002'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2003'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2004'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2005'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2006'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2007'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|Eastman Kodak
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center"|23
|align = "center"|24
|align = "center"|24
|align = "center"|12
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''87'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|Not Available
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center"|10
|align = "center"|9
|align = "center"|20
|align = "center"|18
|align = "center"|6
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''66'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|Osram Opto Semiconductors
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|Osram Opto Semiconductors
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|Cambridge DisplayTech
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|Novaled
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''7'''
|Optronics
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''8'''
|Agency for science technology
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|Universal Display
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''10'''
|Ind Tech
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''11'''
|Phillips
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''12'''
|3M
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''13'''
|Applied Film
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''14'''
|Dielectric Systems
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''15'''
|Elo Touch systems
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''16'''
|Emagin Corp
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''17'''
|IBM
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''18'''
|Ignis Innovation
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''19'''
|Kyocera
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''20'''
|Luxell Technologies
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''21'''
|Microemissive Displays
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''22'''
|Nat Taiwan University
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''23'''
|Optimax Technology
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''24'''
|Pai Jui-Fen
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''25'''
|Semiconductor Energy
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''26'''
|Sundew Technologies
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''27'''
|Univ Gent
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''28'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''14'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''36'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''58'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''66'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''28'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''208'''
|-
|}

----

===Key Inventors===
[[Image:Inventormap.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

===Key Inventor Mapping===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''S.No'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Top 10 Assignees of Last 5 Years'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2001'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2002'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2003'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2004'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2005'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2006'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2007'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|Cok Ronald S US
|
| 
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|12
|align = "right"|13
|align = "right"|13
|align = "right"|11
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''51'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|Ghosh Amalkumar P US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|Gupta Rahul US
|
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|5
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|Tyan Yuan-Sheng US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|3
|align = "right"|1
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|Miller Michael E US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|Stegamat Reza US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|1
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''7'''
|Silvernail Jeffrey Alan US
|
| 
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "right"|1
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''8'''
|Su Wencheng US
|
| 
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|Wang Jin-Shan US
|
| 
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|3
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''10'''
|Weaver Michael S US
|
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
| 
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''19'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''26'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''23'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''13'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''86'''
|-
|}

----

===Technology Mapping===
* In OLED devices not all internally generated light is coupled out of the device (only 20%-50%), which reduces the device efficiency and lifetime.
* Modification in structures are applied to improve outcouple efficiency in order to enhance the efficiency and lifetime of top emission OLEDs.
* Below is a snapshot of how various organizations are using different design structures, using the same principle of internal reflection, to achieve higher out-coupling efficiencies.

====Comparison of out coupling of waveguiding light in top-emission polyLED stack====
[[Image:Slide-oled.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]
* Some light is reflected out of the OLED at stray angles in typical cases. By using a barrier material (form of microparticles) in the cathode layer, this light at stray angles hits the barrier material, and some of it is reflected back and guided out at the right angles, reducing light loss.

[[Image:Slide-oled1.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* Microparticles are incorporated in the substrate, which prevents light loss by reflecting light emitted at stray angles.

[[Image:Slide-oled2.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* A highly reflective anode is provided made of Aluminium or Silver, with a mirror like finish, to reflect light.
[[Image:Slide-oled3.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* A shielding layer is provided below the anode, across its entire surface, thus increasing the surface area from which light can be reflected outside.

[[Image:Slide-oled4.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* The reflective layer, anode, is made of a highly reflective surface like Aluminium alloy or silver.

====Conclusion====
The innovation is towards:
* Incorporating micro-particles structure over the substrate that provide a reflective surface.
* Highly reflective materials using metals like Molybdenum etc.

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OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode

2011-02-21T10:27:57Z

Aartij: /* Concept Table */

==Introduction==
The growing number of electronic devices using organic light emitting diode displays shows that after years of promise, the technology is increasingly finding place in many products. But while OLED displays might challenge LCDs as the screens of choice for smaller gadgets, the technology may not become mainstream for notebook PCs or TVs within this decade.

OLED displays use organic compounds that emit light when exposed to an electric current. They are brighter, have better contrast, offer wider viewing angles, use less power, and provide faster response times than liquid crystal displays. OLED screens' thickness is a third of that of LCDs, since they don't need a back-light, and that makes them a good fit for portable electronics devices.
==Rationale==
*Unlike LCDs, which require backlighting, OLED displays are "emissive" devices, meaning they emit light rather than modulate transmitted or reflected light.
*OLED technology was firstly developed in 1987 at Eastman Kodak Company by Tang and Van Slyke using small-molecule (sm-OLED). In 1990 Richard Friend, Jeremy Burroughes and Donal Bradley discovered electroluminescence capabilities from conjugated polymers so laying down the foundations for a new generation of flat panel displays.
*OLED has the potential to revolutionize the world's $100 billion lighting industry.[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2005725,00.html source]
*A light source that could put the traditional light bulb in the shade has been invented by US scientists.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sci/tech/4906188.stm source]
*OLEDs can provide brighter, crisper displays on electronic devices and use less power than conventional light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or liquid crystal displays (LCDs) used today.[http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/oled.htm source]

==OLED Components==
[[Image:oled structure.png|thumb|center| 300 px|]]
An OLED consists of the following parts:
*Substrate (clear plastic, glass, foil) - The substrate supports the OLED.
* Anode (transparent) - The anode removes electrons (adds electron "holes") when a current flows through the device.
* Organic layers - These layers are made of organic molecules or polymers.
**Conducting layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules that transport "holes" from the anode. One conducting polymer used in OLEDs is polyaniline.
**Emissive layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules (different ones from the conducting layer) that transport electrons from the cathode; this is where light is made. One polymer used in the emissive layer is polyfluorene.
* Cathode (may or may not be transparent depending on the type of OLED) - The cathode injects electrons when a current flows through the device.
==Working of OLED'S==
[[Image:oled WORKING.png|thumb|center| 400 px|]]
*OLEDs emit light in a similar manner to LEDs, through a process called electrophosphorescence.
*The process is as follows:
#The battery or power supply of the device containing the OLED applies a voltage across the OLED.
#An electrical current flows from the cathode to the anode through the organic layers (an electrical current is a flow of electrons).
#* The cathode gives electrons to the emissive layer of organic molecules.
#* The anode removes electrons from the conductive layer of organic molecules. (This is the equivalent to giving electron holes to the conductive layer.)
#At the boundary between the emissive and the conductive layers, electrons find electron holes.
#* When an electron finds an electron hole, the electron fills the hole (it falls into an energy level of the atom that's missing an electron).
#* When this happens, the electron gives up energy in the form of a photon of light (see How Light Works).
# The OLED emits light.
# The color of the light depends on the type of organic molecule in the emissive layer. Manufacturers place several types of organic films on the same OLED to make color displays.
# The intensity or brightness of the light depends on the amount of electrical current applied: the more current, the brighter the light.

==OLED Types==
There are several types of OLEDs
* Passive-matrix OLED
* Active-matrix OLED
* Transparent OLED
* Top-emitting OLED
* Bottom-emitting OLED
* Foldable OLED
* White OLED

===Passive-matrix OLED - PMOLED===
PMOLEDs have strips of cathode, organic layers and strips of anode. The anode strips are arranged perpendicular to the cathode strips. The intersections of the cathode and anode make up the pixels where light is emitted. External circuitry applies current to selected strips of anode and cathode, determining which pixels get turned on and which pixels remain off. Again, the brightness of each pixel is proportional to the amount of applied current.

PMOLEDs are easy to make, but they consume more power than other types of OLED, mainly due to the power needed for the external circuitry. PMOLEDs are most efficient for text and icons and are best suited for small screens (2- to 3-inch diagonal) such as those you find in cell phones, PDAs and MP3 players. Even with the external circuitry, passive-matrix OLEDs consume less battery power than the LCDs that are currently used in these devices.
[[Image:Passive.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Active-matrix OLED - AMOLED===
AMOLEDs have full layers of cathode, organic molecules and anode, but the anode layer overlays a thin film transistor (TFT) array that forms a matrix. The TFT array itself is the circuitry that determines which pixels get turned on to form an image. 

AMOLEDs consume less power than PMOLEDs because the TFT array requires less power than external circuitry, so they are efficient for large displays. AMOLEDs also have faster refresh rates suitable for video. The best uses for AMOLEDs are computer monitors, large screen TVs and electronic signs or billboards.

[[Image:Activeoled.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Transparent OLED===
Transparent OLEDs have only transparent components (substrate, cathode and anode) and, when turned off, are up to 85 percent as transparent as their substrate. When a transparent OLED display is turned on, it allows light to pass in both directions. A transparent OLED display can be either active- or passive-matrix. This technology can be used for heads-up displays.
[[Image:Transparent.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Top-emitting OLED===
Top-emitting OLEDs have a substrate that is either opaque or reflective. They are best suited to active-matrix design. Manufacturers may use top-emitting OLED displays in smart cards.
[[Image:Topoled.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Foldable OLED===
Foldable OLEDs have substrates made of very flexible metallic foils or plastics. Foldable OLEDs are very lightweight and durable. Their use in devices such as cell phones and PDAs can reduce breakage, a major cause for return or repair. Potentially, foldable OLED displays can be sewn into fabrics for "smart" clothing, such as outdoor survival clothing with an integrated computer chip, cell phone, GPS receiver and OLED display sewn into it.
[[Image:Fold.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===White OLED===
A white organic LED (OLED) incorporating a blue phosphorescent dye and a down-conversion phosphor has achieved a luminous efficacy of 25 lm/W. This high-efficacy device was enabled by lowering the device operating voltage, increasing the outcoupling efficiency, and incorporating highly efficient phosphorescent emitters.
[[Image:White.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

==OLED Advantages and Disadvantages==
'''OLEDs offer many advantages over both LCDs and LEDs:'''
* The plastic, organic layers of an OLED are thinner, lighter and more flexible than the crystalline layers in an LED or LCD.
* Because the light-emitting layers of an OLED are lighter, the substrate of an OLED can be flexible instead of rigid. OLED substrates can be plastic rather than the glass used for LEDs and LCDs.
* OLEDs are brighter than LEDs. Because the organic layers of an OLED are much thinner than the corresponding inorganic crystal layers of an LED, the conductive and emissive layers of an OLED can be multi-layered. Also, LEDs and LCDs require glass for support, and glass absorbs some light. OLEDs do not require glass.
* OLEDs do not require backlighting like LCDs. LCDs work by selectively blocking areas of the backlight to make the images that you see, while OLEDs generate light themselves. Because OLEDs do not require backlighting, they consume much less power than LCDs (most of the LCD power goes to the backlighting). This is especially important for battery-operated devices such as cell phones.
* OLEDs are easier to produce and can be made to larger sizes. Because OLEDs are essentially plastics, they can be made into large, thin sheets. It is much more difficult to grow and lay down so many liquid crystals.
* OLEDs have large fields of view, about 170 degrees. Because LCDs work by blocking light, they have an inherent viewing obstacle from certain angles. OLEDs produce their own light, so they have a much wider viewing range.
'''OLED seems to be the perfect technology for all types of displays, but it also has some problems:'''
* Lifetime - While red and green OLED films have longer lifetimes (46,000 to 230,000 hours), blue organics currently have much shorter lifetimes (up to around 14,000 hours.
* Water - Water can easily damage OLEDs.

==Control Patents==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''S.No'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Date of Publication'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Title'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|1
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7791271.PN.&OS=PN/7791271&RS=PN/7791271 US7791271B2]
|align = "center"|09/07/2010
|Global OLED Technology LLC
|Top-emitting OLED device with light-scattering layer and color-conversion
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|2
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7781961.PN.&OS=PN/7781961&RS=PN/7781961 US7781961B2]
|align = "center"|08/24/2010
|Novaled AG
|Top emitting, electroluminescent component with frequency conversion centres
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|3
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7002293.PN.&OS=PN/7002293&RS=PN/7002293 US7002293B2]
|align = "center"|02/21/2006
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Organic light emitting diode with improved light emission through the cathode
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|4
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6770502.PN.&OS=PN/6770502&RS=PN/6770502 US6770502B2]
|align = "center"|08/03/2004
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Method of manufacturing a top-emitting OLED display device with desiccant structures
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|5
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220080169757%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20080169757&RS=DN/20080169757 US20080169757A1]
|align = "center"|07/17/2008
|TPO Displays Corp.
|Top-emitting organic electroluminescent display
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|6
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060043373%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060043373&RS=DN/20060043373 US20060043373A1]
|align = "center"|03/02/2006
|Industrial Technology Research Institute
|Method for manufacturing a pixel array of top emitting OLED
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|7
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050236629%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050236629&RS=DN/20050236629 US20050236629A1]
|align = "center"|10/27/2005
|None
|Top emission organic light emitting diode display using auxiliary electrode to prevent voltage drop of upper electrode and method of fabricating the same
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|8
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?NUM=EP1489671A2&DB=EPODOC&submitted=true&locale=en_V3&ST=number&compact=false EP1489671A2]
|align = "center"|12/22/2004
|Global OLED Technology LLC
|Method of making a top-emitting oled device having improved power distribution
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|9
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?NUM=EP1029336A1&DB=EPODOC&submitted=true&locale=en_V3&ST=number&compact=false EP1029336A1]
|align = "center"|08/23/2000
|FED CORPORATION
|TOP EMITTING OLED WITH REFRACTORY METAL COMPOUNDS AS BOTTOM CATHODE
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|10
|align = "center"|[http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?WO=2001057904 WO2001057904A1]
|align = "center"|08/09/2001
|eMAGIN CORPORATION
|LOW ABSORPTION SPUTTER PROTECTION LAYER FOR OLED STRUCTURE
|-
|}
==Concept Table==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="55%"
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Top emission'''
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Organic Light Emitting Diode'''
|-
|Top emitting
|OLED
|-
|Top emissive
|polymer LED
|-
|Top emission
|light emitting polymer diode
|-
|TOLED
|organic LED
|-
|
|organic electroluminescent diode
|-
|
|FOLED
|-
|
|SM-OLED
|-
|
|small molecule OLED
|-
|
|AMOLED
|-
|
|PMOLED
|-
|}

==Classifications==
===IPC/ ECLA Classes===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''IPC/ ECLA Class'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center"|H01L27/28
|Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid state components formed in or on a common substrate/ including components using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part
|-
|align = "center"|H01L27/32
|Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid state components formed in or on a common substrate/ including components using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part/ with components specially adapted for light emission, e.g. flat-panel displays using organic light-emitting diodes (OLED)
|-
|align = "center"|H01L51/50
|Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof / specially adapted for light emission, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED) or polymer light emitting devices (PLED);
|-
|align = "center"|H01L51/52
|Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof / specially adapted for light emission, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED) or polymer light emitting devices (PLED);/ details of devices
|-
|align = "center"|H01L51/56
|Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof / specially adapted for light emission, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED) or polymer light emitting devices (PLED);/ Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof
|-
|align = "center"|H05B33/08P
|Electroluminescent light sources / Details/ Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application/ for light emitting diodes (LEDs) comprising organic materials, e.g. polymer LEDs (PLEDs) or OLEDs<nowiki>]</nowiki>
|-
|}

===US Classes===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''US Class'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center"|257/040
|Active solid-state devices (e.g., transistors, solid-state diodes)/ Organic semiconductor material
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.018
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.019
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Electrode
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.020
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Electrode/ Encapsulation
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.021
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Electrode/ Arrangements for extracting light from device (e.g., Bragg reflector pair)
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.022
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Multicolor organic light-emitting device (OLED)
|-
|align = "center"|313/504
|Electric lamp and discharge devices/ with luminescent solid or liquid material / Solid-state type / With particular phosphor or electrode material / Organic phosphor
|-
|}

==Taxonomy==
<mm>[[OLED's-1.mm]]</mm>
==Micropatent Search Strategy==
* A search is carried out in Micropatent using a combination of keywords and classifications
* Databases covered: US Granted, US Applications, EP-A, EP-B, WO, JP(bibliographic data), DE-C,B, DE-A, DE-T, DE-U, GB-A, FR-A
 
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No '''</center>
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Search Concepts '''</center>
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''No. of Hits '''</center>
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Criteria '''</center>
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Search Query '''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Classes - OLED </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>63152 hits</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Any Classification
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| H01L005150* OR H01L005152* OR H01L005156 OR H05B003308P OR 257E51.022

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Classes - Organic Semiconductor Devices </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>27601 hits</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Any Classification
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| 313504 OR 257040 OR 257E51.018 OR 257E51.019 OR 257E51.020 OR 257E51.021 OR H01L002728 OR H01L002732

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Top emission keywords </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1141 hits</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Claims, Title or Abstract
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| ((Top emitting) or (TOLED) or (TEOLED) or (TE-OLED) or (Top adj2 emitting) or (Top adj2 emissive) or (Top adj2 emission)) adj ((Light adj emitting adj polymer) OR (Organic adj electro-luminescence adj diode) OR (organic adj electroluminescent adj diode) OR (Ploymer adj light adj emitting adj diode) OR (Organic adj light adj emitting adj device) OR (Self-luminous adj diode) OR (OLED) OR (Organic LED arrays) OR (Organic adj light adj emitting adj diode) OR (Organic adj light adj emission adj diode) OR (Polymer adj light adj emission adj device) OR (organic adj electroluminescent device) OR (OEL) OR (OLEDs))

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>OLED keywords </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>39392 hits</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Claims, Title or Abstract
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| (((organic or (small adj molecule*1) or polymer*1) adj (lightemitting or (light adj (emitting or emission)) or electroluminescen*2 or (electro adj luminescen*2))) near3 diode*1) Or OLED*2 or SMLED*2 or PLED*2 or (light adj (emitting or emission) adj polymer*1) or ((organic or (small adj molecule*1) or polymer*1) near3 LED*2)

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>5</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Top emissioin OLED keywords </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>429 hits</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Claims, Title or Abstract
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| (((((organic or (small adj molecule*1) or polymer*1) adj (lightemitting or (light adj (emitting or emission)) or electroluminescen*2 or (electro adj luminescen*2))) near3 diode*1) Or OLED*2 or SMLED*2 or PLED*2 or (light adj (emitting or emission) adj polymer*1) or ((organic or (small adj molecule*1) or polymer*1) near3 LED*2)) AND ((top adj3 (emissi*2 or emitting)))) or (TE adj OLED*2)

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Top emission keywords AND OLED classes </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>809 hits</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Combined query
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| 1 and 3

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>LED Keywords </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1617014 hits</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Claims, Title or Abstract
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| ((lightemitting or (light adj (emitting or emission)) or electroluminescen*2 or (electro adj luminescen*2)) near3 diode*1) or LED*2 or OLED*2 or SMLED*2 or PLED*2

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Top emission keywords AND Organic semiconductor devices classes AND Top emission keywords </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>224 hits</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Combined query
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| 2 and 7 and 3

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>9</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Top emissioin OLED keywords </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1506 hits</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Full patent spec.
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| (((((organic or (small adj molecule*1) or polymer*1) adj (lightemitting or (light adj (emitting or emission)) or electroluminescen*2 or (electro adj luminescen*2))) near3 diode*1) Or OLED*2 or SMLED*2 or PLED*2 or (light adj (emitting or emission) adj polymer*1) or ((organic or (small adj molecule*1) or polymer*1) near3 LED*2)) near3 ((top adj3 (emissi*2 or emitting)))) or (TE adj OLED*2)

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>German Keywords </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1430 hits</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Full patent spec.
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| ((top adj3 (emissi*2 or emitting)) or (Top near2 emittierende*1)) near3 ((organische near2 (LED*1 or Leuchtdiode*1)) or (Licht adj emittierende adj Polymer*1) or OLED*1)

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>11</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>French Keywords </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1412 hits</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Full patent spec.
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| ((top adj3 (émissive or émettant)) or (démission adj top) or (top adj3 (emissi*2 or emitting))) near3 ((diode*1 near3 électroluminescente near3 organique*1) or ((Polymère*1 or organiques) adj2 LED*1) or (polymère*1 near3 émettant near3 lumière) or OLED*1)

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>12</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"|
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2113 hits (1132 Families) '''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Combined query
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| 5 or 6 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>13</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Control Patents </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10 hits </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Patent/Publication No.
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| WO2001057904A1 OR EP1029336A1 OR EP1489671A2 OR US20050236629A1 OR US20060043373A1 OR US20080169757A1 OR US6770502B2 OR US7002293B2 OR US7781961B2 OR US7791271B2

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>14</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"|
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10 hits </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Combined query
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| 12 AND 13

|}

==Landscape Analysis Of Top-Emmission OLED==
===IP Landscape===

* We have chosen the top emission OLED's as the area of focus.
* The top emission OLED's have been facing challenges to achieve optimimum efficiencies in terms of light reflection. Also, it's been a challenge to increase the life time of the top emission OLED's. Lots of initiative is seen in this direction, and below is a snapshot of research work done by organizations worldwide to achieve higher efficiency levels through better design.

[[Image:IPactivity.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

===Like this report?===
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===Competitor Landscape===
[[Image:Assignee.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

===Competitor Mapping===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''#'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Assignee Name'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2001'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2002'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2003'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2004'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2005'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2006'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2007'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|Eastman Kodak
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center"|23
|align = "center"|24
|align = "center"|24
|align = "center"|12
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''87'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|Not Available
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center"|10
|align = "center"|9
|align = "center"|20
|align = "center"|18
|align = "center"|6
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''66'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|Osram Opto Semiconductors
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|Osram Opto Semiconductors
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|Cambridge DisplayTech
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|Novaled
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''7'''
|Optronics
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''8'''
|Agency for science technology
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|Universal Display
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''10'''
|Ind Tech
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''11'''
|Phillips
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''12'''
|3M
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''13'''
|Applied Film
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''14'''
|Dielectric Systems
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''15'''
|Elo Touch systems
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''16'''
|Emagin Corp
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''17'''
|IBM
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''18'''
|Ignis Innovation
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''19'''
|Kyocera
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''20'''
|Luxell Technologies
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''21'''
|Microemissive Displays
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''22'''
|Nat Taiwan University
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''23'''
|Optimax Technology
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''24'''
|Pai Jui-Fen
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''25'''
|Semiconductor Energy
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''26'''
|Sundew Technologies
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''27'''
|Univ Gent
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''28'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''14'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''36'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''58'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''66'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''28'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''208'''
|-
|}

----

===Key Inventors===
[[Image:Inventormap.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

===Key Inventor Mapping===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''S.No'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Top 10 Assignees of Last 5 Years'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2001'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2002'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2003'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2004'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2005'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2006'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2007'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|Cok Ronald S US
|
| 
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|12
|align = "right"|13
|align = "right"|13
|align = "right"|11
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''51'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|Ghosh Amalkumar P US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|Gupta Rahul US
|
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|5
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|Tyan Yuan-Sheng US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|3
|align = "right"|1
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|Miller Michael E US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|Stegamat Reza US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|1
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''7'''
|Silvernail Jeffrey Alan US
|
| 
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "right"|1
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''8'''
|Su Wencheng US
|
| 
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|Wang Jin-Shan US
|
| 
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|3
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''10'''
|Weaver Michael S US
|
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
| 
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''19'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''26'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''23'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''13'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''86'''
|-
|}

----

===Technology Mapping===
* In OLED devices not all internally generated light is coupled out of the device (only 20%-50%), which reduces the device efficiency and lifetime.
* Modification in structures are applied to improve outcouple efficiency in order to enhance the efficiency and lifetime of top emission OLEDs.
* Below is a snapshot of how various organizations are using different design structures, using the same principle of internal reflection, to achieve higher out-coupling efficiencies.

====Comparison of out coupling of waveguiding light in top-emission polyLED stack====
[[Image:Slide-oled.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]
* Some light is reflected out of the OLED at stray angles in typical cases. By using a barrier material (form of microparticles) in the cathode layer, this light at stray angles hits the barrier material, and some of it is reflected back and guided out at the right angles, reducing light loss.

[[Image:Slide-oled1.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* Microparticles are incorporated in the substrate, which prevents light loss by reflecting light emitted at stray angles.

[[Image:Slide-oled2.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* A highly reflective anode is provided made of Aluminium or Silver, with a mirror like finish, to reflect light.
[[Image:Slide-oled3.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* A shielding layer is provided below the anode, across its entire surface, thus increasing the surface area from which light can be reflected outside.

[[Image:Slide-oled4.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* The reflective layer, anode, is made of a highly reflective surface like Aluminium alloy or silver.

====Conclusion====
The innovation is towards:
* Incorporating micro-particles structure over the substrate that provide a reflective surface.
* Highly reflective materials using metals like Molybdenum etc.

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OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode

2011-02-21T10:22:26Z

Aartij: /* Micropatent Search Strategy */

==Introduction==
The growing number of electronic devices using organic light emitting diode displays shows that after years of promise, the technology is increasingly finding place in many products. But while OLED displays might challenge LCDs as the screens of choice for smaller gadgets, the technology may not become mainstream for notebook PCs or TVs within this decade.

OLED displays use organic compounds that emit light when exposed to an electric current. They are brighter, have better contrast, offer wider viewing angles, use less power, and provide faster response times than liquid crystal displays. OLED screens' thickness is a third of that of LCDs, since they don't need a back-light, and that makes them a good fit for portable electronics devices.
==Rationale==
*Unlike LCDs, which require backlighting, OLED displays are "emissive" devices, meaning they emit light rather than modulate transmitted or reflected light.
*OLED technology was firstly developed in 1987 at Eastman Kodak Company by Tang and Van Slyke using small-molecule (sm-OLED). In 1990 Richard Friend, Jeremy Burroughes and Donal Bradley discovered electroluminescence capabilities from conjugated polymers so laying down the foundations for a new generation of flat panel displays.
*OLED has the potential to revolutionize the world's $100 billion lighting industry.[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2005725,00.html source]
*A light source that could put the traditional light bulb in the shade has been invented by US scientists.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sci/tech/4906188.stm source]
*OLEDs can provide brighter, crisper displays on electronic devices and use less power than conventional light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or liquid crystal displays (LCDs) used today.[http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/oled.htm source]

==OLED Components==
[[Image:oled structure.png|thumb|center| 300 px|]]
An OLED consists of the following parts:
*Substrate (clear plastic, glass, foil) - The substrate supports the OLED.
* Anode (transparent) - The anode removes electrons (adds electron "holes") when a current flows through the device.
* Organic layers - These layers are made of organic molecules or polymers.
**Conducting layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules that transport "holes" from the anode. One conducting polymer used in OLEDs is polyaniline.
**Emissive layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules (different ones from the conducting layer) that transport electrons from the cathode; this is where light is made. One polymer used in the emissive layer is polyfluorene.
* Cathode (may or may not be transparent depending on the type of OLED) - The cathode injects electrons when a current flows through the device.
==Working of OLED'S==
[[Image:oled WORKING.png|thumb|center| 400 px|]]
*OLEDs emit light in a similar manner to LEDs, through a process called electrophosphorescence.
*The process is as follows:
#The battery or power supply of the device containing the OLED applies a voltage across the OLED.
#An electrical current flows from the cathode to the anode through the organic layers (an electrical current is a flow of electrons).
#* The cathode gives electrons to the emissive layer of organic molecules.
#* The anode removes electrons from the conductive layer of organic molecules. (This is the equivalent to giving electron holes to the conductive layer.)
#At the boundary between the emissive and the conductive layers, electrons find electron holes.
#* When an electron finds an electron hole, the electron fills the hole (it falls into an energy level of the atom that's missing an electron).
#* When this happens, the electron gives up energy in the form of a photon of light (see How Light Works).
# The OLED emits light.
# The color of the light depends on the type of organic molecule in the emissive layer. Manufacturers place several types of organic films on the same OLED to make color displays.
# The intensity or brightness of the light depends on the amount of electrical current applied: the more current, the brighter the light.

==OLED Types==
There are several types of OLEDs
* Passive-matrix OLED
* Active-matrix OLED
* Transparent OLED
* Top-emitting OLED
* Bottom-emitting OLED
* Foldable OLED
* White OLED

===Passive-matrix OLED - PMOLED===
PMOLEDs have strips of cathode, organic layers and strips of anode. The anode strips are arranged perpendicular to the cathode strips. The intersections of the cathode and anode make up the pixels where light is emitted. External circuitry applies current to selected strips of anode and cathode, determining which pixels get turned on and which pixels remain off. Again, the brightness of each pixel is proportional to the amount of applied current.

PMOLEDs are easy to make, but they consume more power than other types of OLED, mainly due to the power needed for the external circuitry. PMOLEDs are most efficient for text and icons and are best suited for small screens (2- to 3-inch diagonal) such as those you find in cell phones, PDAs and MP3 players. Even with the external circuitry, passive-matrix OLEDs consume less battery power than the LCDs that are currently used in these devices.
[[Image:Passive.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Active-matrix OLED - AMOLED===
AMOLEDs have full layers of cathode, organic molecules and anode, but the anode layer overlays a thin film transistor (TFT) array that forms a matrix. The TFT array itself is the circuitry that determines which pixels get turned on to form an image. 

AMOLEDs consume less power than PMOLEDs because the TFT array requires less power than external circuitry, so they are efficient for large displays. AMOLEDs also have faster refresh rates suitable for video. The best uses for AMOLEDs are computer monitors, large screen TVs and electronic signs or billboards.

[[Image:Activeoled.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Transparent OLED===
Transparent OLEDs have only transparent components (substrate, cathode and anode) and, when turned off, are up to 85 percent as transparent as their substrate. When a transparent OLED display is turned on, it allows light to pass in both directions. A transparent OLED display can be either active- or passive-matrix. This technology can be used for heads-up displays.
[[Image:Transparent.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Top-emitting OLED===
Top-emitting OLEDs have a substrate that is either opaque or reflective. They are best suited to active-matrix design. Manufacturers may use top-emitting OLED displays in smart cards.
[[Image:Topoled.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Foldable OLED===
Foldable OLEDs have substrates made of very flexible metallic foils or plastics. Foldable OLEDs are very lightweight and durable. Their use in devices such as cell phones and PDAs can reduce breakage, a major cause for return or repair. Potentially, foldable OLED displays can be sewn into fabrics for "smart" clothing, such as outdoor survival clothing with an integrated computer chip, cell phone, GPS receiver and OLED display sewn into it.
[[Image:Fold.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===White OLED===
A white organic LED (OLED) incorporating a blue phosphorescent dye and a down-conversion phosphor has achieved a luminous efficacy of 25 lm/W. This high-efficacy device was enabled by lowering the device operating voltage, increasing the outcoupling efficiency, and incorporating highly efficient phosphorescent emitters.
[[Image:White.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

==OLED Advantages and Disadvantages==
'''OLEDs offer many advantages over both LCDs and LEDs:'''
* The plastic, organic layers of an OLED are thinner, lighter and more flexible than the crystalline layers in an LED or LCD.
* Because the light-emitting layers of an OLED are lighter, the substrate of an OLED can be flexible instead of rigid. OLED substrates can be plastic rather than the glass used for LEDs and LCDs.
* OLEDs are brighter than LEDs. Because the organic layers of an OLED are much thinner than the corresponding inorganic crystal layers of an LED, the conductive and emissive layers of an OLED can be multi-layered. Also, LEDs and LCDs require glass for support, and glass absorbs some light. OLEDs do not require glass.
* OLEDs do not require backlighting like LCDs. LCDs work by selectively blocking areas of the backlight to make the images that you see, while OLEDs generate light themselves. Because OLEDs do not require backlighting, they consume much less power than LCDs (most of the LCD power goes to the backlighting). This is especially important for battery-operated devices such as cell phones.
* OLEDs are easier to produce and can be made to larger sizes. Because OLEDs are essentially plastics, they can be made into large, thin sheets. It is much more difficult to grow and lay down so many liquid crystals.
* OLEDs have large fields of view, about 170 degrees. Because LCDs work by blocking light, they have an inherent viewing obstacle from certain angles. OLEDs produce their own light, so they have a much wider viewing range.
'''OLED seems to be the perfect technology for all types of displays, but it also has some problems:'''
* Lifetime - While red and green OLED films have longer lifetimes (46,000 to 230,000 hours), blue organics currently have much shorter lifetimes (up to around 14,000 hours.
* Water - Water can easily damage OLEDs.

==Control Patents==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''S.No'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Date of Publication'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Title'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|1
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7791271.PN.&OS=PN/7791271&RS=PN/7791271 US7791271B2]
|align = "center"|09/07/2010
|Global OLED Technology LLC
|Top-emitting OLED device with light-scattering layer and color-conversion
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|2
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7781961.PN.&OS=PN/7781961&RS=PN/7781961 US7781961B2]
|align = "center"|08/24/2010
|Novaled AG
|Top emitting, electroluminescent component with frequency conversion centres
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|3
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7002293.PN.&OS=PN/7002293&RS=PN/7002293 US7002293B2]
|align = "center"|02/21/2006
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Organic light emitting diode with improved light emission through the cathode
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|4
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6770502.PN.&OS=PN/6770502&RS=PN/6770502 US6770502B2]
|align = "center"|08/03/2004
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Method of manufacturing a top-emitting OLED display device with desiccant structures
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|5
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220080169757%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20080169757&RS=DN/20080169757 US20080169757A1]
|align = "center"|07/17/2008
|TPO Displays Corp.
|Top-emitting organic electroluminescent display
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|6
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060043373%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060043373&RS=DN/20060043373 US20060043373A1]
|align = "center"|03/02/2006
|Industrial Technology Research Institute
|Method for manufacturing a pixel array of top emitting OLED
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|7
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050236629%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050236629&RS=DN/20050236629 US20050236629A1]
|align = "center"|10/27/2005
|None
|Top emission organic light emitting diode display using auxiliary electrode to prevent voltage drop of upper electrode and method of fabricating the same
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|8
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?NUM=EP1489671A2&DB=EPODOC&submitted=true&locale=en_V3&ST=number&compact=false EP1489671A2]
|align = "center"|12/22/2004
|Global OLED Technology LLC
|Method of making a top-emitting oled device having improved power distribution
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|9
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?NUM=EP1029336A1&DB=EPODOC&submitted=true&locale=en_V3&ST=number&compact=false EP1029336A1]
|align = "center"|08/23/2000
|FED CORPORATION
|TOP EMITTING OLED WITH REFRACTORY METAL COMPOUNDS AS BOTTOM CATHODE
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|10
|align = "center"|[http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?WO=2001057904 WO2001057904A1]
|align = "center"|08/09/2001
|eMAGIN CORPORATION
|LOW ABSORPTION SPUTTER PROTECTION LAYER FOR OLED STRUCTURE
|-
|}
==Concept Table==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="55%"
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Top emission'''
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Organic Light Emitting Diode'''
|-
|Top emitting
|OLED
|-
|Top emissive
|polymer LED
|-
|
|light emitting polymer diode
|-
|
|organic LED
|-
|
|organic electroluminescent diode
|-
|
|FOLED
|-
|
|SM-OLED
|-
|
|small molecule OLED
|-
|
|AMOLED
|-
|
|PMOLED
|-
|}

==Classifications==
===IPC/ ECLA Classes===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''IPC/ ECLA Class'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center"|H01L27/28
|Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid state components formed in or on a common substrate/ including components using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part
|-
|align = "center"|H01L27/32
|Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid state components formed in or on a common substrate/ including components using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part/ with components specially adapted for light emission, e.g. flat-panel displays using organic light-emitting diodes (OLED)
|-
|align = "center"|H01L51/50
|Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof / specially adapted for light emission, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED) or polymer light emitting devices (PLED);
|-
|align = "center"|H01L51/52
|Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof / specially adapted for light emission, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED) or polymer light emitting devices (PLED);/ details of devices
|-
|align = "center"|H01L51/56
|Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof / specially adapted for light emission, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED) or polymer light emitting devices (PLED);/ Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof
|-
|align = "center"|H05B33/08P
|Electroluminescent light sources / Details/ Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application/ for light emitting diodes (LEDs) comprising organic materials, e.g. polymer LEDs (PLEDs) or OLEDs<nowiki>]</nowiki>
|-
|}

===US Classes===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''US Class'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center"|257/040
|Active solid-state devices (e.g., transistors, solid-state diodes)/ Organic semiconductor material
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.018
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.019
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Electrode
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.020
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Electrode/ Encapsulation
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.021
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Electrode/ Arrangements for extracting light from device (e.g., Bragg reflector pair)
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.022
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Multicolor organic light-emitting device (OLED)
|-
|align = "center"|313/504
|Electric lamp and discharge devices/ with luminescent solid or liquid material / Solid-state type / With particular phosphor or electrode material / Organic phosphor
|-
|}

==Taxonomy==
<mm>[[OLED's-1.mm]]</mm>
==Micropatent Search Strategy==
* A search is carried out in Micropatent using a combination of keywords and classifications
* Databases covered: US Granted, US Applications, EP-A, EP-B, WO, JP(bibliographic data), DE-C,B, DE-A, DE-T, DE-U, GB-A, FR-A
 
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No '''</center>
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Search Concepts '''</center>
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''No. of Hits '''</center>
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Criteria '''</center>
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Search Query '''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Classes - OLED </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>63152 hits</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Any Classification
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| H01L005150* OR H01L005152* OR H01L005156 OR H05B003308P OR 257E51.022

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Classes - Organic Semiconductor Devices </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>27601 hits</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Any Classification
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| 313504 OR 257040 OR 257E51.018 OR 257E51.019 OR 257E51.020 OR 257E51.021 OR H01L002728 OR H01L002732

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Top emission keywords </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1141 hits</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Claims, Title or Abstract
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| ((Top emitting) or (TOLED) or (TEOLED) or (TE-OLED) or (Top adj2 emitting) or (Top adj2 emissive) or (Top adj2 emission)) adj ((Light adj emitting adj polymer) OR (Organic adj electro-luminescence adj diode) OR (organic adj electroluminescent adj diode) OR (Ploymer adj light adj emitting adj diode) OR (Organic adj light adj emitting adj device) OR (Self-luminous adj diode) OR (OLED) OR (Organic LED arrays) OR (Organic adj light adj emitting adj diode) OR (Organic adj light adj emission adj diode) OR (Polymer adj light adj emission adj device) OR (organic adj electroluminescent device) OR (OEL) OR (OLEDs))

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>OLED keywords </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>39392 hits</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Claims, Title or Abstract
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| (((organic or (small adj molecule*1) or polymer*1) adj (lightemitting or (light adj (emitting or emission)) or electroluminescen*2 or (electro adj luminescen*2))) near3 diode*1) Or OLED*2 or SMLED*2 or PLED*2 or (light adj (emitting or emission) adj polymer*1) or ((organic or (small adj molecule*1) or polymer*1) near3 LED*2)

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>5</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Top emissioin OLED keywords </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>429 hits</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Claims, Title or Abstract
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| (((((organic or (small adj molecule*1) or polymer*1) adj (lightemitting or (light adj (emitting or emission)) or electroluminescen*2 or (electro adj luminescen*2))) near3 diode*1) Or OLED*2 or SMLED*2 or PLED*2 or (light adj (emitting or emission) adj polymer*1) or ((organic or (small adj molecule*1) or polymer*1) near3 LED*2)) AND ((top adj3 (emissi*2 or emitting)))) or (TE adj OLED*2)

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Top emission keywords AND OLED classes </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>809 hits</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Combined query
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| 1 and 3

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>LED Keywords </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1617014 hits</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Claims, Title or Abstract
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| ((lightemitting or (light adj (emitting or emission)) or electroluminescen*2 or (electro adj luminescen*2)) near3 diode*1) or LED*2 or OLED*2 or SMLED*2 or PLED*2

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Top emission keywords AND Organic semiconductor devices classes AND Top emission keywords </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>224 hits</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Combined query
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| 2 and 7 and 3

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>9</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Top emissioin OLED keywords </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1506 hits</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Full patent spec.
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| (((((organic or (small adj molecule*1) or polymer*1) adj (lightemitting or (light adj (emitting or emission)) or electroluminescen*2 or (electro adj luminescen*2))) near3 diode*1) Or OLED*2 or SMLED*2 or PLED*2 or (light adj (emitting or emission) adj polymer*1) or ((organic or (small adj molecule*1) or polymer*1) near3 LED*2)) near3 ((top adj3 (emissi*2 or emitting)))) or (TE adj OLED*2)

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>German Keywords </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1430 hits</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Full patent spec.
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| ((top adj3 (emissi*2 or emitting)) or (Top near2 emittierende*1)) near3 ((organische near2 (LED*1 or Leuchtdiode*1)) or (Licht adj emittierende adj Polymer*1) or OLED*1)

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>11</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>French Keywords </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1412 hits</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Full patent spec.
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| ((top adj3 (émissive or émettant)) or (démission adj top) or (top adj3 (emissi*2 or emitting))) near3 ((diode*1 near3 électroluminescente near3 organique*1) or ((Polymère*1 or organiques) adj2 LED*1) or (polymère*1 near3 émettant near3 lumière) or OLED*1)

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>12</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"|
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2113 hits (1132 Families) '''</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Combined query
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| 5 or 6 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>13</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Control Patents </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10 hits </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Patent/Publication No.
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| WO2001057904A1 OR EP1029336A1 OR EP1489671A2 OR US20050236629A1 OR US20060043373A1 OR US20080169757A1 OR US6770502B2 OR US7002293B2 OR US7781961B2 OR US7791271B2

|-
| style="background-color:#b8cce4;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>14</center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"|
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10 hits </center>
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Combined query
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| 12 AND 13

|}

==Landscape Analysis Of Top-Emmission OLED==
===IP Landscape===

* We have chosen the top emission OLED's as the area of focus.
* The top emission OLED's have been facing challenges to achieve optimimum efficiencies in terms of light reflection. Also, it's been a challenge to increase the life time of the top emission OLED's. Lots of initiative is seen in this direction, and below is a snapshot of research work done by organizations worldwide to achieve higher efficiency levels through better design.

[[Image:IPactivity.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

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===Competitor Landscape===
[[Image:Assignee.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

===Competitor Mapping===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''#'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Assignee Name'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2001'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2002'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2003'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2004'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2005'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2006'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2007'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|Eastman Kodak
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center"|23
|align = "center"|24
|align = "center"|24
|align = "center"|12
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''87'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|Not Available
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center"|10
|align = "center"|9
|align = "center"|20
|align = "center"|18
|align = "center"|6
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''66'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|Osram Opto Semiconductors
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|Osram Opto Semiconductors
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|Cambridge DisplayTech
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|Novaled
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''7'''
|Optronics
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''8'''
|Agency for science technology
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|Universal Display
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''10'''
|Ind Tech
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''11'''
|Phillips
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''12'''
|3M
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''13'''
|Applied Film
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''14'''
|Dielectric Systems
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''15'''
|Elo Touch systems
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''16'''
|Emagin Corp
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''17'''
|IBM
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''18'''
|Ignis Innovation
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''19'''
|Kyocera
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''20'''
|Luxell Technologies
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''21'''
|Microemissive Displays
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''22'''
|Nat Taiwan University
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''23'''
|Optimax Technology
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''24'''
|Pai Jui-Fen
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''25'''
|Semiconductor Energy
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''26'''
|Sundew Technologies
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''27'''
|Univ Gent
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''28'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''14'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''36'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''58'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''66'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''28'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''208'''
|-
|}

----

===Key Inventors===
[[Image:Inventormap.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

===Key Inventor Mapping===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''S.No'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Top 10 Assignees of Last 5 Years'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2001'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2002'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2003'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2004'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2005'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2006'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2007'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|Cok Ronald S US
|
| 
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|12
|align = "right"|13
|align = "right"|13
|align = "right"|11
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''51'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|Ghosh Amalkumar P US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|Gupta Rahul US
|
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|5
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|Tyan Yuan-Sheng US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|3
|align = "right"|1
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|Miller Michael E US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|Stegamat Reza US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|1
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''7'''
|Silvernail Jeffrey Alan US
|
| 
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "right"|1
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''8'''
|Su Wencheng US
|
| 
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|Wang Jin-Shan US
|
| 
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|3
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''10'''
|Weaver Michael S US
|
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
| 
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''19'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''26'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''23'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''13'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''86'''
|-
|}

----

===Technology Mapping===
* In OLED devices not all internally generated light is coupled out of the device (only 20%-50%), which reduces the device efficiency and lifetime.
* Modification in structures are applied to improve outcouple efficiency in order to enhance the efficiency and lifetime of top emission OLEDs.
* Below is a snapshot of how various organizations are using different design structures, using the same principle of internal reflection, to achieve higher out-coupling efficiencies.

====Comparison of out coupling of waveguiding light in top-emission polyLED stack====
[[Image:Slide-oled.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]
* Some light is reflected out of the OLED at stray angles in typical cases. By using a barrier material (form of microparticles) in the cathode layer, this light at stray angles hits the barrier material, and some of it is reflected back and guided out at the right angles, reducing light loss.

[[Image:Slide-oled1.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* Microparticles are incorporated in the substrate, which prevents light loss by reflecting light emitted at stray angles.

[[Image:Slide-oled2.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* A highly reflective anode is provided made of Aluminium or Silver, with a mirror like finish, to reflect light.
[[Image:Slide-oled3.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* A shielding layer is provided below the anode, across its entire surface, thus increasing the surface area from which light can be reflected outside.

[[Image:Slide-oled4.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* The reflective layer, anode, is made of a highly reflective surface like Aluminium alloy or silver.

====Conclusion====
The innovation is towards:
* Incorporating micro-particles structure over the substrate that provide a reflective surface.
* Highly reflective materials using metals like Molybdenum etc.

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OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode

2011-02-21T07:11:24Z

Aartij: /* Taxonomy */

==Introduction==
The growing number of electronic devices using organic light emitting diode displays shows that after years of promise, the technology is increasingly finding place in many products. But while OLED displays might challenge LCDs as the screens of choice for smaller gadgets, the technology may not become mainstream for notebook PCs or TVs within this decade.

OLED displays use organic compounds that emit light when exposed to an electric current. They are brighter, have better contrast, offer wider viewing angles, use less power, and provide faster response times than liquid crystal displays. OLED screens' thickness is a third of that of LCDs, since they don't need a back-light, and that makes them a good fit for portable electronics devices.
==Rationale==
*Unlike LCDs, which require backlighting, OLED displays are "emissive" devices, meaning they emit light rather than modulate transmitted or reflected light.
*OLED technology was firstly developed in 1987 at Eastman Kodak Company by Tang and Van Slyke using small-molecule (sm-OLED). In 1990 Richard Friend, Jeremy Burroughes and Donal Bradley discovered electroluminescence capabilities from conjugated polymers so laying down the foundations for a new generation of flat panel displays.
*OLED has the potential to revolutionize the world's $100 billion lighting industry.[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2005725,00.html source]
*A light source that could put the traditional light bulb in the shade has been invented by US scientists.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sci/tech/4906188.stm source]
*OLEDs can provide brighter, crisper displays on electronic devices and use less power than conventional light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or liquid crystal displays (LCDs) used today.[http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/oled.htm source]

==OLED Components==
[[Image:oled structure.png|thumb|center| 300 px|]]
An OLED consists of the following parts:
*Substrate (clear plastic, glass, foil) - The substrate supports the OLED.
* Anode (transparent) - The anode removes electrons (adds electron "holes") when a current flows through the device.
* Organic layers - These layers are made of organic molecules or polymers.
**Conducting layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules that transport "holes" from the anode. One conducting polymer used in OLEDs is polyaniline.
**Emissive layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules (different ones from the conducting layer) that transport electrons from the cathode; this is where light is made. One polymer used in the emissive layer is polyfluorene.
* Cathode (may or may not be transparent depending on the type of OLED) - The cathode injects electrons when a current flows through the device.
==Working of OLED'S==
[[Image:oled WORKING.png|thumb|center| 400 px|]]
*OLEDs emit light in a similar manner to LEDs, through a process called electrophosphorescence.
*The process is as follows:
#The battery or power supply of the device containing the OLED applies a voltage across the OLED.
#An electrical current flows from the cathode to the anode through the organic layers (an electrical current is a flow of electrons).
#* The cathode gives electrons to the emissive layer of organic molecules.
#* The anode removes electrons from the conductive layer of organic molecules. (This is the equivalent to giving electron holes to the conductive layer.)
#At the boundary between the emissive and the conductive layers, electrons find electron holes.
#* When an electron finds an electron hole, the electron fills the hole (it falls into an energy level of the atom that's missing an electron).
#* When this happens, the electron gives up energy in the form of a photon of light (see How Light Works).
# The OLED emits light.
# The color of the light depends on the type of organic molecule in the emissive layer. Manufacturers place several types of organic films on the same OLED to make color displays.
# The intensity or brightness of the light depends on the amount of electrical current applied: the more current, the brighter the light.

==OLED Types==
There are several types of OLEDs
* Passive-matrix OLED
* Active-matrix OLED
* Transparent OLED
* Top-emitting OLED
* Bottom-emitting OLED
* Foldable OLED
* White OLED

===Passive-matrix OLED - PMOLED===
PMOLEDs have strips of cathode, organic layers and strips of anode. The anode strips are arranged perpendicular to the cathode strips. The intersections of the cathode and anode make up the pixels where light is emitted. External circuitry applies current to selected strips of anode and cathode, determining which pixels get turned on and which pixels remain off. Again, the brightness of each pixel is proportional to the amount of applied current.

PMOLEDs are easy to make, but they consume more power than other types of OLED, mainly due to the power needed for the external circuitry. PMOLEDs are most efficient for text and icons and are best suited for small screens (2- to 3-inch diagonal) such as those you find in cell phones, PDAs and MP3 players. Even with the external circuitry, passive-matrix OLEDs consume less battery power than the LCDs that are currently used in these devices.
[[Image:Passive.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Active-matrix OLED - AMOLED===
AMOLEDs have full layers of cathode, organic molecules and anode, but the anode layer overlays a thin film transistor (TFT) array that forms a matrix. The TFT array itself is the circuitry that determines which pixels get turned on to form an image. 

AMOLEDs consume less power than PMOLEDs because the TFT array requires less power than external circuitry, so they are efficient for large displays. AMOLEDs also have faster refresh rates suitable for video. The best uses for AMOLEDs are computer monitors, large screen TVs and electronic signs or billboards.

[[Image:Activeoled.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Transparent OLED===
Transparent OLEDs have only transparent components (substrate, cathode and anode) and, when turned off, are up to 85 percent as transparent as their substrate. When a transparent OLED display is turned on, it allows light to pass in both directions. A transparent OLED display can be either active- or passive-matrix. This technology can be used for heads-up displays.
[[Image:Transparent.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Top-emitting OLED===
Top-emitting OLEDs have a substrate that is either opaque or reflective. They are best suited to active-matrix design. Manufacturers may use top-emitting OLED displays in smart cards.
[[Image:Topoled.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Foldable OLED===
Foldable OLEDs have substrates made of very flexible metallic foils or plastics. Foldable OLEDs are very lightweight and durable. Their use in devices such as cell phones and PDAs can reduce breakage, a major cause for return or repair. Potentially, foldable OLED displays can be sewn into fabrics for "smart" clothing, such as outdoor survival clothing with an integrated computer chip, cell phone, GPS receiver and OLED display sewn into it.
[[Image:Fold.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===White OLED===
A white organic LED (OLED) incorporating a blue phosphorescent dye and a down-conversion phosphor has achieved a luminous efficacy of 25 lm/W. This high-efficacy device was enabled by lowering the device operating voltage, increasing the outcoupling efficiency, and incorporating highly efficient phosphorescent emitters.
[[Image:White.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

==OLED Advantages and Disadvantages==
'''OLEDs offer many advantages over both LCDs and LEDs:'''
* The plastic, organic layers of an OLED are thinner, lighter and more flexible than the crystalline layers in an LED or LCD.
* Because the light-emitting layers of an OLED are lighter, the substrate of an OLED can be flexible instead of rigid. OLED substrates can be plastic rather than the glass used for LEDs and LCDs.
* OLEDs are brighter than LEDs. Because the organic layers of an OLED are much thinner than the corresponding inorganic crystal layers of an LED, the conductive and emissive layers of an OLED can be multi-layered. Also, LEDs and LCDs require glass for support, and glass absorbs some light. OLEDs do not require glass.
* OLEDs do not require backlighting like LCDs. LCDs work by selectively blocking areas of the backlight to make the images that you see, while OLEDs generate light themselves. Because OLEDs do not require backlighting, they consume much less power than LCDs (most of the LCD power goes to the backlighting). This is especially important for battery-operated devices such as cell phones.
* OLEDs are easier to produce and can be made to larger sizes. Because OLEDs are essentially plastics, they can be made into large, thin sheets. It is much more difficult to grow and lay down so many liquid crystals.
* OLEDs have large fields of view, about 170 degrees. Because LCDs work by blocking light, they have an inherent viewing obstacle from certain angles. OLEDs produce their own light, so they have a much wider viewing range.
'''OLED seems to be the perfect technology for all types of displays, but it also has some problems:'''
* Lifetime - While red and green OLED films have longer lifetimes (46,000 to 230,000 hours), blue organics currently have much shorter lifetimes (up to around 14,000 hours.
* Water - Water can easily damage OLEDs.

==Control Patents==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''S.No'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Date of Publication'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Title'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|1
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7791271.PN.&OS=PN/7791271&RS=PN/7791271 US7791271B2]
|align = "center"|09/07/2010
|Global OLED Technology LLC
|Top-emitting OLED device with light-scattering layer and color-conversion
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|2
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7781961.PN.&OS=PN/7781961&RS=PN/7781961 US7781961B2]
|align = "center"|08/24/2010
|Novaled AG
|Top emitting, electroluminescent component with frequency conversion centres
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|3
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7002293.PN.&OS=PN/7002293&RS=PN/7002293 US7002293B2]
|align = "center"|02/21/2006
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Organic light emitting diode with improved light emission through the cathode
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|4
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6770502.PN.&OS=PN/6770502&RS=PN/6770502 US6770502B2]
|align = "center"|08/03/2004
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Method of manufacturing a top-emitting OLED display device with desiccant structures
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|5
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220080169757%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20080169757&RS=DN/20080169757 US20080169757A1]
|align = "center"|07/17/2008
|TPO Displays Corp.
|Top-emitting organic electroluminescent display
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|6
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060043373%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060043373&RS=DN/20060043373 US20060043373A1]
|align = "center"|03/02/2006
|Industrial Technology Research Institute
|Method for manufacturing a pixel array of top emitting OLED
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|7
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050236629%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050236629&RS=DN/20050236629 US20050236629A1]
|align = "center"|10/27/2005
|None
|Top emission organic light emitting diode display using auxiliary electrode to prevent voltage drop of upper electrode and method of fabricating the same
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|8
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?NUM=EP1489671A2&DB=EPODOC&submitted=true&locale=en_V3&ST=number&compact=false EP1489671A2]
|align = "center"|12/22/2004
|Global OLED Technology LLC
|Method of making a top-emitting oled device having improved power distribution
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|9
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?NUM=EP1029336A1&DB=EPODOC&submitted=true&locale=en_V3&ST=number&compact=false EP1029336A1]
|align = "center"|08/23/2000
|FED CORPORATION
|TOP EMITTING OLED WITH REFRACTORY METAL COMPOUNDS AS BOTTOM CATHODE
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|10
|align = "center"|[http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?WO=2001057904 WO2001057904A1]
|align = "center"|08/09/2001
|eMAGIN CORPORATION
|LOW ABSORPTION SPUTTER PROTECTION LAYER FOR OLED STRUCTURE
|-
|}
==Concept Table==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="55%"
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Top emission'''
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Organic Light Emitting Diode'''
|-
|Top emitting
|OLED
|-
|Top emissive
|polymer LED
|-
|
|light emitting polymer diode
|-
|
|organic LED
|-
|
|organic electroluminescent diode
|-
|
|FOLED
|-
|
|SM-OLED
|-
|
|small molecule OLED
|-
|
|AMOLED
|-
|
|PMOLED
|-
|}

==Classifications==
===IPC/ ECLA Classes===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''IPC/ ECLA Class'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center"|H01L27/28
|Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid state components formed in or on a common substrate/ including components using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part
|-
|align = "center"|H01L27/32
|Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid state components formed in or on a common substrate/ including components using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part/ with components specially adapted for light emission, e.g. flat-panel displays using organic light-emitting diodes (OLED)
|-
|align = "center"|H01L51/50
|Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof / specially adapted for light emission, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED) or polymer light emitting devices (PLED);
|-
|align = "center"|H01L51/52
|Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof / specially adapted for light emission, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED) or polymer light emitting devices (PLED);/ details of devices
|-
|align = "center"|H01L51/56
|Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof / specially adapted for light emission, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED) or polymer light emitting devices (PLED);/ Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof
|-
|align = "center"|H05B33/08P
|Electroluminescent light sources / Details/ Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application/ for light emitting diodes (LEDs) comprising organic materials, e.g. polymer LEDs (PLEDs) or OLEDs<nowiki>]</nowiki>
|-
|}

===US Classes===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''US Class'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center"|257/040
|Active solid-state devices (e.g., transistors, solid-state diodes)/ Organic semiconductor material
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.018
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.019
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Electrode
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.020
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Electrode/ Encapsulation
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.021
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Electrode/ Arrangements for extracting light from device (e.g., Bragg reflector pair)
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.022
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Multicolor organic light-emitting device (OLED)
|-
|align = "center"|313/504
|Electric lamp and discharge devices/ with luminescent solid or liquid material / Solid-state type / With particular phosphor or electrode material / Organic phosphor
|-
|}

==Taxonomy==
<mm>[[OLED's-1.mm]]</mm>
==Micropatent Search Strategy==
* A search is carried out in Micropatent using a combination of keywords and classifications
* Databases covered: US Granted, US Applications, EP-A, EP-B, WO, JP(bibliographic data), DE-C,B, DE-A, DE-T, DE-U, GB-A, FR-A
 
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''S.No'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Search Concepts'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''No. of Hits'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Criteria'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Search Query'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|1
|align = "center"|Classes - OLED
|align = "center"|
|Any Classification
|H01L005150<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H01L005152<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H01L005156 OR H05B003308P OR 257E51.022
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|2
|align = "center"|Classes - Organic Semiconductor Devices
|align = "center"|
|Any Classification
|313504 OR 257040 OR 257E51.018 OR 257E51.019 OR 257E51.020 OR 257E51.021 OR H01L002728 OR H01L002732
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|3
|align = "center"|Top emission keywords
|align = "center"|
|Claims, Title or Abstract
|(top adj3 (emissi<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 or emitting))
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|4
|align = "center"|OLED keywords
|align = "center"|
|Claims, Title or Abstract
|(((organic or (small adj molecule<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) or polymer<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) adj (lightemitting or (light adj (emitting or emission)) or electroluminescen<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 or (electro adj luminescen<nowiki>*</nowiki>2))) near3 diode<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) Or OLED<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 or SMLED<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 or PLED<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 or (light adj (emitting or emission) adj polymer<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) or ((organic or (small adj molecule<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) or polymer<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) near3 LED<nowiki>*</nowiki>2)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|5
|align = "center"|Top emissioin OLED keywords
|align = "center"|427 hits
|Claims, Title or Abstract
|(((((organic or (small adj molecule<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) or polymer<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) adj (lightemitting or (light adj (emitting or emission)) or electroluminescen<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 or (electro adj luminescen<nowiki>*</nowiki>2))) near3 diode<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) Or OLED<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 or SMLED<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 or PLED<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 or (light adj (emitting or emission) adj polymer<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) or ((organic or (small adj molecule<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) or polymer<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) near3 LED<nowiki>*</nowiki>2)) AND ((top adj3 (emissi<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 or emitting)))) or (TE adj OLED<nowiki>*</nowiki>2)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|6
|align = "center"|Top emission keywords AND OLED classes
|align = "center"|805 hits
|Combined query
|1 and 3
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|7
|align = "center"|LED Keywords
|align = "center"|
|Claims, Title or Abstract
|((lightemitting or (light adj (emitting or emission)) or electroluminescen<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 or (electro adj luminescen<nowiki>*</nowiki>2)) near3 diode<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) or LED<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 or OLED<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 or SMLED<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 or PLED<nowiki>*</nowiki>2
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|8
|align = "center"|Top emission keywords AND Organic semiconductor devices classes AND Top emission keywords
|align = "center"|219 hits
|Combined query
|2 and 7 and 3
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|9
|align = "center"|Top emissioin OLED keywords
|align = "center"|1492 hits
|Full patent spec.
|(((((organic or (small adj molecule<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) or polymer<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) adj (lightemitting or (light adj (emitting or emission)) or electroluminescen<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 or (electro adj luminescen<nowiki>*</nowiki>2))) near3 diode<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) Or OLED<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 or SMLED<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 or PLED<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 or (light adj (emitting or emission) adj polymer<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) or ((organic or (small adj molecule<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) or polymer<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) near3 LED<nowiki>*</nowiki>2)) near3 ((top adj3 (emissi<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 or emitting)))) or (TE adj OLED<nowiki>*</nowiki>2)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|10
|align = "center"|German Keywords
|align = "center"|1428 hits
|Claims, Title or Abstract
|((top adj3 (emissi<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 or emitting)) or (Top near2 emittierende<nowiki>*</nowiki>1)) near3 ((organische near2 (LED<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 or Leuchtdiode<nowiki>*</nowiki>1)) or (Licht adj emittierende adj Polymer<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) or OLED<nowiki>*</nowiki>1)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|11
|align = "center"|French Keywords
|align = "center"|1410 hits
|Claims, Title or Abstract
|((top adj3 (émissive or émettant)) or (d<nowiki>’</nowiki>émission adj top) or (top adj3 (emissi<nowiki>*</nowiki>2 or emitting))) near3 ((diode<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 near3 électroluminescente near3 organique<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) or ((Polymère<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 or organiques) adj2 LED<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) or (polymère<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 near3 émettant near3 lumière) or OLED<nowiki>*</nowiki>1)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|12
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|'''2111 hits (1132 Families)'''
|Combined query
|5 or 6 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|13
|align = "center"|Control Patents
|align = "center"|10 hits
|Patent/Publication No.
|WO2001057904A1 OR EP1029336A1 OR EP1489671A2 OR US20050236629A1 OR US20060043373A1 OR US20080169757A1 OR US6770502B2 OR US7002293B2 OR US7781961B2 OR US7791271B2
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|14
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|10 hits
|Combined query
|12 AND 13
|-
|}

==Landscape Analysis Of Top-Emmission OLED==
===IP Landscape===

* We have chosen the top emission OLED's as the area of focus.
* The top emission OLED's have been facing challenges to achieve optimimum efficiencies in terms of light reflection. Also, it's been a challenge to increase the life time of the top emission OLED's. Lots of initiative is seen in this direction, and below is a snapshot of research work done by organizations worldwide to achieve higher efficiency levels through better design.

[[Image:IPactivity.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

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===Competitor Landscape===
[[Image:Assignee.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

===Competitor Mapping===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''#'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Assignee Name'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2001'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2002'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2003'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2004'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2005'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2006'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2007'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|Eastman Kodak
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center"|23
|align = "center"|24
|align = "center"|24
|align = "center"|12
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''87'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|Not Available
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center"|10
|align = "center"|9
|align = "center"|20
|align = "center"|18
|align = "center"|6
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''66'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|Osram Opto Semiconductors
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|Osram Opto Semiconductors
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|Cambridge DisplayTech
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|Novaled
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''7'''
|Optronics
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''8'''
|Agency for science technology
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|Universal Display
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''10'''
|Ind Tech
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''11'''
|Phillips
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''12'''
|3M
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''13'''
|Applied Film
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''14'''
|Dielectric Systems
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''15'''
|Elo Touch systems
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''16'''
|Emagin Corp
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''17'''
|IBM
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''18'''
|Ignis Innovation
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''19'''
|Kyocera
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''20'''
|Luxell Technologies
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''21'''
|Microemissive Displays
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''22'''
|Nat Taiwan University
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''23'''
|Optimax Technology
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''24'''
|Pai Jui-Fen
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''25'''
|Semiconductor Energy
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''26'''
|Sundew Technologies
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''27'''
|Univ Gent
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''28'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''14'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''36'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''58'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''66'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''28'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''208'''
|-
|}

----

===Key Inventors===
[[Image:Inventormap.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

===Key Inventor Mapping===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''S.No'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Top 10 Assignees of Last 5 Years'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2001'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2002'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2003'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2004'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2005'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2006'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2007'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|Cok Ronald S US
|
| 
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|12
|align = "right"|13
|align = "right"|13
|align = "right"|11
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''51'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|Ghosh Amalkumar P US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|Gupta Rahul US
|
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|5
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|Tyan Yuan-Sheng US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|3
|align = "right"|1
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|Miller Michael E US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|Stegamat Reza US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|1
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''7'''
|Silvernail Jeffrey Alan US
|
| 
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "right"|1
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''8'''
|Su Wencheng US
|
| 
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|Wang Jin-Shan US
|
| 
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|3
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''10'''
|Weaver Michael S US
|
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
| 
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''19'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''26'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''23'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''13'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''86'''
|-
|}

----

===Technology Mapping===
* In OLED devices not all internally generated light is coupled out of the device (only 20%-50%), which reduces the device efficiency and lifetime.
* Modification in structures are applied to improve outcouple efficiency in order to enhance the efficiency and lifetime of top emission OLEDs.
* Below is a snapshot of how various organizations are using different design structures, using the same principle of internal reflection, to achieve higher out-coupling efficiencies.

====Comparison of out coupling of waveguiding light in top-emission polyLED stack====
[[Image:Slide-oled.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]
* Some light is reflected out of the OLED at stray angles in typical cases. By using a barrier material (form of microparticles) in the cathode layer, this light at stray angles hits the barrier material, and some of it is reflected back and guided out at the right angles, reducing light loss.

[[Image:Slide-oled1.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* Microparticles are incorporated in the substrate, which prevents light loss by reflecting light emitted at stray angles.

[[Image:Slide-oled2.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* A highly reflective anode is provided made of Aluminium or Silver, with a mirror like finish, to reflect light.
[[Image:Slide-oled3.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* A shielding layer is provided below the anode, across its entire surface, thus increasing the surface area from which light can be reflected outside.

[[Image:Slide-oled4.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* The reflective layer, anode, is made of a highly reflective surface like Aluminium alloy or silver.

====Conclusion====
The innovation is towards:
* Incorporating micro-particles structure over the substrate that provide a reflective surface.
* Highly reflective materials using metals like Molybdenum etc.

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OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode

2011-02-18T11:30:39Z

Aartij: /* Taxonomy */

==Introduction==
The growing number of electronic devices using organic light emitting diode displays shows that after years of promise, the technology is increasingly finding place in many products. But while OLED displays might challenge LCDs as the screens of choice for smaller gadgets, the technology may not become mainstream for notebook PCs or TVs within this decade.

OLED displays use organic compounds that emit light when exposed to an electric current. They are brighter, have better contrast, offer wider viewing angles, use less power, and provide faster response times than liquid crystal displays. OLED screens' thickness is a third of that of LCDs, since they don't need a back-light, and that makes them a good fit for portable electronics devices.
==Rationale==
*Unlike LCDs, which require backlighting, OLED displays are "emissive" devices, meaning they emit light rather than modulate transmitted or reflected light.
*OLED technology was firstly developed in 1987 at Eastman Kodak Company by Tang and Van Slyke using small-molecule (sm-OLED). In 1990 Richard Friend, Jeremy Burroughes and Donal Bradley discovered electroluminescence capabilities from conjugated polymers so laying down the foundations for a new generation of flat panel displays.
*OLED has the potential to revolutionize the world's $100 billion lighting industry.[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2005725,00.html source]
*A light source that could put the traditional light bulb in the shade has been invented by US scientists.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sci/tech/4906188.stm source]
*OLEDs can provide brighter, crisper displays on electronic devices and use less power than conventional light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or liquid crystal displays (LCDs) used today.[http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/oled.htm source]

==OLED Components==
[[Image:oled structure.png|thumb|center| 300 px|]]
An OLED consists of the following parts:
*Substrate (clear plastic, glass, foil) - The substrate supports the OLED.
* Anode (transparent) - The anode removes electrons (adds electron "holes") when a current flows through the device.
* Organic layers - These layers are made of organic molecules or polymers.
**Conducting layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules that transport "holes" from the anode. One conducting polymer used in OLEDs is polyaniline.
**Emissive layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules (different ones from the conducting layer) that transport electrons from the cathode; this is where light is made. One polymer used in the emissive layer is polyfluorene.
* Cathode (may or may not be transparent depending on the type of OLED) - The cathode injects electrons when a current flows through the device.
==Working of OLED'S==
[[Image:oled WORKING.png|thumb|center| 400 px|]]
*OLEDs emit light in a similar manner to LEDs, through a process called electrophosphorescence.
*The process is as follows:
#The battery or power supply of the device containing the OLED applies a voltage across the OLED.
#An electrical current flows from the cathode to the anode through the organic layers (an electrical current is a flow of electrons).
#* The cathode gives electrons to the emissive layer of organic molecules.
#* The anode removes electrons from the conductive layer of organic molecules. (This is the equivalent to giving electron holes to the conductive layer.)
#At the boundary between the emissive and the conductive layers, electrons find electron holes.
#* When an electron finds an electron hole, the electron fills the hole (it falls into an energy level of the atom that's missing an electron).
#* When this happens, the electron gives up energy in the form of a photon of light (see How Light Works).
# The OLED emits light.
# The color of the light depends on the type of organic molecule in the emissive layer. Manufacturers place several types of organic films on the same OLED to make color displays.
# The intensity or brightness of the light depends on the amount of electrical current applied: the more current, the brighter the light.

==OLED Types==
There are several types of OLEDs
* Passive-matrix OLED
* Active-matrix OLED
* Transparent OLED
* Top-emitting OLED
* Bottom-emitting OLED
* Foldable OLED
* White OLED

===Passive-matrix OLED - PMOLED===
PMOLEDs have strips of cathode, organic layers and strips of anode. The anode strips are arranged perpendicular to the cathode strips. The intersections of the cathode and anode make up the pixels where light is emitted. External circuitry applies current to selected strips of anode and cathode, determining which pixels get turned on and which pixels remain off. Again, the brightness of each pixel is proportional to the amount of applied current.

PMOLEDs are easy to make, but they consume more power than other types of OLED, mainly due to the power needed for the external circuitry. PMOLEDs are most efficient for text and icons and are best suited for small screens (2- to 3-inch diagonal) such as those you find in cell phones, PDAs and MP3 players. Even with the external circuitry, passive-matrix OLEDs consume less battery power than the LCDs that are currently used in these devices.
[[Image:Passive.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Active-matrix OLED - AMOLED===
AMOLEDs have full layers of cathode, organic molecules and anode, but the anode layer overlays a thin film transistor (TFT) array that forms a matrix. The TFT array itself is the circuitry that determines which pixels get turned on to form an image. 

AMOLEDs consume less power than PMOLEDs because the TFT array requires less power than external circuitry, so they are efficient for large displays. AMOLEDs also have faster refresh rates suitable for video. The best uses for AMOLEDs are computer monitors, large screen TVs and electronic signs or billboards.

[[Image:Activeoled.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Transparent OLED===
Transparent OLEDs have only transparent components (substrate, cathode and anode) and, when turned off, are up to 85 percent as transparent as their substrate. When a transparent OLED display is turned on, it allows light to pass in both directions. A transparent OLED display can be either active- or passive-matrix. This technology can be used for heads-up displays.
[[Image:Transparent.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Top-emitting OLED===
Top-emitting OLEDs have a substrate that is either opaque or reflective. They are best suited to active-matrix design. Manufacturers may use top-emitting OLED displays in smart cards.
[[Image:Topoled.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Foldable OLED===
Foldable OLEDs have substrates made of very flexible metallic foils or plastics. Foldable OLEDs are very lightweight and durable. Their use in devices such as cell phones and PDAs can reduce breakage, a major cause for return or repair. Potentially, foldable OLED displays can be sewn into fabrics for "smart" clothing, such as outdoor survival clothing with an integrated computer chip, cell phone, GPS receiver and OLED display sewn into it.
[[Image:Fold.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===White OLED===
A white organic LED (OLED) incorporating a blue phosphorescent dye and a down-conversion phosphor has achieved a luminous efficacy of 25 lm/W. This high-efficacy device was enabled by lowering the device operating voltage, increasing the outcoupling efficiency, and incorporating highly efficient phosphorescent emitters.
[[Image:White.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

==OLED Advantages and Disadvantages==
'''OLEDs offer many advantages over both LCDs and LEDs:'''
* The plastic, organic layers of an OLED are thinner, lighter and more flexible than the crystalline layers in an LED or LCD.
* Because the light-emitting layers of an OLED are lighter, the substrate of an OLED can be flexible instead of rigid. OLED substrates can be plastic rather than the glass used for LEDs and LCDs.
* OLEDs are brighter than LEDs. Because the organic layers of an OLED are much thinner than the corresponding inorganic crystal layers of an LED, the conductive and emissive layers of an OLED can be multi-layered. Also, LEDs and LCDs require glass for support, and glass absorbs some light. OLEDs do not require glass.
* OLEDs do not require backlighting like LCDs. LCDs work by selectively blocking areas of the backlight to make the images that you see, while OLEDs generate light themselves. Because OLEDs do not require backlighting, they consume much less power than LCDs (most of the LCD power goes to the backlighting). This is especially important for battery-operated devices such as cell phones.
* OLEDs are easier to produce and can be made to larger sizes. Because OLEDs are essentially plastics, they can be made into large, thin sheets. It is much more difficult to grow and lay down so many liquid crystals.
* OLEDs have large fields of view, about 170 degrees. Because LCDs work by blocking light, they have an inherent viewing obstacle from certain angles. OLEDs produce their own light, so they have a much wider viewing range.
'''OLED seems to be the perfect technology for all types of displays, but it also has some problems:'''
* Lifetime - While red and green OLED films have longer lifetimes (46,000 to 230,000 hours), blue organics currently have much shorter lifetimes (up to around 14,000 hours.
* Water - Water can easily damage OLEDs.

==Control Patents==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''S.No'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Date of Publication'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Title'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|1
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7791271.PN.&OS=PN/7791271&RS=PN/7791271 US7791271B2]
|align = "center"|09/07/2010
|Global OLED Technology LLC
|Top-emitting OLED device with light-scattering layer and color-conversion
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|2
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7781961.PN.&OS=PN/7781961&RS=PN/7781961 US7781961B2]
|align = "center"|08/24/2010
|Novaled AG
|Top emitting, electroluminescent component with frequency conversion centres
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|3
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7002293.PN.&OS=PN/7002293&RS=PN/7002293 US7002293B2]
|align = "center"|02/21/2006
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Organic light emitting diode with improved light emission through the cathode
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|4
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6770502.PN.&OS=PN/6770502&RS=PN/6770502 US6770502B2]
|align = "center"|08/03/2004
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Method of manufacturing a top-emitting OLED display device with desiccant structures
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|5
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220080169757%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20080169757&RS=DN/20080169757 US20080169757A1]
|align = "center"|07/17/2008
|TPO Displays Corp.
|Top-emitting organic electroluminescent display
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|6
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060043373%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060043373&RS=DN/20060043373 US20060043373A1]
|align = "center"|03/02/2006
|Industrial Technology Research Institute
|Method for manufacturing a pixel array of top emitting OLED
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|7
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050236629%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050236629&RS=DN/20050236629 US20050236629A1]
|align = "center"|10/27/2005
|None
|Top emission organic light emitting diode display using auxiliary electrode to prevent voltage drop of upper electrode and method of fabricating the same
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|8
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?NUM=EP1489671A2&DB=EPODOC&submitted=true&locale=en_V3&ST=number&compact=false EP1489671A2]
|align = "center"|12/22/2004
|Global OLED Technology LLC
|Method of making a top-emitting oled device having improved power distribution
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|9
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?NUM=EP1029336A1&DB=EPODOC&submitted=true&locale=en_V3&ST=number&compact=false EP1029336A1]
|align = "center"|08/23/2000
|FED CORPORATION
|TOP EMITTING OLED WITH REFRACTORY METAL COMPOUNDS AS BOTTOM CATHODE
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|10
|align = "center"|[http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?WO=2001057904 WO2001057904A1]
|align = "center"|08/09/2001
|eMAGIN CORPORATION
|LOW ABSORPTION SPUTTER PROTECTION LAYER FOR OLED STRUCTURE
|-
|}
==Concept Table==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="55%"
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Top emission'''
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Organic Light Emitting Diode'''
|-
|Top emitting
|OLED
|-
|Top emissive
|polymer LED
|-
|
|light emitting polymer diode
|-
|
|organic LED
|-
|
|organic electroluminescent diode
|-
|
|FOLED
|-
|
|SM-OLED
|-
|
|small molecule OLED
|-
|
|AMOLED
|-
|
|PMOLED
|-
|}

==Classifications==
===IPC/ ECLA Classes===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''IPC/ ECLA Class'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center"|H01L27/28
|Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid state components formed in or on a common substrate/ including components using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part
|-
|align = "center"|H01L27/32
|Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid state components formed in or on a common substrate/ including components using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part/ with components specially adapted for light emission, e.g. flat-panel displays using organic light-emitting diodes (OLED)
|-
|align = "center"|H01L51/50
|Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof / specially adapted for light emission, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED) or polymer light emitting devices (PLED);
|-
|align = "center"|H01L51/52
|Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof / specially adapted for light emission, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED) or polymer light emitting devices (PLED);/ details of devices
|-
|align = "center"|H01L51/56
|Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof / specially adapted for light emission, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED) or polymer light emitting devices (PLED);/ Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof
|-
|align = "center"|H05B33/08P
|Electroluminescent light sources / Details/ Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application/ for light emitting diodes (LEDs) comprising organic materials, e.g. polymer LEDs (PLEDs) or OLEDs<nowiki>]</nowiki>
|-
|}

===US Classes===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''US Class'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center"|257/040
|Active solid-state devices (e.g., transistors, solid-state diodes)/ Organic semiconductor material
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.018
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.019
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Electrode
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.020
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Electrode/ Encapsulation
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.021
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Electrode/ Arrangements for extracting light from device (e.g., Bragg reflector pair)
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.022
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Multicolor organic light-emitting device (OLED)
|-
|align = "center"|313/504
|Electric lamp and discharge devices/ with luminescent solid or liquid material / Solid-state type / With particular phosphor or electrode material / Organic phosphor
|-
|}

==Taxonomy==
<mm>[[OLED's-1.mm]]</mm>

==Landscape Analysis Of Top-Emmission OLED==
===IP Landscape===

* We have chosen the top emission OLED's as the area of focus.
* The top emission OLED's have been facing challenges to achieve optimimum efficiencies in terms of light reflection. Also, it's been a challenge to increase the life time of the top emission OLED's. Lots of initiative is seen in this direction, and below is a snapshot of research work done by organizations worldwide to achieve higher efficiency levels through better design.

[[Image:IPactivity.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

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===Competitor Landscape===
[[Image:Assignee.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

===Competitor Mapping===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''#'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Assignee Name'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2001'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2002'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2003'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2004'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2005'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2006'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2007'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|Eastman Kodak
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center"|23
|align = "center"|24
|align = "center"|24
|align = "center"|12
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''87'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|Not Available
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center"|10
|align = "center"|9
|align = "center"|20
|align = "center"|18
|align = "center"|6
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''66'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|Osram Opto Semiconductors
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|Osram Opto Semiconductors
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|Cambridge DisplayTech
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|Novaled
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''7'''
|Optronics
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''8'''
|Agency for science technology
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|Universal Display
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''10'''
|Ind Tech
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''11'''
|Phillips
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''12'''
|3M
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''13'''
|Applied Film
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''14'''
|Dielectric Systems
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''15'''
|Elo Touch systems
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''16'''
|Emagin Corp
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''17'''
|IBM
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''18'''
|Ignis Innovation
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''19'''
|Kyocera
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''20'''
|Luxell Technologies
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''21'''
|Microemissive Displays
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''22'''
|Nat Taiwan University
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''23'''
|Optimax Technology
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''24'''
|Pai Jui-Fen
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''25'''
|Semiconductor Energy
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''26'''
|Sundew Technologies
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''27'''
|Univ Gent
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''28'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''14'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''36'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''58'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''66'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''28'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''208'''
|-
|}

----

===Key Inventors===
[[Image:Inventormap.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

===Key Inventor Mapping===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''S.No'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Top 10 Assignees of Last 5 Years'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2001'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2002'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2003'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2004'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2005'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2006'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2007'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|Cok Ronald S US
|
| 
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|12
|align = "right"|13
|align = "right"|13
|align = "right"|11
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''51'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|Ghosh Amalkumar P US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|Gupta Rahul US
|
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|5
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|Tyan Yuan-Sheng US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|3
|align = "right"|1
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|Miller Michael E US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|Stegamat Reza US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|1
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''7'''
|Silvernail Jeffrey Alan US
|
| 
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "right"|1
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''8'''
|Su Wencheng US
|
| 
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|Wang Jin-Shan US
|
| 
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|3
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''10'''
|Weaver Michael S US
|
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
| 
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''19'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''26'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''23'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''13'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''86'''
|-
|}

----

===Technology Mapping===
* In OLED devices not all internally generated light is coupled out of the device (only 20%-50%), which reduces the device efficiency and lifetime.
* Modification in structures are applied to improve outcouple efficiency in order to enhance the efficiency and lifetime of top emission OLEDs.
* Below is a snapshot of how various organizations are using different design structures, using the same principle of internal reflection, to achieve higher out-coupling efficiencies.

====Comparison of out coupling of waveguiding light in top-emission polyLED stack====
[[Image:Slide-oled.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]
* Some light is reflected out of the OLED at stray angles in typical cases. By using a barrier material (form of microparticles) in the cathode layer, this light at stray angles hits the barrier material, and some of it is reflected back and guided out at the right angles, reducing light loss.

[[Image:Slide-oled1.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* Microparticles are incorporated in the substrate, which prevents light loss by reflecting light emitted at stray angles.

[[Image:Slide-oled2.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* A highly reflective anode is provided made of Aluminium or Silver, with a mirror like finish, to reflect light.
[[Image:Slide-oled3.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* A shielding layer is provided below the anode, across its entire surface, thus increasing the surface area from which light can be reflected outside.

[[Image:Slide-oled4.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* The reflective layer, anode, is made of a highly reflective surface like Aluminium alloy or silver.

====Conclusion====
The innovation is towards:
* Incorporating micro-particles structure over the substrate that provide a reflective surface.
* Highly reflective materials using metals like Molybdenum etc.

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File:OLED's-1.mm

2011-02-18T11:30:02Z

Aartij:

OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode

2011-02-18T11:03:59Z

Aartij: /* Taxonomy */

==Introduction==
The growing number of electronic devices using organic light emitting diode displays shows that after years of promise, the technology is increasingly finding place in many products. But while OLED displays might challenge LCDs as the screens of choice for smaller gadgets, the technology may not become mainstream for notebook PCs or TVs within this decade.

OLED displays use organic compounds that emit light when exposed to an electric current. They are brighter, have better contrast, offer wider viewing angles, use less power, and provide faster response times than liquid crystal displays. OLED screens' thickness is a third of that of LCDs, since they don't need a back-light, and that makes them a good fit for portable electronics devices.
==Rationale==
*Unlike LCDs, which require backlighting, OLED displays are "emissive" devices, meaning they emit light rather than modulate transmitted or reflected light.
*OLED technology was firstly developed in 1987 at Eastman Kodak Company by Tang and Van Slyke using small-molecule (sm-OLED). In 1990 Richard Friend, Jeremy Burroughes and Donal Bradley discovered electroluminescence capabilities from conjugated polymers so laying down the foundations for a new generation of flat panel displays.
*OLED has the potential to revolutionize the world's $100 billion lighting industry.[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2005725,00.html source]
*A light source that could put the traditional light bulb in the shade has been invented by US scientists.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sci/tech/4906188.stm source]
*OLEDs can provide brighter, crisper displays on electronic devices and use less power than conventional light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or liquid crystal displays (LCDs) used today.[http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/oled.htm source]

==OLED Components==
[[Image:oled structure.png|thumb|center| 300 px|]]
An OLED consists of the following parts:
*Substrate (clear plastic, glass, foil) - The substrate supports the OLED.
* Anode (transparent) - The anode removes electrons (adds electron "holes") when a current flows through the device.
* Organic layers - These layers are made of organic molecules or polymers.
**Conducting layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules that transport "holes" from the anode. One conducting polymer used in OLEDs is polyaniline.
**Emissive layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules (different ones from the conducting layer) that transport electrons from the cathode; this is where light is made. One polymer used in the emissive layer is polyfluorene.
* Cathode (may or may not be transparent depending on the type of OLED) - The cathode injects electrons when a current flows through the device.
==Working of OLED'S==
[[Image:oled WORKING.png|thumb|center| 400 px|]]
*OLEDs emit light in a similar manner to LEDs, through a process called electrophosphorescence.
*The process is as follows:
#The battery or power supply of the device containing the OLED applies a voltage across the OLED.
#An electrical current flows from the cathode to the anode through the organic layers (an electrical current is a flow of electrons).
#* The cathode gives electrons to the emissive layer of organic molecules.
#* The anode removes electrons from the conductive layer of organic molecules. (This is the equivalent to giving electron holes to the conductive layer.)
#At the boundary between the emissive and the conductive layers, electrons find electron holes.
#* When an electron finds an electron hole, the electron fills the hole (it falls into an energy level of the atom that's missing an electron).
#* When this happens, the electron gives up energy in the form of a photon of light (see How Light Works).
# The OLED emits light.
# The color of the light depends on the type of organic molecule in the emissive layer. Manufacturers place several types of organic films on the same OLED to make color displays.
# The intensity or brightness of the light depends on the amount of electrical current applied: the more current, the brighter the light.

==OLED Types==
There are several types of OLEDs
* Passive-matrix OLED
* Active-matrix OLED
* Transparent OLED
* Top-emitting OLED
* Bottom-emitting OLED
* Foldable OLED
* White OLED

===Passive-matrix OLED - PMOLED===
PMOLEDs have strips of cathode, organic layers and strips of anode. The anode strips are arranged perpendicular to the cathode strips. The intersections of the cathode and anode make up the pixels where light is emitted. External circuitry applies current to selected strips of anode and cathode, determining which pixels get turned on and which pixels remain off. Again, the brightness of each pixel is proportional to the amount of applied current.

PMOLEDs are easy to make, but they consume more power than other types of OLED, mainly due to the power needed for the external circuitry. PMOLEDs are most efficient for text and icons and are best suited for small screens (2- to 3-inch diagonal) such as those you find in cell phones, PDAs and MP3 players. Even with the external circuitry, passive-matrix OLEDs consume less battery power than the LCDs that are currently used in these devices.
[[Image:Passive.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Active-matrix OLED - AMOLED===
AMOLEDs have full layers of cathode, organic molecules and anode, but the anode layer overlays a thin film transistor (TFT) array that forms a matrix. The TFT array itself is the circuitry that determines which pixels get turned on to form an image. 

AMOLEDs consume less power than PMOLEDs because the TFT array requires less power than external circuitry, so they are efficient for large displays. AMOLEDs also have faster refresh rates suitable for video. The best uses for AMOLEDs are computer monitors, large screen TVs and electronic signs or billboards.

[[Image:Activeoled.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Transparent OLED===
Transparent OLEDs have only transparent components (substrate, cathode and anode) and, when turned off, are up to 85 percent as transparent as their substrate. When a transparent OLED display is turned on, it allows light to pass in both directions. A transparent OLED display can be either active- or passive-matrix. This technology can be used for heads-up displays.
[[Image:Transparent.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Top-emitting OLED===
Top-emitting OLEDs have a substrate that is either opaque or reflective. They are best suited to active-matrix design. Manufacturers may use top-emitting OLED displays in smart cards.
[[Image:Topoled.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Foldable OLED===
Foldable OLEDs have substrates made of very flexible metallic foils or plastics. Foldable OLEDs are very lightweight and durable. Their use in devices such as cell phones and PDAs can reduce breakage, a major cause for return or repair. Potentially, foldable OLED displays can be sewn into fabrics for "smart" clothing, such as outdoor survival clothing with an integrated computer chip, cell phone, GPS receiver and OLED display sewn into it.
[[Image:Fold.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===White OLED===
A white organic LED (OLED) incorporating a blue phosphorescent dye and a down-conversion phosphor has achieved a luminous efficacy of 25 lm/W. This high-efficacy device was enabled by lowering the device operating voltage, increasing the outcoupling efficiency, and incorporating highly efficient phosphorescent emitters.
[[Image:White.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

==OLED Advantages and Disadvantages==
'''OLEDs offer many advantages over both LCDs and LEDs:'''
* The plastic, organic layers of an OLED are thinner, lighter and more flexible than the crystalline layers in an LED or LCD.
* Because the light-emitting layers of an OLED are lighter, the substrate of an OLED can be flexible instead of rigid. OLED substrates can be plastic rather than the glass used for LEDs and LCDs.
* OLEDs are brighter than LEDs. Because the organic layers of an OLED are much thinner than the corresponding inorganic crystal layers of an LED, the conductive and emissive layers of an OLED can be multi-layered. Also, LEDs and LCDs require glass for support, and glass absorbs some light. OLEDs do not require glass.
* OLEDs do not require backlighting like LCDs. LCDs work by selectively blocking areas of the backlight to make the images that you see, while OLEDs generate light themselves. Because OLEDs do not require backlighting, they consume much less power than LCDs (most of the LCD power goes to the backlighting). This is especially important for battery-operated devices such as cell phones.
* OLEDs are easier to produce and can be made to larger sizes. Because OLEDs are essentially plastics, they can be made into large, thin sheets. It is much more difficult to grow and lay down so many liquid crystals.
* OLEDs have large fields of view, about 170 degrees. Because LCDs work by blocking light, they have an inherent viewing obstacle from certain angles. OLEDs produce their own light, so they have a much wider viewing range.
'''OLED seems to be the perfect technology for all types of displays, but it also has some problems:'''
* Lifetime - While red and green OLED films have longer lifetimes (46,000 to 230,000 hours), blue organics currently have much shorter lifetimes (up to around 14,000 hours.
* Water - Water can easily damage OLEDs.

==Control Patents==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''S.No'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Date of Publication'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Title'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|1
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7791271.PN.&OS=PN/7791271&RS=PN/7791271 US7791271B2]
|align = "center"|09/07/2010
|Global OLED Technology LLC
|Top-emitting OLED device with light-scattering layer and color-conversion
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|2
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7781961.PN.&OS=PN/7781961&RS=PN/7781961 US7781961B2]
|align = "center"|08/24/2010
|Novaled AG
|Top emitting, electroluminescent component with frequency conversion centres
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|3
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7002293.PN.&OS=PN/7002293&RS=PN/7002293 US7002293B2]
|align = "center"|02/21/2006
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Organic light emitting diode with improved light emission through the cathode
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|4
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6770502.PN.&OS=PN/6770502&RS=PN/6770502 US6770502B2]
|align = "center"|08/03/2004
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Method of manufacturing a top-emitting OLED display device with desiccant structures
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|5
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220080169757%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20080169757&RS=DN/20080169757 US20080169757A1]
|align = "center"|07/17/2008
|TPO Displays Corp.
|Top-emitting organic electroluminescent display
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|6
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060043373%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060043373&RS=DN/20060043373 US20060043373A1]
|align = "center"|03/02/2006
|Industrial Technology Research Institute
|Method for manufacturing a pixel array of top emitting OLED
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|7
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050236629%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050236629&RS=DN/20050236629 US20050236629A1]
|align = "center"|10/27/2005
|None
|Top emission organic light emitting diode display using auxiliary electrode to prevent voltage drop of upper electrode and method of fabricating the same
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|8
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?NUM=EP1489671A2&DB=EPODOC&submitted=true&locale=en_V3&ST=number&compact=false EP1489671A2]
|align = "center"|12/22/2004
|Global OLED Technology LLC
|Method of making a top-emitting oled device having improved power distribution
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|9
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?NUM=EP1029336A1&DB=EPODOC&submitted=true&locale=en_V3&ST=number&compact=false EP1029336A1]
|align = "center"|08/23/2000
|FED CORPORATION
|TOP EMITTING OLED WITH REFRACTORY METAL COMPOUNDS AS BOTTOM CATHODE
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|10
|align = "center"|[http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?WO=2001057904 WO2001057904A1]
|align = "center"|08/09/2001
|eMAGIN CORPORATION
|LOW ABSORPTION SPUTTER PROTECTION LAYER FOR OLED STRUCTURE
|-
|}
==Concept Table==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="55%"
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Top emission'''
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Organic Light Emitting Diode'''
|-
|Top emitting
|OLED
|-
|Top emissive
|polymer LED
|-
|
|light emitting polymer diode
|-
|
|organic LED
|-
|
|organic electroluminescent diode
|-
|
|FOLED
|-
|
|SM-OLED
|-
|
|small molecule OLED
|-
|
|AMOLED
|-
|
|PMOLED
|-
|}

==Classifications==
===IPC/ ECLA Classes===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''IPC/ ECLA Class'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center"|H01L27/28
|Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid state components formed in or on a common substrate/ including components using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part
|-
|align = "center"|H01L27/32
|Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid state components formed in or on a common substrate/ including components using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part/ with components specially adapted for light emission, e.g. flat-panel displays using organic light-emitting diodes (OLED)
|-
|align = "center"|H01L51/50
|Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof / specially adapted for light emission, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED) or polymer light emitting devices (PLED);
|-
|align = "center"|H01L51/52
|Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof / specially adapted for light emission, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED) or polymer light emitting devices (PLED);/ details of devices
|-
|align = "center"|H01L51/56
|Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof / specially adapted for light emission, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED) or polymer light emitting devices (PLED);/ Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof
|-
|align = "center"|H05B33/08P
|Electroluminescent light sources / Details/ Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application/ for light emitting diodes (LEDs) comprising organic materials, e.g. polymer LEDs (PLEDs) or OLEDs<nowiki>]</nowiki>
|-
|}

===US Classes===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''US Class'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center"|257/040
|Active solid-state devices (e.g., transistors, solid-state diodes)/ Organic semiconductor material
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.018
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.019
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Electrode
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.020
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Electrode/ Encapsulation
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.021
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Electrode/ Arrangements for extracting light from device (e.g., Bragg reflector pair)
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.022
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Multicolor organic light-emitting device (OLED)
|-
|align = "center"|313/504
|Electric lamp and discharge devices/ with luminescent solid or liquid material / Solid-state type / With particular phosphor or electrode material / Organic phosphor
|-
|}

==Taxonomy==
<mm>[[OLED's.mm]]</mm>

==Landscape Analysis Of Top-Emmission OLED==
===IP Landscape===

* We have chosen the top emission OLED's as the area of focus.
* The top emission OLED's have been facing challenges to achieve optimimum efficiencies in terms of light reflection. Also, it's been a challenge to increase the life time of the top emission OLED's. Lots of initiative is seen in this direction, and below is a snapshot of research work done by organizations worldwide to achieve higher efficiency levels through better design.

[[Image:IPactivity.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

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===Competitor Landscape===
[[Image:Assignee.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

===Competitor Mapping===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''#'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Assignee Name'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2001'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2002'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2003'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2004'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2005'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2006'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2007'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|Eastman Kodak
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center"|23
|align = "center"|24
|align = "center"|24
|align = "center"|12
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''87'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|Not Available
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center"|10
|align = "center"|9
|align = "center"|20
|align = "center"|18
|align = "center"|6
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''66'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|Osram Opto Semiconductors
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|Osram Opto Semiconductors
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|Cambridge DisplayTech
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|Novaled
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''7'''
|Optronics
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''8'''
|Agency for science technology
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|Universal Display
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''10'''
|Ind Tech
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''11'''
|Phillips
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''12'''
|3M
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''13'''
|Applied Film
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''14'''
|Dielectric Systems
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''15'''
|Elo Touch systems
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''16'''
|Emagin Corp
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''17'''
|IBM
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''18'''
|Ignis Innovation
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''19'''
|Kyocera
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''20'''
|Luxell Technologies
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''21'''
|Microemissive Displays
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''22'''
|Nat Taiwan University
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''23'''
|Optimax Technology
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''24'''
|Pai Jui-Fen
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''25'''
|Semiconductor Energy
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''26'''
|Sundew Technologies
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''27'''
|Univ Gent
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''28'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''14'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''36'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''58'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''66'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''28'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''208'''
|-
|}

----

===Key Inventors===
[[Image:Inventormap.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

===Key Inventor Mapping===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''S.No'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Top 10 Assignees of Last 5 Years'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2001'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2002'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2003'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2004'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2005'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2006'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2007'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|Cok Ronald S US
|
| 
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|12
|align = "right"|13
|align = "right"|13
|align = "right"|11
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''51'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|Ghosh Amalkumar P US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|Gupta Rahul US
|
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|5
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|Tyan Yuan-Sheng US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|3
|align = "right"|1
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|Miller Michael E US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|Stegamat Reza US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|1
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''7'''
|Silvernail Jeffrey Alan US
|
| 
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "right"|1
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''8'''
|Su Wencheng US
|
| 
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|Wang Jin-Shan US
|
| 
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|3
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''10'''
|Weaver Michael S US
|
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
| 
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''19'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''26'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''23'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''13'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''86'''
|-
|}

----

===Technology Mapping===
* In OLED devices not all internally generated light is coupled out of the device (only 20%-50%), which reduces the device efficiency and lifetime.
* Modification in structures are applied to improve outcouple efficiency in order to enhance the efficiency and lifetime of top emission OLEDs.
* Below is a snapshot of how various organizations are using different design structures, using the same principle of internal reflection, to achieve higher out-coupling efficiencies.

====Comparison of out coupling of waveguiding light in top-emission polyLED stack====
[[Image:Slide-oled.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]
* Some light is reflected out of the OLED at stray angles in typical cases. By using a barrier material (form of microparticles) in the cathode layer, this light at stray angles hits the barrier material, and some of it is reflected back and guided out at the right angles, reducing light loss.

[[Image:Slide-oled1.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* Microparticles are incorporated in the substrate, which prevents light loss by reflecting light emitted at stray angles.

[[Image:Slide-oled2.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* A highly reflective anode is provided made of Aluminium or Silver, with a mirror like finish, to reflect light.
[[Image:Slide-oled3.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* A shielding layer is provided below the anode, across its entire surface, thus increasing the surface area from which light can be reflected outside.

[[Image:Slide-oled4.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* The reflective layer, anode, is made of a highly reflective surface like Aluminium alloy or silver.

====Conclusion====
The innovation is towards:
* Incorporating micro-particles structure over the substrate that provide a reflective surface.
* Highly reflective materials using metals like Molybdenum etc.

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OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode

2011-02-18T11:00:11Z

Aartij: /* Taxonomy */

==Introduction==
The growing number of electronic devices using organic light emitting diode displays shows that after years of promise, the technology is increasingly finding place in many products. But while OLED displays might challenge LCDs as the screens of choice for smaller gadgets, the technology may not become mainstream for notebook PCs or TVs within this decade.

OLED displays use organic compounds that emit light when exposed to an electric current. They are brighter, have better contrast, offer wider viewing angles, use less power, and provide faster response times than liquid crystal displays. OLED screens' thickness is a third of that of LCDs, since they don't need a back-light, and that makes them a good fit for portable electronics devices.
==Rationale==
*Unlike LCDs, which require backlighting, OLED displays are "emissive" devices, meaning they emit light rather than modulate transmitted or reflected light.
*OLED technology was firstly developed in 1987 at Eastman Kodak Company by Tang and Van Slyke using small-molecule (sm-OLED). In 1990 Richard Friend, Jeremy Burroughes and Donal Bradley discovered electroluminescence capabilities from conjugated polymers so laying down the foundations for a new generation of flat panel displays.
*OLED has the potential to revolutionize the world's $100 billion lighting industry.[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2005725,00.html source]
*A light source that could put the traditional light bulb in the shade has been invented by US scientists.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sci/tech/4906188.stm source]
*OLEDs can provide brighter, crisper displays on electronic devices and use less power than conventional light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or liquid crystal displays (LCDs) used today.[http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/oled.htm source]

==OLED Components==
[[Image:oled structure.png|thumb|center| 300 px|]]
An OLED consists of the following parts:
*Substrate (clear plastic, glass, foil) - The substrate supports the OLED.
* Anode (transparent) - The anode removes electrons (adds electron "holes") when a current flows through the device.
* Organic layers - These layers are made of organic molecules or polymers.
**Conducting layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules that transport "holes" from the anode. One conducting polymer used in OLEDs is polyaniline.
**Emissive layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules (different ones from the conducting layer) that transport electrons from the cathode; this is where light is made. One polymer used in the emissive layer is polyfluorene.
* Cathode (may or may not be transparent depending on the type of OLED) - The cathode injects electrons when a current flows through the device.
==Working of OLED'S==
[[Image:oled WORKING.png|thumb|center| 400 px|]]
*OLEDs emit light in a similar manner to LEDs, through a process called electrophosphorescence.
*The process is as follows:
#The battery or power supply of the device containing the OLED applies a voltage across the OLED.
#An electrical current flows from the cathode to the anode through the organic layers (an electrical current is a flow of electrons).
#* The cathode gives electrons to the emissive layer of organic molecules.
#* The anode removes electrons from the conductive layer of organic molecules. (This is the equivalent to giving electron holes to the conductive layer.)
#At the boundary between the emissive and the conductive layers, electrons find electron holes.
#* When an electron finds an electron hole, the electron fills the hole (it falls into an energy level of the atom that's missing an electron).
#* When this happens, the electron gives up energy in the form of a photon of light (see How Light Works).
# The OLED emits light.
# The color of the light depends on the type of organic molecule in the emissive layer. Manufacturers place several types of organic films on the same OLED to make color displays.
# The intensity or brightness of the light depends on the amount of electrical current applied: the more current, the brighter the light.

==OLED Types==
There are several types of OLEDs
* Passive-matrix OLED
* Active-matrix OLED
* Transparent OLED
* Top-emitting OLED
* Bottom-emitting OLED
* Foldable OLED
* White OLED

===Passive-matrix OLED - PMOLED===
PMOLEDs have strips of cathode, organic layers and strips of anode. The anode strips are arranged perpendicular to the cathode strips. The intersections of the cathode and anode make up the pixels where light is emitted. External circuitry applies current to selected strips of anode and cathode, determining which pixels get turned on and which pixels remain off. Again, the brightness of each pixel is proportional to the amount of applied current.

PMOLEDs are easy to make, but they consume more power than other types of OLED, mainly due to the power needed for the external circuitry. PMOLEDs are most efficient for text and icons and are best suited for small screens (2- to 3-inch diagonal) such as those you find in cell phones, PDAs and MP3 players. Even with the external circuitry, passive-matrix OLEDs consume less battery power than the LCDs that are currently used in these devices.
[[Image:Passive.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Active-matrix OLED - AMOLED===
AMOLEDs have full layers of cathode, organic molecules and anode, but the anode layer overlays a thin film transistor (TFT) array that forms a matrix. The TFT array itself is the circuitry that determines which pixels get turned on to form an image. 

AMOLEDs consume less power than PMOLEDs because the TFT array requires less power than external circuitry, so they are efficient for large displays. AMOLEDs also have faster refresh rates suitable for video. The best uses for AMOLEDs are computer monitors, large screen TVs and electronic signs or billboards.

[[Image:Activeoled.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Transparent OLED===
Transparent OLEDs have only transparent components (substrate, cathode and anode) and, when turned off, are up to 85 percent as transparent as their substrate. When a transparent OLED display is turned on, it allows light to pass in both directions. A transparent OLED display can be either active- or passive-matrix. This technology can be used for heads-up displays.
[[Image:Transparent.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Top-emitting OLED===
Top-emitting OLEDs have a substrate that is either opaque or reflective. They are best suited to active-matrix design. Manufacturers may use top-emitting OLED displays in smart cards.
[[Image:Topoled.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Foldable OLED===
Foldable OLEDs have substrates made of very flexible metallic foils or plastics. Foldable OLEDs are very lightweight and durable. Their use in devices such as cell phones and PDAs can reduce breakage, a major cause for return or repair. Potentially, foldable OLED displays can be sewn into fabrics for "smart" clothing, such as outdoor survival clothing with an integrated computer chip, cell phone, GPS receiver and OLED display sewn into it.
[[Image:Fold.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===White OLED===
A white organic LED (OLED) incorporating a blue phosphorescent dye and a down-conversion phosphor has achieved a luminous efficacy of 25 lm/W. This high-efficacy device was enabled by lowering the device operating voltage, increasing the outcoupling efficiency, and incorporating highly efficient phosphorescent emitters.
[[Image:White.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

==OLED Advantages and Disadvantages==
'''OLEDs offer many advantages over both LCDs and LEDs:'''
* The plastic, organic layers of an OLED are thinner, lighter and more flexible than the crystalline layers in an LED or LCD.
* Because the light-emitting layers of an OLED are lighter, the substrate of an OLED can be flexible instead of rigid. OLED substrates can be plastic rather than the glass used for LEDs and LCDs.
* OLEDs are brighter than LEDs. Because the organic layers of an OLED are much thinner than the corresponding inorganic crystal layers of an LED, the conductive and emissive layers of an OLED can be multi-layered. Also, LEDs and LCDs require glass for support, and glass absorbs some light. OLEDs do not require glass.
* OLEDs do not require backlighting like LCDs. LCDs work by selectively blocking areas of the backlight to make the images that you see, while OLEDs generate light themselves. Because OLEDs do not require backlighting, they consume much less power than LCDs (most of the LCD power goes to the backlighting). This is especially important for battery-operated devices such as cell phones.
* OLEDs are easier to produce and can be made to larger sizes. Because OLEDs are essentially plastics, they can be made into large, thin sheets. It is much more difficult to grow and lay down so many liquid crystals.
* OLEDs have large fields of view, about 170 degrees. Because LCDs work by blocking light, they have an inherent viewing obstacle from certain angles. OLEDs produce their own light, so they have a much wider viewing range.
'''OLED seems to be the perfect technology for all types of displays, but it also has some problems:'''
* Lifetime - While red and green OLED films have longer lifetimes (46,000 to 230,000 hours), blue organics currently have much shorter lifetimes (up to around 14,000 hours.
* Water - Water can easily damage OLEDs.

==Control Patents==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''S.No'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Date of Publication'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Title'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|1
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7791271.PN.&OS=PN/7791271&RS=PN/7791271 US7791271B2]
|align = "center"|09/07/2010
|Global OLED Technology LLC
|Top-emitting OLED device with light-scattering layer and color-conversion
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|2
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7781961.PN.&OS=PN/7781961&RS=PN/7781961 US7781961B2]
|align = "center"|08/24/2010
|Novaled AG
|Top emitting, electroluminescent component with frequency conversion centres
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|3
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7002293.PN.&OS=PN/7002293&RS=PN/7002293 US7002293B2]
|align = "center"|02/21/2006
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Organic light emitting diode with improved light emission through the cathode
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|4
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6770502.PN.&OS=PN/6770502&RS=PN/6770502 US6770502B2]
|align = "center"|08/03/2004
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Method of manufacturing a top-emitting OLED display device with desiccant structures
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|5
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220080169757%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20080169757&RS=DN/20080169757 US20080169757A1]
|align = "center"|07/17/2008
|TPO Displays Corp.
|Top-emitting organic electroluminescent display
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|6
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060043373%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060043373&RS=DN/20060043373 US20060043373A1]
|align = "center"|03/02/2006
|Industrial Technology Research Institute
|Method for manufacturing a pixel array of top emitting OLED
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|7
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050236629%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050236629&RS=DN/20050236629 US20050236629A1]
|align = "center"|10/27/2005
|None
|Top emission organic light emitting diode display using auxiliary electrode to prevent voltage drop of upper electrode and method of fabricating the same
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|8
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?NUM=EP1489671A2&DB=EPODOC&submitted=true&locale=en_V3&ST=number&compact=false EP1489671A2]
|align = "center"|12/22/2004
|Global OLED Technology LLC
|Method of making a top-emitting oled device having improved power distribution
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|9
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?NUM=EP1029336A1&DB=EPODOC&submitted=true&locale=en_V3&ST=number&compact=false EP1029336A1]
|align = "center"|08/23/2000
|FED CORPORATION
|TOP EMITTING OLED WITH REFRACTORY METAL COMPOUNDS AS BOTTOM CATHODE
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|10
|align = "center"|[http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?WO=2001057904 WO2001057904A1]
|align = "center"|08/09/2001
|eMAGIN CORPORATION
|LOW ABSORPTION SPUTTER PROTECTION LAYER FOR OLED STRUCTURE
|-
|}
==Concept Table==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="55%"
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Top emission'''
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Organic Light Emitting Diode'''
|-
|Top emitting
|OLED
|-
|Top emissive
|polymer LED
|-
|
|light emitting polymer diode
|-
|
|organic LED
|-
|
|organic electroluminescent diode
|-
|
|FOLED
|-
|
|SM-OLED
|-
|
|small molecule OLED
|-
|
|AMOLED
|-
|
|PMOLED
|-
|}

==Classifications==
===IPC/ ECLA Classes===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''IPC/ ECLA Class'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center"|H01L27/28
|Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid state components formed in or on a common substrate/ including components using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part
|-
|align = "center"|H01L27/32
|Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid state components formed in or on a common substrate/ including components using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part/ with components specially adapted for light emission, e.g. flat-panel displays using organic light-emitting diodes (OLED)
|-
|align = "center"|H01L51/50
|Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof / specially adapted for light emission, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED) or polymer light emitting devices (PLED);
|-
|align = "center"|H01L51/52
|Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof / specially adapted for light emission, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED) or polymer light emitting devices (PLED);/ details of devices
|-
|align = "center"|H01L51/56
|Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof / specially adapted for light emission, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED) or polymer light emitting devices (PLED);/ Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof
|-
|align = "center"|H05B33/08P
|Electroluminescent light sources / Details/ Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application/ for light emitting diodes (LEDs) comprising organic materials, e.g. polymer LEDs (PLEDs) or OLEDs<nowiki>]</nowiki>
|-
|}

===US Classes===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''US Class'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center"|257/040
|Active solid-state devices (e.g., transistors, solid-state diodes)/ Organic semiconductor material
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.018
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.019
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Electrode
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.020
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Electrode/ Encapsulation
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.021
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Electrode/ Arrangements for extracting light from device (e.g., Bragg reflector pair)
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.022
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Multicolor organic light-emitting device (OLED)
|-
|align = "center"|313/504
|Electric lamp and discharge devices/ with luminescent solid or liquid material / Solid-state type / With particular phosphor or electrode material / Organic phosphor
|-
|}

==Taxonomy==
<mm>[[OLED's-taxonomy.mm]]</mm>

==Landscape Analysis Of Top-Emmission OLED==
===IP Landscape===

* We have chosen the top emission OLED's as the area of focus.
* The top emission OLED's have been facing challenges to achieve optimimum efficiencies in terms of light reflection. Also, it's been a challenge to increase the life time of the top emission OLED's. Lots of initiative is seen in this direction, and below is a snapshot of research work done by organizations worldwide to achieve higher efficiency levels through better design.

[[Image:IPactivity.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

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===Competitor Landscape===
[[Image:Assignee.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

===Competitor Mapping===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''#'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Assignee Name'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2001'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2002'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2003'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2004'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2005'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2006'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2007'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|Eastman Kodak
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center"|23
|align = "center"|24
|align = "center"|24
|align = "center"|12
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''87'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|Not Available
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center"|10
|align = "center"|9
|align = "center"|20
|align = "center"|18
|align = "center"|6
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''66'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|Osram Opto Semiconductors
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|Osram Opto Semiconductors
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|Cambridge DisplayTech
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|Novaled
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''7'''
|Optronics
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''8'''
|Agency for science technology
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|Universal Display
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''10'''
|Ind Tech
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''11'''
|Phillips
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''12'''
|3M
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''13'''
|Applied Film
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''14'''
|Dielectric Systems
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''15'''
|Elo Touch systems
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''16'''
|Emagin Corp
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''17'''
|IBM
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''18'''
|Ignis Innovation
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''19'''
|Kyocera
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''20'''
|Luxell Technologies
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''21'''
|Microemissive Displays
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''22'''
|Nat Taiwan University
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''23'''
|Optimax Technology
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''24'''
|Pai Jui-Fen
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''25'''
|Semiconductor Energy
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''26'''
|Sundew Technologies
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''27'''
|Univ Gent
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''28'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''14'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''36'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''58'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''66'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''28'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''208'''
|-
|}

----

===Key Inventors===
[[Image:Inventormap.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

===Key Inventor Mapping===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''S.No'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Top 10 Assignees of Last 5 Years'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2001'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2002'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2003'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2004'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2005'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2006'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2007'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|Cok Ronald S US
|
| 
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|12
|align = "right"|13
|align = "right"|13
|align = "right"|11
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''51'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|Ghosh Amalkumar P US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|Gupta Rahul US
|
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|5
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|Tyan Yuan-Sheng US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|3
|align = "right"|1
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|Miller Michael E US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|Stegamat Reza US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|1
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''7'''
|Silvernail Jeffrey Alan US
|
| 
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "right"|1
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''8'''
|Su Wencheng US
|
| 
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|Wang Jin-Shan US
|
| 
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|3
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''10'''
|Weaver Michael S US
|
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
| 
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''19'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''26'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''23'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''13'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''86'''
|-
|}

----

===Technology Mapping===
* In OLED devices not all internally generated light is coupled out of the device (only 20%-50%), which reduces the device efficiency and lifetime.
* Modification in structures are applied to improve outcouple efficiency in order to enhance the efficiency and lifetime of top emission OLEDs.
* Below is a snapshot of how various organizations are using different design structures, using the same principle of internal reflection, to achieve higher out-coupling efficiencies.

====Comparison of out coupling of waveguiding light in top-emission polyLED stack====
[[Image:Slide-oled.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]
* Some light is reflected out of the OLED at stray angles in typical cases. By using a barrier material (form of microparticles) in the cathode layer, this light at stray angles hits the barrier material, and some of it is reflected back and guided out at the right angles, reducing light loss.

[[Image:Slide-oled1.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* Microparticles are incorporated in the substrate, which prevents light loss by reflecting light emitted at stray angles.

[[Image:Slide-oled2.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* A highly reflective anode is provided made of Aluminium or Silver, with a mirror like finish, to reflect light.
[[Image:Slide-oled3.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* A shielding layer is provided below the anode, across its entire surface, thus increasing the surface area from which light can be reflected outside.

[[Image:Slide-oled4.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* The reflective layer, anode, is made of a highly reflective surface like Aluminium alloy or silver.

====Conclusion====
The innovation is towards:
* Incorporating micro-particles structure over the substrate that provide a reflective surface.
* Highly reflective materials using metals like Molybdenum etc.

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OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode

2011-02-18T10:59:36Z

Aartij: /* Landscape Analysis Of Top-Emmission OLED */

==Introduction==
The growing number of electronic devices using organic light emitting diode displays shows that after years of promise, the technology is increasingly finding place in many products. But while OLED displays might challenge LCDs as the screens of choice for smaller gadgets, the technology may not become mainstream for notebook PCs or TVs within this decade.

OLED displays use organic compounds that emit light when exposed to an electric current. They are brighter, have better contrast, offer wider viewing angles, use less power, and provide faster response times than liquid crystal displays. OLED screens' thickness is a third of that of LCDs, since they don't need a back-light, and that makes them a good fit for portable electronics devices.
==Rationale==
*Unlike LCDs, which require backlighting, OLED displays are "emissive" devices, meaning they emit light rather than modulate transmitted or reflected light.
*OLED technology was firstly developed in 1987 at Eastman Kodak Company by Tang and Van Slyke using small-molecule (sm-OLED). In 1990 Richard Friend, Jeremy Burroughes and Donal Bradley discovered electroluminescence capabilities from conjugated polymers so laying down the foundations for a new generation of flat panel displays.
*OLED has the potential to revolutionize the world's $100 billion lighting industry.[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2005725,00.html source]
*A light source that could put the traditional light bulb in the shade has been invented by US scientists.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sci/tech/4906188.stm source]
*OLEDs can provide brighter, crisper displays on electronic devices and use less power than conventional light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or liquid crystal displays (LCDs) used today.[http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/oled.htm source]

==OLED Components==
[[Image:oled structure.png|thumb|center| 300 px|]]
An OLED consists of the following parts:
*Substrate (clear plastic, glass, foil) - The substrate supports the OLED.
* Anode (transparent) - The anode removes electrons (adds electron "holes") when a current flows through the device.
* Organic layers - These layers are made of organic molecules or polymers.
**Conducting layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules that transport "holes" from the anode. One conducting polymer used in OLEDs is polyaniline.
**Emissive layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules (different ones from the conducting layer) that transport electrons from the cathode; this is where light is made. One polymer used in the emissive layer is polyfluorene.
* Cathode (may or may not be transparent depending on the type of OLED) - The cathode injects electrons when a current flows through the device.
==Working of OLED'S==
[[Image:oled WORKING.png|thumb|center| 400 px|]]
*OLEDs emit light in a similar manner to LEDs, through a process called electrophosphorescence.
*The process is as follows:
#The battery or power supply of the device containing the OLED applies a voltage across the OLED.
#An electrical current flows from the cathode to the anode through the organic layers (an electrical current is a flow of electrons).
#* The cathode gives electrons to the emissive layer of organic molecules.
#* The anode removes electrons from the conductive layer of organic molecules. (This is the equivalent to giving electron holes to the conductive layer.)
#At the boundary between the emissive and the conductive layers, electrons find electron holes.
#* When an electron finds an electron hole, the electron fills the hole (it falls into an energy level of the atom that's missing an electron).
#* When this happens, the electron gives up energy in the form of a photon of light (see How Light Works).
# The OLED emits light.
# The color of the light depends on the type of organic molecule in the emissive layer. Manufacturers place several types of organic films on the same OLED to make color displays.
# The intensity or brightness of the light depends on the amount of electrical current applied: the more current, the brighter the light.

==OLED Types==
There are several types of OLEDs
* Passive-matrix OLED
* Active-matrix OLED
* Transparent OLED
* Top-emitting OLED
* Bottom-emitting OLED
* Foldable OLED
* White OLED

===Passive-matrix OLED - PMOLED===
PMOLEDs have strips of cathode, organic layers and strips of anode. The anode strips are arranged perpendicular to the cathode strips. The intersections of the cathode and anode make up the pixels where light is emitted. External circuitry applies current to selected strips of anode and cathode, determining which pixels get turned on and which pixels remain off. Again, the brightness of each pixel is proportional to the amount of applied current.

PMOLEDs are easy to make, but they consume more power than other types of OLED, mainly due to the power needed for the external circuitry. PMOLEDs are most efficient for text and icons and are best suited for small screens (2- to 3-inch diagonal) such as those you find in cell phones, PDAs and MP3 players. Even with the external circuitry, passive-matrix OLEDs consume less battery power than the LCDs that are currently used in these devices.
[[Image:Passive.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Active-matrix OLED - AMOLED===
AMOLEDs have full layers of cathode, organic molecules and anode, but the anode layer overlays a thin film transistor (TFT) array that forms a matrix. The TFT array itself is the circuitry that determines which pixels get turned on to form an image. 

AMOLEDs consume less power than PMOLEDs because the TFT array requires less power than external circuitry, so they are efficient for large displays. AMOLEDs also have faster refresh rates suitable for video. The best uses for AMOLEDs are computer monitors, large screen TVs and electronic signs or billboards.

[[Image:Activeoled.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Transparent OLED===
Transparent OLEDs have only transparent components (substrate, cathode and anode) and, when turned off, are up to 85 percent as transparent as their substrate. When a transparent OLED display is turned on, it allows light to pass in both directions. A transparent OLED display can be either active- or passive-matrix. This technology can be used for heads-up displays.
[[Image:Transparent.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Top-emitting OLED===
Top-emitting OLEDs have a substrate that is either opaque or reflective. They are best suited to active-matrix design. Manufacturers may use top-emitting OLED displays in smart cards.
[[Image:Topoled.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Foldable OLED===
Foldable OLEDs have substrates made of very flexible metallic foils or plastics. Foldable OLEDs are very lightweight and durable. Their use in devices such as cell phones and PDAs can reduce breakage, a major cause for return or repair. Potentially, foldable OLED displays can be sewn into fabrics for "smart" clothing, such as outdoor survival clothing with an integrated computer chip, cell phone, GPS receiver and OLED display sewn into it.
[[Image:Fold.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===White OLED===
A white organic LED (OLED) incorporating a blue phosphorescent dye and a down-conversion phosphor has achieved a luminous efficacy of 25 lm/W. This high-efficacy device was enabled by lowering the device operating voltage, increasing the outcoupling efficiency, and incorporating highly efficient phosphorescent emitters.
[[Image:White.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

==OLED Advantages and Disadvantages==
'''OLEDs offer many advantages over both LCDs and LEDs:'''
* The plastic, organic layers of an OLED are thinner, lighter and more flexible than the crystalline layers in an LED or LCD.
* Because the light-emitting layers of an OLED are lighter, the substrate of an OLED can be flexible instead of rigid. OLED substrates can be plastic rather than the glass used for LEDs and LCDs.
* OLEDs are brighter than LEDs. Because the organic layers of an OLED are much thinner than the corresponding inorganic crystal layers of an LED, the conductive and emissive layers of an OLED can be multi-layered. Also, LEDs and LCDs require glass for support, and glass absorbs some light. OLEDs do not require glass.
* OLEDs do not require backlighting like LCDs. LCDs work by selectively blocking areas of the backlight to make the images that you see, while OLEDs generate light themselves. Because OLEDs do not require backlighting, they consume much less power than LCDs (most of the LCD power goes to the backlighting). This is especially important for battery-operated devices such as cell phones.
* OLEDs are easier to produce and can be made to larger sizes. Because OLEDs are essentially plastics, they can be made into large, thin sheets. It is much more difficult to grow and lay down so many liquid crystals.
* OLEDs have large fields of view, about 170 degrees. Because LCDs work by blocking light, they have an inherent viewing obstacle from certain angles. OLEDs produce their own light, so they have a much wider viewing range.
'''OLED seems to be the perfect technology for all types of displays, but it also has some problems:'''
* Lifetime - While red and green OLED films have longer lifetimes (46,000 to 230,000 hours), blue organics currently have much shorter lifetimes (up to around 14,000 hours.
* Water - Water can easily damage OLEDs.

==Control Patents==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''S.No'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Date of Publication'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Title'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|1
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7791271.PN.&OS=PN/7791271&RS=PN/7791271 US7791271B2]
|align = "center"|09/07/2010
|Global OLED Technology LLC
|Top-emitting OLED device with light-scattering layer and color-conversion
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|2
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7781961.PN.&OS=PN/7781961&RS=PN/7781961 US7781961B2]
|align = "center"|08/24/2010
|Novaled AG
|Top emitting, electroluminescent component with frequency conversion centres
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|3
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7002293.PN.&OS=PN/7002293&RS=PN/7002293 US7002293B2]
|align = "center"|02/21/2006
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Organic light emitting diode with improved light emission through the cathode
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|4
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6770502.PN.&OS=PN/6770502&RS=PN/6770502 US6770502B2]
|align = "center"|08/03/2004
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Method of manufacturing a top-emitting OLED display device with desiccant structures
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|5
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220080169757%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20080169757&RS=DN/20080169757 US20080169757A1]
|align = "center"|07/17/2008
|TPO Displays Corp.
|Top-emitting organic electroluminescent display
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|6
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060043373%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060043373&RS=DN/20060043373 US20060043373A1]
|align = "center"|03/02/2006
|Industrial Technology Research Institute
|Method for manufacturing a pixel array of top emitting OLED
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|7
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050236629%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050236629&RS=DN/20050236629 US20050236629A1]
|align = "center"|10/27/2005
|None
|Top emission organic light emitting diode display using auxiliary electrode to prevent voltage drop of upper electrode and method of fabricating the same
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|8
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?NUM=EP1489671A2&DB=EPODOC&submitted=true&locale=en_V3&ST=number&compact=false EP1489671A2]
|align = "center"|12/22/2004
|Global OLED Technology LLC
|Method of making a top-emitting oled device having improved power distribution
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|9
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?NUM=EP1029336A1&DB=EPODOC&submitted=true&locale=en_V3&ST=number&compact=false EP1029336A1]
|align = "center"|08/23/2000
|FED CORPORATION
|TOP EMITTING OLED WITH REFRACTORY METAL COMPOUNDS AS BOTTOM CATHODE
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|10
|align = "center"|[http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?WO=2001057904 WO2001057904A1]
|align = "center"|08/09/2001
|eMAGIN CORPORATION
|LOW ABSORPTION SPUTTER PROTECTION LAYER FOR OLED STRUCTURE
|-
|}
==Concept Table==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="55%"
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Top emission'''
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Organic Light Emitting Diode'''
|-
|Top emitting
|OLED
|-
|Top emissive
|polymer LED
|-
|
|light emitting polymer diode
|-
|
|organic LED
|-
|
|organic electroluminescent diode
|-
|
|FOLED
|-
|
|SM-OLED
|-
|
|small molecule OLED
|-
|
|AMOLED
|-
|
|PMOLED
|-
|}

==Classifications==
===IPC/ ECLA Classes===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''IPC/ ECLA Class'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center"|H01L27/28
|Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid state components formed in or on a common substrate/ including components using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part
|-
|align = "center"|H01L27/32
|Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid state components formed in or on a common substrate/ including components using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part/ with components specially adapted for light emission, e.g. flat-panel displays using organic light-emitting diodes (OLED)
|-
|align = "center"|H01L51/50
|Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof / specially adapted for light emission, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED) or polymer light emitting devices (PLED);
|-
|align = "center"|H01L51/52
|Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof / specially adapted for light emission, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED) or polymer light emitting devices (PLED);/ details of devices
|-
|align = "center"|H01L51/56
|Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof / specially adapted for light emission, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED) or polymer light emitting devices (PLED);/ Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof
|-
|align = "center"|H05B33/08P
|Electroluminescent light sources / Details/ Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application/ for light emitting diodes (LEDs) comprising organic materials, e.g. polymer LEDs (PLEDs) or OLEDs<nowiki>]</nowiki>
|-
|}

===US Classes===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''US Class'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center"|257/040
|Active solid-state devices (e.g., transistors, solid-state diodes)/ Organic semiconductor material
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.018
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.019
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Electrode
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.020
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Electrode/ Encapsulation
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.021
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Electrode/ Arrangements for extracting light from device (e.g., Bragg reflector pair)
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.022
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Multicolor organic light-emitting device (OLED)
|-
|align = "center"|313/504
|Electric lamp and discharge devices/ with luminescent solid or liquid material / Solid-state type / With particular phosphor or electrode material / Organic phosphor
|-
|}

==Taxonomy==
<mm>[[oled-taxonomy.mm]]</mm>

==Landscape Analysis Of Top-Emmission OLED==
===IP Landscape===

* We have chosen the top emission OLED's as the area of focus.
* The top emission OLED's have been facing challenges to achieve optimimum efficiencies in terms of light reflection. Also, it's been a challenge to increase the life time of the top emission OLED's. Lots of initiative is seen in this direction, and below is a snapshot of research work done by organizations worldwide to achieve higher efficiency levels through better design.

[[Image:IPactivity.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

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===Competitor Landscape===
[[Image:Assignee.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

===Competitor Mapping===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''#'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Assignee Name'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2001'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2002'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2003'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2004'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2005'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2006'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2007'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|Eastman Kodak
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center"|23
|align = "center"|24
|align = "center"|24
|align = "center"|12
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''87'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|Not Available
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center"|10
|align = "center"|9
|align = "center"|20
|align = "center"|18
|align = "center"|6
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''66'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|Osram Opto Semiconductors
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|Osram Opto Semiconductors
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|Cambridge DisplayTech
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|Novaled
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''7'''
|Optronics
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''8'''
|Agency for science technology
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|Universal Display
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''10'''
|Ind Tech
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''11'''
|Phillips
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''12'''
|3M
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''13'''
|Applied Film
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''14'''
|Dielectric Systems
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''15'''
|Elo Touch systems
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''16'''
|Emagin Corp
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''17'''
|IBM
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''18'''
|Ignis Innovation
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''19'''
|Kyocera
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''20'''
|Luxell Technologies
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''21'''
|Microemissive Displays
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''22'''
|Nat Taiwan University
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''23'''
|Optimax Technology
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''24'''
|Pai Jui-Fen
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''25'''
|Semiconductor Energy
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''26'''
|Sundew Technologies
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''27'''
|Univ Gent
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''28'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''14'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''36'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''58'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''66'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''28'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''208'''
|-
|}

----

===Key Inventors===
[[Image:Inventormap.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

===Key Inventor Mapping===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''S.No'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Top 10 Assignees of Last 5 Years'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2001'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2002'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2003'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2004'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2005'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2006'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2007'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|Cok Ronald S US
|
| 
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|12
|align = "right"|13
|align = "right"|13
|align = "right"|11
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''51'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|Ghosh Amalkumar P US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|Gupta Rahul US
|
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|5
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|Tyan Yuan-Sheng US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|3
|align = "right"|1
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|Miller Michael E US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|Stegamat Reza US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|1
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''7'''
|Silvernail Jeffrey Alan US
|
| 
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "right"|1
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''8'''
|Su Wencheng US
|
| 
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|Wang Jin-Shan US
|
| 
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|3
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''10'''
|Weaver Michael S US
|
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
| 
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''19'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''26'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''23'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''13'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''86'''
|-
|}

----

===Technology Mapping===
* In OLED devices not all internally generated light is coupled out of the device (only 20%-50%), which reduces the device efficiency and lifetime.
* Modification in structures are applied to improve outcouple efficiency in order to enhance the efficiency and lifetime of top emission OLEDs.
* Below is a snapshot of how various organizations are using different design structures, using the same principle of internal reflection, to achieve higher out-coupling efficiencies.

====Comparison of out coupling of waveguiding light in top-emission polyLED stack====
[[Image:Slide-oled.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]
* Some light is reflected out of the OLED at stray angles in typical cases. By using a barrier material (form of microparticles) in the cathode layer, this light at stray angles hits the barrier material, and some of it is reflected back and guided out at the right angles, reducing light loss.

[[Image:Slide-oled1.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* Microparticles are incorporated in the substrate, which prevents light loss by reflecting light emitted at stray angles.

[[Image:Slide-oled2.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* A highly reflective anode is provided made of Aluminium or Silver, with a mirror like finish, to reflect light.
[[Image:Slide-oled3.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* A shielding layer is provided below the anode, across its entire surface, thus increasing the surface area from which light can be reflected outside.

[[Image:Slide-oled4.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* The reflective layer, anode, is made of a highly reflective surface like Aluminium alloy or silver.

====Conclusion====
The innovation is towards:
* Incorporating micro-particles structure over the substrate that provide a reflective surface.
* Highly reflective materials using metals like Molybdenum etc.

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OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode

2011-02-18T09:54:05Z

Aartij: /* OLED Advantages and Disadvantages */

==Introduction==
The growing number of electronic devices using organic light emitting diode displays shows that after years of promise, the technology is increasingly finding place in many products. But while OLED displays might challenge LCDs as the screens of choice for smaller gadgets, the technology may not become mainstream for notebook PCs or TVs within this decade.

OLED displays use organic compounds that emit light when exposed to an electric current. They are brighter, have better contrast, offer wider viewing angles, use less power, and provide faster response times than liquid crystal displays. OLED screens' thickness is a third of that of LCDs, since they don't need a back-light, and that makes them a good fit for portable electronics devices.
==Rationale==
*Unlike LCDs, which require backlighting, OLED displays are "emissive" devices, meaning they emit light rather than modulate transmitted or reflected light.
*OLED technology was firstly developed in 1987 at Eastman Kodak Company by Tang and Van Slyke using small-molecule (sm-OLED). In 1990 Richard Friend, Jeremy Burroughes and Donal Bradley discovered electroluminescence capabilities from conjugated polymers so laying down the foundations for a new generation of flat panel displays.
*OLED has the potential to revolutionize the world's $100 billion lighting industry.[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2005725,00.html source]
*A light source that could put the traditional light bulb in the shade has been invented by US scientists.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sci/tech/4906188.stm source]
*OLEDs can provide brighter, crisper displays on electronic devices and use less power than conventional light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or liquid crystal displays (LCDs) used today.[http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/oled.htm source]

==OLED Components==
[[Image:oled structure.png|thumb|center| 300 px|]]
An OLED consists of the following parts:
*Substrate (clear plastic, glass, foil) - The substrate supports the OLED.
* Anode (transparent) - The anode removes electrons (adds electron "holes") when a current flows through the device.
* Organic layers - These layers are made of organic molecules or polymers.
**Conducting layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules that transport "holes" from the anode. One conducting polymer used in OLEDs is polyaniline.
**Emissive layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules (different ones from the conducting layer) that transport electrons from the cathode; this is where light is made. One polymer used in the emissive layer is polyfluorene.
* Cathode (may or may not be transparent depending on the type of OLED) - The cathode injects electrons when a current flows through the device.
==Working of OLED'S==
[[Image:oled WORKING.png|thumb|center| 400 px|]]
*OLEDs emit light in a similar manner to LEDs, through a process called electrophosphorescence.
*The process is as follows:
#The battery or power supply of the device containing the OLED applies a voltage across the OLED.
#An electrical current flows from the cathode to the anode through the organic layers (an electrical current is a flow of electrons).
#* The cathode gives electrons to the emissive layer of organic molecules.
#* The anode removes electrons from the conductive layer of organic molecules. (This is the equivalent to giving electron holes to the conductive layer.)
#At the boundary between the emissive and the conductive layers, electrons find electron holes.
#* When an electron finds an electron hole, the electron fills the hole (it falls into an energy level of the atom that's missing an electron).
#* When this happens, the electron gives up energy in the form of a photon of light (see How Light Works).
# The OLED emits light.
# The color of the light depends on the type of organic molecule in the emissive layer. Manufacturers place several types of organic films on the same OLED to make color displays.
# The intensity or brightness of the light depends on the amount of electrical current applied: the more current, the brighter the light.

==OLED Types==
There are several types of OLEDs
* Passive-matrix OLED
* Active-matrix OLED
* Transparent OLED
* Top-emitting OLED
* Bottom-emitting OLED
* Foldable OLED
* White OLED

===Passive-matrix OLED - PMOLED===
PMOLEDs have strips of cathode, organic layers and strips of anode. The anode strips are arranged perpendicular to the cathode strips. The intersections of the cathode and anode make up the pixels where light is emitted. External circuitry applies current to selected strips of anode and cathode, determining which pixels get turned on and which pixels remain off. Again, the brightness of each pixel is proportional to the amount of applied current.

PMOLEDs are easy to make, but they consume more power than other types of OLED, mainly due to the power needed for the external circuitry. PMOLEDs are most efficient for text and icons and are best suited for small screens (2- to 3-inch diagonal) such as those you find in cell phones, PDAs and MP3 players. Even with the external circuitry, passive-matrix OLEDs consume less battery power than the LCDs that are currently used in these devices.
[[Image:Passive.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Active-matrix OLED - AMOLED===
AMOLEDs have full layers of cathode, organic molecules and anode, but the anode layer overlays a thin film transistor (TFT) array that forms a matrix. The TFT array itself is the circuitry that determines which pixels get turned on to form an image. 

AMOLEDs consume less power than PMOLEDs because the TFT array requires less power than external circuitry, so they are efficient for large displays. AMOLEDs also have faster refresh rates suitable for video. The best uses for AMOLEDs are computer monitors, large screen TVs and electronic signs or billboards.

[[Image:Activeoled.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Transparent OLED===
Transparent OLEDs have only transparent components (substrate, cathode and anode) and, when turned off, are up to 85 percent as transparent as their substrate. When a transparent OLED display is turned on, it allows light to pass in both directions. A transparent OLED display can be either active- or passive-matrix. This technology can be used for heads-up displays.
[[Image:Transparent.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Top-emitting OLED===
Top-emitting OLEDs have a substrate that is either opaque or reflective. They are best suited to active-matrix design. Manufacturers may use top-emitting OLED displays in smart cards.
[[Image:Topoled.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Foldable OLED===
Foldable OLEDs have substrates made of very flexible metallic foils or plastics. Foldable OLEDs are very lightweight and durable. Their use in devices such as cell phones and PDAs can reduce breakage, a major cause for return or repair. Potentially, foldable OLED displays can be sewn into fabrics for "smart" clothing, such as outdoor survival clothing with an integrated computer chip, cell phone, GPS receiver and OLED display sewn into it.
[[Image:Fold.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===White OLED===
A white organic LED (OLED) incorporating a blue phosphorescent dye and a down-conversion phosphor has achieved a luminous efficacy of 25 lm/W. This high-efficacy device was enabled by lowering the device operating voltage, increasing the outcoupling efficiency, and incorporating highly efficient phosphorescent emitters.
[[Image:White.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

==OLED Advantages and Disadvantages==
'''OLEDs offer many advantages over both LCDs and LEDs:'''
* The plastic, organic layers of an OLED are thinner, lighter and more flexible than the crystalline layers in an LED or LCD.
* Because the light-emitting layers of an OLED are lighter, the substrate of an OLED can be flexible instead of rigid. OLED substrates can be plastic rather than the glass used for LEDs and LCDs.
* OLEDs are brighter than LEDs. Because the organic layers of an OLED are much thinner than the corresponding inorganic crystal layers of an LED, the conductive and emissive layers of an OLED can be multi-layered. Also, LEDs and LCDs require glass for support, and glass absorbs some light. OLEDs do not require glass.
* OLEDs do not require backlighting like LCDs. LCDs work by selectively blocking areas of the backlight to make the images that you see, while OLEDs generate light themselves. Because OLEDs do not require backlighting, they consume much less power than LCDs (most of the LCD power goes to the backlighting). This is especially important for battery-operated devices such as cell phones.
* OLEDs are easier to produce and can be made to larger sizes. Because OLEDs are essentially plastics, they can be made into large, thin sheets. It is much more difficult to grow and lay down so many liquid crystals.
* OLEDs have large fields of view, about 170 degrees. Because LCDs work by blocking light, they have an inherent viewing obstacle from certain angles. OLEDs produce their own light, so they have a much wider viewing range.
'''OLED seems to be the perfect technology for all types of displays, but it also has some problems:'''
* Lifetime - While red and green OLED films have longer lifetimes (46,000 to 230,000 hours), blue organics currently have much shorter lifetimes (up to around 14,000 hours.
* Water - Water can easily damage OLEDs.

==Control Patents==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''S.No'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Date of Publication'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Title'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|1
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7791271.PN.&OS=PN/7791271&RS=PN/7791271 US7791271B2]
|align = "center"|09/07/2010
|Global OLED Technology LLC
|Top-emitting OLED device with light-scattering layer and color-conversion
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|2
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7781961.PN.&OS=PN/7781961&RS=PN/7781961 US7781961B2]
|align = "center"|08/24/2010
|Novaled AG
|Top emitting, electroluminescent component with frequency conversion centres
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|3
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7002293.PN.&OS=PN/7002293&RS=PN/7002293 US7002293B2]
|align = "center"|02/21/2006
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Organic light emitting diode with improved light emission through the cathode
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|4
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6770502.PN.&OS=PN/6770502&RS=PN/6770502 US6770502B2]
|align = "center"|08/03/2004
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Method of manufacturing a top-emitting OLED display device with desiccant structures
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|5
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220080169757%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20080169757&RS=DN/20080169757 US20080169757A1]
|align = "center"|07/17/2008
|TPO Displays Corp.
|Top-emitting organic electroluminescent display
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|6
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060043373%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060043373&RS=DN/20060043373 US20060043373A1]
|align = "center"|03/02/2006
|Industrial Technology Research Institute
|Method for manufacturing a pixel array of top emitting OLED
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|7
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050236629%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050236629&RS=DN/20050236629 US20050236629A1]
|align = "center"|10/27/2005
|None
|Top emission organic light emitting diode display using auxiliary electrode to prevent voltage drop of upper electrode and method of fabricating the same
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|8
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?NUM=EP1489671A2&DB=EPODOC&submitted=true&locale=en_V3&ST=number&compact=false EP1489671A2]
|align = "center"|12/22/2004
|Global OLED Technology LLC
|Method of making a top-emitting oled device having improved power distribution
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|9
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?NUM=EP1029336A1&DB=EPODOC&submitted=true&locale=en_V3&ST=number&compact=false EP1029336A1]
|align = "center"|08/23/2000
|FED CORPORATION
|TOP EMITTING OLED WITH REFRACTORY METAL COMPOUNDS AS BOTTOM CATHODE
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|10
|align = "center"|[http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?WO=2001057904 WO2001057904A1]
|align = "center"|08/09/2001
|eMAGIN CORPORATION
|LOW ABSORPTION SPUTTER PROTECTION LAYER FOR OLED STRUCTURE
|-
|}
==Concept Table==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="55%"
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Top emission'''
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Organic Light Emitting Diode'''
|-
|Top emitting
|OLED
|-
|Top emissive
|polymer LED
|-
|
|light emitting polymer diode
|-
|
|organic LED
|-
|
|organic electroluminescent diode
|-
|
|FOLED
|-
|
|SM-OLED
|-
|
|small molecule OLED
|-
|
|AMOLED
|-
|
|PMOLED
|-
|}

==Classifications==
===IPC/ ECLA Classes===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''IPC/ ECLA Class'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center"|H01L27/28
|Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid state components formed in or on a common substrate/ including components using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part
|-
|align = "center"|H01L27/32
|Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid state components formed in or on a common substrate/ including components using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part/ with components specially adapted for light emission, e.g. flat-panel displays using organic light-emitting diodes (OLED)
|-
|align = "center"|H01L51/50
|Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof / specially adapted for light emission, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED) or polymer light emitting devices (PLED);
|-
|align = "center"|H01L51/52
|Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof / specially adapted for light emission, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED) or polymer light emitting devices (PLED);/ details of devices
|-
|align = "center"|H01L51/56
|Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof / specially adapted for light emission, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED) or polymer light emitting devices (PLED);/ Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof
|-
|align = "center"|H05B33/08P
|Electroluminescent light sources / Details/ Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application/ for light emitting diodes (LEDs) comprising organic materials, e.g. polymer LEDs (PLEDs) or OLEDs<nowiki>]</nowiki>
|-
|}

===US Classes===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''US Class'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center"|257/040
|Active solid-state devices (e.g., transistors, solid-state diodes)/ Organic semiconductor material
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.018
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.019
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Electrode
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.020
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Electrode/ Encapsulation
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.021
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Electrode/ Arrangements for extracting light from device (e.g., Bragg reflector pair)
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.022
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Multicolor organic light-emitting device (OLED)
|-
|align = "center"|313/504
|Electric lamp and discharge devices/ with luminescent solid or liquid material / Solid-state type / With particular phosphor or electrode material / Organic phosphor
|-
|}

==Landscape Analysis Of Top-Emmission OLED==
===IP Landscape===

* We have chosen the top emission OLED's as the area of focus.
* The top emission OLED's have been facing challenges to achieve optimimum efficiencies in terms of light reflection. Also, it's been a challenge to increase the life time of the top emission OLED's. Lots of initiative is seen in this direction, and below is a snapshot of research work done by organizations worldwide to achieve higher efficiency levels through better design.

[[Image:IPactivity.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

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===Competitor Landscape===
[[Image:Assignee.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

===Competitor Mapping===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''#'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Assignee Name'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2001'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2002'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2003'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2004'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2005'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2006'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2007'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|Eastman Kodak
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center"|23
|align = "center"|24
|align = "center"|24
|align = "center"|12
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''87'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|Not Available
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center"|10
|align = "center"|9
|align = "center"|20
|align = "center"|18
|align = "center"|6
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''66'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|Osram Opto Semiconductors
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|Osram Opto Semiconductors
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|Cambridge DisplayTech
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|Novaled
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''7'''
|Optronics
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''8'''
|Agency for science technology
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|Universal Display
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''10'''
|Ind Tech
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''11'''
|Phillips
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''12'''
|3M
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''13'''
|Applied Film
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''14'''
|Dielectric Systems
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''15'''
|Elo Touch systems
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''16'''
|Emagin Corp
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''17'''
|IBM
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''18'''
|Ignis Innovation
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''19'''
|Kyocera
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''20'''
|Luxell Technologies
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''21'''
|Microemissive Displays
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''22'''
|Nat Taiwan University
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''23'''
|Optimax Technology
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''24'''
|Pai Jui-Fen
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''25'''
|Semiconductor Energy
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''26'''
|Sundew Technologies
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''27'''
|Univ Gent
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''28'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''14'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''36'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''58'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''66'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''28'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''208'''
|-
|}

----

===Key Inventors===
[[Image:Inventormap.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

===Key Inventor Mapping===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''S.No'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Top 10 Assignees of Last 5 Years'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2001'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2002'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2003'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2004'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2005'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2006'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2007'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|Cok Ronald S US
|
| 
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|12
|align = "right"|13
|align = "right"|13
|align = "right"|11
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''51'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|Ghosh Amalkumar P US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|Gupta Rahul US
|
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|5
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|Tyan Yuan-Sheng US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|3
|align = "right"|1
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|Miller Michael E US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|Stegamat Reza US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|1
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''7'''
|Silvernail Jeffrey Alan US
|
| 
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "right"|1
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''8'''
|Su Wencheng US
|
| 
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|Wang Jin-Shan US
|
| 
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|3
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''10'''
|Weaver Michael S US
|
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
| 
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''19'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''26'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''23'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''13'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''86'''
|-
|}

----

===Technology Mapping===
* In OLED devices not all internally generated light is coupled out of the device (only 20%-50%), which reduces the device efficiency and lifetime.
* Modification in structures are applied to improve outcouple efficiency in order to enhance the efficiency and lifetime of top emission OLEDs.
* Below is a snapshot of how various organizations are using different design structures, using the same principle of internal reflection, to achieve higher out-coupling efficiencies.

====Comparison of out coupling of waveguiding light in top-emission polyLED stack====
[[Image:Slide-oled.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]
* Some light is reflected out of the OLED at stray angles in typical cases. By using a barrier material (form of microparticles) in the cathode layer, this light at stray angles hits the barrier material, and some of it is reflected back and guided out at the right angles, reducing light loss.

[[Image:Slide-oled1.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* Microparticles are incorporated in the substrate, which prevents light loss by reflecting light emitted at stray angles.

[[Image:Slide-oled2.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* A highly reflective anode is provided made of Aluminium or Silver, with a mirror like finish, to reflect light.
[[Image:Slide-oled3.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* A shielding layer is provided below the anode, across its entire surface, thus increasing the surface area from which light can be reflected outside.

[[Image:Slide-oled4.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* The reflective layer, anode, is made of a highly reflective surface like Aluminium alloy or silver.

====Conclusion====
The innovation is towards:
* Incorporating micro-particles structure over the substrate that provide a reflective surface.
* Highly reflective materials using metals like Molybdenum etc.

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|-
! style="background:lightgrey" | Samir Raiyani
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OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode

2011-02-18T09:53:32Z

Aartij: /* Rationale */

==Introduction==
The growing number of electronic devices using organic light emitting diode displays shows that after years of promise, the technology is increasingly finding place in many products. But while OLED displays might challenge LCDs as the screens of choice for smaller gadgets, the technology may not become mainstream for notebook PCs or TVs within this decade.

OLED displays use organic compounds that emit light when exposed to an electric current. They are brighter, have better contrast, offer wider viewing angles, use less power, and provide faster response times than liquid crystal displays. OLED screens' thickness is a third of that of LCDs, since they don't need a back-light, and that makes them a good fit for portable electronics devices.
==Rationale==
*Unlike LCDs, which require backlighting, OLED displays are "emissive" devices, meaning they emit light rather than modulate transmitted or reflected light.
*OLED technology was firstly developed in 1987 at Eastman Kodak Company by Tang and Van Slyke using small-molecule (sm-OLED). In 1990 Richard Friend, Jeremy Burroughes and Donal Bradley discovered electroluminescence capabilities from conjugated polymers so laying down the foundations for a new generation of flat panel displays.
*OLED has the potential to revolutionize the world's $100 billion lighting industry.[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2005725,00.html source]
*A light source that could put the traditional light bulb in the shade has been invented by US scientists.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sci/tech/4906188.stm source]
*OLEDs can provide brighter, crisper displays on electronic devices and use less power than conventional light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or liquid crystal displays (LCDs) used today.[http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/oled.htm source]

==OLED Components==
[[Image:oled structure.png|thumb|center| 300 px|]]
An OLED consists of the following parts:
*Substrate (clear plastic, glass, foil) - The substrate supports the OLED.
* Anode (transparent) - The anode removes electrons (adds electron "holes") when a current flows through the device.
* Organic layers - These layers are made of organic molecules or polymers.
**Conducting layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules that transport "holes" from the anode. One conducting polymer used in OLEDs is polyaniline.
**Emissive layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules (different ones from the conducting layer) that transport electrons from the cathode; this is where light is made. One polymer used in the emissive layer is polyfluorene.
* Cathode (may or may not be transparent depending on the type of OLED) - The cathode injects electrons when a current flows through the device.
==Working of OLED'S==
[[Image:oled WORKING.png|thumb|center| 400 px|]]
*OLEDs emit light in a similar manner to LEDs, through a process called electrophosphorescence.
*The process is as follows:
#The battery or power supply of the device containing the OLED applies a voltage across the OLED.
#An electrical current flows from the cathode to the anode through the organic layers (an electrical current is a flow of electrons).
#* The cathode gives electrons to the emissive layer of organic molecules.
#* The anode removes electrons from the conductive layer of organic molecules. (This is the equivalent to giving electron holes to the conductive layer.)
#At the boundary between the emissive and the conductive layers, electrons find electron holes.
#* When an electron finds an electron hole, the electron fills the hole (it falls into an energy level of the atom that's missing an electron).
#* When this happens, the electron gives up energy in the form of a photon of light (see How Light Works).
# The OLED emits light.
# The color of the light depends on the type of organic molecule in the emissive layer. Manufacturers place several types of organic films on the same OLED to make color displays.
# The intensity or brightness of the light depends on the amount of electrical current applied: the more current, the brighter the light.

==OLED Types==
There are several types of OLEDs
* Passive-matrix OLED
* Active-matrix OLED
* Transparent OLED
* Top-emitting OLED
* Bottom-emitting OLED
* Foldable OLED
* White OLED

===Passive-matrix OLED - PMOLED===
PMOLEDs have strips of cathode, organic layers and strips of anode. The anode strips are arranged perpendicular to the cathode strips. The intersections of the cathode and anode make up the pixels where light is emitted. External circuitry applies current to selected strips of anode and cathode, determining which pixels get turned on and which pixels remain off. Again, the brightness of each pixel is proportional to the amount of applied current.

PMOLEDs are easy to make, but they consume more power than other types of OLED, mainly due to the power needed for the external circuitry. PMOLEDs are most efficient for text and icons and are best suited for small screens (2- to 3-inch diagonal) such as those you find in cell phones, PDAs and MP3 players. Even with the external circuitry, passive-matrix OLEDs consume less battery power than the LCDs that are currently used in these devices.
[[Image:Passive.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Active-matrix OLED - AMOLED===
AMOLEDs have full layers of cathode, organic molecules and anode, but the anode layer overlays a thin film transistor (TFT) array that forms a matrix. The TFT array itself is the circuitry that determines which pixels get turned on to form an image. 

AMOLEDs consume less power than PMOLEDs because the TFT array requires less power than external circuitry, so they are efficient for large displays. AMOLEDs also have faster refresh rates suitable for video. The best uses for AMOLEDs are computer monitors, large screen TVs and electronic signs or billboards.

[[Image:Activeoled.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Transparent OLED===
Transparent OLEDs have only transparent components (substrate, cathode and anode) and, when turned off, are up to 85 percent as transparent as their substrate. When a transparent OLED display is turned on, it allows light to pass in both directions. A transparent OLED display can be either active- or passive-matrix. This technology can be used for heads-up displays.
[[Image:Transparent.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Top-emitting OLED===
Top-emitting OLEDs have a substrate that is either opaque or reflective. They are best suited to active-matrix design. Manufacturers may use top-emitting OLED displays in smart cards.
[[Image:Topoled.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Foldable OLED===
Foldable OLEDs have substrates made of very flexible metallic foils or plastics. Foldable OLEDs are very lightweight and durable. Their use in devices such as cell phones and PDAs can reduce breakage, a major cause for return or repair. Potentially, foldable OLED displays can be sewn into fabrics for "smart" clothing, such as outdoor survival clothing with an integrated computer chip, cell phone, GPS receiver and OLED display sewn into it.
[[Image:Fold.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===White OLED===
A white organic LED (OLED) incorporating a blue phosphorescent dye and a down-conversion phosphor has achieved a luminous efficacy of 25 lm/W. This high-efficacy device was enabled by lowering the device operating voltage, increasing the outcoupling efficiency, and incorporating highly efficient phosphorescent emitters.
[[Image:White.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

==OLED Advantages and Disadvantages==
'''OLEDs offer many advantages over both LCDs and LEDs:'''
* The plastic, organic layers of an OLED are thinner, lighter and more flexible than the crystalline layers in an LED or LCD.
* Because the light-emitting layers of an OLED are lighter, the substrate of an OLED can be flexible instead of rigid. OLED substrates can be plastic rather than the glass used for LEDs and LCDs.
* OLEDs are brighter than LEDs. Because the organic layers of an OLED are much thinner than the corresponding inorganic crystal layers of an LED, the conductive and emissive layers of an OLED can be multi-layered. Also, LEDs and LCDs require glass for support, and glass absorbs some light. OLEDs do not require glass.
* OLEDs do not require backlighting like LCDs. LCDs work by selectively blocking areas of the backlight to make the images that you see, while OLEDs generate light themselves. Because OLEDs do not require backlighting, they consume much less power than LCDs (most of the LCD power goes to the backlighting). This is especially important for battery-operated devices such as cell phones.
* OLEDs are easier to produce and can be made to larger sizes. Because OLEDs are essentially plastics, they can be made into large, thin sheets. It is much more difficult to grow and lay down so many liquid crystals.
* OLEDs have large fields of view, about 170 degrees. Because LCDs work by blocking light, they have an inherent viewing obstacle from certain angles. OLEDs produce their own light, so they have a much wider viewing range.
'''OLED seems to be the perfect technology for all types of displays, but it also has some problems:'''
* Lifetime - While red and green OLED films have longer lifetimes (46,000 to 230,000 hours), blue organics currently have much shorter lifetimes (up to around 14,000 hours.
* Water - Water can easily damage OLEDs.

==Control Patents==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''S.No'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Date of Publication'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Title'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|1
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7791271.PN.&OS=PN/7791271&RS=PN/7791271 US7791271B2]
|align = "center"|09/07/2010
|Global OLED Technology LLC
|Top-emitting OLED device with light-scattering layer and color-conversion
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|2
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7781961.PN.&OS=PN/7781961&RS=PN/7781961 US7781961B2]
|align = "center"|08/24/2010
|Novaled AG
|Top emitting, electroluminescent component with frequency conversion centres
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|3
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7002293.PN.&OS=PN/7002293&RS=PN/7002293 US7002293B2]
|align = "center"|02/21/2006
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Organic light emitting diode with improved light emission through the cathode
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|4
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6770502.PN.&OS=PN/6770502&RS=PN/6770502 US6770502B2]
|align = "center"|08/03/2004
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Method of manufacturing a top-emitting OLED display device with desiccant structures
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|5
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220080169757%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20080169757&RS=DN/20080169757 US20080169757A1]
|align = "center"|07/17/2008
|TPO Displays Corp.
|Top-emitting organic electroluminescent display
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|6
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060043373%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060043373&RS=DN/20060043373 US20060043373A1]
|align = "center"|03/02/2006
|Industrial Technology Research Institute
|Method for manufacturing a pixel array of top emitting OLED
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|7
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050236629%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050236629&RS=DN/20050236629 US20050236629A1]
|align = "center"|10/27/2005
|None
|Top emission organic light emitting diode display using auxiliary electrode to prevent voltage drop of upper electrode and method of fabricating the same
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|8
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?NUM=EP1489671A2&DB=EPODOC&submitted=true&locale=en_V3&ST=number&compact=false EP1489671A2]
|align = "center"|12/22/2004
|Global OLED Technology LLC
|Method of making a top-emitting oled device having improved power distribution
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|9
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?NUM=EP1029336A1&DB=EPODOC&submitted=true&locale=en_V3&ST=number&compact=false EP1029336A1]
|align = "center"|08/23/2000
|FED CORPORATION
|TOP EMITTING OLED WITH REFRACTORY METAL COMPOUNDS AS BOTTOM CATHODE
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|10
|align = "center"|[http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?WO=2001057904 WO2001057904A1]
|align = "center"|08/09/2001
|eMAGIN CORPORATION
|LOW ABSORPTION SPUTTER PROTECTION LAYER FOR OLED STRUCTURE
|-
|}
==Concept Table==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="55%"
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Top emission'''
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Organic Light Emitting Diode'''
|-
|Top emitting
|OLED
|-
|Top emissive
|polymer LED
|-
|
|light emitting polymer diode
|-
|
|organic LED
|-
|
|organic electroluminescent diode
|-
|
|FOLED
|-
|
|SM-OLED
|-
|
|small molecule OLED
|-
|
|AMOLED
|-
|
|PMOLED
|-
|}

==Classifications==
===IPC/ ECLA Classes===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''IPC/ ECLA Class'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center"|H01L27/28
|Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid state components formed in or on a common substrate/ including components using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part
|-
|align = "center"|H01L27/32
|Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid state components formed in or on a common substrate/ including components using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part/ with components specially adapted for light emission, e.g. flat-panel displays using organic light-emitting diodes (OLED)
|-
|align = "center"|H01L51/50
|Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof / specially adapted for light emission, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED) or polymer light emitting devices (PLED);
|-
|align = "center"|H01L51/52
|Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof / specially adapted for light emission, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED) or polymer light emitting devices (PLED);/ details of devices
|-
|align = "center"|H01L51/56
|Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof / specially adapted for light emission, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED) or polymer light emitting devices (PLED);/ Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof
|-
|align = "center"|H05B33/08P
|Electroluminescent light sources / Details/ Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application/ for light emitting diodes (LEDs) comprising organic materials, e.g. polymer LEDs (PLEDs) or OLEDs<nowiki>]</nowiki>
|-
|}

===US Classes===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''US Class'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center"|257/040
|Active solid-state devices (e.g., transistors, solid-state diodes)/ Organic semiconductor material
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.018
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.019
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Electrode
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.020
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Electrode/ Encapsulation
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.021
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Electrode/ Arrangements for extracting light from device (e.g., Bragg reflector pair)
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.022
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Multicolor organic light-emitting device (OLED)
|-
|align = "center"|313/504
|Electric lamp and discharge devices/ with luminescent solid or liquid material / Solid-state type / With particular phosphor or electrode material / Organic phosphor
|-
|}

==Landscape Analysis Of Top-Emmission OLED==
===IP Landscape===

* We have chosen the top emission OLED's as the area of focus.
* The top emission OLED's have been facing challenges to achieve optimimum efficiencies in terms of light reflection. Also, it's been a challenge to increase the life time of the top emission OLED's. Lots of initiative is seen in this direction, and below is a snapshot of research work done by organizations worldwide to achieve higher efficiency levels through better design.

[[Image:IPactivity.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

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===Competitor Landscape===
[[Image:Assignee.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

===Competitor Mapping===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''#'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Assignee Name'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2001'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2002'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2003'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2004'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2005'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2006'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2007'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|Eastman Kodak
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center"|23
|align = "center"|24
|align = "center"|24
|align = "center"|12
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''87'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|Not Available
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center"|10
|align = "center"|9
|align = "center"|20
|align = "center"|18
|align = "center"|6
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''66'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|Osram Opto Semiconductors
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|Osram Opto Semiconductors
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|Cambridge DisplayTech
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|Novaled
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''7'''
|Optronics
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''8'''
|Agency for science technology
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|Universal Display
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''10'''
|Ind Tech
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''11'''
|Phillips
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''12'''
|3M
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''13'''
|Applied Film
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''14'''
|Dielectric Systems
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''15'''
|Elo Touch systems
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''16'''
|Emagin Corp
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''17'''
|IBM
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''18'''
|Ignis Innovation
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''19'''
|Kyocera
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''20'''
|Luxell Technologies
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''21'''
|Microemissive Displays
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''22'''
|Nat Taiwan University
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''23'''
|Optimax Technology
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''24'''
|Pai Jui-Fen
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''25'''
|Semiconductor Energy
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''26'''
|Sundew Technologies
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''27'''
|Univ Gent
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''28'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''14'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''36'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''58'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''66'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''28'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''208'''
|-
|}

----

===Key Inventors===
[[Image:Inventormap.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

===Key Inventor Mapping===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''S.No'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Top 10 Assignees of Last 5 Years'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2001'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2002'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2003'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2004'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2005'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2006'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2007'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|Cok Ronald S US
|
| 
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|12
|align = "right"|13
|align = "right"|13
|align = "right"|11
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''51'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|Ghosh Amalkumar P US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|Gupta Rahul US
|
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|5
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|Tyan Yuan-Sheng US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|3
|align = "right"|1
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|Miller Michael E US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|Stegamat Reza US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|1
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''7'''
|Silvernail Jeffrey Alan US
|
| 
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "right"|1
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''8'''
|Su Wencheng US
|
| 
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|Wang Jin-Shan US
|
| 
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|3
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''10'''
|Weaver Michael S US
|
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
| 
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''19'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''26'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''23'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''13'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''86'''
|-
|}

----

===Technology Mapping===
* In OLED devices not all internally generated light is coupled out of the device (only 20%-50%), which reduces the device efficiency and lifetime.
* Modification in structures are applied to improve outcouple efficiency in order to enhance the efficiency and lifetime of top emission OLEDs.
* Below is a snapshot of how various organizations are using different design structures, using the same principle of internal reflection, to achieve higher out-coupling efficiencies.

====Comparison of out coupling of waveguiding light in top-emission polyLED stack====
[[Image:Slide-oled.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]
* Some light is reflected out of the OLED at stray angles in typical cases. By using a barrier material (form of microparticles) in the cathode layer, this light at stray angles hits the barrier material, and some of it is reflected back and guided out at the right angles, reducing light loss.

[[Image:Slide-oled1.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* Microparticles are incorporated in the substrate, which prevents light loss by reflecting light emitted at stray angles.

[[Image:Slide-oled2.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* A highly reflective anode is provided made of Aluminium or Silver, with a mirror like finish, to reflect light.
[[Image:Slide-oled3.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* A shielding layer is provided below the anode, across its entire surface, thus increasing the surface area from which light can be reflected outside.

[[Image:Slide-oled4.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* The reflective layer, anode, is made of a highly reflective surface like Aluminium alloy or silver.

====Conclusion====
The innovation is towards:
* Incorporating micro-particles structure over the substrate that provide a reflective surface.
* Highly reflective materials using metals like Molybdenum etc.

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OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode

2011-02-18T09:52:12Z

Aartij: /* Rationale */

==Introduction==
The growing number of electronic devices using organic light emitting diode displays shows that after years of promise, the technology is increasingly finding place in many products. But while OLED displays might challenge LCDs as the screens of choice for smaller gadgets, the technology may not become mainstream for notebook PCs or TVs within this decade.

OLED displays use organic compounds that emit light when exposed to an electric current. They are brighter, have better contrast, offer wider viewing angles, use less power, and provide faster response times than liquid crystal displays. OLED screens' thickness is a third of that of LCDs, since they don't need a back-light, and that makes them a good fit for portable electronics devices.
==Rationale==
*Unlike LCDs, which require backlighting, OLED displays are "emissive" devices, meaning they emit light rather than modulate transmitted or reflected light.
*OLED technology was firstly developed in 1987 at Eastman Kodak Company by Tang and Van Slyke using small-molecule (sm-OLED). In 1990 Richard Friend, Jeremy Burroughes and Donal Bradley discovered electroluminescence capabilities from conjugated polymers so laying down the foundations for a new generation of flat panel displays.
*OLED has the potential to revolutionize the world's $100 billion lighting industry.[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2005725,00.html source]
*A light source that could put the traditional light bulb in the shade has been invented by US scientists.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sci/tech/4906188.stm source]

==OLED Components==
[[Image:oled structure.png|thumb|center| 300 px|]]
An OLED consists of the following parts:
*Substrate (clear plastic, glass, foil) - The substrate supports the OLED.
* Anode (transparent) - The anode removes electrons (adds electron "holes") when a current flows through the device.
* Organic layers - These layers are made of organic molecules or polymers.
**Conducting layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules that transport "holes" from the anode. One conducting polymer used in OLEDs is polyaniline.
**Emissive layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules (different ones from the conducting layer) that transport electrons from the cathode; this is where light is made. One polymer used in the emissive layer is polyfluorene.
* Cathode (may or may not be transparent depending on the type of OLED) - The cathode injects electrons when a current flows through the device.
==Working of OLED'S==
[[Image:oled WORKING.png|thumb|center| 400 px|]]
*OLEDs emit light in a similar manner to LEDs, through a process called electrophosphorescence.
*The process is as follows:
#The battery or power supply of the device containing the OLED applies a voltage across the OLED.
#An electrical current flows from the cathode to the anode through the organic layers (an electrical current is a flow of electrons).
#* The cathode gives electrons to the emissive layer of organic molecules.
#* The anode removes electrons from the conductive layer of organic molecules. (This is the equivalent to giving electron holes to the conductive layer.)
#At the boundary between the emissive and the conductive layers, electrons find electron holes.
#* When an electron finds an electron hole, the electron fills the hole (it falls into an energy level of the atom that's missing an electron).
#* When this happens, the electron gives up energy in the form of a photon of light (see How Light Works).
# The OLED emits light.
# The color of the light depends on the type of organic molecule in the emissive layer. Manufacturers place several types of organic films on the same OLED to make color displays.
# The intensity or brightness of the light depends on the amount of electrical current applied: the more current, the brighter the light.

==OLED Types==
There are several types of OLEDs
* Passive-matrix OLED
* Active-matrix OLED
* Transparent OLED
* Top-emitting OLED
* Bottom-emitting OLED
* Foldable OLED
* White OLED

===Passive-matrix OLED - PMOLED===
PMOLEDs have strips of cathode, organic layers and strips of anode. The anode strips are arranged perpendicular to the cathode strips. The intersections of the cathode and anode make up the pixels where light is emitted. External circuitry applies current to selected strips of anode and cathode, determining which pixels get turned on and which pixels remain off. Again, the brightness of each pixel is proportional to the amount of applied current.

PMOLEDs are easy to make, but they consume more power than other types of OLED, mainly due to the power needed for the external circuitry. PMOLEDs are most efficient for text and icons and are best suited for small screens (2- to 3-inch diagonal) such as those you find in cell phones, PDAs and MP3 players. Even with the external circuitry, passive-matrix OLEDs consume less battery power than the LCDs that are currently used in these devices.
[[Image:Passive.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Active-matrix OLED - AMOLED===
AMOLEDs have full layers of cathode, organic molecules and anode, but the anode layer overlays a thin film transistor (TFT) array that forms a matrix. The TFT array itself is the circuitry that determines which pixels get turned on to form an image. 

AMOLEDs consume less power than PMOLEDs because the TFT array requires less power than external circuitry, so they are efficient for large displays. AMOLEDs also have faster refresh rates suitable for video. The best uses for AMOLEDs are computer monitors, large screen TVs and electronic signs or billboards.

[[Image:Activeoled.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Transparent OLED===
Transparent OLEDs have only transparent components (substrate, cathode and anode) and, when turned off, are up to 85 percent as transparent as their substrate. When a transparent OLED display is turned on, it allows light to pass in both directions. A transparent OLED display can be either active- or passive-matrix. This technology can be used for heads-up displays.
[[Image:Transparent.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Top-emitting OLED===
Top-emitting OLEDs have a substrate that is either opaque or reflective. They are best suited to active-matrix design. Manufacturers may use top-emitting OLED displays in smart cards.
[[Image:Topoled.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Foldable OLED===
Foldable OLEDs have substrates made of very flexible metallic foils or plastics. Foldable OLEDs are very lightweight and durable. Their use in devices such as cell phones and PDAs can reduce breakage, a major cause for return or repair. Potentially, foldable OLED displays can be sewn into fabrics for "smart" clothing, such as outdoor survival clothing with an integrated computer chip, cell phone, GPS receiver and OLED display sewn into it.
[[Image:Fold.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===White OLED===
A white organic LED (OLED) incorporating a blue phosphorescent dye and a down-conversion phosphor has achieved a luminous efficacy of 25 lm/W. This high-efficacy device was enabled by lowering the device operating voltage, increasing the outcoupling efficiency, and incorporating highly efficient phosphorescent emitters.
[[Image:White.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

==OLED Advantages and Disadvantages==
'''OLEDs offer many advantages over both LCDs and LEDs:'''
* The plastic, organic layers of an OLED are thinner, lighter and more flexible than the crystalline layers in an LED or LCD.
* Because the light-emitting layers of an OLED are lighter, the substrate of an OLED can be flexible instead of rigid. OLED substrates can be plastic rather than the glass used for LEDs and LCDs.
* OLEDs are brighter than LEDs. Because the organic layers of an OLED are much thinner than the corresponding inorganic crystal layers of an LED, the conductive and emissive layers of an OLED can be multi-layered. Also, LEDs and LCDs require glass for support, and glass absorbs some light. OLEDs do not require glass.
* OLEDs do not require backlighting like LCDs. LCDs work by selectively blocking areas of the backlight to make the images that you see, while OLEDs generate light themselves. Because OLEDs do not require backlighting, they consume much less power than LCDs (most of the LCD power goes to the backlighting). This is especially important for battery-operated devices such as cell phones.
* OLEDs are easier to produce and can be made to larger sizes. Because OLEDs are essentially plastics, they can be made into large, thin sheets. It is much more difficult to grow and lay down so many liquid crystals.
* OLEDs have large fields of view, about 170 degrees. Because LCDs work by blocking light, they have an inherent viewing obstacle from certain angles. OLEDs produce their own light, so they have a much wider viewing range.
'''OLED seems to be the perfect technology for all types of displays, but it also has some problems:'''
* Lifetime - While red and green OLED films have longer lifetimes (46,000 to 230,000 hours), blue organics currently have much shorter lifetimes (up to around 14,000 hours.
* Water - Water can easily damage OLEDs.

==Control Patents==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''S.No'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Date of Publication'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Title'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|1
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7791271.PN.&OS=PN/7791271&RS=PN/7791271 US7791271B2]
|align = "center"|09/07/2010
|Global OLED Technology LLC
|Top-emitting OLED device with light-scattering layer and color-conversion
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|2
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7781961.PN.&OS=PN/7781961&RS=PN/7781961 US7781961B2]
|align = "center"|08/24/2010
|Novaled AG
|Top emitting, electroluminescent component with frequency conversion centres
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|3
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7002293.PN.&OS=PN/7002293&RS=PN/7002293 US7002293B2]
|align = "center"|02/21/2006
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Organic light emitting diode with improved light emission through the cathode
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|4
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6770502.PN.&OS=PN/6770502&RS=PN/6770502 US6770502B2]
|align = "center"|08/03/2004
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Method of manufacturing a top-emitting OLED display device with desiccant structures
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|5
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220080169757%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20080169757&RS=DN/20080169757 US20080169757A1]
|align = "center"|07/17/2008
|TPO Displays Corp.
|Top-emitting organic electroluminescent display
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|6
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060043373%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060043373&RS=DN/20060043373 US20060043373A1]
|align = "center"|03/02/2006
|Industrial Technology Research Institute
|Method for manufacturing a pixel array of top emitting OLED
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|7
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050236629%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050236629&RS=DN/20050236629 US20050236629A1]
|align = "center"|10/27/2005
|None
|Top emission organic light emitting diode display using auxiliary electrode to prevent voltage drop of upper electrode and method of fabricating the same
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|8
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?NUM=EP1489671A2&DB=EPODOC&submitted=true&locale=en_V3&ST=number&compact=false EP1489671A2]
|align = "center"|12/22/2004
|Global OLED Technology LLC
|Method of making a top-emitting oled device having improved power distribution
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|9
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?NUM=EP1029336A1&DB=EPODOC&submitted=true&locale=en_V3&ST=number&compact=false EP1029336A1]
|align = "center"|08/23/2000
|FED CORPORATION
|TOP EMITTING OLED WITH REFRACTORY METAL COMPOUNDS AS BOTTOM CATHODE
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|10
|align = "center"|[http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?WO=2001057904 WO2001057904A1]
|align = "center"|08/09/2001
|eMAGIN CORPORATION
|LOW ABSORPTION SPUTTER PROTECTION LAYER FOR OLED STRUCTURE
|-
|}
==Concept Table==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="55%"
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Top emission'''
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Organic Light Emitting Diode'''
|-
|Top emitting
|OLED
|-
|Top emissive
|polymer LED
|-
|
|light emitting polymer diode
|-
|
|organic LED
|-
|
|organic electroluminescent diode
|-
|
|FOLED
|-
|
|SM-OLED
|-
|
|small molecule OLED
|-
|
|AMOLED
|-
|
|PMOLED
|-
|}

==Classifications==
===IPC/ ECLA Classes===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''IPC/ ECLA Class'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center"|H01L27/28
|Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid state components formed in or on a common substrate/ including components using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part
|-
|align = "center"|H01L27/32
|Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid state components formed in or on a common substrate/ including components using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part/ with components specially adapted for light emission, e.g. flat-panel displays using organic light-emitting diodes (OLED)
|-
|align = "center"|H01L51/50
|Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof / specially adapted for light emission, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED) or polymer light emitting devices (PLED);
|-
|align = "center"|H01L51/52
|Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof / specially adapted for light emission, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED) or polymer light emitting devices (PLED);/ details of devices
|-
|align = "center"|H01L51/56
|Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof / specially adapted for light emission, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED) or polymer light emitting devices (PLED);/ Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof
|-
|align = "center"|H05B33/08P
|Electroluminescent light sources / Details/ Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application/ for light emitting diodes (LEDs) comprising organic materials, e.g. polymer LEDs (PLEDs) or OLEDs<nowiki>]</nowiki>
|-
|}

===US Classes===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''US Class'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center"|257/040
|Active solid-state devices (e.g., transistors, solid-state diodes)/ Organic semiconductor material
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.018
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.019
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Electrode
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.020
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Electrode/ Encapsulation
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.021
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Electrode/ Arrangements for extracting light from device (e.g., Bragg reflector pair)
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.022
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Multicolor organic light-emitting device (OLED)
|-
|align = "center"|313/504
|Electric lamp and discharge devices/ with luminescent solid or liquid material / Solid-state type / With particular phosphor or electrode material / Organic phosphor
|-
|}

==Landscape Analysis Of Top-Emmission OLED==
===IP Landscape===

* We have chosen the top emission OLED's as the area of focus.
* The top emission OLED's have been facing challenges to achieve optimimum efficiencies in terms of light reflection. Also, it's been a challenge to increase the life time of the top emission OLED's. Lots of initiative is seen in this direction, and below is a snapshot of research work done by organizations worldwide to achieve higher efficiency levels through better design.

[[Image:IPactivity.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

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===Competitor Landscape===
[[Image:Assignee.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

===Competitor Mapping===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''#'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Assignee Name'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2001'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2002'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2003'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2004'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2005'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2006'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2007'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|Eastman Kodak
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center"|23
|align = "center"|24
|align = "center"|24
|align = "center"|12
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''87'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|Not Available
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center"|10
|align = "center"|9
|align = "center"|20
|align = "center"|18
|align = "center"|6
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''66'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|Osram Opto Semiconductors
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|Osram Opto Semiconductors
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|Cambridge DisplayTech
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|Novaled
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''7'''
|Optronics
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''8'''
|Agency for science technology
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|Universal Display
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''10'''
|Ind Tech
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''11'''
|Phillips
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''12'''
|3M
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''13'''
|Applied Film
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''14'''
|Dielectric Systems
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''15'''
|Elo Touch systems
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''16'''
|Emagin Corp
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''17'''
|IBM
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''18'''
|Ignis Innovation
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''19'''
|Kyocera
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''20'''
|Luxell Technologies
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''21'''
|Microemissive Displays
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''22'''
|Nat Taiwan University
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''23'''
|Optimax Technology
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''24'''
|Pai Jui-Fen
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''25'''
|Semiconductor Energy
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''26'''
|Sundew Technologies
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''27'''
|Univ Gent
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''28'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''14'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''36'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''58'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''66'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''28'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''208'''
|-
|}

----

===Key Inventors===
[[Image:Inventormap.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

===Key Inventor Mapping===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''S.No'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Top 10 Assignees of Last 5 Years'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2001'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2002'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2003'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2004'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2005'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2006'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2007'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|Cok Ronald S US
|
| 
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|12
|align = "right"|13
|align = "right"|13
|align = "right"|11
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''51'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|Ghosh Amalkumar P US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|Gupta Rahul US
|
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|5
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|Tyan Yuan-Sheng US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|3
|align = "right"|1
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|Miller Michael E US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|Stegamat Reza US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|1
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''7'''
|Silvernail Jeffrey Alan US
|
| 
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "right"|1
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''8'''
|Su Wencheng US
|
| 
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|Wang Jin-Shan US
|
| 
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|3
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''10'''
|Weaver Michael S US
|
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
| 
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''19'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''26'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''23'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''13'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''86'''
|-
|}

----

===Technology Mapping===
* In OLED devices not all internally generated light is coupled out of the device (only 20%-50%), which reduces the device efficiency and lifetime.
* Modification in structures are applied to improve outcouple efficiency in order to enhance the efficiency and lifetime of top emission OLEDs.
* Below is a snapshot of how various organizations are using different design structures, using the same principle of internal reflection, to achieve higher out-coupling efficiencies.

====Comparison of out coupling of waveguiding light in top-emission polyLED stack====
[[Image:Slide-oled.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]
* Some light is reflected out of the OLED at stray angles in typical cases. By using a barrier material (form of microparticles) in the cathode layer, this light at stray angles hits the barrier material, and some of it is reflected back and guided out at the right angles, reducing light loss.

[[Image:Slide-oled1.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* Microparticles are incorporated in the substrate, which prevents light loss by reflecting light emitted at stray angles.

[[Image:Slide-oled2.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* A highly reflective anode is provided made of Aluminium or Silver, with a mirror like finish, to reflect light.
[[Image:Slide-oled3.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* A shielding layer is provided below the anode, across its entire surface, thus increasing the surface area from which light can be reflected outside.

[[Image:Slide-oled4.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* The reflective layer, anode, is made of a highly reflective surface like Aluminium alloy or silver.

====Conclusion====
The innovation is towards:
* Incorporating micro-particles structure over the substrate that provide a reflective surface.
* Highly reflective materials using metals like Molybdenum etc.

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OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode

2011-02-18T09:49:42Z

Aartij: /* Rationale */

==Introduction==
The growing number of electronic devices using organic light emitting diode displays shows that after years of promise, the technology is increasingly finding place in many products. But while OLED displays might challenge LCDs as the screens of choice for smaller gadgets, the technology may not become mainstream for notebook PCs or TVs within this decade.

OLED displays use organic compounds that emit light when exposed to an electric current. They are brighter, have better contrast, offer wider viewing angles, use less power, and provide faster response times than liquid crystal displays. OLED screens' thickness is a third of that of LCDs, since they don't need a back-light, and that makes them a good fit for portable electronics devices.
==Rationale==
*Unlike LCDs, which require backlighting, OLED displays are "emissive" devices, meaning they emit light rather than modulate transmitted or reflected light.
*OLED technology was firstly developed in 1987 at Eastman Kodak Company by Tang and Van Slyke using small-molecule (sm-OLED). In 1990 Richard Friend, Jeremy Burroughes and Donal Bradley discovered electroluminescence capabilities from conjugated polymers so laying down the foundations for a new generation of flat panel displays.
*OLED has the potential to revolutionize the world's $100 billion lighting industry.[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2005725,00.html source]

==OLED Components==
[[Image:oled structure.png|thumb|center| 300 px|]]
An OLED consists of the following parts:
*Substrate (clear plastic, glass, foil) - The substrate supports the OLED.
* Anode (transparent) - The anode removes electrons (adds electron "holes") when a current flows through the device.
* Organic layers - These layers are made of organic molecules or polymers.
**Conducting layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules that transport "holes" from the anode. One conducting polymer used in OLEDs is polyaniline.
**Emissive layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules (different ones from the conducting layer) that transport electrons from the cathode; this is where light is made. One polymer used in the emissive layer is polyfluorene.
* Cathode (may or may not be transparent depending on the type of OLED) - The cathode injects electrons when a current flows through the device.
==Working of OLED'S==
[[Image:oled WORKING.png|thumb|center| 400 px|]]
*OLEDs emit light in a similar manner to LEDs, through a process called electrophosphorescence.
*The process is as follows:
#The battery or power supply of the device containing the OLED applies a voltage across the OLED.
#An electrical current flows from the cathode to the anode through the organic layers (an electrical current is a flow of electrons).
#* The cathode gives electrons to the emissive layer of organic molecules.
#* The anode removes electrons from the conductive layer of organic molecules. (This is the equivalent to giving electron holes to the conductive layer.)
#At the boundary between the emissive and the conductive layers, electrons find electron holes.
#* When an electron finds an electron hole, the electron fills the hole (it falls into an energy level of the atom that's missing an electron).
#* When this happens, the electron gives up energy in the form of a photon of light (see How Light Works).
# The OLED emits light.
# The color of the light depends on the type of organic molecule in the emissive layer. Manufacturers place several types of organic films on the same OLED to make color displays.
# The intensity or brightness of the light depends on the amount of electrical current applied: the more current, the brighter the light.

==OLED Types==
There are several types of OLEDs
* Passive-matrix OLED
* Active-matrix OLED
* Transparent OLED
* Top-emitting OLED
* Bottom-emitting OLED
* Foldable OLED
* White OLED

===Passive-matrix OLED - PMOLED===
PMOLEDs have strips of cathode, organic layers and strips of anode. The anode strips are arranged perpendicular to the cathode strips. The intersections of the cathode and anode make up the pixels where light is emitted. External circuitry applies current to selected strips of anode and cathode, determining which pixels get turned on and which pixels remain off. Again, the brightness of each pixel is proportional to the amount of applied current.

PMOLEDs are easy to make, but they consume more power than other types of OLED, mainly due to the power needed for the external circuitry. PMOLEDs are most efficient for text and icons and are best suited for small screens (2- to 3-inch diagonal) such as those you find in cell phones, PDAs and MP3 players. Even with the external circuitry, passive-matrix OLEDs consume less battery power than the LCDs that are currently used in these devices.
[[Image:Passive.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Active-matrix OLED - AMOLED===
AMOLEDs have full layers of cathode, organic molecules and anode, but the anode layer overlays a thin film transistor (TFT) array that forms a matrix. The TFT array itself is the circuitry that determines which pixels get turned on to form an image. 

AMOLEDs consume less power than PMOLEDs because the TFT array requires less power than external circuitry, so they are efficient for large displays. AMOLEDs also have faster refresh rates suitable for video. The best uses for AMOLEDs are computer monitors, large screen TVs and electronic signs or billboards.

[[Image:Activeoled.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Transparent OLED===
Transparent OLEDs have only transparent components (substrate, cathode and anode) and, when turned off, are up to 85 percent as transparent as their substrate. When a transparent OLED display is turned on, it allows light to pass in both directions. A transparent OLED display can be either active- or passive-matrix. This technology can be used for heads-up displays.
[[Image:Transparent.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Top-emitting OLED===
Top-emitting OLEDs have a substrate that is either opaque or reflective. They are best suited to active-matrix design. Manufacturers may use top-emitting OLED displays in smart cards.
[[Image:Topoled.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Foldable OLED===
Foldable OLEDs have substrates made of very flexible metallic foils or plastics. Foldable OLEDs are very lightweight and durable. Their use in devices such as cell phones and PDAs can reduce breakage, a major cause for return or repair. Potentially, foldable OLED displays can be sewn into fabrics for "smart" clothing, such as outdoor survival clothing with an integrated computer chip, cell phone, GPS receiver and OLED display sewn into it.
[[Image:Fold.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===White OLED===
A white organic LED (OLED) incorporating a blue phosphorescent dye and a down-conversion phosphor has achieved a luminous efficacy of 25 lm/W. This high-efficacy device was enabled by lowering the device operating voltage, increasing the outcoupling efficiency, and incorporating highly efficient phosphorescent emitters.
[[Image:White.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

==OLED Advantages and Disadvantages==
'''OLEDs offer many advantages over both LCDs and LEDs:'''
* The plastic, organic layers of an OLED are thinner, lighter and more flexible than the crystalline layers in an LED or LCD.
* Because the light-emitting layers of an OLED are lighter, the substrate of an OLED can be flexible instead of rigid. OLED substrates can be plastic rather than the glass used for LEDs and LCDs.
* OLEDs are brighter than LEDs. Because the organic layers of an OLED are much thinner than the corresponding inorganic crystal layers of an LED, the conductive and emissive layers of an OLED can be multi-layered. Also, LEDs and LCDs require glass for support, and glass absorbs some light. OLEDs do not require glass.
* OLEDs do not require backlighting like LCDs. LCDs work by selectively blocking areas of the backlight to make the images that you see, while OLEDs generate light themselves. Because OLEDs do not require backlighting, they consume much less power than LCDs (most of the LCD power goes to the backlighting). This is especially important for battery-operated devices such as cell phones.
* OLEDs are easier to produce and can be made to larger sizes. Because OLEDs are essentially plastics, they can be made into large, thin sheets. It is much more difficult to grow and lay down so many liquid crystals.
* OLEDs have large fields of view, about 170 degrees. Because LCDs work by blocking light, they have an inherent viewing obstacle from certain angles. OLEDs produce their own light, so they have a much wider viewing range.
'''OLED seems to be the perfect technology for all types of displays, but it also has some problems:'''
* Lifetime - While red and green OLED films have longer lifetimes (46,000 to 230,000 hours), blue organics currently have much shorter lifetimes (up to around 14,000 hours.
* Water - Water can easily damage OLEDs.

==Control Patents==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''S.No'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Date of Publication'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Title'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|1
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7791271.PN.&OS=PN/7791271&RS=PN/7791271 US7791271B2]
|align = "center"|09/07/2010
|Global OLED Technology LLC
|Top-emitting OLED device with light-scattering layer and color-conversion
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|2
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7781961.PN.&OS=PN/7781961&RS=PN/7781961 US7781961B2]
|align = "center"|08/24/2010
|Novaled AG
|Top emitting, electroluminescent component with frequency conversion centres
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|3
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7002293.PN.&OS=PN/7002293&RS=PN/7002293 US7002293B2]
|align = "center"|02/21/2006
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Organic light emitting diode with improved light emission through the cathode
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|4
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6770502.PN.&OS=PN/6770502&RS=PN/6770502 US6770502B2]
|align = "center"|08/03/2004
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Method of manufacturing a top-emitting OLED display device with desiccant structures
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|5
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220080169757%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20080169757&RS=DN/20080169757 US20080169757A1]
|align = "center"|07/17/2008
|TPO Displays Corp.
|Top-emitting organic electroluminescent display
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|6
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060043373%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060043373&RS=DN/20060043373 US20060043373A1]
|align = "center"|03/02/2006
|Industrial Technology Research Institute
|Method for manufacturing a pixel array of top emitting OLED
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|7
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050236629%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050236629&RS=DN/20050236629 US20050236629A1]
|align = "center"|10/27/2005
|None
|Top emission organic light emitting diode display using auxiliary electrode to prevent voltage drop of upper electrode and method of fabricating the same
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|8
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?NUM=EP1489671A2&DB=EPODOC&submitted=true&locale=en_V3&ST=number&compact=false EP1489671A2]
|align = "center"|12/22/2004
|Global OLED Technology LLC
|Method of making a top-emitting oled device having improved power distribution
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|9
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?NUM=EP1029336A1&DB=EPODOC&submitted=true&locale=en_V3&ST=number&compact=false EP1029336A1]
|align = "center"|08/23/2000
|FED CORPORATION
|TOP EMITTING OLED WITH REFRACTORY METAL COMPOUNDS AS BOTTOM CATHODE
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|10
|align = "center"|[http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?WO=2001057904 WO2001057904A1]
|align = "center"|08/09/2001
|eMAGIN CORPORATION
|LOW ABSORPTION SPUTTER PROTECTION LAYER FOR OLED STRUCTURE
|-
|}
==Concept Table==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="55%"
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Top emission'''
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Organic Light Emitting Diode'''
|-
|Top emitting
|OLED
|-
|Top emissive
|polymer LED
|-
|
|light emitting polymer diode
|-
|
|organic LED
|-
|
|organic electroluminescent diode
|-
|
|FOLED
|-
|
|SM-OLED
|-
|
|small molecule OLED
|-
|
|AMOLED
|-
|
|PMOLED
|-
|}

==Classifications==
===IPC/ ECLA Classes===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''IPC/ ECLA Class'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center"|H01L27/28
|Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid state components formed in or on a common substrate/ including components using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part
|-
|align = "center"|H01L27/32
|Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid state components formed in or on a common substrate/ including components using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part/ with components specially adapted for light emission, e.g. flat-panel displays using organic light-emitting diodes (OLED)
|-
|align = "center"|H01L51/50
|Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof / specially adapted for light emission, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED) or polymer light emitting devices (PLED);
|-
|align = "center"|H01L51/52
|Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof / specially adapted for light emission, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED) or polymer light emitting devices (PLED);/ details of devices
|-
|align = "center"|H01L51/56
|Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof / specially adapted for light emission, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED) or polymer light emitting devices (PLED);/ Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof
|-
|align = "center"|H05B33/08P
|Electroluminescent light sources / Details/ Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application/ for light emitting diodes (LEDs) comprising organic materials, e.g. polymer LEDs (PLEDs) or OLEDs<nowiki>]</nowiki>
|-
|}

===US Classes===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''US Class'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center"|257/040
|Active solid-state devices (e.g., transistors, solid-state diodes)/ Organic semiconductor material
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.018
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.019
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Electrode
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.020
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Electrode/ Encapsulation
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.021
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Electrode/ Arrangements for extracting light from device (e.g., Bragg reflector pair)
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.022
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Multicolor organic light-emitting device (OLED)
|-
|align = "center"|313/504
|Electric lamp and discharge devices/ with luminescent solid or liquid material / Solid-state type / With particular phosphor or electrode material / Organic phosphor
|-
|}

==Landscape Analysis Of Top-Emmission OLED==
===IP Landscape===

* We have chosen the top emission OLED's as the area of focus.
* The top emission OLED's have been facing challenges to achieve optimimum efficiencies in terms of light reflection. Also, it's been a challenge to increase the life time of the top emission OLED's. Lots of initiative is seen in this direction, and below is a snapshot of research work done by organizations worldwide to achieve higher efficiency levels through better design.

[[Image:IPactivity.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

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===Competitor Landscape===
[[Image:Assignee.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

===Competitor Mapping===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''#'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Assignee Name'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2001'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2002'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2003'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2004'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2005'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2006'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2007'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|Eastman Kodak
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center"|23
|align = "center"|24
|align = "center"|24
|align = "center"|12
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''87'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|Not Available
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center"|10
|align = "center"|9
|align = "center"|20
|align = "center"|18
|align = "center"|6
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''66'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|Osram Opto Semiconductors
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|Osram Opto Semiconductors
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|Cambridge DisplayTech
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|Novaled
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''7'''
|Optronics
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''8'''
|Agency for science technology
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|Universal Display
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''10'''
|Ind Tech
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''11'''
|Phillips
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''12'''
|3M
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''13'''
|Applied Film
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''14'''
|Dielectric Systems
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''15'''
|Elo Touch systems
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''16'''
|Emagin Corp
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''17'''
|IBM
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''18'''
|Ignis Innovation
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''19'''
|Kyocera
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''20'''
|Luxell Technologies
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''21'''
|Microemissive Displays
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''22'''
|Nat Taiwan University
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''23'''
|Optimax Technology
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''24'''
|Pai Jui-Fen
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''25'''
|Semiconductor Energy
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''26'''
|Sundew Technologies
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''27'''
|Univ Gent
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''28'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''14'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''36'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''58'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''66'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''28'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''208'''
|-
|}

----

===Key Inventors===
[[Image:Inventormap.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

===Key Inventor Mapping===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''S.No'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Top 10 Assignees of Last 5 Years'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2001'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2002'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2003'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2004'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2005'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2006'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2007'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|Cok Ronald S US
|
| 
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|12
|align = "right"|13
|align = "right"|13
|align = "right"|11
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''51'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|Ghosh Amalkumar P US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|Gupta Rahul US
|
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|5
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|Tyan Yuan-Sheng US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|3
|align = "right"|1
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|Miller Michael E US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|Stegamat Reza US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|1
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''7'''
|Silvernail Jeffrey Alan US
|
| 
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "right"|1
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''8'''
|Su Wencheng US
|
| 
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|Wang Jin-Shan US
|
| 
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|3
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''10'''
|Weaver Michael S US
|
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
| 
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''19'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''26'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''23'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''13'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''86'''
|-
|}

----

===Technology Mapping===
* In OLED devices not all internally generated light is coupled out of the device (only 20%-50%), which reduces the device efficiency and lifetime.
* Modification in structures are applied to improve outcouple efficiency in order to enhance the efficiency and lifetime of top emission OLEDs.
* Below is a snapshot of how various organizations are using different design structures, using the same principle of internal reflection, to achieve higher out-coupling efficiencies.

====Comparison of out coupling of waveguiding light in top-emission polyLED stack====
[[Image:Slide-oled.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]
* Some light is reflected out of the OLED at stray angles in typical cases. By using a barrier material (form of microparticles) in the cathode layer, this light at stray angles hits the barrier material, and some of it is reflected back and guided out at the right angles, reducing light loss.

[[Image:Slide-oled1.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* Microparticles are incorporated in the substrate, which prevents light loss by reflecting light emitted at stray angles.

[[Image:Slide-oled2.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* A highly reflective anode is provided made of Aluminium or Silver, with a mirror like finish, to reflect light.
[[Image:Slide-oled3.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* A shielding layer is provided below the anode, across its entire surface, thus increasing the surface area from which light can be reflected outside.

[[Image:Slide-oled4.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* The reflective layer, anode, is made of a highly reflective surface like Aluminium alloy or silver.

====Conclusion====
The innovation is towards:
* Incorporating micro-particles structure over the substrate that provide a reflective surface.
* Highly reflective materials using metals like Molybdenum etc.

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OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode

2011-02-17T10:41:23Z

Aartij: /* Concept Table */

==Introduction==
The growing number of electronic devices using organic light emitting diode displays shows that after years of promise, the technology is increasingly finding place in many products. But while OLED displays might challenge LCDs as the screens of choice for smaller gadgets, the technology may not become mainstream for notebook PCs or TVs within this decade.

OLED displays use organic compounds that emit light when exposed to an electric current. They are brighter, have better contrast, offer wider viewing angles, use less power, and provide faster response times than liquid crystal displays. OLED screens' thickness is a third of that of LCDs, since they don't need a back-light, and that makes them a good fit for portable electronics devices.
==Rationale==
*Unlike LCDs, which require backlighting, OLED displays are "emissive" devices, meaning they emit light rather than modulate transmitted or reflected light.
*OLED technology was firstly developed in 1987 at Eastman Kodak Company by Tang and Van Slyke using small-molecule (sm-OLED). In 1990 Richard Friend, Jeremy Burroughes and Donal Bradley discovered electroluminescence capabilities from conjugated polymers so laying down the foundations for a new generation of flat panel displays.

==OLED Components==
[[Image:oled structure.png|thumb|center| 300 px|]]
An OLED consists of the following parts:
*Substrate (clear plastic, glass, foil) - The substrate supports the OLED.
* Anode (transparent) - The anode removes electrons (adds electron "holes") when a current flows through the device.
* Organic layers - These layers are made of organic molecules or polymers.
**Conducting layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules that transport "holes" from the anode. One conducting polymer used in OLEDs is polyaniline.
**Emissive layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules (different ones from the conducting layer) that transport electrons from the cathode; this is where light is made. One polymer used in the emissive layer is polyfluorene.
* Cathode (may or may not be transparent depending on the type of OLED) - The cathode injects electrons when a current flows through the device.
==Working of OLED'S==
[[Image:oled WORKING.png|thumb|center| 400 px|]]
*OLEDs emit light in a similar manner to LEDs, through a process called electrophosphorescence.
*The process is as follows:
#The battery or power supply of the device containing the OLED applies a voltage across the OLED.
#An electrical current flows from the cathode to the anode through the organic layers (an electrical current is a flow of electrons).
#* The cathode gives electrons to the emissive layer of organic molecules.
#* The anode removes electrons from the conductive layer of organic molecules. (This is the equivalent to giving electron holes to the conductive layer.)
#At the boundary between the emissive and the conductive layers, electrons find electron holes.
#* When an electron finds an electron hole, the electron fills the hole (it falls into an energy level of the atom that's missing an electron).
#* When this happens, the electron gives up energy in the form of a photon of light (see How Light Works).
# The OLED emits light.
# The color of the light depends on the type of organic molecule in the emissive layer. Manufacturers place several types of organic films on the same OLED to make color displays.
# The intensity or brightness of the light depends on the amount of electrical current applied: the more current, the brighter the light.

==OLED Types==
There are several types of OLEDs
* Passive-matrix OLED
* Active-matrix OLED
* Transparent OLED
* Top-emitting OLED
* Bottom-emitting OLED
* Foldable OLED
* White OLED

===Passive-matrix OLED - PMOLED===
PMOLEDs have strips of cathode, organic layers and strips of anode. The anode strips are arranged perpendicular to the cathode strips. The intersections of the cathode and anode make up the pixels where light is emitted. External circuitry applies current to selected strips of anode and cathode, determining which pixels get turned on and which pixels remain off. Again, the brightness of each pixel is proportional to the amount of applied current.

PMOLEDs are easy to make, but they consume more power than other types of OLED, mainly due to the power needed for the external circuitry. PMOLEDs are most efficient for text and icons and are best suited for small screens (2- to 3-inch diagonal) such as those you find in cell phones, PDAs and MP3 players. Even with the external circuitry, passive-matrix OLEDs consume less battery power than the LCDs that are currently used in these devices.
[[Image:Passive.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Active-matrix OLED - AMOLED===
AMOLEDs have full layers of cathode, organic molecules and anode, but the anode layer overlays a thin film transistor (TFT) array that forms a matrix. The TFT array itself is the circuitry that determines which pixels get turned on to form an image. 

AMOLEDs consume less power than PMOLEDs because the TFT array requires less power than external circuitry, so they are efficient for large displays. AMOLEDs also have faster refresh rates suitable for video. The best uses for AMOLEDs are computer monitors, large screen TVs and electronic signs or billboards.

[[Image:Activeoled.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Transparent OLED===
Transparent OLEDs have only transparent components (substrate, cathode and anode) and, when turned off, are up to 85 percent as transparent as their substrate. When a transparent OLED display is turned on, it allows light to pass in both directions. A transparent OLED display can be either active- or passive-matrix. This technology can be used for heads-up displays.
[[Image:Transparent.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Top-emitting OLED===
Top-emitting OLEDs have a substrate that is either opaque or reflective. They are best suited to active-matrix design. Manufacturers may use top-emitting OLED displays in smart cards.
[[Image:Topoled.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Foldable OLED===
Foldable OLEDs have substrates made of very flexible metallic foils or plastics. Foldable OLEDs are very lightweight and durable. Their use in devices such as cell phones and PDAs can reduce breakage, a major cause for return or repair. Potentially, foldable OLED displays can be sewn into fabrics for "smart" clothing, such as outdoor survival clothing with an integrated computer chip, cell phone, GPS receiver and OLED display sewn into it.
[[Image:Fold.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===White OLED===
A white organic LED (OLED) incorporating a blue phosphorescent dye and a down-conversion phosphor has achieved a luminous efficacy of 25 lm/W. This high-efficacy device was enabled by lowering the device operating voltage, increasing the outcoupling efficiency, and incorporating highly efficient phosphorescent emitters.
[[Image:White.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

==OLED Advantages and Disadvantages==
'''OLEDs offer many advantages over both LCDs and LEDs:'''
* The plastic, organic layers of an OLED are thinner, lighter and more flexible than the crystalline layers in an LED or LCD.
* Because the light-emitting layers of an OLED are lighter, the substrate of an OLED can be flexible instead of rigid. OLED substrates can be plastic rather than the glass used for LEDs and LCDs.
* OLEDs are brighter than LEDs. Because the organic layers of an OLED are much thinner than the corresponding inorganic crystal layers of an LED, the conductive and emissive layers of an OLED can be multi-layered. Also, LEDs and LCDs require glass for support, and glass absorbs some light. OLEDs do not require glass.
* OLEDs do not require backlighting like LCDs. LCDs work by selectively blocking areas of the backlight to make the images that you see, while OLEDs generate light themselves. Because OLEDs do not require backlighting, they consume much less power than LCDs (most of the LCD power goes to the backlighting). This is especially important for battery-operated devices such as cell phones.
* OLEDs are easier to produce and can be made to larger sizes. Because OLEDs are essentially plastics, they can be made into large, thin sheets. It is much more difficult to grow and lay down so many liquid crystals.
* OLEDs have large fields of view, about 170 degrees. Because LCDs work by blocking light, they have an inherent viewing obstacle from certain angles. OLEDs produce their own light, so they have a much wider viewing range.
'''OLED seems to be the perfect technology for all types of displays, but it also has some problems:'''
* Lifetime - While red and green OLED films have longer lifetimes (46,000 to 230,000 hours), blue organics currently have much shorter lifetimes (up to around 14,000 hours.
* Water - Water can easily damage OLEDs.

==Control Patents==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''S.No'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Date of Publication'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Title'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|1
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7791271.PN.&OS=PN/7791271&RS=PN/7791271 US7791271B2]
|align = "center"|09/07/2010
|Global OLED Technology LLC
|Top-emitting OLED device with light-scattering layer and color-conversion
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|2
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7781961.PN.&OS=PN/7781961&RS=PN/7781961 US7781961B2]
|align = "center"|08/24/2010
|Novaled AG
|Top emitting, electroluminescent component with frequency conversion centres
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|3
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7002293.PN.&OS=PN/7002293&RS=PN/7002293 US7002293B2]
|align = "center"|02/21/2006
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Organic light emitting diode with improved light emission through the cathode
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|4
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6770502.PN.&OS=PN/6770502&RS=PN/6770502 US6770502B2]
|align = "center"|08/03/2004
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Method of manufacturing a top-emitting OLED display device with desiccant structures
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|5
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220080169757%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20080169757&RS=DN/20080169757 US20080169757A1]
|align = "center"|07/17/2008
|TPO Displays Corp.
|Top-emitting organic electroluminescent display
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|6
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060043373%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060043373&RS=DN/20060043373 US20060043373A1]
|align = "center"|03/02/2006
|Industrial Technology Research Institute
|Method for manufacturing a pixel array of top emitting OLED
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|7
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050236629%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050236629&RS=DN/20050236629 US20050236629A1]
|align = "center"|10/27/2005
|None
|Top emission organic light emitting diode display using auxiliary electrode to prevent voltage drop of upper electrode and method of fabricating the same
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|8
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?NUM=EP1489671A2&DB=EPODOC&submitted=true&locale=en_V3&ST=number&compact=false EP1489671A2]
|align = "center"|12/22/2004
|Global OLED Technology LLC
|Method of making a top-emitting oled device having improved power distribution
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|9
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?NUM=EP1029336A1&DB=EPODOC&submitted=true&locale=en_V3&ST=number&compact=false EP1029336A1]
|align = "center"|08/23/2000
|FED CORPORATION
|TOP EMITTING OLED WITH REFRACTORY METAL COMPOUNDS AS BOTTOM CATHODE
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|10
|align = "center"|[http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?WO=2001057904 WO2001057904A1]
|align = "center"|08/09/2001
|eMAGIN CORPORATION
|LOW ABSORPTION SPUTTER PROTECTION LAYER FOR OLED STRUCTURE
|-
|}
==Concept Table==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="55%"
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Top emission'''
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Organic Light Emitting Diode'''
|-
|Top emitting
|OLED
|-
|Top emissive
|polymer LED
|-
|
|light emitting polymer diode
|-
|
|organic LED
|-
|
|organic electroluminescent diode
|-
|
|FOLED
|-
|
|SM-OLED
|-
|
|small molecule OLED
|-
|
|AMOLED
|-
|
|PMOLED
|-
|}

==Classifications==
===IPC/ ECLA Classes===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''IPC/ ECLA Class'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center"|H01L27/28
|Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid state components formed in or on a common substrate/ including components using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part
|-
|align = "center"|H01L27/32
|Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid state components formed in or on a common substrate/ including components using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part/ with components specially adapted for light emission, e.g. flat-panel displays using organic light-emitting diodes (OLED)
|-
|align = "center"|H01L51/50
|Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof / specially adapted for light emission, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED) or polymer light emitting devices (PLED);
|-
|align = "center"|H01L51/52
|Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof / specially adapted for light emission, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED) or polymer light emitting devices (PLED);/ details of devices
|-
|align = "center"|H01L51/56
|Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof / specially adapted for light emission, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED) or polymer light emitting devices (PLED);/ Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof
|-
|align = "center"|H05B33/08P
|Electroluminescent light sources / Details/ Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application/ for light emitting diodes (LEDs) comprising organic materials, e.g. polymer LEDs (PLEDs) or OLEDs<nowiki>]</nowiki>
|-
|}

===US Classes===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''US Class'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Definition'''
|-
|align = "center"|257/040
|Active solid-state devices (e.g., transistors, solid-state diodes)/ Organic semiconductor material
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.018
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.019
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Electrode
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.020
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Electrode/ Encapsulation
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.021
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Electrode/ Arrangements for extracting light from device (e.g., Bragg reflector pair)
|-
|align = "center"|257/E51.022
|Organic solid state devices, processes or apparatus peculiar to manufacture or treatment of such devices or of parts thereof/ Structural detail of device/ Light-emitting organic solid-state device with potential or surface barrier/ Multicolor organic light-emitting device (OLED)
|-
|align = "center"|313/504
|Electric lamp and discharge devices/ with luminescent solid or liquid material / Solid-state type / With particular phosphor or electrode material / Organic phosphor
|-
|}

==Landscape Analysis Of Top-Emmission OLED==
===IP Landscape===

* We have chosen the top emission OLED's as the area of focus.
* The top emission OLED's have been facing challenges to achieve optimimum efficiencies in terms of light reflection. Also, it's been a challenge to increase the life time of the top emission OLED's. Lots of initiative is seen in this direction, and below is a snapshot of research work done by organizations worldwide to achieve higher efficiency levels through better design.

[[Image:IPactivity.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

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===Competitor Landscape===
[[Image:Assignee.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

===Competitor Mapping===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''#'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Assignee Name'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2001'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2002'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2003'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2004'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2005'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2006'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2007'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|Eastman Kodak
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center"|23
|align = "center"|24
|align = "center"|24
|align = "center"|12
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''87'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|Not Available
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center"|10
|align = "center"|9
|align = "center"|20
|align = "center"|18
|align = "center"|6
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''66'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|Osram Opto Semiconductors
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|Osram Opto Semiconductors
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|Cambridge DisplayTech
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|Novaled
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''7'''
|Optronics
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''8'''
|Agency for science technology
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|Universal Display
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''10'''
|Ind Tech
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''11'''
|Phillips
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''12'''
|3M
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''13'''
|Applied Film
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''14'''
|Dielectric Systems
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''15'''
|Elo Touch systems
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''16'''
|Emagin Corp
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''17'''
|IBM
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''18'''
|Ignis Innovation
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''19'''
|Kyocera
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''20'''
|Luxell Technologies
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''21'''
|Microemissive Displays
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''22'''
|Nat Taiwan University
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''23'''
|Optimax Technology
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''24'''
|Pai Jui-Fen
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''25'''
|Semiconductor Energy
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''26'''
|Sundew Technologies
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''27'''
|Univ Gent
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''28'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''14'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''36'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''58'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''66'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''28'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''208'''
|-
|}

----

===Key Inventors===
[[Image:Inventormap.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

===Key Inventor Mapping===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''S.No'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Top 10 Assignees of Last 5 Years'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2001'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2002'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2003'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2004'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2005'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2006'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2007'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|Cok Ronald S US
|
| 
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|12
|align = "right"|13
|align = "right"|13
|align = "right"|11
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''51'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|Ghosh Amalkumar P US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|Gupta Rahul US
|
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|5
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|Tyan Yuan-Sheng US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|3
|align = "right"|1
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|Miller Michael E US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|Stegamat Reza US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|1
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''7'''
|Silvernail Jeffrey Alan US
|
| 
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "right"|1
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''8'''
|Su Wencheng US
|
| 
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|Wang Jin-Shan US
|
| 
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|3
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''10'''
|Weaver Michael S US
|
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
| 
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''19'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''26'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''23'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''13'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''86'''
|-
|}

----

===Technology Mapping===
* In OLED devices not all internally generated light is coupled out of the device (only 20%-50%), which reduces the device efficiency and lifetime.
* Modification in structures are applied to improve outcouple efficiency in order to enhance the efficiency and lifetime of top emission OLEDs.
* Below is a snapshot of how various organizations are using different design structures, using the same principle of internal reflection, to achieve higher out-coupling efficiencies.

====Comparison of out coupling of waveguiding light in top-emission polyLED stack====
[[Image:Slide-oled.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]
* Some light is reflected out of the OLED at stray angles in typical cases. By using a barrier material (form of microparticles) in the cathode layer, this light at stray angles hits the barrier material, and some of it is reflected back and guided out at the right angles, reducing light loss.

[[Image:Slide-oled1.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* Microparticles are incorporated in the substrate, which prevents light loss by reflecting light emitted at stray angles.

[[Image:Slide-oled2.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* A highly reflective anode is provided made of Aluminium or Silver, with a mirror like finish, to reflect light.
[[Image:Slide-oled3.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* A shielding layer is provided below the anode, across its entire surface, thus increasing the surface area from which light can be reflected outside.

[[Image:Slide-oled4.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* The reflective layer, anode, is made of a highly reflective surface like Aluminium alloy or silver.

====Conclusion====
The innovation is towards:
* Incorporating micro-particles structure over the substrate that provide a reflective surface.
* Highly reflective materials using metals like Molybdenum etc.

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OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode

2011-02-17T10:40:31Z

Aartij: /* Concept Table */

==Introduction==
The growing number of electronic devices using organic light emitting diode displays shows that after years of promise, the technology is increasingly finding place in many products. But while OLED displays might challenge LCDs as the screens of choice for smaller gadgets, the technology may not become mainstream for notebook PCs or TVs within this decade.

OLED displays use organic compounds that emit light when exposed to an electric current. They are brighter, have better contrast, offer wider viewing angles, use less power, and provide faster response times than liquid crystal displays. OLED screens' thickness is a third of that of LCDs, since they don't need a back-light, and that makes them a good fit for portable electronics devices.
==Rationale==
*Unlike LCDs, which require backlighting, OLED displays are "emissive" devices, meaning they emit light rather than modulate transmitted or reflected light.
*OLED technology was firstly developed in 1987 at Eastman Kodak Company by Tang and Van Slyke using small-molecule (sm-OLED). In 1990 Richard Friend, Jeremy Burroughes and Donal Bradley discovered electroluminescence capabilities from conjugated polymers so laying down the foundations for a new generation of flat panel displays.

==OLED Components==
[[Image:oled structure.png|thumb|center| 300 px|]]
An OLED consists of the following parts:
*Substrate (clear plastic, glass, foil) - The substrate supports the OLED.
* Anode (transparent) - The anode removes electrons (adds electron "holes") when a current flows through the device.
* Organic layers - These layers are made of organic molecules or polymers.
**Conducting layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules that transport "holes" from the anode. One conducting polymer used in OLEDs is polyaniline.
**Emissive layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules (different ones from the conducting layer) that transport electrons from the cathode; this is where light is made. One polymer used in the emissive layer is polyfluorene.
* Cathode (may or may not be transparent depending on the type of OLED) - The cathode injects electrons when a current flows through the device.
==Working of OLED'S==
[[Image:oled WORKING.png|thumb|center| 400 px|]]
*OLEDs emit light in a similar manner to LEDs, through a process called electrophosphorescence.
*The process is as follows:
#The battery or power supply of the device containing the OLED applies a voltage across the OLED.
#An electrical current flows from the cathode to the anode through the organic layers (an electrical current is a flow of electrons).
#* The cathode gives electrons to the emissive layer of organic molecules.
#* The anode removes electrons from the conductive layer of organic molecules. (This is the equivalent to giving electron holes to the conductive layer.)
#At the boundary between the emissive and the conductive layers, electrons find electron holes.
#* When an electron finds an electron hole, the electron fills the hole (it falls into an energy level of the atom that's missing an electron).
#* When this happens, the electron gives up energy in the form of a photon of light (see How Light Works).
# The OLED emits light.
# The color of the light depends on the type of organic molecule in the emissive layer. Manufacturers place several types of organic films on the same OLED to make color displays.
# The intensity or brightness of the light depends on the amount of electrical current applied: the more current, the brighter the light.

==OLED Types==
There are several types of OLEDs
* Passive-matrix OLED
* Active-matrix OLED
* Transparent OLED
* Top-emitting OLED
* Bottom-emitting OLED
* Foldable OLED
* White OLED

===Passive-matrix OLED - PMOLED===
PMOLEDs have strips of cathode, organic layers and strips of anode. The anode strips are arranged perpendicular to the cathode strips. The intersections of the cathode and anode make up the pixels where light is emitted. External circuitry applies current to selected strips of anode and cathode, determining which pixels get turned on and which pixels remain off. Again, the brightness of each pixel is proportional to the amount of applied current.

PMOLEDs are easy to make, but they consume more power than other types of OLED, mainly due to the power needed for the external circuitry. PMOLEDs are most efficient for text and icons and are best suited for small screens (2- to 3-inch diagonal) such as those you find in cell phones, PDAs and MP3 players. Even with the external circuitry, passive-matrix OLEDs consume less battery power than the LCDs that are currently used in these devices.
[[Image:Passive.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Active-matrix OLED - AMOLED===
AMOLEDs have full layers of cathode, organic molecules and anode, but the anode layer overlays a thin film transistor (TFT) array that forms a matrix. The TFT array itself is the circuitry that determines which pixels get turned on to form an image. 

AMOLEDs consume less power than PMOLEDs because the TFT array requires less power than external circuitry, so they are efficient for large displays. AMOLEDs also have faster refresh rates suitable for video. The best uses for AMOLEDs are computer monitors, large screen TVs and electronic signs or billboards.

[[Image:Activeoled.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Transparent OLED===
Transparent OLEDs have only transparent components (substrate, cathode and anode) and, when turned off, are up to 85 percent as transparent as their substrate. When a transparent OLED display is turned on, it allows light to pass in both directions. A transparent OLED display can be either active- or passive-matrix. This technology can be used for heads-up displays.
[[Image:Transparent.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Top-emitting OLED===
Top-emitting OLEDs have a substrate that is either opaque or reflective. They are best suited to active-matrix design. Manufacturers may use top-emitting OLED displays in smart cards.
[[Image:Topoled.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Foldable OLED===
Foldable OLEDs have substrates made of very flexible metallic foils or plastics. Foldable OLEDs are very lightweight and durable. Their use in devices such as cell phones and PDAs can reduce breakage, a major cause for return or repair. Potentially, foldable OLED displays can be sewn into fabrics for "smart" clothing, such as outdoor survival clothing with an integrated computer chip, cell phone, GPS receiver and OLED display sewn into it.
[[Image:Fold.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===White OLED===
A white organic LED (OLED) incorporating a blue phosphorescent dye and a down-conversion phosphor has achieved a luminous efficacy of 25 lm/W. This high-efficacy device was enabled by lowering the device operating voltage, increasing the outcoupling efficiency, and incorporating highly efficient phosphorescent emitters.
[[Image:White.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

==OLED Advantages and Disadvantages==
'''OLEDs offer many advantages over both LCDs and LEDs:'''
* The plastic, organic layers of an OLED are thinner, lighter and more flexible than the crystalline layers in an LED or LCD.
* Because the light-emitting layers of an OLED are lighter, the substrate of an OLED can be flexible instead of rigid. OLED substrates can be plastic rather than the glass used for LEDs and LCDs.
* OLEDs are brighter than LEDs. Because the organic layers of an OLED are much thinner than the corresponding inorganic crystal layers of an LED, the conductive and emissive layers of an OLED can be multi-layered. Also, LEDs and LCDs require glass for support, and glass absorbs some light. OLEDs do not require glass.
* OLEDs do not require backlighting like LCDs. LCDs work by selectively blocking areas of the backlight to make the images that you see, while OLEDs generate light themselves. Because OLEDs do not require backlighting, they consume much less power than LCDs (most of the LCD power goes to the backlighting). This is especially important for battery-operated devices such as cell phones.
* OLEDs are easier to produce and can be made to larger sizes. Because OLEDs are essentially plastics, they can be made into large, thin sheets. It is much more difficult to grow and lay down so many liquid crystals.
* OLEDs have large fields of view, about 170 degrees. Because LCDs work by blocking light, they have an inherent viewing obstacle from certain angles. OLEDs produce their own light, so they have a much wider viewing range.
'''OLED seems to be the perfect technology for all types of displays, but it also has some problems:'''
* Lifetime - While red and green OLED films have longer lifetimes (46,000 to 230,000 hours), blue organics currently have much shorter lifetimes (up to around 14,000 hours.
* Water - Water can easily damage OLEDs.

==Control Patents==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''S.No'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Date of Publication'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Title'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|1
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7791271.PN.&OS=PN/7791271&RS=PN/7791271 US7791271B2]
|align = "center"|09/07/2010
|Global OLED Technology LLC
|Top-emitting OLED device with light-scattering layer and color-conversion
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|2
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7781961.PN.&OS=PN/7781961&RS=PN/7781961 US7781961B2]
|align = "center"|08/24/2010
|Novaled AG
|Top emitting, electroluminescent component with frequency conversion centres
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|3
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7002293.PN.&OS=PN/7002293&RS=PN/7002293 US7002293B2]
|align = "center"|02/21/2006
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Organic light emitting diode with improved light emission through the cathode
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|4
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6770502.PN.&OS=PN/6770502&RS=PN/6770502 US6770502B2]
|align = "center"|08/03/2004
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Method of manufacturing a top-emitting OLED display device with desiccant structures
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|5
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220080169757%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20080169757&RS=DN/20080169757 US20080169757A1]
|align = "center"|07/17/2008
|TPO Displays Corp.
|Top-emitting organic electroluminescent display
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|6
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060043373%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060043373&RS=DN/20060043373 US20060043373A1]
|align = "center"|03/02/2006
|Industrial Technology Research Institute
|Method for manufacturing a pixel array of top emitting OLED
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|7
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050236629%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050236629&RS=DN/20050236629 US20050236629A1]
|align = "center"|10/27/2005
|None
|Top emission organic light emitting diode display using auxiliary electrode to prevent voltage drop of upper electrode and method of fabricating the same
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|8
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?NUM=EP1489671A2&DB=EPODOC&submitted=true&locale=en_V3&ST=number&compact=false EP1489671A2]
|align = "center"|12/22/2004
|Global OLED Technology LLC
|Method of making a top-emitting oled device having improved power distribution
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|9
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?NUM=EP1029336A1&DB=EPODOC&submitted=true&locale=en_V3&ST=number&compact=false EP1029336A1]
|align = "center"|08/23/2000
|FED CORPORATION
|TOP EMITTING OLED WITH REFRACTORY METAL COMPOUNDS AS BOTTOM CATHODE
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|10
|align = "center"|[http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?WO=2001057904 WO2001057904A1]
|align = "center"|08/09/2001
|eMAGIN CORPORATION
|LOW ABSORPTION SPUTTER PROTECTION LAYER FOR OLED STRUCTURE
|-
|}
==Concept Table==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="55%"
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Top emission'''
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Organic Light Emitting Diode'''
|-
|Top emitting
|OLED
|-
|Top emissive
|polymer LED
|-
|
|light emitting polymer diode
|-
|
|organic LED
|-
|
|organic electroluminescent diode
|-
|
|FOLED
|-
|
|SM-OLED
|-
|
|small molecule OLED
|-
|
|AMOLED
|-
|
|PMOLED
|-
|}

==Landscape Analysis Of Top-Emmission OLED==
===IP Landscape===

* We have chosen the top emission OLED's as the area of focus.
* The top emission OLED's have been facing challenges to achieve optimimum efficiencies in terms of light reflection. Also, it's been a challenge to increase the life time of the top emission OLED's. Lots of initiative is seen in this direction, and below is a snapshot of research work done by organizations worldwide to achieve higher efficiency levels through better design.

[[Image:IPactivity.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

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===Competitor Landscape===
[[Image:Assignee.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

===Competitor Mapping===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''#'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Assignee Name'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2001'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2002'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2003'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2004'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2005'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2006'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2007'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|Eastman Kodak
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center"|23
|align = "center"|24
|align = "center"|24
|align = "center"|12
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''87'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|Not Available
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center"|10
|align = "center"|9
|align = "center"|20
|align = "center"|18
|align = "center"|6
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''66'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|Osram Opto Semiconductors
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|Osram Opto Semiconductors
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|Cambridge DisplayTech
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|Novaled
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''7'''
|Optronics
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''8'''
|Agency for science technology
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|Universal Display
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''10'''
|Ind Tech
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''11'''
|Phillips
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''12'''
|3M
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''13'''
|Applied Film
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''14'''
|Dielectric Systems
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''15'''
|Elo Touch systems
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''16'''
|Emagin Corp
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''17'''
|IBM
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''18'''
|Ignis Innovation
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''19'''
|Kyocera
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''20'''
|Luxell Technologies
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''21'''
|Microemissive Displays
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''22'''
|Nat Taiwan University
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''23'''
|Optimax Technology
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''24'''
|Pai Jui-Fen
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''25'''
|Semiconductor Energy
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''26'''
|Sundew Technologies
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''27'''
|Univ Gent
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''28'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''14'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''36'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''58'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''66'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''28'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''208'''
|-
|}

----

===Key Inventors===
[[Image:Inventormap.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

===Key Inventor Mapping===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''S.No'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Top 10 Assignees of Last 5 Years'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2001'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2002'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2003'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2004'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2005'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2006'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2007'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|Cok Ronald S US
|
| 
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|12
|align = "right"|13
|align = "right"|13
|align = "right"|11
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''51'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|Ghosh Amalkumar P US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|Gupta Rahul US
|
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|5
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|Tyan Yuan-Sheng US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|3
|align = "right"|1
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|Miller Michael E US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|Stegamat Reza US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|1
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''7'''
|Silvernail Jeffrey Alan US
|
| 
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "right"|1
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''8'''
|Su Wencheng US
|
| 
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|Wang Jin-Shan US
|
| 
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|3
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''10'''
|Weaver Michael S US
|
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
| 
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''19'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''26'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''23'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''13'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''86'''
|-
|}

----

===Technology Mapping===
* In OLED devices not all internally generated light is coupled out of the device (only 20%-50%), which reduces the device efficiency and lifetime.
* Modification in structures are applied to improve outcouple efficiency in order to enhance the efficiency and lifetime of top emission OLEDs.
* Below is a snapshot of how various organizations are using different design structures, using the same principle of internal reflection, to achieve higher out-coupling efficiencies.

====Comparison of out coupling of waveguiding light in top-emission polyLED stack====
[[Image:Slide-oled.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]
* Some light is reflected out of the OLED at stray angles in typical cases. By using a barrier material (form of microparticles) in the cathode layer, this light at stray angles hits the barrier material, and some of it is reflected back and guided out at the right angles, reducing light loss.

[[Image:Slide-oled1.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* Microparticles are incorporated in the substrate, which prevents light loss by reflecting light emitted at stray angles.

[[Image:Slide-oled2.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* A highly reflective anode is provided made of Aluminium or Silver, with a mirror like finish, to reflect light.
[[Image:Slide-oled3.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* A shielding layer is provided below the anode, across its entire surface, thus increasing the surface area from which light can be reflected outside.

[[Image:Slide-oled4.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* The reflective layer, anode, is made of a highly reflective surface like Aluminium alloy or silver.

====Conclusion====
The innovation is towards:
* Incorporating micro-particles structure over the substrate that provide a reflective surface.
* Highly reflective materials using metals like Molybdenum etc.

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OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode

2011-02-17T10:40:19Z

Aartij: /* Control Patents */

==Introduction==
The growing number of electronic devices using organic light emitting diode displays shows that after years of promise, the technology is increasingly finding place in many products. But while OLED displays might challenge LCDs as the screens of choice for smaller gadgets, the technology may not become mainstream for notebook PCs or TVs within this decade.

OLED displays use organic compounds that emit light when exposed to an electric current. They are brighter, have better contrast, offer wider viewing angles, use less power, and provide faster response times than liquid crystal displays. OLED screens' thickness is a third of that of LCDs, since they don't need a back-light, and that makes them a good fit for portable electronics devices.
==Rationale==
*Unlike LCDs, which require backlighting, OLED displays are "emissive" devices, meaning they emit light rather than modulate transmitted or reflected light.
*OLED technology was firstly developed in 1987 at Eastman Kodak Company by Tang and Van Slyke using small-molecule (sm-OLED). In 1990 Richard Friend, Jeremy Burroughes and Donal Bradley discovered electroluminescence capabilities from conjugated polymers so laying down the foundations for a new generation of flat panel displays.

==OLED Components==
[[Image:oled structure.png|thumb|center| 300 px|]]
An OLED consists of the following parts:
*Substrate (clear plastic, glass, foil) - The substrate supports the OLED.
* Anode (transparent) - The anode removes electrons (adds electron "holes") when a current flows through the device.
* Organic layers - These layers are made of organic molecules or polymers.
**Conducting layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules that transport "holes" from the anode. One conducting polymer used in OLEDs is polyaniline.
**Emissive layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules (different ones from the conducting layer) that transport electrons from the cathode; this is where light is made. One polymer used in the emissive layer is polyfluorene.
* Cathode (may or may not be transparent depending on the type of OLED) - The cathode injects electrons when a current flows through the device.
==Working of OLED'S==
[[Image:oled WORKING.png|thumb|center| 400 px|]]
*OLEDs emit light in a similar manner to LEDs, through a process called electrophosphorescence.
*The process is as follows:
#The battery or power supply of the device containing the OLED applies a voltage across the OLED.
#An electrical current flows from the cathode to the anode through the organic layers (an electrical current is a flow of electrons).
#* The cathode gives electrons to the emissive layer of organic molecules.
#* The anode removes electrons from the conductive layer of organic molecules. (This is the equivalent to giving electron holes to the conductive layer.)
#At the boundary between the emissive and the conductive layers, electrons find electron holes.
#* When an electron finds an electron hole, the electron fills the hole (it falls into an energy level of the atom that's missing an electron).
#* When this happens, the electron gives up energy in the form of a photon of light (see How Light Works).
# The OLED emits light.
# The color of the light depends on the type of organic molecule in the emissive layer. Manufacturers place several types of organic films on the same OLED to make color displays.
# The intensity or brightness of the light depends on the amount of electrical current applied: the more current, the brighter the light.

==OLED Types==
There are several types of OLEDs
* Passive-matrix OLED
* Active-matrix OLED
* Transparent OLED
* Top-emitting OLED
* Bottom-emitting OLED
* Foldable OLED
* White OLED

===Passive-matrix OLED - PMOLED===
PMOLEDs have strips of cathode, organic layers and strips of anode. The anode strips are arranged perpendicular to the cathode strips. The intersections of the cathode and anode make up the pixels where light is emitted. External circuitry applies current to selected strips of anode and cathode, determining which pixels get turned on and which pixels remain off. Again, the brightness of each pixel is proportional to the amount of applied current.

PMOLEDs are easy to make, but they consume more power than other types of OLED, mainly due to the power needed for the external circuitry. PMOLEDs are most efficient for text and icons and are best suited for small screens (2- to 3-inch diagonal) such as those you find in cell phones, PDAs and MP3 players. Even with the external circuitry, passive-matrix OLEDs consume less battery power than the LCDs that are currently used in these devices.
[[Image:Passive.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Active-matrix OLED - AMOLED===
AMOLEDs have full layers of cathode, organic molecules and anode, but the anode layer overlays a thin film transistor (TFT) array that forms a matrix. The TFT array itself is the circuitry that determines which pixels get turned on to form an image. 

AMOLEDs consume less power than PMOLEDs because the TFT array requires less power than external circuitry, so they are efficient for large displays. AMOLEDs also have faster refresh rates suitable for video. The best uses for AMOLEDs are computer monitors, large screen TVs and electronic signs or billboards.

[[Image:Activeoled.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Transparent OLED===
Transparent OLEDs have only transparent components (substrate, cathode and anode) and, when turned off, are up to 85 percent as transparent as their substrate. When a transparent OLED display is turned on, it allows light to pass in both directions. A transparent OLED display can be either active- or passive-matrix. This technology can be used for heads-up displays.
[[Image:Transparent.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Top-emitting OLED===
Top-emitting OLEDs have a substrate that is either opaque or reflective. They are best suited to active-matrix design. Manufacturers may use top-emitting OLED displays in smart cards.
[[Image:Topoled.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Foldable OLED===
Foldable OLEDs have substrates made of very flexible metallic foils or plastics. Foldable OLEDs are very lightweight and durable. Their use in devices such as cell phones and PDAs can reduce breakage, a major cause for return or repair. Potentially, foldable OLED displays can be sewn into fabrics for "smart" clothing, such as outdoor survival clothing with an integrated computer chip, cell phone, GPS receiver and OLED display sewn into it.
[[Image:Fold.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===White OLED===
A white organic LED (OLED) incorporating a blue phosphorescent dye and a down-conversion phosphor has achieved a luminous efficacy of 25 lm/W. This high-efficacy device was enabled by lowering the device operating voltage, increasing the outcoupling efficiency, and incorporating highly efficient phosphorescent emitters.
[[Image:White.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

==OLED Advantages and Disadvantages==
'''OLEDs offer many advantages over both LCDs and LEDs:'''
* The plastic, organic layers of an OLED are thinner, lighter and more flexible than the crystalline layers in an LED or LCD.
* Because the light-emitting layers of an OLED are lighter, the substrate of an OLED can be flexible instead of rigid. OLED substrates can be plastic rather than the glass used for LEDs and LCDs.
* OLEDs are brighter than LEDs. Because the organic layers of an OLED are much thinner than the corresponding inorganic crystal layers of an LED, the conductive and emissive layers of an OLED can be multi-layered. Also, LEDs and LCDs require glass for support, and glass absorbs some light. OLEDs do not require glass.
* OLEDs do not require backlighting like LCDs. LCDs work by selectively blocking areas of the backlight to make the images that you see, while OLEDs generate light themselves. Because OLEDs do not require backlighting, they consume much less power than LCDs (most of the LCD power goes to the backlighting). This is especially important for battery-operated devices such as cell phones.
* OLEDs are easier to produce and can be made to larger sizes. Because OLEDs are essentially plastics, they can be made into large, thin sheets. It is much more difficult to grow and lay down so many liquid crystals.
* OLEDs have large fields of view, about 170 degrees. Because LCDs work by blocking light, they have an inherent viewing obstacle from certain angles. OLEDs produce their own light, so they have a much wider viewing range.
'''OLED seems to be the perfect technology for all types of displays, but it also has some problems:'''
* Lifetime - While red and green OLED films have longer lifetimes (46,000 to 230,000 hours), blue organics currently have much shorter lifetimes (up to around 14,000 hours.
* Water - Water can easily damage OLEDs.
==Concept Table==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="55%"
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Top emission'''
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Organic Light Emitting Diode'''
|-
|Top emitting
|OLED
|-
|Top emissive
|polymer LED
|-
|
|light emitting polymer diode
|-
|
|organic LED
|-
|
|organic electroluminescent diode
|-
|
|FOLED
|-
|
|SM-OLED
|-
|
|small molecule OLED
|-
|
|AMOLED
|-
|
|PMOLED
|-
|}

==Control Patents==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''S.No'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Date of Publication'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Title'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|1
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7791271.PN.&OS=PN/7791271&RS=PN/7791271 US7791271B2]
|align = "center"|09/07/2010
|Global OLED Technology LLC
|Top-emitting OLED device with light-scattering layer and color-conversion
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|2
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7781961.PN.&OS=PN/7781961&RS=PN/7781961 US7781961B2]
|align = "center"|08/24/2010
|Novaled AG
|Top emitting, electroluminescent component with frequency conversion centres
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|3
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7002293.PN.&OS=PN/7002293&RS=PN/7002293 US7002293B2]
|align = "center"|02/21/2006
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Organic light emitting diode with improved light emission through the cathode
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|4
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6770502.PN.&OS=PN/6770502&RS=PN/6770502 US6770502B2]
|align = "center"|08/03/2004
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Method of manufacturing a top-emitting OLED display device with desiccant structures
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|5
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220080169757%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20080169757&RS=DN/20080169757 US20080169757A1]
|align = "center"|07/17/2008
|TPO Displays Corp.
|Top-emitting organic electroluminescent display
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|6
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060043373%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060043373&RS=DN/20060043373 US20060043373A1]
|align = "center"|03/02/2006
|Industrial Technology Research Institute
|Method for manufacturing a pixel array of top emitting OLED
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|7
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050236629%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050236629&RS=DN/20050236629 US20050236629A1]
|align = "center"|10/27/2005
|None
|Top emission organic light emitting diode display using auxiliary electrode to prevent voltage drop of upper electrode and method of fabricating the same
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|8
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?NUM=EP1489671A2&DB=EPODOC&submitted=true&locale=en_V3&ST=number&compact=false EP1489671A2]
|align = "center"|12/22/2004
|Global OLED Technology LLC
|Method of making a top-emitting oled device having improved power distribution
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|9
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?NUM=EP1029336A1&DB=EPODOC&submitted=true&locale=en_V3&ST=number&compact=false EP1029336A1]
|align = "center"|08/23/2000
|FED CORPORATION
|TOP EMITTING OLED WITH REFRACTORY METAL COMPOUNDS AS BOTTOM CATHODE
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|10
|align = "center"|[http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?WO=2001057904 WO2001057904A1]
|align = "center"|08/09/2001
|eMAGIN CORPORATION
|LOW ABSORPTION SPUTTER PROTECTION LAYER FOR OLED STRUCTURE
|-
|}
==Concept Table==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="55%"
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Top emission'''
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Organic Light Emitting Diode'''
|-
|Top emitting
|OLED
|-
|Top emissive
|polymer LED
|-
|
|light emitting polymer diode
|-
|
|organic LED
|-
|
|organic electroluminescent diode
|-
|
|FOLED
|-
|
|SM-OLED
|-
|
|small molecule OLED
|-
|
|AMOLED
|-
|
|PMOLED
|-
|}

==Landscape Analysis Of Top-Emmission OLED==
===IP Landscape===

* We have chosen the top emission OLED's as the area of focus.
* The top emission OLED's have been facing challenges to achieve optimimum efficiencies in terms of light reflection. Also, it's been a challenge to increase the life time of the top emission OLED's. Lots of initiative is seen in this direction, and below is a snapshot of research work done by organizations worldwide to achieve higher efficiency levels through better design.

[[Image:IPactivity.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

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===Competitor Landscape===
[[Image:Assignee.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

===Competitor Mapping===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''#'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Assignee Name'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2001'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2002'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2003'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2004'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2005'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2006'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2007'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|Eastman Kodak
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center"|23
|align = "center"|24
|align = "center"|24
|align = "center"|12
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''87'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|Not Available
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center"|10
|align = "center"|9
|align = "center"|20
|align = "center"|18
|align = "center"|6
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''66'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|Osram Opto Semiconductors
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|Osram Opto Semiconductors
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|Cambridge DisplayTech
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|Novaled
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''7'''
|Optronics
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''8'''
|Agency for science technology
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|Universal Display
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''10'''
|Ind Tech
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''11'''
|Phillips
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''12'''
|3M
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''13'''
|Applied Film
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''14'''
|Dielectric Systems
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''15'''
|Elo Touch systems
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''16'''
|Emagin Corp
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''17'''
|IBM
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''18'''
|Ignis Innovation
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''19'''
|Kyocera
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''20'''
|Luxell Technologies
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''21'''
|Microemissive Displays
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''22'''
|Nat Taiwan University
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''23'''
|Optimax Technology
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''24'''
|Pai Jui-Fen
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''25'''
|Semiconductor Energy
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''26'''
|Sundew Technologies
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''27'''
|Univ Gent
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''28'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''14'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''36'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''58'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''66'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''28'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''208'''
|-
|}

----

===Key Inventors===
[[Image:Inventormap.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

===Key Inventor Mapping===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''S.No'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Top 10 Assignees of Last 5 Years'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2001'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2002'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2003'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2004'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2005'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2006'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2007'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|Cok Ronald S US
|
| 
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|12
|align = "right"|13
|align = "right"|13
|align = "right"|11
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''51'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|Ghosh Amalkumar P US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|Gupta Rahul US
|
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|5
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|Tyan Yuan-Sheng US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|3
|align = "right"|1
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|Miller Michael E US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|Stegamat Reza US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|1
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''7'''
|Silvernail Jeffrey Alan US
|
| 
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "right"|1
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''8'''
|Su Wencheng US
|
| 
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|Wang Jin-Shan US
|
| 
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|3
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''10'''
|Weaver Michael S US
|
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
| 
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''19'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''26'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''23'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''13'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''86'''
|-
|}

----

===Technology Mapping===
* In OLED devices not all internally generated light is coupled out of the device (only 20%-50%), which reduces the device efficiency and lifetime.
* Modification in structures are applied to improve outcouple efficiency in order to enhance the efficiency and lifetime of top emission OLEDs.
* Below is a snapshot of how various organizations are using different design structures, using the same principle of internal reflection, to achieve higher out-coupling efficiencies.

====Comparison of out coupling of waveguiding light in top-emission polyLED stack====
[[Image:Slide-oled.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]
* Some light is reflected out of the OLED at stray angles in typical cases. By using a barrier material (form of microparticles) in the cathode layer, this light at stray angles hits the barrier material, and some of it is reflected back and guided out at the right angles, reducing light loss.

[[Image:Slide-oled1.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* Microparticles are incorporated in the substrate, which prevents light loss by reflecting light emitted at stray angles.

[[Image:Slide-oled2.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* A highly reflective anode is provided made of Aluminium or Silver, with a mirror like finish, to reflect light.
[[Image:Slide-oled3.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* A shielding layer is provided below the anode, across its entire surface, thus increasing the surface area from which light can be reflected outside.

[[Image:Slide-oled4.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* The reflective layer, anode, is made of a highly reflective surface like Aluminium alloy or silver.

====Conclusion====
The innovation is towards:
* Incorporating micro-particles structure over the substrate that provide a reflective surface.
* Highly reflective materials using metals like Molybdenum etc.

==Like this report?==
 '''This is only a sample report with brief analysis''' 
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OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode

2011-02-17T10:39:38Z

Aartij: /* Concept Table */

==Introduction==
The growing number of electronic devices using organic light emitting diode displays shows that after years of promise, the technology is increasingly finding place in many products. But while OLED displays might challenge LCDs as the screens of choice for smaller gadgets, the technology may not become mainstream for notebook PCs or TVs within this decade.

OLED displays use organic compounds that emit light when exposed to an electric current. They are brighter, have better contrast, offer wider viewing angles, use less power, and provide faster response times than liquid crystal displays. OLED screens' thickness is a third of that of LCDs, since they don't need a back-light, and that makes them a good fit for portable electronics devices.
==Rationale==
*Unlike LCDs, which require backlighting, OLED displays are "emissive" devices, meaning they emit light rather than modulate transmitted or reflected light.
*OLED technology was firstly developed in 1987 at Eastman Kodak Company by Tang and Van Slyke using small-molecule (sm-OLED). In 1990 Richard Friend, Jeremy Burroughes and Donal Bradley discovered electroluminescence capabilities from conjugated polymers so laying down the foundations for a new generation of flat panel displays.

==OLED Components==
[[Image:oled structure.png|thumb|center| 300 px|]]
An OLED consists of the following parts:
*Substrate (clear plastic, glass, foil) - The substrate supports the OLED.
* Anode (transparent) - The anode removes electrons (adds electron "holes") when a current flows through the device.
* Organic layers - These layers are made of organic molecules or polymers.
**Conducting layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules that transport "holes" from the anode. One conducting polymer used in OLEDs is polyaniline.
**Emissive layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules (different ones from the conducting layer) that transport electrons from the cathode; this is where light is made. One polymer used in the emissive layer is polyfluorene.
* Cathode (may or may not be transparent depending on the type of OLED) - The cathode injects electrons when a current flows through the device.
==Working of OLED'S==
[[Image:oled WORKING.png|thumb|center| 400 px|]]
*OLEDs emit light in a similar manner to LEDs, through a process called electrophosphorescence.
*The process is as follows:
#The battery or power supply of the device containing the OLED applies a voltage across the OLED.
#An electrical current flows from the cathode to the anode through the organic layers (an electrical current is a flow of electrons).
#* The cathode gives electrons to the emissive layer of organic molecules.
#* The anode removes electrons from the conductive layer of organic molecules. (This is the equivalent to giving electron holes to the conductive layer.)
#At the boundary between the emissive and the conductive layers, electrons find electron holes.
#* When an electron finds an electron hole, the electron fills the hole (it falls into an energy level of the atom that's missing an electron).
#* When this happens, the electron gives up energy in the form of a photon of light (see How Light Works).
# The OLED emits light.
# The color of the light depends on the type of organic molecule in the emissive layer. Manufacturers place several types of organic films on the same OLED to make color displays.
# The intensity or brightness of the light depends on the amount of electrical current applied: the more current, the brighter the light.

==OLED Types==
There are several types of OLEDs
* Passive-matrix OLED
* Active-matrix OLED
* Transparent OLED
* Top-emitting OLED
* Bottom-emitting OLED
* Foldable OLED
* White OLED

===Passive-matrix OLED - PMOLED===
PMOLEDs have strips of cathode, organic layers and strips of anode. The anode strips are arranged perpendicular to the cathode strips. The intersections of the cathode and anode make up the pixels where light is emitted. External circuitry applies current to selected strips of anode and cathode, determining which pixels get turned on and which pixels remain off. Again, the brightness of each pixel is proportional to the amount of applied current.

PMOLEDs are easy to make, but they consume more power than other types of OLED, mainly due to the power needed for the external circuitry. PMOLEDs are most efficient for text and icons and are best suited for small screens (2- to 3-inch diagonal) such as those you find in cell phones, PDAs and MP3 players. Even with the external circuitry, passive-matrix OLEDs consume less battery power than the LCDs that are currently used in these devices.
[[Image:Passive.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Active-matrix OLED - AMOLED===
AMOLEDs have full layers of cathode, organic molecules and anode, but the anode layer overlays a thin film transistor (TFT) array that forms a matrix. The TFT array itself is the circuitry that determines which pixels get turned on to form an image. 

AMOLEDs consume less power than PMOLEDs because the TFT array requires less power than external circuitry, so they are efficient for large displays. AMOLEDs also have faster refresh rates suitable for video. The best uses for AMOLEDs are computer monitors, large screen TVs and electronic signs or billboards.

[[Image:Activeoled.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Transparent OLED===
Transparent OLEDs have only transparent components (substrate, cathode and anode) and, when turned off, are up to 85 percent as transparent as their substrate. When a transparent OLED display is turned on, it allows light to pass in both directions. A transparent OLED display can be either active- or passive-matrix. This technology can be used for heads-up displays.
[[Image:Transparent.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Top-emitting OLED===
Top-emitting OLEDs have a substrate that is either opaque or reflective. They are best suited to active-matrix design. Manufacturers may use top-emitting OLED displays in smart cards.
[[Image:Topoled.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===Foldable OLED===
Foldable OLEDs have substrates made of very flexible metallic foils or plastics. Foldable OLEDs are very lightweight and durable. Their use in devices such as cell phones and PDAs can reduce breakage, a major cause for return or repair. Potentially, foldable OLED displays can be sewn into fabrics for "smart" clothing, such as outdoor survival clothing with an integrated computer chip, cell phone, GPS receiver and OLED display sewn into it.
[[Image:Fold.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

===White OLED===
A white organic LED (OLED) incorporating a blue phosphorescent dye and a down-conversion phosphor has achieved a luminous efficacy of 25 lm/W. This high-efficacy device was enabled by lowering the device operating voltage, increasing the outcoupling efficiency, and incorporating highly efficient phosphorescent emitters.
[[Image:White.jpg|thumb|center| 200 px|]]

==OLED Advantages and Disadvantages==
'''OLEDs offer many advantages over both LCDs and LEDs:'''
* The plastic, organic layers of an OLED are thinner, lighter and more flexible than the crystalline layers in an LED or LCD.
* Because the light-emitting layers of an OLED are lighter, the substrate of an OLED can be flexible instead of rigid. OLED substrates can be plastic rather than the glass used for LEDs and LCDs.
* OLEDs are brighter than LEDs. Because the organic layers of an OLED are much thinner than the corresponding inorganic crystal layers of an LED, the conductive and emissive layers of an OLED can be multi-layered. Also, LEDs and LCDs require glass for support, and glass absorbs some light. OLEDs do not require glass.
* OLEDs do not require backlighting like LCDs. LCDs work by selectively blocking areas of the backlight to make the images that you see, while OLEDs generate light themselves. Because OLEDs do not require backlighting, they consume much less power than LCDs (most of the LCD power goes to the backlighting). This is especially important for battery-operated devices such as cell phones.
* OLEDs are easier to produce and can be made to larger sizes. Because OLEDs are essentially plastics, they can be made into large, thin sheets. It is much more difficult to grow and lay down so many liquid crystals.
* OLEDs have large fields of view, about 170 degrees. Because LCDs work by blocking light, they have an inherent viewing obstacle from certain angles. OLEDs produce their own light, so they have a much wider viewing range.
'''OLED seems to be the perfect technology for all types of displays, but it also has some problems:'''
* Lifetime - While red and green OLED films have longer lifetimes (46,000 to 230,000 hours), blue organics currently have much shorter lifetimes (up to around 14,000 hours.
* Water - Water can easily damage OLEDs.
==Concept Table==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="55%"
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Top emission'''
|bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Organic Light Emitting Diode'''
|-
|Top emitting
|OLED
|-
|Top emissive
|polymer LED
|-
|
|light emitting polymer diode
|-
|
|organic LED
|-
|
|organic electroluminescent diode
|-
|
|FOLED
|-
|
|SM-OLED
|-
|
|small molecule OLED
|-
|
|AMOLED
|-
|
|PMOLED
|-
|}

==Control Patents==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''S.No'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Date of Publication'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Title'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|1
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7791271.PN.&OS=PN/7791271&RS=PN/7791271 US7791271B2]
|align = "center"|09/07/2010
|Global OLED Technology LLC
|Top-emitting OLED device with light-scattering layer and color-conversion
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|2
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7781961.PN.&OS=PN/7781961&RS=PN/7781961 US7781961B2]
|align = "center"|08/24/2010
|Novaled AG
|Top emitting, electroluminescent component with frequency conversion centres
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|3
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7002293.PN.&OS=PN/7002293&RS=PN/7002293 US7002293B2]
|align = "center"|02/21/2006
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Organic light emitting diode with improved light emission through the cathode
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|4
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6770502.PN.&OS=PN/6770502&RS=PN/6770502 US6770502B2]
|align = "center"|08/03/2004
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Method of manufacturing a top-emitting OLED display device with desiccant structures
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|5
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220080169757%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20080169757&RS=DN/20080169757 US20080169757A1]
|align = "center"|07/17/2008
|TPO Displays Corp.
|Top-emitting organic electroluminescent display
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|6
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060043373%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060043373&RS=DN/20060043373 US20060043373A1]
|align = "center"|03/02/2006
|Industrial Technology Research Institute
|Method for manufacturing a pixel array of top emitting OLED
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|7
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050236629%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050236629&RS=DN/20050236629 US20050236629A1]
|align = "center"|10/27/2005
|None
|Top emission organic light emitting diode display using auxiliary electrode to prevent voltage drop of upper electrode and method of fabricating the same
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|8
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?NUM=EP1489671A2&DB=EPODOC&submitted=true&locale=en_V3&ST=number&compact=false EP1489671A2]
|align = "center"|12/22/2004
|Global OLED Technology LLC
|Method of making a top-emitting oled device having improved power distribution
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|9
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/searchResults?NUM=EP1029336A1&DB=EPODOC&submitted=true&locale=en_V3&ST=number&compact=false EP1029336A1]
|align = "center"|08/23/2000
|FED CORPORATION
|TOP EMITTING OLED WITH REFRACTORY METAL COMPOUNDS AS BOTTOM CATHODE
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|10
|align = "center"|[http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?WO=2001057904 WO2001057904A1]
|align = "center"|08/09/2001
|eMAGIN CORPORATION
|LOW ABSORPTION SPUTTER PROTECTION LAYER FOR OLED STRUCTURE
|-
|}

==Landscape Analysis Of Top-Emmission OLED==
===IP Landscape===

* We have chosen the top emission OLED's as the area of focus.
* The top emission OLED's have been facing challenges to achieve optimimum efficiencies in terms of light reflection. Also, it's been a challenge to increase the life time of the top emission OLED's. Lots of initiative is seen in this direction, and below is a snapshot of research work done by organizations worldwide to achieve higher efficiency levels through better design.

[[Image:IPactivity.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

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===Competitor Landscape===
[[Image:Assignee.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

===Competitor Mapping===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''#'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Assignee Name'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2001'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2002'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2003'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2004'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2005'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2006'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2007'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|Eastman Kodak
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center"|23
|align = "center"|24
|align = "center"|24
|align = "center"|12
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''87'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|Not Available
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center"|10
|align = "center"|9
|align = "center"|20
|align = "center"|18
|align = "center"|6
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''66'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|Osram Opto Semiconductors
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|Osram Opto Semiconductors
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|Cambridge DisplayTech
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|Novaled
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''7'''
|Optronics
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|4
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''8'''
|Agency for science technology
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|Universal Display
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''10'''
|Ind Tech
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''11'''
|Phillips
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''12'''
|3M
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''13'''
|Applied Film
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''14'''
|Dielectric Systems
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''15'''
|Elo Touch systems
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''16'''
|Emagin Corp
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''17'''
|IBM
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''18'''
|Ignis Innovation
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''19'''
|Kyocera
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''20'''
|Luxell Technologies
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''21'''
|Microemissive Displays
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''22'''
|Nat Taiwan University
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''23'''
|Optimax Technology
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''24'''
|Pai Jui-Fen
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''25'''
|Semiconductor Energy
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''26'''
|Sundew Technologies
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''27'''
|Univ Gent
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|
|align = "center"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''28'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''14'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''36'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''58'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''66'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''28'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''208'''
|-
|}

----

===Key Inventors===
[[Image:Inventormap.jpg|thumb|center| 600 px|]]

===Key Inventor Mapping===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''S.No'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Top 10 Assignees of Last 5 Years'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2001'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2002'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2003'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2004'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2005'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2006'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2007'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''1'''
|Cok Ronald S US
|
| 
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|12
|align = "right"|13
|align = "right"|13
|align = "right"|11
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''51'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''2'''
|Ghosh Amalkumar P US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|Gupta Rahul US
|
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|5
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|Tyan Yuan-Sheng US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|3
|align = "right"|1
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|Miller Michael E US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''6'''
|Stegamat Reza US
|
| 
| 
|align = "right"|2
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|1
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''4'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''7'''
|Silvernail Jeffrey Alan US
|
| 
|align = "right"|2
| 
|align = "right"|1
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''8'''
|Su Wencheng US
|
| 
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''9'''
|Wang Jin-Shan US
|
| 
| 
| 
| 
|align = "right"|3
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''10'''
|Weaver Michael S US
|
| 
|align = "right"|1
|align = "right"|2
| 
| 
| 
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''3'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''Total'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|''' '''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''5'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''19'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''26'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''23'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''13'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|'''86'''
|-
|}

----

===Technology Mapping===
* In OLED devices not all internally generated light is coupled out of the device (only 20%-50%), which reduces the device efficiency and lifetime.
* Modification in structures are applied to improve outcouple efficiency in order to enhance the efficiency and lifetime of top emission OLEDs.
* Below is a snapshot of how various organizations are using different design structures, using the same principle of internal reflection, to achieve higher out-coupling efficiencies.

====Comparison of out coupling of waveguiding light in top-emission polyLED stack====
[[Image:Slide-oled.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]
* Some light is reflected out of the OLED at stray angles in typical cases. By using a barrier material (form of microparticles) in the cathode layer, this light at stray angles hits the barrier material, and some of it is reflected back and guided out at the right angles, reducing light loss.

[[Image:Slide-oled1.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* Microparticles are incorporated in the substrate, which prevents light loss by reflecting light emitted at stray angles.

[[Image:Slide-oled2.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* A highly reflective anode is provided made of Aluminium or Silver, with a mirror like finish, to reflect light.
[[Image:Slide-oled3.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* A shielding layer is provided below the anode, across its entire surface, thus increasing the surface area from which light can be reflected outside.

[[Image:Slide-oled4.jpg|thumb|center| 500 px|]]

* The reflective layer, anode, is made of a highly reflective surface like Aluminium alloy or silver.

====Conclusion====
The innovation is towards:
* Incorporating micro-particles structure over the substrate that provide a reflective surface.
* Highly reflective materials using metals like Molybdenum etc.

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OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode

2011-02-17T10:17:50Z

Aartij: /* Concept Table */

OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode

2011-02-17T10:17:32Z

Aartij: /* Concept Table */

OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode

2011-02-17T10:14:42Z

Aartij: /* OLED Advantages and Disadvantages */

OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode

2011-02-17T07:07:52Z

Aartij: /* OLED Advantages and Disadvantages */

OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode

2011-02-17T07:07:04Z

Aartij: /* OLED Advantages and Disadvantages */

OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode

2011-02-17T07:06:36Z

Aartij: /* OLED Advantages and Disadvantages */

OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode

2011-02-17T07:04:21Z

Aartij: /* OLED Advantages and Disadvantages */

OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode

2011-02-17T06:50:14Z

Aartij:

OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode

2011-02-17T06:07:40Z

Aartij: /* Working of OLED'S */

File:Oled WORKING.png

2011-02-17T06:07:08Z

Aartij:

OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode

2011-02-17T06:06:51Z

Aartij: /* Working of OLED'S */

OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode

2011-02-16T12:00:13Z

Aartij: /* Rationale */

OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode

2011-02-16T11:50:09Z

Aartij:

OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode

2011-02-16T10:32:52Z

Aartij: /* Working of OLED'S */

OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode

2011-02-16T10:32:18Z

Aartij: /* Working of OLED'S */

OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode

2011-02-16T10:32:01Z

Aartij: /* Working of OLED'S */

OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode

2011-02-16T10:31:35Z

Aartij: /* Working of OLED'S */

OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode

2011-02-16T10:31:02Z

Aartij: /* Working of OLED'S */

OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode

2011-02-16T10:27:34Z

Aartij: /* Working of OLED'S */

OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode

2011-02-16T10:27:02Z

Aartij:

OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode

2011-02-16T09:55:24Z

Aartij: /* OLED Components */

OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode

2011-02-16T09:43:23Z

Aartij: /* OLED Components */

OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode

2011-02-16T09:43:03Z

Aartij: /* OLED Components */

File:Oled structure.png

2011-02-16T09:40:34Z

Aartij:

OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode

2011-02-16T09:39:57Z

Aartij: /* OLED Components */

OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode

2011-02-16T09:37:37Z

Aartij:

LTE

2011-02-07T09:14:37Z

Aartij: /* Taxonomy */

==Rationale==
* LTE is the most suited technology as it provides higher data rates required for the future and is an advancement over widely used GSM/EDGE/HSPA
* A number of corporate giants are looking towards LTE as the technology enabling future communication
* The following factors are expected to be obtained with the realization of LTE
** Reduced cost per bit
** Increased service provisioning - more services at lower cost with better user experience
** Flexibility of use of existing and new frequency bands
** Simplified architecture, Open interfaces
** Allow for reasonable terminal power consumption

==Background description==

LTE (Long Term Evolution), is the latest standard in the mobile network technology that came into existence because of the growing needs of faster data rates. It is a 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), which realized this technology. LTE is an advancement to previously realized technologies such as GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSxPA etc.Although LTE is often marketed as 4G, first-release LTE is actually a 3.9G technology since it does not fully comply with the IMT Advanced 4G requirements.
[[Image:299.jpg|centre|300px|thumb|[http://www.unwiredview.com/2009/02/18/verizon-att-lte-details LTE technology ]]]
Voice traffic will be supported mainly as Voice over IP (VoIP) enabling better integration with other multimedia services.LTE is being designed to be a high data rate and low latency system. LTE is also aimed at minimizing cost and power consumption while ensuring backward-compatibility and a cost effective migration from UMTS systems.
[http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/cellulartelecomms/lte-long-term-evolution/3g-lte-basics.php LTE tutorial]

==Technical details==

===Performance requirements===
LTE is expected to support different types of services including web browsing, FTP, video streaming, VoIP, online gaming, real time video, push-to-talk and push-to-view. Therefore, it is being designed to be a high data rate and low latency system as indicated by the key performance criteria shown below.

[[Image:per.jpg|500px|thumb|centre|[http://www.motorola.com/staticfiles/Business/Solutions/Industry%20Solutions/Service%20Providers/Wireless%20Operators/LTE/_Document/Static%20Files/6834_MotDoc_New.pdf '''Performance Requirements''']]]

==LTE architecture==
[[Image:arch.jpg|700px|thumb|centre|[http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/whitepapers/lte_overview.pdf LTE architecture]]]

===Protocol stack===
[[Image:prot.jpg|600px|thumb|centre|[http://www.ericsson.com/res/thecompany/docs/journal_conference_papers/wireless_access/IEEE-Com-Mag-April-2009-LTE-SAE-Rel-8-link-layer-design.pdf Protocol stack of LTE]]]

===Data flow ===
The data flow through protocol stack can be shown as
[[Image:dataf.jpg|600px|thumb|centre|[http://www.ericsson.com/res/thecompany/docs/journal_conference_papers/wireless_access/IEEE-Com-Mag-April-2009-LTE-SAE-Rel-8-link-layer-design.pdf Dataflow]]]

===LTE frame structure===

In order to maintain synchronization and manage different types of information exchange that need to be carried between the base-station or eNodeB and the User Equipment (UE), LTE system has a defined LTE frame and sub frame structure for the E-UTRA or Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access

There are two types of LTE frame structure:

* '''Type 1:used for the LTE FDD mode systems'''
** The basic type 1 LTE frame has an overall length of 10 ms. This is then divided into a total of 20 individual slots. LTE sub frames then consist of two slots - in other words there are ten LTE sub frames within a frame.

[[Image:type1f.jpg|thumb|centre|600px|[http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/cellulartelecomms/lte-long-term-evolution/lte-frame-subframe-structure.php LTE frame structure]]]

* '''Type 2:used for the LTE TDD systems'''
** The frame structure for the type 2 frames used on LTE TDD is somewhat different. The 10 ms frame comprises two half frames, each 5 ms long. The LTE half-frames are further split into five sub frames, each 1ms long.

[[Image:type2f.jpg|thumb|centre|600px|[http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/cellulartelecomms/lte-long-term-evolution/lte-frame-subframe-structure.php LTE frame structure]]]

* The subframes may be divided into standard sub frames of special sub frames. The special sub frames consist of three fields
** DwPTS - Downlink Pilot Time Slot
** GP - Guard Period
** UpPTS - Uplink Pilot Time Slot.

==LTE enabling technologies==

* '''OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)'''
** It is used in the downlink communication of LTE as it can support high data rates
* '''SC-FDMA (Single Carrier FDMA)'''
** It is used in the uplink communication of LTE as it helps in reducing terminal power consumption
* '''MIMO (Multi-Input Multi-Output)'''
** Helps in obtaining increased data rates with usage of many antennas.
* '''System Architecture Evolution(SAE)'''
** New core network architecture to support the high-throughput / low latency LTE access system
** Simplified network architecture
** All IP network
** All services are via PS domain only, No CS domain
** Support mobility between multiple heterogeneous access system
* '''Fractional frequency reuse'''
** Helps in reusing the frequency so that spectral efficiency can be improved

==Taxonomy==
<mm>[[LTE-taxonomy.mm]]</mm>

==MIMO(Multiple Input Multiple Output)==

Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technologies introduced in LTE such as spatial multiplexing, transmit diversity, and beamforming are key components for providing higher peak rate at a better system efficiency, which are essential for supporting future broadband data service over wireless links.In Long Term Evolution (LTE), MIMO technologies have been widely used to improve downlink peak rate, cell coverage, as well as average cell throughput.

To achieve this diverse set of objectives, LTE adopted various MIMO technologies including transmit diversity, single user (SU)-MIMO, multiuser (MU)-MIMO, closed-loop rank-1 precoding, and dedicated beamforming. [http://www.hindawi.com/journals/wcn/2009/302092.html MIMO in LTE]
[[Image:mimo.jpg|thumb|700px|centre|[http://www.radion.co.in/mimo_basics MIMO working]]]

==Concept table for MIMO==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|S.no
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|MIMO
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|OFDMA
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|SCFDMA
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|Interference
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|SDMA
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|HARQ
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|Multipath
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|LTE
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|Others
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|1
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Multiple adj input<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj multiple adj output<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|OFDM
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|scfdma
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|interference near3 mitigate<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Space adj2 time adj2 transmit adj2 diversity
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|HARQ
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Multipath near2 effect<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|LTE
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|channel adj2 quality adj2 indication adj2 channel<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|2
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Distributed adj transmission adj directional adj reception
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|(orthogonal adj frequency adj division) near2 multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|SINGLE adj CARRIER adj FREQUENCY adj DIVISION adj MULTIPLE adj ACCESS<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|interference near3 cancel<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|antenna adj2 multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Hybrid adj automatic adj repeat adj request
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Multipath near2 propagat<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Long term evolution
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|CQICH
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|3
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|DTDR
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|ofdma
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|scfdm
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|interference near3 reduc<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|SDMA
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|feedback adj2 mechani<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Multipath near2 phenomenon
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Evolved packet system
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Downlink adj2 Channel adj2 Descriptor adj2 message<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|4
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|transmission adj2 diversit<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|(orthogonal adj frequency adj division) near2 (multiple adj access)
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|single adj carrier adj frequency adj division adj multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|interference near3 null<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Space adj2 division adj2 multiple adj2 access
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Hybrid ARQ
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|System architecture evolution
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|adaptive adj2 modulation adj2 coding
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|5
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|SFBC
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|discrete adj multi adj tone
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|SC-FDMA
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Space adj2 domain adj2 multiple adj2 access
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|ARQ
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|E-UTRA<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|pre adj coding<nowiki>*</nowiki>3
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|6
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Space adj2 frequency adj2 block adj coding
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|DMT
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|DFT-spread adj OFDM
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|plural<nowiki>*</nowiki> near2 (spatial adj streams
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|automatic adj repeat adj request
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|per adj2 antenna adj2 rate adj2 control
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|7
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|SU adj2 MIMO
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|(adaptive ADJ modulation*)
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|DFT-S-OFDMA
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|spatial adj2 adaptation
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Automatic Repeat Query
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|permutation adj2 mode adj2 selection
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|8
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|MU adj2 MIMO
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|sofdm
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Interleaved adj FDMA
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|adaptive adj2 transmi<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|9
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|space adj2 time adj2 cod<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Interleaved adj Frequency adj Division adj Multiple adj Access
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Bell adj2 Labs adj2 Layer adj2 Space adj2 Time
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|10
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|multiple adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|IFDMA
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|spatial adj2 multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|11
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|multi adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Discrete adj Fourier adj Transform adj Spread adj Orthogonal adj Frequency adj Multiple adj Access
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|12
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|multiple adj transmit<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj2 receive<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|DFT- SOFDM
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|13
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|plural<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj2 antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|14
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|atleast adj2 two adj2 antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|15
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|layer adj map<nowiki>*</nowiki>4
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|16
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|beam adj2 steer<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|17
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|smart adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>1
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|18
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|spatial adj multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>3
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|19
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|multiple adj transmit<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>1
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|20
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|multiple adj receive<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>1
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|21
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|Adaptive adj2 antenna adj2 steer<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|22
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|beam adj2 forming
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|-
|bgcolor = "#948B54"|23
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|eigenmode adj2 multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|bgcolor = "#EAF1DD"|
|-
|}

==Control patents==

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''S.No'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Title'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Abstract'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7295624.PN.&OS=PN/7295624&RS=PN/7295624 US7295624]
|Wireless system with hybrid automatic retransmission request in interference-limited communications
|A wireless receiver for receiving signals from an interference-limited transmitter in an interference-limited system comprising at least one transmit antenna, wherein the signals comprise a plurality of symbols. The receiver comprises a plurality of receive antennas and collection circuitry for collecting a plurality of signal samples with at least one symbol and interference effects. The receiver also comprises suppression circuitry, accumulation circuitry, circuitry for providing estimates of a group of bits, error detection circuitry and circuitry for requesting the transmitter to transmit a retransmission of a packet in response to detecting an error.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6873606.PN.&OS=PN/6873606&RS=PN/6873606 US6873606]
|Rate adaptive transmission scheme for MIMO systems
|A rate adaptive transmission scheme for MIMO systems, which can transmit a variable number of data symbol streams, provide transmit diversity for each data symbol stream, and fully utilize the total transmit power of the system and the full power of each antenna. In one method, at least one data symbol stream is received for transmission from a plurality of antennas. Each data symbol stream is scaled with a respective weight corresponding to the amount of transmit power allocated to that stream. The scaled data symbol stream(s) are multiplied with a transmit basis matrix to provide a plurality of transmit symbol streams for the plurality of antennas. The transmit basis matrix (e.g., a Walsh-Hadamard matrix or a DFT matrix) is defined such that each data symbol stream is transmitted from all antennas and each transmit symbol stream is transmitted at (or near) the full power for the associated antenna.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7233625.PN.&OS=PN/7233625&RS=PN/7233625 US7233625]
|Preamble design for multiple input--multiple output (MIMO), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system
|One or more preambles are inserted into frames of Orthogonal Frequency Multiplexing (OFDM)-Multiple Input, Multiple Output (MIMO) signals. The preamble is received by the antennas of a receiver, decoded and compared to known values to provide synchronization, framing, channels estimation, offsets and other corrections to the transmitted signal.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''4'''
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7248559.PN.&OS=PN/7248559&RS=PN/7248559 US7248559]
|Scattered pilot pattern and channel estimation method for MIMO-OFDM systems
|A method and apparatus are provided for reducing the number of pilot symbols within a MIMO-OFDM communication system, and for improving channel estimation within such a system. For each transmitting antenna in an OFDM transmitter, pilot symbols are encoded so as to be unique to the transmitting antenna. The encoded pilot symbols are then inserted into an OFDM frame to form a diamond lattice, the diamond lattices for the different transmitting antennae using the same frequencies but being offset from each other by a single symbol in the time domain. At the OFDM receiver, a channel response is estimated for a symbol central to each diamond of the diamond lattice using a two-dimensional interpolation. The estimated channel responses are smoothed in the frequency domain. The channel responses of remaining symbols are then estimated by interpolation in the frequency domain.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''5'''
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7548506.PN.&OS=PN/7548506&RS=PN/7548506 US7548506]
|System access and synchronization methods for MIMO OFDM communications systems and physical layer packet and preamble design
|A method and apparatus are provided for performing acquisition, synchronization and cell selection within an MIMO-OFDM communication system. A coarse synchronization is performed to determine a searching window. A fine synchronization is then performed by measuring correlations between subsets of signal samples, whose first signal sample lies within the searching window, and known values. The correlations are performed in the frequency domain of the received signal. In a multiple-output OFDM system, each antenna of the OFDM transmitter has a unique known value. The known value is transmitted as pairs of consecutive pilot symbols, each pair of pilot symbols being transmitted at the same subset of sub-carrier frequencies within the OFDM frame.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''6'''
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7120395.PN.&OS=PN/7120395&RS=PN/7120395 US7120395]
|MIMO communications
|The present invention allows a wireless communication system, such as a base station, to select N antennas from an associated group of M antennas for transmitting multiple streams of data to a given user. Based on the channel conditions between the M antennas of the wireless communication system and the multiple antennas at the receiver, the N antennas to use for transmission are selected to enhance channel capacity, signal-to-noise ratios, or a combination thereof. The channel conditions are measured at the receiver, and may be sent back to the wireless communication system for processing or may be processed at the receiver, wherein instructions are transmitted back to the wireless communication system to control antenna selection.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''7'''
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7283499.PN.&OS=PN/7283499&RS=PN/7283499 US7283499]
|Simplified practical rank and mechanism, and associated method, to adapt MIMO modulation in a multi-carrier system with feedback
|A method of adapting transmission parameters in a multicarrier communication system having multiple transmit antennas and/or multiple receive antennas, whereby a statistical parameter of a wideband channel is computed, one type of matrix modulation scheme is selected to be used for a given multicarrier modulation symbol, one type of signal constellation is selected to be used for a given multicarrier modulation symbol, and one concatenated channel coding rate is selected to be used for a given multicarrier modulation symbol. Multicarrier modulation symbols are then transmitted using the selected matrix modulation scheme, signal constellation, and concatenated channel coding rate.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''8'''
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7194040.PN.&OS=PN/7194040&RS=PN/7194040 US7194040]
|Beam-steering and beam-forming for wideband MIMO/MISO systems
|Techniques to perform beam-steering and beam-forming to transmit data on a single eigenmode in a wideband multiple-input channel. In one method, a steering vector is obtained for each of a number of subbands. Depending on how the steering vectors are defined, beam-steering or beam-forming can be achieved for each subband. The total transmit power is allocated to the subbands based on a particular power allocation scheme (e.g., full channel inversion, selective channel inversion, water-filling, or uniform). A scaling value is then obtained for each subband based on its allocated transmit power. Data to be transmitted is coded and modulated to provide modulation symbols. The modulation symbols to be transmitted on each subband are scaled with the subband<nowiki>’</nowiki>s scaling value and further preconditioned with the subband<nowiki>’</nowiki>s steering vector. A stream of preconditioned symbols is then formed for each transmit antenna.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''9'''
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7336727.PN.&OS=PN/7336727&RS=PN/7336727 US7336727]
|Generalized m-rank beamformers for MIMO systems using successive quantization
|The telecommunications system described herein implements a multi-rank beamformer for use in wireless systems equipped with multiple transmit and multiple receive antennas. The multi-rank beamformer uses finite-rate feedback of channel conditions to achieves close to theoretical performance indicated by the water-filling algorithm, while avoiding the computational complexity associated with space time codes. In addition, the multi-rank beamforming system described herein improves on the performance of unit rank beamforming methods by maintaining the gains over space time codes over a broader range of transmission rate
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''10'''
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7702029.PN.&OS=PN/7702029&RS=PN/7702029 US7702029]
|MIMO precoding enabling spatial multiplexing, power allocation and adaptive modulation and coding
|In a closed-loop wireless communication system, a codebook-based feedback mechanism is provided to enable non-unitary precoding for multi-stream transmission, where in each stream is optimized with suitable transmission power allocation and AMC. The codebook-based feedback mechanism uses a precoding codebook having a power allocation matrix which is constrained to specify that beamforming always applies full power to a predetermined beam. With this constraint, a one-bit power allocation feedback index may be used to switch between beamforming and spatial multiplexing.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''11'''
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220080247479%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20080247479&RS=DN/20080247479 US20080247479]
|Pilot Scheme For A Mimo Communication System
|The present invention employs a pilot scheme for frequency division multiple access (FDM) communication systems, such as single carrier FDM communication systems. A given transmit time interval will include numerous traffic symbols and two or more short pilot symbols, which are spaced apart from one another by at least one traffic symbol and will have a Fourier transform length that is less than the Fourier transform length of any given traffic symbol. Multiple transmitters will generate pilot information and modulate the pilot information onto sub-carriers of the short pilot symbols in an orthogonal manner. Each transmitter may use different sub-carriers within the time and frequency domain, which is encompassed by the short pilot symbols within the transmit time interval. Alternatively, each transmitter may uniquely encode the pilot information using a unique code division multiplexed code and modulate the encoded pilot information onto common sub-carriers of the short pilot symbols.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''12'''
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7630356.PN.&OS=PN/7630356&RS=PN/7630356 US7630356]
|Methods for supporting MIMO transmission in OFDM applications
|Aspects of the present invention provide MAC enhancements to support the PHY features of a MIMO-OFDMA framework. The MAC enhancements involve DL burst assignment to support adaptive MIMO transmission, UL burst assignment to support adaptive MIMO transmission, fast feedback channel operation to support wireless terminal dynamic feedback of MIMO mode selection, for example space time transmit diversity (STTD) or spatial multiplexing (SM), and/or permutation mode selection, for example diversity or adjacent subcarrier mode, dynamic CQICH allocation and de-allocation and the use of CQICH_ID for DL burst allocation. One or more of these enhancements is included in a given implementation. Methods are also provided for implementing the MAC enhancements.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''13'''
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220080165875%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20080165875&RS=DN/20080165875 US20080165875]
|Multi-user MIMO-SDMA for finite rate feedback systems
|A multi-user MIMO downlink beamforming system with limited feedback is provided to enable preceding for multi-stream transmission, where a channel codeword (u.sub.i) and one or more channel quality indicator values (CQI.sub.A, CQI.sub.B) are computed at the user equipment on the basis of maximizing a predetermined SINR performance metric (.rho..sub.i) which estimates the receive signal-to-noise-ratio (SINR) at the user equipment . The computed codeword (u.sub.i) and CQI values (or differential values related thereto) are quantized and fed back to help the base station which applies a correction to the appropriate CQI value in the course of designing the transmit beamforming vectors w and determining the appropriate modulation and coding level to be used for downlink data transmission.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''14'''
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220100142455%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20100142455&RS=DN/20100142455 US20100142455]
|Systems and methods for uplink power control
|A method for uplink power control is described. A user equipment (UE) power class may be determined. An uplink multiple access scheme may also be determined. The maximum transmission power for the UE may further be determined according to the determined uplink multiple access scheme and the UE power class.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''15'''
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040082356%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040082356&RS=DN/20040082356 US20040082356]
|MIMO WLAN system
|A multiple-access MIMO WLAN system that employs MIMO, OFDM, and TDD. The system uses a channel structure with a number of configurable transport channels, supports multiple rates and transmission modes, which are configurable based on channel conditions and user terminal capabilities, employs a pilot structure with several types of pilot (e.g., beacon, MIMO, steered reference, and carrier pilots) for different functions, implements rate, timing, and power control loops for proper system operation, and employs random access for system access by the user terminals, fast acknowledgment, and quick resource assignments. Calibration may be performed to account for differences in the frequency responses of transmit/receive chains at the access point and user terminals. The spatial processing may then be simplified by taking advantage of the reciprocal nature of the downlink and uplink and the calibration.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''16'''
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220090046800%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090046800&RS=DN/20090046800 US20090046800]
|Feedback and rate adaptation for MIMO transmission in a Time Division Duplexed (TDD) communication system
|Techniques for sending a MIMO transmission in a wireless communication system are described. In one design, a transmitter sends a first reference signal to a receiver. The receiver selects a precoding matrix based on the first reference signal and in accordance with a selection criterion. The receiver estimates noise and interference at the receiver and determines channel quality indicator (CQI) or modulation and coding scheme (MCS) information based on the precoding matrix and the estimated noise and interference. The receiver sends the CQI or MCS information and a second reference signal to the transmitter. The transmitter selects the precoding matrix based on the second reference signal and in accordance with the same selection criterion used by the receiver. The transmitter then sends a MIMO transmission to the receiver based on the CQI or MCS information obtained from the receiver and the precoding matrix selected by the transmitter.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''17'''
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220080188259%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20080188259&RS=DN/20080188259 US20080188259]
|CQI reporting for MIMO transmissionin a wireless communication system
|Techniques for determining and reporting channel quality indicator (CQI) information are described. A user equipment (UE) may determine a transmit power per channelization code, P.sub.OVSF, based on the available transmit power and a designated number of channelization codes, e.g., by uniformly distributing the available transmit power across all transport blocks and all of the designated number of channelization codes. The UE may estimate SINRs of multiple transport blocks based on P.sub.OVSF, determine CQI indices for the transport blocks based on the SINRs, and send the CQI indices to a Node B. The Node B may send multiple transport blocks to the UE based on the CQI indices. The Node B may send the transport blocks (i) with the designated number of channelization codes at P.sub.OVSF or (ii) with a second number of channelization codes at P.sub.OVSF, with the transport block sizes being scaled based on the designated and second numbers of channelization codes.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''18'''
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220090086849%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090086849&RS=DN/20090086849 US20090086849]
|Method and apparatus of improved circular buffer rate matching for turbo-coded MIMO-OFDM wireless systems
|Methods and apparatus for determining the starting points of redundancy version transmissions in a circular rate matching operation. At least one block of information bits to be transmitted are encoded to generate a plurality of coded bits, which are then segmented into a plurality of sub-blocks of coded bits. Each of the sub-blocks of coded bits is interleaved by using a certain interleaver. The interleaved coded bits of the plurality of sub-blocks are collected and filled into a circular buffer having a plurality of redundancy versions in the circular buffer, with each redundancy version corresponding to a starting bit index in the circular buffer. For each transmission, a subset of bits are selected from the circular buffer by selecting a redundancy version from among the plurality of redundancy version. The selected subset of bits are modulated by using a certain modulation scheme, and are transmitted via at least one antenna. The redundancy versions of the circular being determined such that in at least one pair of redundancy versions, the number of bits between the starting point of a first redundancy version and the starting point of a second redundancy version is not divisible by at least one modulation order.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''19'''
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060045169%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060045169&RS=DN/20060045169 US20060045169]
|Coded-bit scrambling for multi-stream communication in a mimo channel
|In one embodiment, a multi-input/multi-output system includes a receiver , processor, coded bit scrambler, coded bit descrambler , and transmitter . The receiver generates demodulated symbol streams corresponding to a received signal. The processor generates coded bit sequences from source bit streams when operating in a transmit mode and bit log-likelihood ratio sequences from the information bit streams when operating in a receive mode. The coded bit scrambler scrambles the coded bit sequences to generate scrambled bit streams when in the transmit mode. The coded bit descrambler descrambles the log-likelihood ratio sequences by a real-valued descrambling sequence when operating in the receive mode, and also removes the effect of a scrambling sequence. The transmitter generates a transmit signal corresponding to the scrambled bit streams.
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''20'''
|align = "center"|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220070105503%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070105503&RS=DN/20070105503 US20070105503]
|Systems and methods for reducing uplink resources to provide channel performance feedback for adjustment of downlink MIMO channel data rates
|Systems and methods for improving the performance of a MIMO wireless communication system by reducing the amount of uplink resources that are needed to provide channel performance feedback for the adjustment of data rates on the downlink MIMO channels. In one embodiment, a method comprises encoding each of a set of data streams according to corresponding data rates, permuting the data streams on a set of MIMO channels according to a full permutation of combinations, transmitting the permuted data streams, receiving the permuted data streams, decoding and determining an SNR for each of the data streams, computing a condensed SNR metric for the set of data streams, providing the condensed metric as feedback, determining a set of individual SNR metrics for the data streams based on the condensed SNR metric, and adjusting the data rates at which the data streams are encoded based on the individual SNR metrics.
|-
|}

==Search strategy (Micropat)==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''S.no'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Timeline'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Databases'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''No of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''1'''
|Full spec
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|MIMO
|(MIMO OR (Multiple adj input<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj multiple adj output<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (Distributed adj transmission adj directional adj reception) OR (transmission adj2 diversit<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (Space adj2 frequency adj2 block adj cod<nowiki>*</nowiki>3) OR (SU adj2 MIMO) OR (MU adj2 MIMO) OR (space adj2 time adj2 cod<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (multiple adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (multi adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (multiple adj transmit<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj2 receive<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (plural<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj2 antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (atleast adj2 two adj2 antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (layer adj map<nowiki>*</nowiki>4) OR (beam adj2 steer<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (smart adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (spatial adj multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>3) OR (multiple adj transmit<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (multiple adj receive<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (Adaptive adj2 antenna adj2 steer<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (beam adj2 forming) OR (eigenmode adj2 multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>))
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''112290 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''2'''
|Full spec
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|OFDMA
|OFDM or ((orthogonal adj frequency adj division) near2 multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or ofdma or ((orthogonal adj frequency adj division ) near2 (multiple adj access)) or SOFDM or (discrete ADJ multi ADJ tone) or (adaptive ADJ modulation<nowiki>*</nowiki>)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''66762 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''3'''
|Full spec
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|SCFDMA
|scfdma or (SINGLE adj CARRIER adj FREQUENCY adj DIVISION adj MULTIPLE adj ACCESS<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or scfdm or (single adj carrier adj frequency adj division adj multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or ("SC-FDMA") or (DFT-spread adj OFDM) or ("DFT-S-OFDMA ") or (Interleaved adj FDMA ) or (Interleaved adj Frequency adj Division adj Multiple adj Access ) or ("IFDMA" ) or (" Discrete adj Fourier adj Transform adj Spread adj Orthogonal adj Frequency adj Multiple adj Access ") or (" DFT- SOFDM ")
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''5701 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''4'''
|Full spec
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|Interference
|(interference near3 mitigate<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or (interference near3 cancel<nowiki>*</nowiki> ) or (interference near3 reduc<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or (interference near3 null<nowiki>*</nowiki> )
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''93407 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''5'''
|Full spec
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|SDMA
|(Space adj2 time adj2 transmit adj2 diversity) or (antenna adj2 multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or SDMA or (Space adj2 division adj2 multiple adj2 access) or (Space adj2 domain adj2 multiple adj2 access) or (plural<nowiki>*</nowiki> near2 (spatial adj streams)) or (spatial adj2 adaptation) or (adaptive adj2 transmi<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or (Bell adj2 Labs adj2 Layer adj2 Space adj2 Time) or (spatial adj2 multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''14886 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''6'''
|Full spec
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|HARQ
|HARQ or (Hybrid adj automatic adj repeat adj request) or (Hybrid adj2 ARQ) or (ARQ ) or (automatic adj repeat adj request ) or (Automatic adj Repeat adj Query ) or (feedback adj2 mechani<nowiki>*</nowiki>)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''54419 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''7'''
|Full spec
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|Multipath
|Multipath near2 (effect<nowiki>*</nowiki> or propagati<nowiki>*</nowiki> or phenomenon) or interference near3 (mitigate<nowiki>*</nowiki> or reduc<nowiki>*</nowiki> or cancel<nowiki>*</nowiki> or null<nowiki>*</nowiki>)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''103119 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''8'''
|Full spec
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|LTE Synonyms
|(LTE OR (long ADJ term ADJ evolution) OR (evolved ADJ packet ADJ system) OR (system ADJ architecture ADJ evolution) OR (E ADJ UTRA<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR EUTRA<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR (evolved ADJ UMTS ADJ terrestrial ADJ radio ADJ access))
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''29270 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''9'''
|Full spec
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|Others
|(channel adj2 quality adj2 indicat<nowiki>*</nowiki>3 adj2 channel<nowiki>*</nowiki> ) or (CQICH) or (Downlink adj2 Channel adj2 Descriptor adj2 message<nowiki>*</nowiki> ) or (adaptive adj2 modulation adj2 coding ) or (pre adj coding<nowiki>*</nowiki>3 ) or (per adj2 antenna adj2 rate adj2 control ) or (permutation adj2 mode adj2 selection )
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''8917 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''10'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|Combined Query
|2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''225024 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''11'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|Combined Query
|1 and 10
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''35704 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''12'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFFF99" colspan = "4"|'''Final result in Full spec'''
|bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''No of unique records'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|''' 15233 Relevancy = 45%'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''13'''
|IPC and ECLA class
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|MIMO
|H04B0007<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H04L000102 OR H04L000106 OR H01Q0001<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H01Q0003<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H01Q0005<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H01Q0021<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H01Q0025<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H01Q0009<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H04B000702M OR H04B000704B OR H04B000704M OR H04B000704M3B OR H04B000704M3M OR H04B000704M5 OR H04B000704S OR H04B000706B OR H04B000706B1 OR H04B000706B1R OR H04B000706B2 OR H04B000706B2F OR H04B000706C OR H04B000706C1 OR H04B000706C1B OR H04B000706C1D OR H04B000706C1F3C OR H04B000706C1F5R OR H04B000706C1F5T OR H04B000706C2 OR H04B000706C2C OR H04B000706C2D OR H04B000706C3 OR H04B000706C4 OR H04B000706H OR H04B000706H1 OR H04B000706H2 OR H04B000706H3 OR H04B000706M OR H04B000708B OR H04B000708B2 OR H04B000708B2C OR H04B000708B2R OR H04B000708B4<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H04B000708C OR H04B000708H<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H04B000708P<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H04B000708S<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H04L000100B7<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H04L000100B7B1 OR H04L000106F<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''330557 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''14'''
|IPC and ECLA class
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|OFDMA
|H04J000104 OR H03D0000100 OR H04B0007204 OR H04B0007208 OR H04J000105 OR H04J000900 OR H04J001100 OR H04J001100 OR H04J001318 OR H04K000100 OR H04L000500 OR H04L002500 OR H04W007200 OR H04L000500A2A1 OR H04B000706C1F7C OR H04B0007204B OR H04B0007204D OR H04L000106T7A OR H04L000500A OR H04L000500A2A1 OR H04L0027227A3
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''84933 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''15'''
|IPC and ECLA class
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|SCFDMA
|H04J000100 OR H03D0000100 OR H04B0007204 OR H04B0007208 OR H04J000900 OR H04K000100 OR H04L000500 OR H04L002500 OR H04W007200 OR H04L002736A OR H04B000706C1F7C OR H04B0007204B OR H04B0007204D OR H04L000106T7A OR H04L000500A OR H04L000500A2A1 OR H04L000500A2A1 OR H04L002720D1 OR H04L0027227A3
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''79709 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''16'''
|IPC and ECLA class
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|Interference
|H04B001500 OR H04B00110 OR H04B001500 OR H04W005202 OR H04W007204 OR H04W009200 OR H04W007208B OR H04B000169U7 OR H04L002503B OR H04L000100B5E3 OR H04W005202E6
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''42592 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''17'''
|IPC and ECLA class
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|SDMA
|H04L000106 OR H04L000106T<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H04L000106T7K
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''8715 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''18'''
|IPC and ECLA class
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|HARQ
|H04L000118 OR H04L000118C OR H04L000118D<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H04L000118H OR H04L000118P OR H04L000100B
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''16574 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''19'''
|IPC and ECLA class
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|Multipath
|H04B000702 OR G01S001922 OR H04B000110 OR H04B000702 OR H04W005224 OR H04W007208 OR H04B000110M OR H04W007208B OR G01S000100S1A3 OR G01S000100S2C4 OR G01S001344C OR H04W005224J
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''46753 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''20'''
|IPC and ECLA class
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|LTE Synonyms
|H04L001256 OR H04L001240F3 OR H04L001256C
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''163607 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''21'''
|Claims
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|MIMO
|(MIMO OR (Multiple adj input<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj multiple adj output<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (Distributed adj transmission adj directional adj reception) OR (transmission adj2 diversit<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (Space adj2 frequency adj2 block adj cod<nowiki>*</nowiki>3) OR (SU adj2 MIMO) OR (MU adj2 MIMO) OR (space adj2 time adj2 cod<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (multiple adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (multi adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (multiple adj transmit<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj2 receive<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (plural<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj2 antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (atleast adj2 two adj2 antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (layer adj map<nowiki>*</nowiki>4) OR (beam adj2 steer<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (smart adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (spatial adj multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>3) OR (multiple adj transmit<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (multiple adj receive<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (Adaptive adj2 antenna adj2 steer<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (beam adj2 forming) OR (eigenmode adj2 multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>))
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''31273 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''22'''
|Claims
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|OFDMA
|OFDM or ((orthogonal adj frequency adj division) near2 multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or ofdma or ((orthogonal adj frequency adj division ) near2 (multiple adj access)) or SOFDM or (discrete ADJ multi ADJ tone) or (adaptive ADJ modulation<nowiki>*</nowiki>)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''16525 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''23'''
|Claims
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|SCFDMA
|scfdma or (SINGLE adj CARRIER adj FREQUENCY adj DIVISION adj MULTIPLE adj ACCESS<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or scfdm or (single adj carrier adj frequency adj division adj multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or ("SC-FDMA") or (DFT-spread adj OFDM) or ("DFT-S-OFDMA ") or (Interleaved adj FDMA ) or (Interleaved adj Frequency adj Division adj Multiple adj Access ) or ("IFDMA" ) or (" Discrete adj Fourier adj Transform adj Spread adj Orthogonal adj Frequency adj Multiple adj Access ") or (" DFT- SOFDM ")
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''482 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''24'''
|Claims
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|Interference
|(interference near3 mitigate<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or (interference near3 cancel<nowiki>*</nowiki> ) or (interference near3 reduc<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or (interference near3 null<nowiki>*</nowiki> )
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''9937 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''25'''
|Claims
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|SDMA
|(Space adj2 time adj2 transmit adj2 diversity) or (antenna adj2 multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or SDMA or (Space adj2 division adj2 multiple adj2 access) or (Space adj2 domain adj2 multiple adj2 access) or (plural<nowiki>*</nowiki> near2 (spatial adj streams)) or (spatial adj2 adaptation) or (adaptive adj2 transmi<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or (Bell adj2 Labs adj2 Layer adj2 Space adj2 Time) or (spatial adj2 multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''2096 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''26'''
|Claims
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|HARQ
|HARQ or (Hybrid adj automatic adj repeat adj request) or (Hybrid adj2 ARQ) or (ARQ ) or (automatic adj repeat adj request ) or (Automatic adj Repeat adj Query ) or (feedback adj2 mechani<nowiki>*</nowiki>)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''6601 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''27'''
|Claims
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|Multipath
|Multipath near2 (effect<nowiki>*</nowiki> or propagati<nowiki>*</nowiki> or phenomenon) or interference near3 (mitigate<nowiki>*</nowiki> or reduc<nowiki>*</nowiki> or cancel<nowiki>*</nowiki> or null<nowiki>*</nowiki>)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''10409 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''28'''
|Claims
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|LTE Synonyms
|(LTE OR (long ADJ term ADJ evolution) OR (evolved ADJ packet ADJ system) OR (system ADJ architecture ADJ evolution) OR (E ADJ UTRA<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR EUTRA<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR (evolved ADJ UMTS ADJ terrestrial ADJ radio ADJ access))
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''3584 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''29'''
|Claims
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
|Others
|(channel adj2 quality adj2 indicat<nowiki>*</nowiki>3 adj2 channel<nowiki>*</nowiki> ) or (CQICH) or (Downlink adj2 Channel adj2 Descriptor adj2 message<nowiki>*</nowiki> ) or (adaptive adj2 modulation adj2 coding ) or (pre adj coding<nowiki>*</nowiki>3 ) or (per adj2 antenna adj2 rate adj2 control ) or (permutation adj2 mode adj2 selection )
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''1236 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''30'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|Combined Query
|22 or 23 or 24 or 25 or 26 or 27 or 28 or 29
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''37953 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''31'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|Combined Query
|21 and 30
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''4760 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''32'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|MIMO with OFDMA
|(21 and 13) and (22 or 14)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''2994 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''33'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|MIMO with SCFDMA
|(21 and 13) and (23 or 15)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''1219 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''34'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|MIMO with Interference
|(21 and 13) and (24 or 16)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''1178 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''35'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|MIMO with SDMA
|(21 and 13) and (25 or 17)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''3033 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''36'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|MIMO with HARQ
|(21 and 13) and (26 or 18)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''365 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''37'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|MIMO with Multipath
|(21 and 13) and (27 or 19)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''3433 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''38'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|MIMO with LTE Synonyms
|(21 and 13) and (28 or 20)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''462 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''39'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|MIMO with Others
|(21 and 13) and 29
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''259 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''40'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|Combined query
|32 or 33 or 34 or 35 or 36 or 37 or 38 or 39
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''7288 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''41'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|Combined query
|40 Not 11
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''1393 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''42'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|
|bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''No of unique records of Query 41'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''761 '''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''43'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#999999" colspan = "4"|'''Final Query'''
|bgcolor = "#999999"|'''12 or 42'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#999999"|'''15994 Relevancy = 44% '''
|-
|}
'''Disclaimer:''' As there is a restriction of 20000 patents in micropat for creating the worksheet. The patents were divided into two groups based on the earliest priority date and then reduced to a single member family. Therefore there could be some patent family overlap.

==Search strategy (Thomson Innovation)==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''S.no'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Scope'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Timeline'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Databases'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Concept'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''Query'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''No of hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''1'''
|Full spec
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|MIMO
|(MIMO OR (Multiple adj input<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj multiple adj output<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (Distributed adj transmission adj directional adj reception) OR (transmission adj2 diversit<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (Space adj2 frequency adj2 block adj cod<nowiki>*</nowiki>3) OR (SU adj2 MIMO) OR (MU adj2 MIMO) OR (space adj2 time adj2 cod<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (multiple adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (multi adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (multiple adj transmit<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj2 receive<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (plural<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj2 antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (atleast adj2 two adj2 antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (layer adj map<nowiki>*</nowiki>4) OR (beam adj2 steer<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (smart adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (spatial adj multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>3) OR (multiple adj transmit<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (multiple adj receive<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (Adaptive adj2 antenna adj2 steer<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (beam adj2 forming) OR (eigenmode adj2 multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>))
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''156834 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''2'''
|Full spec
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|OFDMA
|OFDM or ((orthogonal adj frequency adj division) near2 multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or ofdma or ((orthogonal adj frequency adj division ) near2 (multiple adj access)) or SOFDM or (discrete ADJ multi ADJ tone) or (adaptive ADJ modulation<nowiki>*</nowiki>)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''115047 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''3'''
|Full spec
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|SCFDMA
|scfdma or (SINGLE adj CARRIER adj FREQUENCY adj DIVISION adj MULTIPLE adj ACCESS<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or scfdm or (single adj carrier adj frequency adj division adj multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or (SC-FDMA) or (DFT-spread adj OFDM) or (DFT-S-OFDMA ) or (Interleaved adj FDMA ) or (Interleaved adj Frequency adj Division adj Multiple adj Access ) or (IFDMA) or (Discrete adj Fourier adj Transform adj Spread adj Orthogonal adj Frequency adj Multiple adj Access) or (DFT- SOFDM)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''9897 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''4'''
|Full spec
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|Interference
|(interference near3 mitigate<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or (interference near3 cancel<nowiki>*</nowiki> ) or (interference near3 reduc<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or (interference near3 null<nowiki>*</nowiki> )
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''139479 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''5'''
|Full spec
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|SDMA
|(Space adj2 time adj2 transmit adj2 diversity) or (antenna adj2 multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or SDMA or (Space adj2 division adj2 multiple adj2 access) or (Space adj2 domain adj2 multiple adj2 access) or (plural<nowiki>*</nowiki> near2 (spatial adj streams)) or (spatial adj2 adaptation) or (adaptive adj2 transmi<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or (Bell adj2 Labs adj2 Layer adj2 Space adj2 Time) or (spatial adj2 multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''21381 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''6'''
|Full spec
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|HARQ
|HARQ or (Hybrid adj automatic adj repeat adj request) or (Hybrid adj2 ARQ) or (ARQ ) or (automatic adj repeat adj request ) or (Automatic adj Repeat adj Query ) or (feedback adj2 mechani<nowiki>*</nowiki>)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''68710 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''7'''
|Full spec
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|Multipath
|Multipath near2 (effect<nowiki>*</nowiki> or propagati<nowiki>*</nowiki> or phenomenon) or interference near3 (mitigate<nowiki>*</nowiki> or reduc<nowiki>*</nowiki> or cancel<nowiki>*</nowiki> or null<nowiki>*</nowiki>)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''151714 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''8'''
|Full spec
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|LTE Synonyms
|(LTE OR (long ADJ term ADJ evolution) OR (evolved ADJ packet ADJ system) OR (system ADJ architecture ADJ evolution) OR (E ADJ UTRA<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR EUTRA<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR (evolved ADJ UMTS ADJ terrestrial ADJ radio ADJ access))
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''40642 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''9'''
|Full spec
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|Others
|(channel adj2 quality adj2 indicat<nowiki>*</nowiki>3 adj2 channel<nowiki>*</nowiki> ) or (CQICH) or (Downlink adj2 Channel adj2 Descriptor adj2 message<nowiki>*</nowiki> ) or (adaptive adj2 modulation adj2 coding ) or (pre adj coding<nowiki>*</nowiki>3 ) or (per adj2 antenna adj2 rate adj2 control ) or (permutation adj2 mode adj2 selection )
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''13853 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''10'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|Combined Query
|2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''336636 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''11'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|Combined Query
|1 and 10
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''50421 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''12'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFFF99" colspan = "4"|'''Final result in Full spec'''
|bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''No of unique INPADOC families'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|''' 12684 Relevancy = 46%'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''13'''
|IPC and ECLA class
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|MIMO
|H04B0007<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H04L000102 OR H04L000106 OR H01Q0001<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H01Q0003<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H01Q0005<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H01Q0021<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H01Q0025<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H01Q0009<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H04B000702M OR H04B000704B OR H04B000704M OR H04B000704M3B OR H04B000704M3M OR H04B000704M5 OR H04B000704S OR H04B000706B OR H04B000706B1 OR H04B000706B1R OR H04B000706B2 OR H04B000706B2F OR H04B000706C OR H04B000706C1 OR H04B000706C1B OR H04B000706C1D OR H04B000706C1F3C OR H04B000706C1F5R OR H04B000706C1F5T OR H04B000706C2 OR H04B000706C2C OR H04B000706C2D OR H04B000706C3 OR H04B000706C4 OR H04B000706H OR H04B000706H1 OR H04B000706H2 OR H04B000706H3 OR H04B000706M OR H04B000708B OR H04B000708B2 OR H04B000708B2C OR H04B000708B2R OR H04B000708B4<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H04B000708C OR H04B000708H<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H04B000708P<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H04B000708S<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H04L000100B7<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H04L000100B7B1 OR H04L000106F<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''770144 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''14'''
|IPC and ECLA class
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|OFDMA
|H04J000104 OR H03D0000100 OR H04B0007204 OR H04B0007208 OR H04J000105 OR H04J000900 OR H04J001100 OR H04J001100 OR H04J001318 OR H04K000100 OR H04L000500 OR H04L002500 OR H04W007200 OR H04L000500A2A1 OR H04B000706C1F7C OR H04B0007204B OR H04B0007204D OR H04L000106T7A OR H04L000500A OR H04L000500A2A1 OR H04L0027227A3
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''229099 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''15'''
|IPC and ECLA class
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|SCFDMA
|H04J000100 OR H03D0000100 OR H04B0007204 OR H04B0007208 OR H04J000900 OR H04K000100 OR H04L000500 OR H04L002500 OR H04W007200 OR H04L002736A OR H04B000706C1F7C OR H04B0007204B OR H04B0007204D OR H04L000106T7A OR H04L000500A OR H04L000500A2A1 OR H04L000500A2A1 OR H04L002720D1 OR H04L0027227A3
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''220007 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''16'''
|IPC and ECLA class
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|Interference
|H04B001500 OR H04B00110 OR H04B001500 OR H04W005202 OR H04W007204 OR H04W009200 OR H04W007208B OR H04B000169U7 OR H04L002503B OR H04L000100B5E3 OR H04W005202E6
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''117952 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''17'''
|IPC and ECLA class
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|SDMA
|H04L000106 OR H04L000106T<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H04L000106T7K
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''18726 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''18'''
|IPC and ECLA class
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|HARQ
|H04L000118 OR H04L000118C OR H04L000118D<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR H04L000118H OR H04L000118P OR H04L000100B
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''38973 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''19'''
|IPC and ECLA class
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|Multipath
|H04B000702 OR G01S001922 OR H04B000110 OR H04B000702 OR H04W005224 OR H04W007208 OR H04B000110M OR H04W007208B OR G01S000100S1A3 OR G01S000100S2C4 OR G01S001344C OR H04W005224J
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''122203 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''20'''
|IPC and ECLA class
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|LTE Synonyms
|H04L001256 OR H04L001240F3 OR H04L001256C
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''358633 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''21'''
|Claims
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|MIMO
|(MIMO OR (Multiple adj input<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj multiple adj output<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (Distributed adj transmission adj directional adj reception) OR (transmission adj2 diversit<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (Space adj2 frequency adj2 block adj cod<nowiki>*</nowiki>3) OR (SU adj2 MIMO) OR (MU adj2 MIMO) OR (space adj2 time adj2 cod<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (multiple adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (multi adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (multiple adj transmit<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj2 receive<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (plural<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj2 antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (atleast adj2 two adj2 antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (layer adj map<nowiki>*</nowiki>4) OR (beam adj2 steer<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (smart adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (spatial adj multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>3) OR (multiple adj transmit<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (multiple adj receive<nowiki>*</nowiki> adj antenna<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR (Adaptive adj2 antenna adj2 steer<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR (beam adj2 forming) OR (eigenmode adj2 multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>))
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''39213 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''22'''
|Claims
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|OFDMA
|OFDM or ((orthogonal adj frequency adj division) near2 multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or ofdma or ((orthogonal adj frequency adj division ) near2 (multiple adj access)) or SOFDM or (discrete ADJ multi ADJ tone) or (adaptive ADJ modulation<nowiki>*</nowiki>)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''25885 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''23'''
|Claims
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|SCFDMA
|scfdma or (SINGLE adj CARRIER adj FREQUENCY adj DIVISION adj MULTIPLE adj ACCESS<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or scfdm or (single adj carrier adj frequency adj division adj multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or (SC-FDMA) or (DFT-spread adj OFDM) or (DFT-S-OFDMA) or (Interleaved adj FDMA ) or (Interleaved adj Frequency adj Division adj Multiple adj Access ) or (IFDMA) or (Discrete adj Fourier adj Transform adj Spread adj Orthogonal adj Frequency adj Multiple adj Access) or (DFT- SOFDM)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''836 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''24'''
|Claims
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|Interference
|(interference near3 mitigate<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or (interference near3 cancel<nowiki>*</nowiki> ) or (interference near3 reduc<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or (interference near3 null<nowiki>*</nowiki> )
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''11741 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''25'''
|Claims
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|SDMA
|(Space adj2 time adj2 transmit adj2 diversity) or (antenna adj2 multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or SDMA or (Space adj2 division adj2 multiple adj2 access) or (Space adj2 domain adj2 multiple adj2 access) or (plural<nowiki>*</nowiki> near2 (spatial adj streams)) or (spatial adj2 adaptation) or (adaptive adj2 transmi<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or (Bell adj2 Labs adj2 Layer adj2 Space adj2 Time) or (spatial adj2 multiplex<nowiki>*</nowiki>)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''3007 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''26'''
|Claims
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|HARQ
|HARQ or (Hybrid adj automatic adj repeat adj request) or (Hybrid adj2 ARQ) or (ARQ ) or (automatic adj repeat adj request ) or (Automatic adj Repeat adj Query ) or (feedback adj2 mechani<nowiki>*</nowiki>)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''8964 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''27'''
|Claims
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|Multipath
|Multipath near2 (effect<nowiki>*</nowiki> or propagati<nowiki>*</nowiki> or phenomenon) or interference near3 (mitigate<nowiki>*</nowiki> or reduc<nowiki>*</nowiki> or cancel<nowiki>*</nowiki> or null<nowiki>*</nowiki>)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''12281 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''28'''
|Claims
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|LTE Synonyms
|(LTE OR (long ADJ term ADJ evolution) OR (evolved ADJ packet ADJ system) OR (system ADJ architecture ADJ evolution) OR (E ADJ UTRA<nowiki>*</nowiki>) OR EUTRA<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR (evolved ADJ UMTS ADJ terrestrial ADJ radio ADJ access))
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''4976 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''29'''
|Claims
|1836-date
|USG USA EPA EPB WO DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA Japanese Utility Models, Japanese Granted, Japanese Applications, Chinese Utility Models, Chinese Applications, Korean Utility Models, Korean Granted/Examined, Korean Applications
|Others
|(channel adj2 quality adj2 indicat<nowiki>*</nowiki>3 adj2 channel<nowiki>*</nowiki> ) or (CQICH) or (Downlink adj2 Channel adj2 Descriptor adj2 message<nowiki>*</nowiki> ) or (adaptive adj2 modulation adj2 coding ) or (pre adj coding<nowiki>*</nowiki>3 ) or (per adj2 antenna adj2 rate adj2 control ) or (permutation adj2 mode adj2 selection )
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''2167 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''30'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|Combined Query
|22 or 23 or 24 or 25 or 26 or 27 or 28 or 29
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''53692 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''31'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|Combined Query
|21 and 30
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''6969 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''32'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|MIMO with OFDMA
|(21 and 13) and (22 or 14)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''3921 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''33'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|MIMO with SCFDMA
|(21 and 13) and (23 or 15)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''1513 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''34'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|MIMO with Interference
|(21 and 13) and (24 or 16)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''1603 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''35'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|MIMO with SDMA
|(21 and 13) and (25 or 17)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''2946 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''36'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|MIMO with HARQ
|(21 and 13) and (26 or 18)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''503 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''37'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|MIMO with Multipath
|(21 and 13) and (27 or 19)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''2946 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''38'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|MIMO with LTE Synonyms
|(21 and 13) and (28 or 20)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''428 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''39'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|MIMO with Others
|(21 and 13) and 29
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''582 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''40'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|Combined query
|32 or 33 or 34 or 35 or 36 or 37 or 38 or 39
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''5798 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''41'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|Combined query
|40 Not 11
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''0 hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''42'''
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|
|bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''No of unique INPADOC families of Query 41'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''0 '''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFCC99"|'''43'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#999999" colspan = "4"|'''Final Query'''
|bgcolor = "#999999"|'''12 or 42'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#999999"|'''12684 Relevancy = 46% '''
|-
|}

==Patent mapping by graphical analysis==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|bgcolor = "#FABF8F"|'''Sno.'''
|bgcolor = "#FABF8F"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''
|bgcolor = "#FABF8F"|'''Title'''
|bgcolor = "#FABF8F"|'''Figure analyzed'''
|bgcolor = "#FABF8F"|'''Analyzed result'''
|bgcolor = "#FABF8F"|'''Standard mapped into'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FABF8F"|1
|align = "center"|[http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220070217538%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070217538&RS=DN/20070217538 US20070217538A1]
|Systems and methods for improving performance of multiple spatial communication channels
|align = "center"| [[Media:2007.pdf|Figure 4]]
|align = "center"| DL data rate: 220 M bps for 3x3 advanced MIMO-SVD
|align = "center"|[http://www.3gpp.org/LTE LTE release 8, category 4]
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FABF8F"|2
|align = "center"|[http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220090232229%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090232229&RS=DN/20090232229 US20090232229A1]
|Device, system and method of resource allocation in a wireless network
|align = "center"|[[Media:2009.pdf|Figure 2A]]
|align = "center"| DL data rate: 210 M bps for a 2x2 MIMO at cell centre
|align = "center"|[http://www.3gpp.org/LTE LTE release 8, category 5]
|-
|}

==Patent ranking==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|bgcolor = "#FABF8F"|'''Sno.'''
|bgcolor = "#FABF8F"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''
|bgcolor = "#FABF8F"|'''US Class (primary)'''
|bgcolor = "#FABF8F"|'''Title'''
|bgcolor = "#FABF8F"|'''Publication Year'''
|bgcolor = "#FABF8F"|'''Priority Year(s)'''
|bgcolor = "#FABF8F"|'''Legal status'''
|bgcolor = "#FABF8F"|'''Rank'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FABF8F"|1
|align = "center"|[http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220070217538%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070217538&RS=DN/20070217538 US20070217538A1]
|align = "center"|375267
|Systems and methods for improving performance of multiple spatial communication channels
|align = "center"|2007
|align = "center"|2006
|align = "center"|Patented Case
|align = "center"|1
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FABF8F"|2
|align = "center"|[http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220090232229%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090232229&RS=DN/20090232229 US20090232229A1]
|align = "center"|375260
|Device, system and method of resource allocation in a wireless network
|align = "center"|2009
|align = "center"|2008
|align = "center"|Docketed New Case - Ready for Examination
|align = "center"|2
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FABF8F"|3
|align = "center"|[http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220080187066%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20080187066&RS=DN/20080187066 US20080187066A1]
|align = "center"|375267
|Detection method and apparatus for a multi-stream MIMO
|align = "center"|2008
|align = "center"|2007
|align = "center"|Non Final Action Mailed
|align = "center"|2
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FABF8F"|4
|align = "center"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7796546.PN.&OS=PN/7796546&RS=PN/7796546 US7796546B2]
|align = "center"|370315
|Apparatus and method for supporting multiple links in a network using frequency bands
|align = "center"|2007
|align = "center"|2006
|align = "center"|Patented Case
|align = "center"|4
|-
|}

'''Disclaimer:''' Patent ranking has been done according to the following logic:
*'''Rank-1:''' Granted + LTE-MIMO related (claims)
*'''Rank-2''': Published + LTE-MIMO related (claims)
*'''Rank-3''': LTE-MIMO related (Full spec )
*'''Rank-4''': May be relevant or Abandoned or Expired

==Company wise distribution of IP==
[[Image:t30f.jpg|thumb|1200px|centre|Company wise distribution of IP]]

'''Note:'''
* The subsidiaries of '''Nokia''' includes : Nokia Telecommunication Oy and Nokia Siemens.
* The subsidiaries of Ericsson includes : Ericsson GE Mobile Communications Inc, LM Ericsson, ST-Ericsson,Sony Ericcson.
* The Subsidiaries of Alcatel includes : Alcatel-Lucent, Alcatel Shangai bell company, Alcatel Transmission, Lucent Technologies, CIT Alcatel.
* The Subsidiaries of NTT includes : Nippondenso Co, NTT Docomo.
* The subsidiaries of NEC Corp includes : NEC Access technica Ltd.,NEC Laboratories.
* The subsidiaries of Phlilps includes : Philips Electronics, Philips Intellectual property & standards.
* The subsidiaries of Fujistu includes : Fujistu ten Limited, Fujitsu Microelectronics Limited.
* The subsidiaries of AT&T includes : AT&T Mobility, AT & T BLS Intellectual Property, AT&T Bell Laboratories, AT&T Wireless Services Inc., BellSouth Intellectual Property Corporation.

==Filing trends over the years==
[[Image:ftf.jpg|thumb|1000px|centre|Filing trends over the years]]

==Filing trends for top 10 companies==
[[Image:t10f.jpg|thumb|1000px|centre|Filing trends for top 10 companies]]

==Year by year trends of top 5 companies==
[[Image:fttf.jpg|thumb|1000px|centre|Year by year trends of top 5 companies]]

==References==
* Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall, Johan Sköld, Per Beming, "3G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband", 2nd edition, Academic Press, 2008,
* Mustafa Ergen, "Mobile Broadband - Including WiMAX and LTE", Springer, NY, 2009
* Stefania Sesia, Issam Toufik, and Matthew Baker, "LTE - The UMTS Long Term Evolution - From Theory to Practice", John Wiley & Sons, 2009,
* Borko Furht, Syed A. Ahson, "Long Term Evolution: 3GPP LTE Radio And Cellular Technology", CRC Press, 2009,
* Ezio Biglieri, Robert calderbank, Anthony Constantinides et.al ,"MIMO Wireless Communications" Cambridge University Press, 2007
----
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File:LTE-taxonomy.mm

2011-02-07T09:12:19Z

Aartij:

Hormone Sensitive Lipase

2010-09-21T13:11:09Z

Aartij:

==Overview==

===Hormone Sensitive Lipase (HSL)===
* Hormone-sensitive lipase is an enzyme expressed in multiple tissues. It plays number of roles in lipid metabolism.
* Major isoform of HSL gene is a single polypeptide with molecular mass of approximately 84kDa, its has 3 major domains catalytic, regulatory domain congaing several plosphorylation sistes, and n-terminal domain involved in protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions.
* Altererd expression of HSL in different celltypes may be associated with several pathological states, includng obesity, atherosclerosis, Type II Diabetes.
* HSL has lipolytic activity against not only triacylglycerol, but also against diacylglycerol, monoacylglycerol, and cholesteryl esters.
* Gene and protein structure of the HSL given below.
[[Image:Gene_Map.jpg|thumb|center|750px|Gene: exon/intron organization of the human HSL gene. Exons T and A encode 300 and 43 additional amino acids respectively, located at the N-terminus. 
Protein: Linear representation of the amino acid sequence of adipocyte HSL (numbering of the rat sequence). 
Domains: N-terminal binding domain, a C-terminal catalytic domain, harbouring the catalytic triad and a regulatory module containing multiple phosphorylation sites. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=DisplayFiltered&DB=pubmed Source]]]
* Fates of HSL products in different cell types.
[[Image:HSL_products.jpg|center|Fates of HSL products]]
* [[HSL protein sequence]] - [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?db=protein&qty=1&c_start=1&list_uids=145559491&uids=&dopt=fasta&dispmax=5&sendto=&from=begin&to=end&extrafeatpresent=1&ef_CDD=8&ef_MGC=16&ef_HPRD=32&ef_STS=64&ef_tRNA=128&ef_microRNA=256 Source1], [http://www.expasy.org/uniprot/Q05469 Source2]
* [[HSL mRNA sequence]] - [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_005357.2 Source]

===HSL, a drug target for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease===
A few points suggesting HSL as a drug tareget for Type 2 Diabetes and Metabolic Disease:
* There are conflicting data on whether altered expression or activity of HSL is involved in familial combined hyperlipidaemia. Similar debate surrounds the role of altered levels of HSL in obesity and in insulin resistance, two linked conditions which predispose to Type II Diabetes. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=pubmed Source]
* Elevated levels of plasma nonesterified fatty acids are associated with insulin resistance.
* A promoter variant of HSL,−60C→G, has been implicated in a number of conditions, which exhibits a 40% decrease in promoter activity, has been associated with increased insulin sensitivity in women and decreased levels of plasma non-esterified fatty acid in men.
* Population studies suggest that a polymorphic marker in the HSL gene is in linkage disequilibrium with an allele that increases susceptibility to abdominal obesity, which is itself a risk factor for Type II diabetes. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=9867220&query_hl=12&itool=pubmed_docsum Source]
* Over expression of HSL prevents lipid accumulation (from cell line studies). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=7769105&query_hl=14&itool=pubmed_docsum Source]

===Type 2 Diabetes===
* Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood sugar (glucose) levels, which result from defects in insulin secretion, or insulin resistance, or both.
* Insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, which controls blood glucose levels.
* Insulin triggers glucose uptake by the cells. Some part of the glucose can be converted to concentrated energy sources like glycogen, triacylglycerols, or fatty acids.

===Metabolic Disease===
* A person with abnormal glucose tolerance (IGT or diabetes) will be found to have at least one or more of the other cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk components.
* This clustering has been labelled variously as Syndrome X, the Insulin Resistance Syndrome, the Metabolic Syndrome or Metabolic disease.

==Non-patent Literature Search and Analysis==

* In non-patent literature searching we got 17 records/articles. Out of these 8 articles are talking about chemical compounds that are involved in inhibition or stimulation of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and 9 articles are scientific review papers.

====Search Strategy====
{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFFF99" rowspan = "2"|'''S.No.'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFFF99" rowspan = "2"|'''Database'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFFF99" colspan = "2"|'''Key-Words'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFFF99" rowspan = "2"|'''Search Queries'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFFF99" rowspan = "2"|'''No. of Records'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Main Terms'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Alternative Terms'''
|-
|1
|BIOSIS
|
* Hormone sensitive lipase
* Type 2 diabetes
|
* Hormone-sensitive lipase, Lipase-hormone sensitive, Hormonesensitive lipase, LIPE, HSL, LHS
* Diabetes, NIDDM, IDDM, T2DM
|
* L4 1576 (HORMONE (W) SENSITIVE (2A) LIPASE#) OR HSL OR LHS OR LIPE OR (HORMONESENSITIVE (A) LIPASE#)
* L5 266641 DIABET? OR NIDDM OR IDDM OR T2DM
* L6 30 L4 (S) L5
|30
|-
|2
|EMBASE
|
* Hormone sensitive lipase
* Type 2 diabetes
|
* Hormone-sensitive lipase, Lipase-hormone sensitive, Hormonesensitive lipase, LIPE, HSL, LHS, L11706, U40001, Q05469
* Diabetes, NIDDM, IDDM, T2DM
|
* L2 1203 (HORMONE (W) SENSITIVE (2A) LIPASE# ) OR (HORMONESENSITIVE (W) LIPASE# ) OR LIPE OR HSL OR LHS OR L11706 OR U40001 OR Q05469
* L3 258095 DIABET? OR NIDDM OR IDDM OR T2DM
* L4 32 L2 (S) L3
| 32
|-
|3
|DISSABS
|
* Hormone sensitive lipase
* Type 2 diabetes
|
* Hormone-sensitive lipase, Lipase-hormone sensitive, Hormonesensitive lipase, LIPE, HSL, LHS
* Diabetes, NIDDM, IDDM, T2DM
|
* L1 131 (HORMONE (W) SENSITIVE (2A) LIPASE ) OR (HORMONESENSITIVE (W) LIPASE ) OR LIPE OR HSL OR LHS
* L2 6000 DIABET? OR NIDDM OR IDDM OR T2DM
* L3 5 L1 (S) L2
|5
|-
|4
|MEDLINE
|
* Hormone sensitive lipase
* Type 2 diabetes
|
* Hormone-sensitive lipase, Lipase-hormone sensitive, Hormonesensitive lipase, LIPE, HSL, LHS, L11706, U40001, Q05469
* Diabetes, NIDDM, IDDM, T2DM
|
* L1 1331 (HORMONE (W) SENSITIVE (2A) LIPASE ) OR (HORMONESENSITIVE (W) LIPASE ) OR LIPE OR HSL OR LHS OR L11706 OR U40001 OR Q05469
* L2 286108 DIABET? OR NIDDM OR IDDM OR T2DM
* L3 29 L1 (S) L2
| 29
|-
|5
|BIOTECHNO
|
* Hormone sensitive lipase
* Type 2 diabetes
|
* Hormone-sensitive lipase, Lipase-hormone sensitive, Hormonesensitive lipase, LIPE, HSL, LHS, L11706, U40001
* Diabetes, NIDDM, IDDM, T2DM
|
* L1 398 (HORMONE (W) SENSITIVE (2A) LIPASE#) OR (HORMONESENSITIVE (W) LIPASE#) OR LIPE OR HSL OR LHS OR L11706 OR U40001
* L2 18139 DIABET? OR NIDDM OR IDDM OR T2DM
* L3 10 L1 (S) L2
| 10
|-
|6
|BIOTECHABS
|
* Hormone sensitive lipase
* Type 2 diabetes
|
* Hormone-sensitive lipase, Lipase-hormone sensitive, Hormonesensitive lipase, LIPE, HSL, LHS, L11706, U40001, Q05469
* Diabetes, NIDDM, IDDM, T2DM
|
* L1 56 (HORMONE (W) SENSITIVE (2A) LIPASE#) OR (HORMONESENSITIVE (W) LIPASE#) OR LIPE OR HSL OR LHS
* L2 9716 DIABET? OR NIDDM OR IDDM OR T2DM
* L3 5 L1 (S) L2
| 5
|-
|7
|CONFSCI
|
* Hormone sensitive lipase
* Type 2 diabetes
|
* Hormone-sensitive lipase, Lipase-hormone sensitive, Hormonesensitive lipase, LIPE, HSL, LHS
* Diabetes, NIDDM, IDDM, T2DM
|
* L1 90 (HORMONE (W) SENSITIVE (2A) LIPASE#) OR (HORMONESENSITIVE (W) LIPASE#) OR LIPE OR HSL OR LHS
* L2 1257 DIABET? OR NIDDM OR IDDM OR T2DM
* L3 0 L1 (S) L2
| 0
|-
|8
|NTIS
|
* Hormone sensitive lipase
* Type 2 diabetes
|
* Hormone-sensitive lipase, Lipase-hormone sensitive, Hormonesensitive lipase, LIPE, HSL, LHS
* Diabetes, NIDDM, IDDM, T2DM
|
* L1 90 (HORMONE (W) SENSITIVE (2A) LIPASE#) OR (HORMONESENSITIVE (W) LIPASE#) OR LIPE OR HSL OR LHS
* L2 1257 DIABET? OR NIDDM OR IDDM OR T2DM
* L3 0 L1 (S) L2
| 0
|-
|colspan="6"|
* Total number of records = 106
* After removing duplicates number of records = 49
* Total on-targets (after removing duplicates) = 17
* Accuracy of the query = 35%
|-
|}

==== Scientific papers on chemical compounds inhibiting or stimulating HSL ====
* Following is the distribution of the 8 articles based on Function of the compounds.
* Numbers in brackets indicate number of records in the concerned topic.
* Highlighted (in red color) numbers refer serial number in the [[Analysis Table| analysis table]].
[[Image:non_ip_1.jpg|750px|thumb|center|Distribution of non-patent articles]]

* Detailed analysis of the above records is available at the following link: [[Analysis Table]]
the

==== General scientific studies on HSL found from STN====
* Off the 17 articles, 9 articles are talking about variations in the HSL gene and review papers. Variations discussed are C-60G polymorphism in the promoter of the HSL gene and a dinucleotide repeat in the gene, which are associated with Type 2 diabetes, suggesting the putative role of the HSL in Type 2 diabetes. Other articles are reviews saying HSL is a potential target for treating or curing Type 2 diabetes.
* The following hyperlink takes us to the above mentioned 9 articles: [[Scientific studies of HSL]]

==Patentability Search==
===Sequence Search and Analysis===
* Sequence search on NCBI.
** Got 16 relevant patents.
** [[Media:NCBI_spreadsheet_2.xls|Spread sheet]]
* Sequence search on DGENE.
** Got 42 relevant patents.
** [[Media:DGENE_spreadsheet_2.xls|Spread sheet]]
* Sequence search on PCTGEN.
** Got 16 relevant patents.
** [[Media:PCTGEN_spreadsheet_2.xls|Spread sheet]]

===Sequence Search Stratagy===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|'''S.No.'''
|'''Database'''
|'''Sequence Query'''
|'''Key Words '''(to restrict unrelated patents)
|'''Hits'''
|-
|1
|NCBI (Blast)
|
* HSL protein
|

|13
|-
|2
|NCBI (Blast)
|
* HSL mRNA
|

|19
|-
|3
|DGENE (Blast search)
|
* HSL protein
* HSL mRNA
|
* diabetes
* NIDDM
* IDDM
* T2DM
|61
|-
|-
|4
|PCTGEN (Blast search)
|
* HSL protein
* HSL mRNA
|
|83
|-
|colspan="5"|
* '''In NCBI got 16 relevat patents.'''
* '''In DGENE got 42 relevant patents.'''
* '''In PCTGEN got 16 relevant patents.'''
|-
|}

==Like this report?==
 '''This is only a sample report with brief analysis''' 
'''Dolcera can provide a comprehensive report customized to your needs'''
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===Micropatent Search and Analysis===
* The following is the link to search strategy on Micropat [[Search on micropat]]
* The following provides an example of how patents were analyzed[[Sample patent analysis]]

* From Micropat search, 769 patents were analyzed out of which 41 are on target.

==== Final Patent list (with bibliographic information) ====
* After removing duplicates and family members of relevant patents found from NCBI, PCT Gene, DGENE and Micropat, we got 96 relevant patents.
* [[Media:finla_list_96_1.xls|Final list of patents]]

==== Overall IP activity====
* The below graph indicates the overall patenting trend for the 96 relevant patents over time

[[Image:BMS_IP_A_1.jpg|Overall IP Activity|thumb|450px|center]]

====Key Players (those with more than 2 patents)====
* Key players in the field (total 66 records) are Novo Nordisk, Sanofi Aventis, Incyte, Curagen, Hyseq, Alizyme Therapeutics, Genentech, Human Genome Sciences, Takeda, Alteon, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly ,Genset, ISIS Pharmaceuticals, Japan Tobacco, Novartis.
[[Image:BMS_A_I.jpg|600px|center|Key Players|thumb]]

==== Other players (those with 1 patent) ====
* In all, other players have 30 patents to their name.
{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="60%"
|'''Assignee'''
|'''No. of Patents/Publications'''
|-
|Arena Pharmaceuticals
|1
|-
|Ares Trading
|1
|-
|Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation
|1
|-
|Bionomics
|1
|-
|Compugen
|1
|-
|Epiontis
|1
|-
|Euroscreen
|1
|-
|Exelixis
|1
|-
|F. Hoffmann La Roche Ag
|1
|-
|Five Prime Therapeutics
|1
|-
|Forschungsverbund Berlin
|1
|-
|Genetics Iinstitute LLC, Ono Pharmaceuticals
|1
|-
|GPC Biotech
|1
|-
|Immunex
|1
|-
|Linkagene Ltd.
|1
|-
|Merck & Co
|1
|-
|Metabolex
|1
|-
|Micromet AG
|1
|-
|Nuvelo
|1
|-
|Ottawa Health Research Institute
|1
|-
|President & Fellows Of Harvard College
|1
|-
|Protein Design Labs
|1
|-
|Regents Of The University Of California
|1
|-
|Rutgers,The State University Of New Jersey
|1
|-
|Schering Corporation
|1
|-
|Sequenom
|1
|-
|The Buck Institute For Age Research
|1
|-
|The Regents Of The University Of Michigan
|1
|-
|University Of Maryland Baltimore
|1
|-
|Yissum Research Development Company Of The Hebrew University Of Jerusalem
|1
|-
|}

==Patent Analysis==
====Patent Distribution (Sample analysis of 25 records only) ====
* HSL refers to hormone-sensitive lipase.
* Patents distributed based on patent focus and mechanism of the action of the compounds.
* The number of patents referring to a class of compounds is given in the brackets in the figure.
* The below map is a sample representation.
[[Image:BMS_P_D.jpg|Patent Distribution|800px|center|thumb]]
* Details about patents available from the following hyperlink, [[Media:BMS_Spread_Sheet_210607_2.xls|analysis sheet]]

==Dashboard (Sample based on 25 analyzed records) ==
* '''[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=22 Dashboard on patents and analysis]'''
* The given dashboard is a sample representation.

==Interactive Mindmap==
<mm>[[Mmap22.mm]]</mm>

==Like this report?==
 '''This is only a sample report with brief analysis''' 
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File:Mmap22.mm

2010-09-21T13:09:15Z

Aartij:

Variable Valve Timing - Sample

2010-07-16T14:00:03Z

Aartij:

=Objective=

Prepare a landscape report on camless variable valve timing in diesel engines [Ford Motor Co.]

=Background=

==4 Stroke Diesel Engine Operation ==

[[Image:DIESEL ENGINE - 4 STROKE.gif|500px|right|thumb|DIESEL ENGINE CYCLE]]

'''Diesel Cycle'''
#Air is drawn in the intake stroke of diesel engine
#Followed by compression to raise temperature and pressure.
#At this high T-P fuel is injected into the combustion chamber which self ignites due to high T. During the first phase of combustion pressure is relatively constant (2-3) followed by isentropic expansion in which the energy is transferred to the piston.
#Next is the exhaust stroke when gases start escaping. Next the momentum of the piston compresses the next lot of air

[[Image:camless1.jpg |600px|center|thumb| Hydraulically operated valve [http://www.ai-online.com/Adv/Previous/show_issue.php?id=464 Automotive Online] ]]

[[Image:camless2.jpg |600px|center|thumb|Electromagnetically operated valve [http://jalopnik.com/223479/to-cam-or-not-to-cam-what-was-the-question Jalopnik.com]]]

[[Image:camless3.jpg |600px|center|thumb|Camless Servo operated valve [http://acl.kaist.ac.kr/research_camless.htm Kaist Research]]]

== Valve Timing ==
Camshaft engine: Timing is decided by the cams on the camshaft. The phase difference between the inlet and exhaust cam profiles will decide the opening and closing times of both the valves.

Through, mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, electronic, electromagnetic, piezoelectric or electrical means the phase between inlet and exhaust vales can be varied.

'''Parameters on which variable valve timing can be adjusted'''
*Load on engine : Torque requirements
**Depending on gear- heavy traffic (lower gear), weather (snow, rain, storm, sunny day etc)
**Topography,
**Toad gradient
**Compensate for lack of driver skill in negotiating different driving conditions.
*Compression ratio : For efficient combustion, measured through temperature, pressure in exhaust or combustion chamber itself.
*Residual gas traces in exhaust : (Reduce NOx emissions, un-burnt gases etc)

'''Prominent variations in relative valve timing'''
#Early closing of Intake Valve
#Early opening of Intake Valve
#Late intake valve closing
#Early/Late exhaust valve closing

'''Proprietary Terms for VVT'''
Manufacturers use proprietary technology and therefore affix a proprietary term to distinguish their engines from the competition.
#Alfa Romeo - Twinspark technology
#Audi - VVT
#BMW - Valvetronic, VANOS and Double VANOS
#Ford - Variable Cam Timing
#GM - Double Continuous Variable Cam Phasing (DCVCP), Alloytec and Variable Valve Timing (VVT)
#Honda - VTEC, iVTEC and VTEC-E
#Hyundai - MPI CVVT
#Lexus - VVT-iE
#Mazda - S-VT
#Mitsubishi - MIVEC
#Nissan - N-VCT, VVL , CVTC and VVEL
#Porsche - VarioCam and VarioCam Plus
#Subaru - AVCS and AVLS
#Toyota - VVT, VVT-i and VVTL-i
#Volkswagen - VVT
#Volvo - CVVT

To understand which part of the above mentioned ways are these companies referring to through these names the following link is useful: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_valve_timing Abbreviations for VVT]

=Patent Search=
==Concept Table==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#0066CC"|VALVE
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#0066CC"|TIMING
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#0066CC"|VARIABLE
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#0066CC"|DIESEL
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#0066CC"|ENGINE
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#0066CC"|Cam Operated
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#0066CC"|Camless
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|valve<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|lift
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|vary
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|diesel
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|engine
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|cams
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|electronic<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|actuat<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|tim<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|variable
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|compression ignition
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|internal combustion
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|cam shaft
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|electromagnetic<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|activat<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|duration
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|varying
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|self ignition
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|power source
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|cam phase
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|magnetic<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|port
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|interval
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|var<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|compression - ignition
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|2-stroke
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|cam drive
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|electric<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|control<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|self - ignition
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|2 stroke
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|piezo<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|manipulat<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|two stroke
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|electrohydraulic<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|<nowiki>*</nowiki>set<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|electropneumatic<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|change<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|4 stroke
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|electro<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|<nowiki>*</nowiki>adjust<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|4-stroke
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|cam-less
|-
|bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|
|bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|
|bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|Four Stroke
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|
|-
|}

== IPC Definitions==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#0066CC"|Useful Classes
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#0066CC"|Description
|-
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/eclasrch?classification=ecla&locale=en_EP&ECLA=f01 F01]
|CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
|-
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/eclasrch?classification=ecla&locale=en_EP&ECLA=f01l F01L 1/00 - 13/00]
|only valve-gear or valve arrangements without provision for variable fluid distribution
|-
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/eclasrch?classification=ecla&locale=en_EP&ECLA=f01l F01L 15/00 - 35/00]
|Valve-gear or valve arrangements specially adapted for machines or engines with variable working-fluid distribution are covered by groups
|-
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/eclasrch?classification=ecla&locale=en_EP&ECLA=f01l1/34 F01L 1/34]
|characterised by the provision of means for changing the timing of the valves without changing the duration of opening
|-
|align = "center"|
|
|-
|align = "center"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/eclasrch?classification=ecla&locale=en_EP&ECLA=f01l9 F01L 9/00]
|Valve-gear or valve arrangements actuated non-mechanically
|-
|align = "center"| [http://v3.espacenet.com/eclasrch?classification=ecla&locale=en_EP&ECLA=f01l13 F01L 13/00]
|Modifications of valve-gear to facilitate reversing, braking, starting, changing compression ratio, or other specific operations
|-
|align = "center"| [http://v3.espacenet.com/eclasrch?classification=ecla&locale=en_EP&ECLA=f01l25 F01L 25/00]
|Drive, or adjustment during operation, of distribution or expansion valves by non-mechanical means
|-
|align = "center"| [http://v3.espacenet.com/eclasrch?classification=ecla&locale=en_EP&ECLA=f01l31 F01L 31/00]
|Valve drive, valve adjustment during operation, or other valve control, not provided for in groups
|-
|align = "center"| [http://v3.espacenet.com/eclasrch?classification=ecla&locale=en_EP&ECLA=f01l33 F01L 33/00]
|Rotary or oscillatory slide-valve gear or valve arrangements, specially adapted for machines or engines with variable fluid distribution
|-
|align = "center"| [http://v3.espacenet.com/eclasrch?classification=ecla&locale=en_EP&ECLA=f01l35 F01L 35/00]
|Lift-valve gear or valve arrangements specially adapted for machines or engines with variable fluid distribution
|-
|}

==Search String==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#0066CC"|#
|bgcolor = "#0066CC"|Concept
|bgcolor = "#0066CC"|Search Query
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#0066CC"|'''Hits'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#0066CC"|1
|Keywords for VVT (Claim, Title, Abstract)
|(vary<nowiki>*</nowiki> or chang<nowiki>*</nowiki> or control<nowiki>*</nowiki> or variable or <nowiki>*</nowiki>adjust<nowiki>*</nowiki> or set or <nowiki>*</nowiki>manipulat<nowiki>*</nowiki> ) near2 ((valve<nowiki>*</nowiki> or port or actuat<nowiki>*</nowiki>) near2 (time or timing or interval or duration or lift or system))
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6165'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#0066CC"|2
|Keywords for D.Engine (Claims Title Abstract)
|(diesel or ((compression or self) adj ignition) or (internal or combustion)) near2 (engine or (power near2 source)) not ((spark adj ignit<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or (spark adj plug) or (external adj combustion))
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''81239'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#0066CC"|3
|Combined Query
|1 AND 2
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2587'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#0066CC"|4
|Keywords for Cam (Full Spec)
|(cam or camshaft or cams or (cam near2 drive) or (cam near2 phase)) not (camless or (cam near2 less) or electronic<nowiki>*</nowiki> or electromagnetic<nowiki>*</nowiki> or magnetic<nowiki>*</nowiki> or electric<nowiki>*</nowiki> or piezoelectric<nowiki>*</nowiki> or electro<nowiki>*</nowiki>)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''64464'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#0066CC"|5
|Combined Query
|3 NOT 4
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2090'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#0066CC" rowspan = "2"|6
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Keywords and IPC search
|(diesel or ((compression or self) adj ignition) or (internal or combustion)) near2 (engine or (power near2 source)) not ((spark adj ignit<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or (spark adj plug) or (external adj combustion))
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3426'''
|-
|F01L0009 or F01L0013 or F01L0025 or F01L0031 orF01L0033 or F01L0035
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|''' '''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#0066CC" rowspan = "2"|7
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Keywords and IPC search
|(vary<nowiki>*</nowiki> or chang<nowiki>*</nowiki> or control<nowiki>*</nowiki> or variable or <nowiki>*</nowiki>adjust<nowiki>*</nowiki> or set or <nowiki>*</nowiki>manipulat<nowiki>*</nowiki> ) near2 ((valve<nowiki>*</nowiki> or port or actuat<nowiki>*</nowiki>) near2 (time or timing or interval or duration or lift or system))
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''517'''
|-
|F02B
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|''' '''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#0066CC"|8
|Combined Query
|6 OR 7
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3868'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#0066CC"|9
|Combined Query
|8 NOT 4
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2792'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#0066CC"|10
|Combined Query
|9 OR 5
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|'''4054'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#0066CC"|11
|Ford Patents (Assignee/Applicant)
|Ford<nowiki>*</nowiki> or Volvo<nowiki>*</nowiki> or (premier adj automotive) or (fmc adj automobil<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or ( manhattan adj automobil<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or (american adj road adj services) or (apco adj automobile) or (detroit adj downtown) or fairlane or greenleaf or (granite adj management) or (pacific adj bay adj homes) or carey or (egyptian adj trading) or (FCE adj bank)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8546'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#0066CC"|12
|Ford Patents (Assignee/Applicant .. Non standard)
|Ford<nowiki>*</nowiki> or Volvo<nowiki>*</nowiki> or (premier adj automotive) or (fmc adj automobil<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or ( manhattan adj automobil<nowiki>*</nowiki>) or (american adj road adj services) or (apco adj automobile) or (detroit adj downtown) or fairlane or greenleaf or (granite adj management) or (pacific adj bay adj homes) or carey or (egyptian adj trading) or (FCE adj bank)
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8290'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#0066CC"|13
|Combined Query
|11 OR 12
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8546'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#0066CC"|14
|Combined Query
|13 AND 10
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|'''131(81 unique families)'''
|-
|}

== Assignee Subsidiaries ==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="78%"
|bgcolor = "#0066CC"|Serial No.
|bgcolor = "#0066CC"|Ford Motor Company - Subsidiaries
|-
|align = "center"|'''1'''
|bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|AMERICAN ROAD SERVICES COMPANY
|-
|align = "center"|'''2'''
|bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|A P C O AUTOMOBILE PROTECTION CORPORATION
|-
|align = "center"|'''3'''

|bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|DETROIT DOWNTOWN DEVELOPMENT CORP
|-

|-
|align = "center"|'''4'''

|bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|FAIRLANE GOLF, INC
|-

|-
|align = "center"|'''5'''
|bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|GRANITE MANAGEMENT CORP
|-
|-
|align = "center"|'''6'''
|bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|GREENLEAF LLC
|-
|-
|align = "center"|'''7'''
|bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|MANHATTAN AUTOMOBILE COMPANY
|-
|align = "center"|'''8'''
|bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|PACIFIC BAY HOMES, LLC
|-
|align = "center"|'''9'''
|bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|CAREY INTERNATIONAL INC
|-
|align = "center"|'''10'''

|bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|THE EGYPTIAN TRADING & INDUSTRIAL CO.
|-
|-
|align = "center"|'''11'''

|bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|FCE BANK PLC - Salzburg, Austria
|-
|-
|align = "center"|'''12'''

|bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|FMC AUTOMOBILES SAS
|-

|-
|align = "center"|'''13'''
|bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|PREMIER AUTOMOTIVE GROUP
|-
|align = "center"|'''14'''

|bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|VOLVO CAR CORP
|-

|-
|}
(Source : [http://www.lexisnexis.com.ezproxy.wccnet.edu/us/lnacademic/auth/checkbrowser.do?rand=0.7597740680066607&cookieState=0&ipcounter=1&bhjs=1&bhqs=1 LexisNexis.com])

== Sample Analysis of Control Patents ==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#0066CC"|'''S.No'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#0066CC"|'''Reference Patents'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#0066CC"|'''Assignee/Applicant'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#0066CC"|'''Dolcera Summary'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#0066CC"|'''US class'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#0066CC"|'''Intl Classification'''
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#0066CC"|'''1'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20060907&CC=US&NR=2006199699A1&KC=A1 US7235034 B2]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|Volvo Lastvagnar AB, Dec 2005 (Dec 2005 filed)
|bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|This invention uses electronic controlling devices to detect a future change in resistance to forward motion (road gradient, shift of gears etc) using GPS technology and electronic maps and use it as input to prechange the valve timing and prechange the mode of operation of engine to have better engine performance
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|477/107
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|F01L 1/34 (20060101)
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#0066CC"|'''2'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20040922&CC=EP&NR=1460253A1&KC=A1 EP1460253 A1]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|FORD GLOBAL TECH INC
|bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|In camless VVT mechanism, controlling the inlet valve closing timing is done by determining the value of lambda (air -fuel ratio) for the next combustion cycle(of same cylinder). An ECU controls the fuel injection quantity in each cycle and also consists of a lambda controller which calculates the difference between actual lambda and theoretical lambda and decide whether early or late closing time for inlet valve is required in the next cycle. Actual lambda is sensed through a sensor which can be either a pressure sensor, or intake air temperature, or intake air mass flow
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|F02D001302 20060101
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#0066CC"|'''3'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20050519&CC=US&NR=2005103291A1&KC=A1 US6994061 B2]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|FORD GLOBAL TECH LLC(Feb 2006)
|bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|Detect interference between valve and piston (mechanical wear) through sensor and adjust Valve timing, lift or compression ratio to reduce interference. This is done by an electronic controller connected to pressure sensor and temperature sensors
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|123/09015
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|F01L0001344E F01L000902 F01L000904
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#0066CC"|'''4'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20100401&CC=WO&NR=2010036094A1&KC=A1 WO2010036094 A1]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (Feb 2010)
|bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|Relates to exhaust valve opening timing, compression ratio and lift strategy for 2-stroke internal combustion engine. It involves a fuel injector to selectivelyinject fuel into the combustion chamber; inlet valve to selectively deliver pressurised oxidising agent into the combustion chamber and an exhaust valve to selectively open and allow exhaust gases. The cylinder temperature near top dead center (just before combustion) can be accurately controlled
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|F01L000100, F02D001302, F01L001300
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#0066CC"|'''5'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20050922&CC=US&NR=2005205069A1&KC=A1 US7383820 B2]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|FORD GLOBAL TECH LLC (June 2008)
|bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|Adjusts intake valve timing electromechanically to have a target intake amount of air in a given cylinder which is calculated by a the temperature in that cylinder. Advantage is of controlling emissions during the start of the engine
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|123/491
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|F01L001300, F01L000904, F01L000100
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#0066CC"|'''6'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20060323&CC=JP&NR=2006077680A&KC=A JP2006077680 A]
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|TOYOTA MOTOR CORP
|bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|Improves the follow up ability of valve charateristic to target charateristic. Oil from an engine driven oil pump and from another electric motor are used as input for valve timing. As engine speed goes up oil temperature rises , viscosity decreases, pressure falls and thus follow up ability of valve falls. The oil from motor is set to compensate for this fall by increasing the flow of oil as temperature rises
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#CCCCFF"|F01L000134, F01L000118, F02D001302
|-
|}

== Ford Patent Portfolio ==
[[Image:Ford Motor Co2.jpg|2500px|centre|thumb|Ford Patent Portfolio]]
==Analysis Sheet==

[[Media:vvt123.xls| Analysis Sheet]]

= Sources =
# Control Patents
# [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Wikipedia.org]

Valuation Sample

2010-06-29T12:25:49Z

Aartij: /* The working sheet */

==Overview of valuation==

IP valuation is a complex procedure taking into account economic, technology-related as well as juridical factors. The heterogeneity of the factors concerned and the specific purposes addressed in every valuation do not allow adopting one generally-accepted standardized IP valuation model, but there are a variety of different models and tools comprising different approaches. The main approaches are:

# '''Cost based method''' - This method is based on the analysis of costs necessary to replace the IP concerned, as well as on costs that have been invested for the development, application, maintenance and commercialization
# '''Income based method''' - The value derived by this method is based on the expected income attributable to the asset during its remaining economic life. The fair value of asset can be expressed as the present value of the future stream of the economic benefits that are derived from the ownership of the property
# '''Market based method''' - This method assesses the market value by reference to comparable market transactions. The method basically consists of assessing prices and/or profits achieved by third parties in comparable market transactions, such as mergers and acquisitions, sales or the grant of licenses etc

===Why Income method ?===

We have used the '''Discounted Cash Flow''' (income based method) due to following reasons:

* It is a fundamental valuation method
* The value is based on the ability of the asset to generate future positive cash flows
* When appropriately discounted, this method gives the net present value of all the future cash flows
* Future business and market dynamics are considered while calculating future cash flows
* Easy to interpret and understand

==Objective==

* To estimate the market for an IP
* To estimate revenue generated from a particular IP
* To identify the main players
* To identify the importance of the product to the market
* To identify the importance of the patent to the product market

==Methodology==

The generic methodology for IP revenue estimation is given below
*To forecast the market of VoIP and segregate the markets based on the categories listed below
**Wireless Dual Mode VoIP phones
*:Cellular and Wi-Fi
*:Landline & VoIP
**3G Wireless Router
**Wi-Fi VoIP
**Wireless VoIP
**Receiver Circuitry
*:VoIP All Phones
*:VoIP Wireless Phones
*:Adaptive Rate/Redundancy
*:Echo Cancellation
**VoIP Phone w/prioritization
**Hybrid VoIP network (Wired & Wireless)
*Determine the complete VoIP market
*Determine the market for each category listed above
*Identify the top players in each category
*Identify the importance of the product to the market based on the revenue, market share and acceptability
*Analyzing the importance of IP to the product market
*Determine the revenues for that particular IP

==Analysis for XYZ application number==
The application number XYZ comes under the category of '''Dual mode cellular/Wi-Fi'''.

The major claim of XYZ is that of a multimode communication device -- It is a device that allows a phone or device to have more than one network e.g. Apple i-Phone has both Wi-Fi & Mobile capabilities. Similarly some new phones even claim both GSM & CDMA capabilties.

The Application is a continuity of Patent No. YZW which essential talks about supporting voice communication via packet network.

The Patent is in turn a continuity of Patent No. ZWX which covers communication network system which supports the transmission of both voice and Data.

The patent is in turn a continuity of Patent No. WXZ which in essence is a wireless communication network supporting the trasmission of voice and Data inside a premises.

The filing date of Patent No WXZ is Dec 5th 1992, that means that if granted XYZ will have a period till Dec 5th 2012.

'''*UPDATE - The USPTO has granted the application with a project patent No. XYZ to be issued on 18th Jun 2010, and they have issued an extension of 1885 Days i.e. till May 2016 (est.)
'''

===Dual mode mobile market===

The growth of dual mode mobile handset units and the market share of leading Wi-Fi handset vendors is shown below:

[[Image:Dual mode.jpg|center|550 px|border|thumb|[http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1256113 Source: Gartner], [http://techcrunchies.com/wi-fi-mobile-phones-as-percentage-of-total-mobile-handsets/ Techcrunchies], [http://www.abiresearch.com/press/1593-Mobile+Handset+Demand+Fuels+336.5+Million+Shipments Abiresearch]]]

The market share of leading vendors of WiFi enabled phones as of 2nd quarter of 2009 is shown below

[[Image:Dfg.JPG|center|535 px|border|thumb|[http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-10390525-1.html Source: CNET]]]

===Importance of dual mode mobile phones===

* Mobile voice-over-IP applications will reach 278 million users, generating $32.2 billion in annual revenues by 2013, a third of that going to reluctant cellular operators

* "The participants include a broad spectrum of mobile VoIP industry participants, including start-ups, online VoIP providers, mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs), and mobile virtual network enablers (MVNEs)—and the mobile operators themselves; all of whom are leveraging, or will leverage, very different opportunities associated with mobile VoIP," says Frank Dickson, analyst with Arizona-based research firm In-Stat

* "Sooner or later, mobile operators will be forced to deploy their own VoIP services, since next-generation networks, such as Long Term Evolution and WiMAX are all-IP and don’t support circuit voice," explained John Blau, a German-based research associate with Unstrung Insider

* By 2019, half of all mobile calls will be over all-IP networks, according to reports published earlier this year

[http://www.wi-fiplanet.com/columns/article.php/3840816 Source: Wi-Fi Planet], [http://www.voipmonitor.net/CategoryView,category,VoIP%2BReports.aspx VOIP Monitor]
 

===Importance of IP to the product market===

Application Number - XYZ

===='''Focus of the patent'''====
Multi-mode communication device and method of its operation
 
===='''Device specification'''====
* Device capable of working on two communication network interfaces i.e. cellular & WLAN or Wi-Fi
* Device having transceivers for communication with respective communication networks & processor for routing the calls to any one of the communication networks based on the mode of communication and cost of use of communication network
* Transceiver of the device which communicates via WLAN network, communicates at app. 2.4 gigahertz using spread spectrum technique i.e. frequency hopping spread spectrum technique
* One of the transceivers is disposed on a user removable circuit card which is compliant with a Personal Computer Memory Card Interface Association (PCMCIA)

===='''Method of communication'''====
* Detecting an action (one of voice, a key press, and handwritten) by a user
* Determining a type of call (voice call, a data call, and a voice and data call) based upon the user action
* Selecting (based on evaluating a cost of use of a communication network) at least one wireless communication interface from the plurality of wireless communication interfaces based upon the type of call (voice call, a data call, and a voice and data call)
* Establishing call communication via the at least one wireless communication interface; and exchanging information (representative of voice or others) via the at least one wireless communication interface
 

===Valuation for XYZ application number===

====Steps of valuation====

For the estimation of value of patent number XYZ!, the following methodology was used:
[[Image:presentation1.jpg|800px|thumb|center|Steps in valuation]]

As indicated by [http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&at=31&locale=en_EP&FT=D&CC=US&NR=2005008002A1&KC=A1 Espacenet] all the forms in which the patent has been published are restricted to US, thus for the same reason, we shall restrict our analysis to the US too.

====The working sheet====
You can download the [http://dolcera.com/wiki/images/Business_Evaluation.xls'''interactive'''] excel sheet containing dummy estimates.

Snapshots of the same are shown below

1. Front sheet

[[Image:Bcom_a.JPG|1000px|thumb|center|Front sheet]]

2. Calculation of p & q values for Bass Diffusion

[[Image:Bcom_c.JPG|1000px|thumb|center|Calculation of p & q values for Bass diffusion]]

3. DCF Calculation

[[Image:Bcom_d.JPG|1000px|thumb|center| DCF calculation]]

====Assumptions====
There are two types of assumptions
* Qualitative - These form the bases of the analysis, these can be amended post feasibility discussions
* Quantitative - These are easily easily changeable in the interactive excel sheet linked above

The assumptions in the analysis are as given below:

Qualitative:
# The forecast by TechCrunch for Wifi enabled devices till 2013 are accurate
# Wifi Enabled Phones are a suitable proxy for this device
# This is a disruptive innovation, not an incremental innovation over current dual mode devices
# There is no competition during the life of the patent enforcement
# Demand to be independent of pricing strategy

All these issues can be tackled by enriching the model as per your requirement and taking suitable qualitative assumptions, we can discuss over the same e.g. Issues 1 & 2 can be tackled with use of more apt proxies, 4 & 5 by enriching the Bass diffusion Model, and 3 by segmentation modeling

For alternative scenarios, one can alter the quantitative inputs in the form of :
# Expected market size at maturity (analyst estimate)
# WACC of Broadcom (taken from wikinvest)
# Average price of device (from discussion with client)
# Average usage of device by consumer (taking mobile phone usage as a proxy)
# Royalty Rate (client discussion)

Valuation Sample

2010-06-29T12:25:26Z

Aartij: /* The working sheet */

==Overview of valuation==

IP valuation is a complex procedure taking into account economic, technology-related as well as juridical factors. The heterogeneity of the factors concerned and the specific purposes addressed in every valuation do not allow adopting one generally-accepted standardized IP valuation model, but there are a variety of different models and tools comprising different approaches. The main approaches are:

# '''Cost based method''' - This method is based on the analysis of costs necessary to replace the IP concerned, as well as on costs that have been invested for the development, application, maintenance and commercialization
# '''Income based method''' - The value derived by this method is based on the expected income attributable to the asset during its remaining economic life. The fair value of asset can be expressed as the present value of the future stream of the economic benefits that are derived from the ownership of the property
# '''Market based method''' - This method assesses the market value by reference to comparable market transactions. The method basically consists of assessing prices and/or profits achieved by third parties in comparable market transactions, such as mergers and acquisitions, sales or the grant of licenses etc

===Why Income method ?===

We have used the '''Discounted Cash Flow''' (income based method) due to following reasons:

* It is a fundamental valuation method
* The value is based on the ability of the asset to generate future positive cash flows
* When appropriately discounted, this method gives the net present value of all the future cash flows
* Future business and market dynamics are considered while calculating future cash flows
* Easy to interpret and understand

==Objective==

* To estimate the market for an IP
* To estimate revenue generated from a particular IP
* To identify the main players
* To identify the importance of the product to the market
* To identify the importance of the patent to the product market

==Methodology==

The generic methodology for IP revenue estimation is given below
*To forecast the market of VoIP and segregate the markets based on the categories listed below
**Wireless Dual Mode VoIP phones
*:Cellular and Wi-Fi
*:Landline & VoIP
**3G Wireless Router
**Wi-Fi VoIP
**Wireless VoIP
**Receiver Circuitry
*:VoIP All Phones
*:VoIP Wireless Phones
*:Adaptive Rate/Redundancy
*:Echo Cancellation
**VoIP Phone w/prioritization
**Hybrid VoIP network (Wired & Wireless)
*Determine the complete VoIP market
*Determine the market for each category listed above
*Identify the top players in each category
*Identify the importance of the product to the market based on the revenue, market share and acceptability
*Analyzing the importance of IP to the product market
*Determine the revenues for that particular IP

==Analysis for XYZ application number==
The application number XYZ comes under the category of '''Dual mode cellular/Wi-Fi'''.

The major claim of XYZ is that of a multimode communication device -- It is a device that allows a phone or device to have more than one network e.g. Apple i-Phone has both Wi-Fi & Mobile capabilities. Similarly some new phones even claim both GSM & CDMA capabilties.

The Application is a continuity of Patent No. YZW which essential talks about supporting voice communication via packet network.

The Patent is in turn a continuity of Patent No. ZWX which covers communication network system which supports the transmission of both voice and Data.

The patent is in turn a continuity of Patent No. WXZ which in essence is a wireless communication network supporting the trasmission of voice and Data inside a premises.

The filing date of Patent No WXZ is Dec 5th 1992, that means that if granted XYZ will have a period till Dec 5th 2012.

'''*UPDATE - The USPTO has granted the application with a project patent No. XYZ to be issued on 18th Jun 2010, and they have issued an extension of 1885 Days i.e. till May 2016 (est.)
'''

===Dual mode mobile market===

The growth of dual mode mobile handset units and the market share of leading Wi-Fi handset vendors is shown below:

[[Image:Dual mode.jpg|center|550 px|border|thumb|[http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1256113 Source: Gartner], [http://techcrunchies.com/wi-fi-mobile-phones-as-percentage-of-total-mobile-handsets/ Techcrunchies], [http://www.abiresearch.com/press/1593-Mobile+Handset+Demand+Fuels+336.5+Million+Shipments Abiresearch]]]

The market share of leading vendors of WiFi enabled phones as of 2nd quarter of 2009 is shown below

[[Image:Dfg.JPG|center|535 px|border|thumb|[http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-10390525-1.html Source: CNET]]]

===Importance of dual mode mobile phones===

* Mobile voice-over-IP applications will reach 278 million users, generating $32.2 billion in annual revenues by 2013, a third of that going to reluctant cellular operators

* "The participants include a broad spectrum of mobile VoIP industry participants, including start-ups, online VoIP providers, mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs), and mobile virtual network enablers (MVNEs)—and the mobile operators themselves; all of whom are leveraging, or will leverage, very different opportunities associated with mobile VoIP," says Frank Dickson, analyst with Arizona-based research firm In-Stat

* "Sooner or later, mobile operators will be forced to deploy their own VoIP services, since next-generation networks, such as Long Term Evolution and WiMAX are all-IP and don’t support circuit voice," explained John Blau, a German-based research associate with Unstrung Insider

* By 2019, half of all mobile calls will be over all-IP networks, according to reports published earlier this year

[http://www.wi-fiplanet.com/columns/article.php/3840816 Source: Wi-Fi Planet], [http://www.voipmonitor.net/CategoryView,category,VoIP%2BReports.aspx VOIP Monitor]
 

===Importance of IP to the product market===

Application Number - XYZ

===='''Focus of the patent'''====
Multi-mode communication device and method of its operation
 
===='''Device specification'''====
* Device capable of working on two communication network interfaces i.e. cellular & WLAN or Wi-Fi
* Device having transceivers for communication with respective communication networks & processor for routing the calls to any one of the communication networks based on the mode of communication and cost of use of communication network
* Transceiver of the device which communicates via WLAN network, communicates at app. 2.4 gigahertz using spread spectrum technique i.e. frequency hopping spread spectrum technique
* One of the transceivers is disposed on a user removable circuit card which is compliant with a Personal Computer Memory Card Interface Association (PCMCIA)

===='''Method of communication'''====
* Detecting an action (one of voice, a key press, and handwritten) by a user
* Determining a type of call (voice call, a data call, and a voice and data call) based upon the user action
* Selecting (based on evaluating a cost of use of a communication network) at least one wireless communication interface from the plurality of wireless communication interfaces based upon the type of call (voice call, a data call, and a voice and data call)
* Establishing call communication via the at least one wireless communication interface; and exchanging information (representative of voice or others) via the at least one wireless communication interface
 

===Valuation for XYZ application number===

====Steps of valuation====

For the estimation of value of patent number XYZ!, the following methodology was used:
[[Image:presentation1.jpg|800px|thumb|center|Steps in valuation]]

As indicated by [http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&at=31&locale=en_EP&FT=D&CC=US&NR=2005008002A1&KC=A1 Espacenet] all the forms in which the patent has been published are restricted to US, thus for the same reason, we shall restrict our analysis to the US too.

====The working sheet====
You can download the [http://dolcera.com/wiki/images/Business_Evaluation.xls|'''interactive'''] excel sheet containing dummy estimates.

Snapshots of the same are shown below

1. Front sheet

[[Image:Bcom_a.JPG|1000px|thumb|center|Front sheet]]

2. Calculation of p & q values for Bass Diffusion

[[Image:Bcom_c.JPG|1000px|thumb|center|Calculation of p & q values for Bass diffusion]]

3. DCF Calculation

[[Image:Bcom_d.JPG|1000px|thumb|center| DCF calculation]]

====Assumptions====
There are two types of assumptions
* Qualitative - These form the bases of the analysis, these can be amended post feasibility discussions
* Quantitative - These are easily easily changeable in the interactive excel sheet linked above

The assumptions in the analysis are as given below:

Qualitative:
# The forecast by TechCrunch for Wifi enabled devices till 2013 are accurate
# Wifi Enabled Phones are a suitable proxy for this device
# This is a disruptive innovation, not an incremental innovation over current dual mode devices
# There is no competition during the life of the patent enforcement
# Demand to be independent of pricing strategy

All these issues can be tackled by enriching the model as per your requirement and taking suitable qualitative assumptions, we can discuss over the same e.g. Issues 1 & 2 can be tackled with use of more apt proxies, 4 & 5 by enriching the Bass diffusion Model, and 3 by segmentation modeling

For alternative scenarios, one can alter the quantitative inputs in the form of :
# Expected market size at maturity (analyst estimate)
# WACC of Broadcom (taken from wikinvest)
# Average price of device (from discussion with client)
# Average usage of device by consumer (taking mobile phone usage as a proxy)
# Royalty Rate (client discussion)